solutions for assignment 3

He October 16, 2012

exercise 11 (1)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z 2 , then the surface given by x2 +y 2 z 2 = 1 is f 1 (1). Because (1, 0, 0) f 1 (1), f 1 (1) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (1), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 2z0 ) is of full rank since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (0, 0, 0), i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 1 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 is regular. (2)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 z 2 , then the surface given by x2 +y 2 z 2 = 1 is f 1 (1). Because (0, 0, 1) f 1 (1), f 1 (1) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (1), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 2z0 ) is of full rank since (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = (0, 0, 0), i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence -1 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 is regular. (3)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z, then the surface given by z = x2 + y 2 is f 1 (0). Because (0, 0, 0) f 1 (0), f 1 (0) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (0), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 1) is of full rank, i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 0 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by z = x2 + y 2 is regular. (4)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 z, then the surface given by z = x2 y 2 is f 1 (0). Because (0, 0, 0) f 1 (0), f 1 (0) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (0), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 1) is of full rank, i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 0 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by z = x2 y 2 is regular. (5)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 +y 2 , then the surface given by x2 +y 2 = 1 is f 1 (1). Because (1, 0, 0) f 1 (1), f 1 (1) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (1), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 0) is of full rank since (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0), i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 1 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by x2 + y 2 = 1 is regular. 1

(6)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 y 2 , then the surface given by x2 y 2 = 1 is f 1 (1). Because (1, 0, 0) f 1 (1), f 1 (1) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (1), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 2y0 , 0) is of full rank since (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0), i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 1 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by x2 y 2 = 1 is regular. (7)Let f (x, y, z) = x2 y, then the surface given by y = x2 is f 1 (0). Because (0, 0, 0) f 1 (0), f 1 (0) = . For each element (x0 , y0 , z0 ) f 1 (0), the Jacobian matrix Jf(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) = (2x0 , 1, 0) is of full rank, i.e., df(x0 ,y0 ,z0 ) : R3 R is surjective. Hence 0 is a regular value of f , so the surface given by y = x2 is regular.

exercise 12 There exists an open neighborhood of p = (1, 1, 1) such that x2 + y 2 1 and z 0. Then the surface x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 is locally given by f : (x, y) (x, y, x2 + y 2 1).It is computed that the Jacobian 1 0 0 1 matrix Jf(x,y) = . Let x = 1 and y = 1, then y x x2 +y 2 1 x2 +y 2 1 1 0 0 1 . Therefore, the tangent plane of the quadric x2 +y 2 z 2 = 1 Jfp = 1 1 0 1 at the point p = (1, 1, 1) is (1, 1, 1) span{ 0 , 1 }. 1 1

exercise 13 Argue by contradiction. Assume that : x2 + y 2 = z 2 is a regular surface, then the tangent space T0 of at 0 = (0, 0, 0) exists. We claim that this plane is xy-coordinate plane. In fact, suppose that ax + by + cz = 0 is the tangent plane at (0, 0, 0). Because is invariant under any rotation about the so is the tangent plane ax + by + cz = 0. Hence z-axis, a its normal space R b is invariant under any rotation about the z-axis, c a a cos b sin i.e. R b = R a sin + b cos for all 0 < 2. This implies c c 2

a = b = 0. Hence the tangent plane is z = 0. The claim holds. Because z 2 = x2 + y 2 is invariant under any rotation about the normal space z-axis, 1 2 we have x2 + y 2 = ( 2 (k1 x2 + k2 y 2 ) + o(x2 + y 2 ))2 = k1 x4 + 2k1 k2 x2 y 2 + 1 2 k2 y 4 + o(x2 (x2 + y 2 )) + o(y 2 (x2 + y 2 )), where z = 2 (k1 x2 + k2 y 2 ) + o(x2 + y 2 ) 2 is the local canonical form at (0, 0, 0). Let y = x and divide both sides by 2 x2 , we obtain 1 + x2 = k1 x2 + o(x2 ). Let x 0, we get the contradiction 1 = 0.

exercise 14 (1)There exists an open neighborhood of p = (1, 1, 1) such that x2 + y 2 1 and z 0. Then the surface x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 is locally given by f : (x, y) (x, y, x2 + y 2 1). is computed that the Jacobian It 1 0 0 1 matrix Jf(x,y) = . Let x = 1 and y = 1, then y x 2 2 2 2 x +y 1 x +y 1 1 0 0 1 . Therefore, the tangent plane of the quadric x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 Jfp = 1 1 1 0 0 , 1 }. The normal space at the point p = (1, 1, 1) is (1, 1, 1)span{ 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 = 1 . Hence the normal space of the is spanned by 1 1 1 1 quadric x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 at the point p = (1, 1, 1) is (1, 1, 1) span{ 1 }. 1 2 2 2 (2)Translate the surface x + y z = 1 given by (1, 1, 1), then the surface x2 + y 2 z 2 = 1 becomes x2 + y 2 z 2 + 2x + 2y 2z = 0 while the 6 point (1, 1, 1) becomes (0, 0, 0). Moreover, change the variable x = 6 x + 2 y y 3 z 6 x 3 z 6 x 3 z 2 2 + 3 , y = 6 2 + 3 , z = 3 3 , which is a rotation because

surface becomes x2 32 z 2 4 2z + 6 3 = 0, i.e., z = y x z 3

6 6 6 6 6 3

22 0

2 2

3 3 3 3 33

is an orthogonal matrix with determinant 1. Now the

32 x 18

32 y 6

32 z 2 2 9 xz . But 18 z z = y = 0, and it x

the tangent plain at (0, 0, 0) is xy-coordinate plain, so follows that the expansion of z at (0, 0, 0) has the lowest
32 x 18

degree at least 2. Therefore, z = canonical form.

2 3 y 6

+ o(2 + y 2 ) which is the local x