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Hull Waharacba Oatdnls5
7==? - '_ja Ody tja Iusnb Onao Ldufjncf5 Ido`ccd & B`uctry' nc Jarcdcoaz, R H dco Edridc, H (aos.)
Ido`ccd's Or`wcao V`rlos5 Caw Dppr`dbjas t` Jar Bulturdl _rdcsh`ridtn`cs.
 (4>:7-7==7). Dgncfo`c5 Dsjfdta ]uglnsjncf
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BJD]_AW > _ja Ody tja Iusnb Onao Ldufjncf5 Ido`ccd dco B`uctry
Radc Dlgnaz
Avary`ca tjncks dco wrntas tjdt N jdva gab`ia d b`iplata Dcfl`pjnla. _jay sdy
N„va f`t c` nctarast nc Diarnbd … s`iatnias y`u jdva t` f` dwdy hr`i
s`iatjncf t` radlly dpprabndta dc
o saa nt … . N bartdncly jdva f`ca tjr`ufj  parn`os `h tjnckncf, @j F`o, y`u kc`w, N bdc„t oadl wntj Diarnbd. (Ido`ccd
qu`tao nc Rnsbjy, 7==4, p.416)
Ido`ccd„s twacty
-yadr bdraar jds gaac h`ucoao `c tja `htac b`ctr`varsndl dppr`prndtn`c `h nb`cs, nidfas dco iusnbs oarnvao hr`i tja (sug) bulturas `h Diarnbdc dco Aur`padc
noactnty. _jr`ufj tjns ‚sugbulturdl t`urnsi„ (_atzldhh, 4>>2, p. 71>) sja jds rapadtaoly
doorassao nssuas `h noactnty dco bulturdl p`lntnbs. J`wavar, tjns axpaontn`c tjr`ufj dltarcdta atjcnb, saxudl dco facoar noactntnas jds laht jar Diarnbdc cdtn`cdl noactnty dco atjcnbnty raldtnvaly ucdbkc`wlaofao. Ido`ccd ns d wjnta, W`idc Bdtj`lnb, c`rtjarc, urgdc, jdlh Hracbj-Bdcdondc, jdlh Ntdlndc, w`rkncf-bldss C`rtj-Diarnbdc wj` jds trdcsbacoao jar s`bndl bldss dco bulturdl `rnfncs. Rja jds dli`st b`csnstactly rahusao t` doorass pars`cdlly `r bradtnvaly tjns lntdcy `h spabnhnb idrkars `h noactnty wntj tja idnc axbaptn`c jar Bdtj`lnbnsi. Rja jds aigrdbao jar pdtarcdl Ntdlndc jarntdfa (iai`rdgly dssartnc
f ‚Ntdlndcs O` Nt Gattar„ nc tja ‚]dpd O`c„t ]radbj„ vnoa` ‒ 
 H`lay, 4>:8) gut dt tja axpacsa `h jar idtarcdl C`rtj Diarnbdc r``ts, rapr`oubncf tja pdtrndrbjdl bybla `h tja oacndl `h idtarcdl ncjarntdcba. Dhtar dll, wa dra i`ra dgla t` rab`fcnsa Ido`ccd ds dc Ntdlndc-Diarnbdc Bnbb`ca tjdc d Hracbj-Bdcdondc H`rtnc
(jar i`tjar„s idnoac cdia).
Atjcnbnty dco rdba jdva gaac bactrdl tjaias nc iubj `h jar w`rk gut, drfudgly, sja jds  gaac `c tja wj`la glnco t` jarsalh ds d wjnta Diarnbdc. gall j``ks (4>>7) spabnhnbdlly jds brntnbnsao Ido`ccd h`r tjns iy`pnd, acb`urdfncf jar t` l``k t` jarsalh rdtjar tjdc t` `tjars nc sadrbj `h dc ucoarstdconcf `h bulturdl p`lntnbs dco p`war5
]arjdps wjac Ido`ccd axpl`ras … iai`rnas `h jar wjnta, w`rkncf bldss
bjnloj``o nc d tr`uglao hdinly nc d wdy tjdt acdglas jar t` ucoarstdco nctnidtaly tja p`lntnbs `h axpl`ntdtn`c, o`incdtn`c dco suginssn`c, sja wnll jdva d oaapar b`ccabtn`c wntj `pp`sntn`cdl gldbk bultura. Nh dco wjac tjns rdonbdl brntnbdl salh-nctarr`fdtn`c tdkas pldba sja wnll jdva tja p`war t` bradta ... dbts `h rasnstdcba tjdt trdcsh`ri rdtjar tjdc sniply saouba (p. 48?). _ja dbdoainb nctarr`fdtn`c `h Ido`ccd jds h`busao `c jar dppr`prndtn`cs, sugvarsn`cs dco trdcsh`ridtn`cs gut jar i`tnvdtn`cs nc doorassncf bulturdl p`lntnbs dra ucbartdnc. Rja tallncfly doints5 N dlwdys dppr`dbj avary pr`eabt N o` wntj, Vjdt di N f`ncf t` fat `ut `h nt0 Vjdt di N f`ncf t` ladrc hr`i nt0 Ns nt f`ncf t` bjdllacfa ia0 Ns nt f`ncf t` tdka ia t` dc`tjar pldba0 Di N f`ncf t` fr`w hr`i nt0 Nt dlwdys stdrts tjara (Eniacaz,  p. 7===).
 
 7
Wabact gn`frdpjnas `h Ido`ccd (_drdg`rralln, 7==4; I`rt`c, 7==7) lnkawnsa bjdrdbtarnsa jar ds salhnsj dco af`bactrnb nc i`tnvdtn`c, wntj avary oabnsn`c gdsao `c wjdt ns f``o h`r jarsalh, jar bdraar dco digntn`c (dco, ldtaly, jar bjnlorac). Rja ns c`t `gvn`usly dltrunstnb dco wa sj`ulo ga bdrahul `h bldnis tjdt jar nctarvactn`cs nc bulturdl p`lntnbs dra i`ra tjdc gy-pr`oubts `h d sncfla-incoao pursunt `h subbass. _ja saoubtn`c `h jar oai`frdpjnbdlly onvarsa duonacba jds gaac dbjnavao tjr`ufj dor`nt idrkatncf idc`auvras t` gr`doac jar dppadl dco hdc gdsa, dco tja trdcsh`ridtnva bulturdl nipdbt `h tjns w`rk ns jdro t` qudctnhy. ^at, wa sj`ulo c`t suffast tjns bjdrdbtarnsdtn`c oasbrngas Ido`ccd dl`ca wntjnc tja iusnb ncoustry, dco jar b`csnstacby `h nctarast nc `pprassao fr`ups ns nconbdtnva `h d bartdnc p`lntnbdl b`iintiact. Gy gab`incf dc dll-Diarnbdc b`wfnrl h`r tja pr`i`tn`c `h
 Iusnb
nc 7==4, Ido`ccd idy jdva pdrtndlly gafuc d caw pjdsa `h salh-dcdlysns, gut nc wjdt sacsa ns tjns dc nctarr`fdtn`c `h jar atjcnbnty `r cdtn`cdlnty0 Jds sja parjdps rab`fcnsao jarsalh wntjnc tja Dll-Diarnbdc b`wfnrl subj tjdt nc tja adrly 74
st
 bactury sja jds halt nt cabassdry t` acfdfa wntj g`tj b`uctry (tja QRD) dco B`uctry (iusnb dco nts dss`bndtao bulturdl  prdbtnbas)0
Ido`ccd, tja QRD dco tja QK
Ido`ccd„s pursunt `h salh 
-bradtn`c dco ra-ncvactn`c w`rks nc pdrdllal wntj tja Diarnbdc oradi dco tja h`ucodtn`cdl iytjs `h Diarnbdc noactnty. _ja Caw V`rlo jds dlwdys raprasactao dc `pp`rtucnty t` but pdst bulturdl tnas dco rab`chnfura d caw cdtn`cdl noactnty tjdt supp`rts hraao`i, `pp`rtucnty, iarnt`brdby dco oai`brdby - tjr`ufj jdro w`rk dcyg`oy bdc gab`ia dcytjncf `r dcy`ca. Ido`ccd rapr`oubas tja uch`rtucdta radlnty `h tjns iytj; tjdt nt ns idncly tj`sa wntj d wjnta Aur`padc jarntdfa wj` bdc hully ldy bldni t` tja oradi. J`wavar, tja salh-dbtudlnsdtn`c `h Ido`ccd bl`saly idtbjas tja hucodiactdl pjnl`s`pjy `h tja Qcntao Rtdtas
 ‒ 
 t` subbaao nc tja hdba `h dovarsnty, t`  gunlo dc noactnty hr`i tja raicdcts `h pdst b`chlnbts dco t` aigrdba tja caw.
Vjdt b`iplnbdtas Ido`ccd„s dttdbjiact t` jar cdtn`cdlnty dco atjcnbnty ns tja
do`ptn`c `h Acfldco ds jar j`ia dhtar idrrndfa t` Fuy Wntbjna. _jns jds rasultao nc jar
‚oadlncf wntj Diarnbd„ wjnla sniult
dca`usly do`ptncf d stuonao Acflnsj pars`cd. Jar salh-i`bkncf dbbaptdcba spaabj h`r tja 7==4 Grnt Dwdros tjr`ufj dc axdffardtao
Tuaac„s Acflnsj rahlabts dc dwdracass `h tjns caw ‚Grntnsjcass„ tjdt sja jds ncbradsncfly
dssuiao. Jar Rb`ttnsj waooncf dt O`rc`bj Bdtjaordl dco Rkng` Bdstla rapr`oubao g`tj tja r`idctnbnsi `h tja Diarnbdc t`urnst dco tja lnhastyla `h tja Grntnsj i`cdrbjy wj` ratradt t` Rb`tldco t` j`lnody. _j`ufj tjara wds dc alaiact `h nr`cnb salh-pdr`oy nc tja Grnt spaabj, Ido`ccd jds hdllac h`r tja iytjs `h tja Grntnsj b`uctry lnhastyla (gut dppdractly c`t tja Cdtn`cdl Jadltj Rarvnba, raturcncf t` L`s Dcfalas h`r tja gnrtj `h W`bb` dhtar brntnbnsncf tja gdbkwdro cdtura `h Grntnsj jadltj bdra dco hdi`usly oabldrncf t` dc Diarnbdc rdon` stdtn`c tjdt Grntnsj j`spntdls wara `lo dco Xnbt`rndc
 ‒ 
 saa _drdg`rralln, 7==4, p. 2?6). @cly ldtaly jds Ido`ccd gafuc t` l`bdta jarsalh ds d wjnta Aur`padc-Diarnbdc wntj d idtbjncf bulturdl jarntdfa dco jds rapr`oubao tja c`rtj-adstarc VDR] hdsbncdtn`c wntj Acflnsj dco Rb`ttnsjcass. _jns saais dt `oos wntj jar Hracbj-Bdcdondc dco Ntdlndc Bdtj`lnb jarntdfa, gut actnraly b`csnstact wntj jar tacoacby t` do`pt dltarcdta atjcnb dco cdtn`cdl noactntnas. Jar do`ptn`c `h Acflnsj b`uctry lnha (dco tja Wntbjna drnst`brdtnb jarntdfa) nchlabts jar w`rk dr`uco Diarnbd dco B`uctry. Acflnsj b`uctry lnha ns d prnvnlafao noyll `h tja wall t` o` wjarads Diarnbdc B`uctry ns d p`pulnst h`ri ordwncf `c d spabnhnbdlly w`rkncf-bldss jarntdfa. Ido`ccd jds h`riarly onstdcbao jarsalh hr`i B`uctry dco wjdt sja halt wds dc ucrab`cstrubtao, rdbnst dco raocabk bultura (I`rt`c, 7==7, p. 747). ^at Ido`ccd ns c`w ordwc t` g`tj d b`csarvdtnva Acflnsj
 
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b`uctry lnhastyla tjdt ns suspnbn`us `h tja i`oarcnsncf tacoacbnas `h urgdc bultura, dco idncstradi b`csarvdtnva alaiacts `h Diarnbdc bultura dfdncst wjnbj sja jds h`riarly oahncao jarsalh. Ido`ccd jds rdraly wrdppao jarsalh (iatdpj`rnbdlly `r lntardlly) nc tja Diarnbdc hldf, gut jds `htac do`ptao `tjar hldfs `h b`cvacnacba. H`r axdipla, gy bjdcfncf jar knlt ourncf tja
 Or`wcao V`rlo _`ur
(7==4)
 
hr`i tdrtdc,
 
t` tja Grntnsj Qcn`c hldf, t` tja Rtdrs dco Rtrnpas; wadrncf tja cdtn`cdl h``tgdll sjnrt `h tja b`uctry sja wds pldyncf ourncf
_ja Fnrlna Rj`w
 t`ur (4>>2); brntnbnzncf Diarnbdcs h`r gancf ucs`pjnstnbdtao wjac nctarvnawao nc Grntdnc, dco Grntnsj w`rkiac h`r gancf ldzy wjac spadkncf t` Diarnbdcs (saa, h`r axdipla, Odly 7==7, p. 48:). Vjac sja jds spabnhnbdlly aigrdbao tja Diarnbdc hldf, nt jds gaac nc dc uco`ugtaoly dignfu`us idccar.
Nc 4>>=, Ido`ccd„s R
tdrs dco Rtrnpas-
ordpao b`ctrngutn`c t` tja ‚W`bk tja X`ta„ bdipdnfc (wadrncf `cly d hldf, ucoarwadr dco g``ts) wds g`tj dc dhhnridtn`c `h
lngardl raprasactdtn`cdl p`lntnbs dco d y`utjhul saco-up `h tja sarn`uscass `h tja bdipdnfcs iassdfa (Idcoznuk, 4>>2, pp. 462-
61). Ido`ccd„s pdrdo`xnbdl b`ctrngutn`c rapr`oubao tja c`tn`c tjdt Diarnbdc do`lasbacts dra g`tj ‚vn`ldt`rs dco praburs`rs `h systai„ (Iayar Rpdbks, 4>:4, p. 7>8) dco ds subj bdc ga trustao t` dgnoa gy, sugvart
dco b`ctrnguta t` tja `cf`ncf racawdl `h tja oai`brdtnb b`csacsus `h Diarnbdc noactnty.
Ido`ccd„s bjdrdbtarnstnb nb`c`bldsi iadct sja b`ulo c`t adsnly sustdnc d sarn`us  p`lntnbdl doorass t` tja Diarnbdc pa`pla, hncnsjncf tja talavnsn`c sp`t wntj tja lnca ‚Nh y`u o`c„t v`ta, y`u„ra f`ccd fat d spdckncf„ (Idcoznuk, 4>>2, p. 46?). Ido`ccd tjac
`utldconsjly hdnlao t` v`ta jarsalh.
Ourncf tja parh`ridcba `h ‚J`lnody„ nc
_ja Fnrlna Rj`w
Ido`ccd dbtao `ut d inlntdry bdll dco rasp`csa r`utnca wntj tja gdbkor`p `h d jufa Diarnbdc hldf. G`tj sja dco jar odcbars w`ra l`cf, barai`cndl, inlntdry tracbj b`dts wntj d rao dco wjnta-strnpao
lncncf tjdt dlluoao t` tja gdbkor`p. _ja oaidco tjdt Dustrdlnd ‚jdva d f``o tnia„ wds
 gdrkao `ut ds d b`iidco tjdt parjdps suffastao `cly Ido`ccd dco Diarnbd bdc `hhar tja w`rlo tjns f``o tnia. _jns dli`st niparndlnstnb onspldy wds `gvn`usly d pdr`oy, gut
 pldyao `c Diarnbd„s galnah tjdt tja w`rlo iust l`va tja QRD ds d gacav`lact pr`vnoar `h
fl`gdl p`puldr bultura dco pr`tabtn`c t` tja fl`ga; d galnah savaraly sjdkac nc Raptaigar 7==4. Dhtar tja Raptaigar 44
tj
 dttdbks `c Diarnbd, Ido`ccd idoa dc nctarvactn`c dt tja tdnl aco `h jar
 Or`wcao V`rlo _`ur
nc tja cdtn`cdl brnsns tjdt acfulhao tja cdtn`c. Rja `pacao jar p`stp`cao L`s Dcfalas sj`w `c 4?
tj
 Raptaigar wadrncf d knlt idoa
hr`i tja Diarnbdc hldf, dco bdllao `c tja duonacba t` prdy h`r ]rasnoact Gusj„s rastrdnct.
Rja dttaiptao d sj`rt, onodbtnb spaabj `c fl`gdl tarr`rnsi h`ll`wao gy d bdll h`r d
incuta„s snlacba tjdt wds nctarruptao gy bjdcts `h ‚QRD! QRD! QRD!„
-
Ido`ccd„s
 
rasp`csa wds t` onstdcba jarsalh hr`i tja `vart cdtn`cdlnst sactniact gy sdyncf ‚nh y`u wdct tja w`rlo t` bjdcfa, bjdcfa y`ursalh„.
4
 _jns rahusdl t` aigrdba noa`l`fnbdlly d QR sugeabt p`sntn`c avac dt tjns i`iact `h cdtn`cdl trdfaoy (wjnla pdrdo`xnbdlly bl`tjncf
jarsalh nc tja Diarnbdc hldf) ns g`tj d tastdiact t` Ido`ccd„s sncbarnty nc jar galnah nc
lngardl p`lntnbs dco juidc rnfjts, dco parjdps jar ncdgnlnty t` dbbapt jarsalh ds, nc tja hncdl dcdlysns, dc Diarnbdc. Jar o`cdtn`c `h $4 inlln`c, tja pr`baaos `h jar L`s Dcfalas sj`ws, t` bjnlorac `rpjdcao gy tja dttdbks o`as nconbdta s`iatjncf `h jar c`c-dlnfcao dltrunsi dco b`ipdssn`c. Ido`ccd dco hdinly taip`rdrnly ral`bdtao t` L`s Dcfalas nc ldta 7==7. Jar sugsaquact dlgui dco ap`cyi`us sncfla,
 Diarnbdc Lnha
 (7==2), pr`insao d brntnqua `h b`ctaip`rdry Diarnbd, gut iaraly pr`c`ucbao jar insfnvncfs wntj jar (balagrnty) lnha. Wdtjar tjdc p`sntn`cncf jarsalh nc tja Diarnbdc
 wa
, sja sdcf hr`i tja
 N 
 `h jar ucnqua axparnacba dco tjns salh-b`csbn`us strdtafy wds aipjdsnsao tjr`ufj jar suffastn`c tjdt tja Diarnbdc o
radi ns ‚
d vary p`warhul nllusn`c dco pa`pla dra bdufjt up nc nt, ncbluoncf

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