CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE SATELLITES

Adaptive Control of Flexible Satellite Abstract The minimal controller synthesis (MCS) is an extension of hyper stable model reference adaptive control (MRAC) algorithm. The aim of MCS is to achieve excellent closed-loop control despite the presence of system parameter variations, external disturbances, dynamic coupling within the system and system nonlinearities. The MCS was successfully applied to the problem of decentralized adaptive schemes. A modification on the decentralized MCS algorithm is proposed in this paper, to highly enhance the stability and robustness of the decentralized adaptive control systems. The proposed algorithm is applied successfully for controlling the attitude of flexible satellite.

Fuzzy control based on H output feedback for attitude stabilization of flexible satellite Abstract This paper focuses on designing a robust fuzzy multivariable controller for the attitude stabilization system of a flexible satellite. Fuzzy control is combined with LMI-based H output feedback methods to suppress the interaction of rigid-elastic coupling modes. The proposed method can afford to reinforce the precise pointing capability of satellites under parameter varying space missions, because its control structure reformulated on fuzzy cells offers the blending of sub-optimal control laws.

The adaptive fuzzy control for flexible satellite Abstract In this paper, the adaptive fuzzy control is applied to the attitude stabilization of the flexible satellite, and the detailed design procedure of the fuzzy control system is presented. The adaptive fuzzy control is utilized to approximate the model of controlled object, and then the adaptive law is derived. . Simulations results show the proposed control law can suppress the perturbation effectively and have better dynamic and static performances.

A nonlinear attitude control law for a satellite with flexible appendages Abstract The paper deals with the wide angle attitude control problem for a satellite with flexible appendages. On the basis of the model specified by the kinematic equations, in the unitary quaternions parameterization, and by the dynamical equations, which result from the hybrid coordinates approach, it is proposed a static state feedback control law for the problem under

study. The simulations implemented are characterized by the effort of overcoming some obvious problems which arise in the practical implementation of the proposed control law.

Robust Control for Flexible Satellite with Modal Frequency Uncertainty Abstract A new state-space model for flexible satellite is set up. This paper focuses on the satellite system subjected to modal frequency uncertainty. The uncertainty is nonlinear, and a function of disturbance parameters. This kind of disturbance's upper bound and robust control for this class of uncertain systems are studied. Finally, by simulation experiment, it is shown that the method in this paper has reached the desired target. The uncertain satellite system has good robustness for modal frequency uncertainty.

Vibration control of flexible satellites using a new isolator Abstract As an effective means of separating the vibration transmitted from rocket to satellite, the Whole-Spacecraft Vibration Isolation (WSVI) has been widely studied and applied in the past 20 years. Based on a new Circular Payload Adapter Fitting (CPAF), this paper studied the vibration principles of the CPAF and established corresponding vibration isolation model. With the piezoelectric stack actuators, integrated passive and active vibration control was achieved based on passive vibration control. Model simulation results show that the CPAF has good vibration isolation performance, and could reduce the vibration transmitted from rocket to satellite in a wide frequency band.

Dynamics model and simulation for flexible satellite with orbit control force

Abstract The influence of the orbit control force on the flexible satellite is under consideration. The dynamics model of the satellite with a large solar panel is established via Lagrange equations. The dynamic characters of the system are analyzed. The coupling coefficient matrixes between the motion of the satellite and the flexible vibration are related to the fixing position and fixing angle of the flexible panel. The influence of the control force on the flexible vibration is also related to the fixing angle. The coupling relationship among the motion of the satellite mass centre, the flexible vibration, and the attitude motion is discussed. Numerical simulation was carried out to express the effects of the orbit control force on the flexible vibration and the attitude of the satellite. These dynamic characters when

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Robustness analysis of attitude and orbit control systems for flexible satellites

Abstract In this study, an optimisation-based approach is proposed for the robustness analysis of an attitude and orbit control system (AOCS) for flexible satellites. Several optimisation methods, including local gradient-based algorithms, global evolutionary algorithms and hybrid local/global algorithms are applied to the problem of analysing the robustness of a full-authority multivariable controller with respect to several frequency and time domain performance criteria, for a 6 degree of freedom simulation model of a satellite with large sun shields. The results of our study reveal the advantages of optimisation-based worst-case analysis over traditional Monte Carlo simulations for systems with flexible dynamics. In particular, it is shown that frequency domain analysis can provide useful guidance for the formulation of subsequent time domain tests, and that hybrid local/global optimisation algorithms can produce more reliable estimates of worst-case performance, while also reducing the associated computational overheads. The proposed approach appears to have significant potential for improving the industrial flight clearance process for next-generation high-performance satellite control systems.

Fuzzy attitude control for flexible satellite during orbit maneuver Abstract Satellite with a large solar panel is taken as practical background. The dynamic model of the satellite is established via Lagrange equations. This model includes the orbit motion, the attitude motion and the flexible vibration of the solar panel. The coupling relations between the orbit control force, the attitude and the flexible vibration are studied. The orbit control force would stimulate the vibration of the flexible panel when the satellite takes orbital maneuver, and disturbance torque would also affect the attitude of the satellite. Attitude control law is designed based on fuzzy control theory considering the output character of the thrusters. Numerical simulation was carried out to testify the efficiency of the control system. The attitude angles are controlled within 0.6deg for all three axes and angular velocity is within 0.04deg/s during the orbit maneuver period.

Flexible Satellite Attitude Control Via Sliding Mode Technique Abstract Input-output (I/O) Linearization is a typical nonlinear control method in the multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system. In this paper, adaptive fuzzy sliding mode control incorporating input-output linearization is proposed to constitute the hybrid controller. The proposed method is then applied to the attitude maneuver control of the flexible satellite. The basic control structure is presented. The adaptive fuzzy control is utilized to approach the nonlinear control part of sliding mode control and the adaptive law is derived. The parameter of the adaptive fuzzy control is adjusted on-line to deal with the satellite uncertainty, thus the robustness is obtained. Simulation results show that precise attitude control is accomplished in spite of the uncertainty in the system. Vibration suppression effect of translational motion control for asymmetric flexible satellite Abstract As a case of asymmetric satellite with flexible appendages, it is known that there exists coupled vibration between rotational motion and translational motion via flexible appendages which make satellite asymmetric. Hereby, when an asymmetric satellite rotates, elastic vibration excited by control input of rotational motion may, more or less, be transmitted to translational motion. Therefore, suppression of such an excited vibration of translational motion can, in turn, suppress the elastic vibration, and herewith attitude maneuver with little excitation of elastic modes can be expected. From the reason mentioned above, in this paper, we propose translational motion control system using proof-mass actuators and co-located accelerometers for asymmetric satellite. Then, translational motion control law with consideration of actuator saturation was studied. The proposed translational motion control system was verified through numerical simulations. Finally, feasibility of the proposed method was discussed.

Design of Output Feedback Controller for Attitude control System of Flexible Satellite Based on LMI Abstract This paper considers the attitude stability of a flexible satellite. We use the idea of H control to design a controller to eliminate the effect which results from the external disturbance for the satellite. The pitch angle, the roll angle, the yaw angle and the angular velocities are relatively small amounts in allusion to the flexible satellite attitude control system. According to the above idea, the kinematical equation and dynamical equation of the attitude system can be designed to a relatively simple linear system. Then the optimal output feedback H controller of the attitude control system could be designed based on LMI. The mathematical simulation results show that the method can effectively eliminate the impact, which results from the external space disturbance.

Fault tolerant control with on-line control allocation for flexible satellite attitude control system Abstract In this paper, a new method to handle faults for flexible satellite attitude control system during orbit maneuver is investigated. Fault tolerant control based on on-line control allocation is proposed to keep the stability and reliability of the system. First, a robust adaptive controller which considers constrained input and external disturbance is discussed. If faults occur, an on-line control allocation scheme for satellite attitude control system with actuator redundancy is adopted. In this way, fault tolerant controlcan be realized without reconfiguring the baseline controller. Numerical simulation is given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods suggested in this paper.

A Decentralized Adaptive Control of Flexible Satellite Abstract The minimal controller synthesis (MCS) is an extension of hyper stable model reference adaptive control (MRAC) algorithm. The aim of MCS is to achieve excellent closed-loop control despite the presence of system parameter variations, external disturbances, dynamic coupling within the system and system nonlinearities. The MCS was successfully applied to the problem of decentralized adaptive schemes. A modification on the decentralized MCS algorithm is proposed in this paper, to highly enhance the stability and robustness of the decentralized adaptive control systems. The proposed algorithm is applied successfully for controlling the attitude of a flexible satellite.

High-precision attitude control and active vibration suppression of flexible satellite Abstract A hybrid control scheme is proposed which combines the intelligent sliding mode control and vibration control. Considering the movement of flexible and rotating parts imposes large disturbances on the satellite, and affects the pointing accuracy and stability of attitude, a sliding mode controller is used to eliminate attitude error and ensure system stability. Selfrecurrent wavelet neural network (SRWNN) is used to estimate sliding mode switching gain on-line, which can effectively weaken chattering caused by discontinuous sliding mode control. For actively damping the excited elastic vibrations, the strain-rate feedback control is also employed by using piezoelectric materials as additional sensors and actuators. Finally, simulation results indicate that the proposed hybrid controller provide a small steady error, a fast dynamic response, and an obvious rejection of flexible vibrations.

CONTROL OF FLEXIBLE AIR CRAFTS Optimal control-surface locations for flexible aircraft Abstract The basic physical relationships involved in control of a flexible aircraft disturbed by random wind gusts are used in formulating the aerodynamic surface location problem as one in optimal control of a distributed system, using a limited number of point-force controllers. The three phases of this problem-estimation, control, and surface placement-are then solved by means of the matrix minimum principle and the calculus of variations. The variational equations are greatly simplified and the order of the problem considerably reduced by the use of optimal controllers at each stage in the search for optimal surface locations. A computer program has been written which uses these equations in solving the surface location problem for winged aircraft. Results of a trial study based on a fourteenth-order model of the Lockheed C-5A transport aircraft are reported.

Adaptive Control Robustness in Flexible Aircraft Application Abstract This paper presents the application of a model reference adaptive control (MRAC) algorithm to flexible aircraft flight control. The algorithm is an adaptive version of the Command Generator Tracking (CGT) control technique. This technique forces a dynamic system to follow a reduced-order model, allowing it to cope with the problem of unmodeled dynamics. The studies were made via simulation, using for the plant an aircraft dynamic model similar to the Bl bomber. This model is of a large aircraft with a reasonable amount of structural flexibility. In particular, flight configurations were analyzed where the influence of the flexible modes make it difficult to control the aircraft. The results indicate that the algorithm has good robustness properties vis-a-vis unmodeled dynamics and can force the flexible aircraft to follow rigid body responses.

Fuzzy logic for control of roll and moment for a flexible wing aircraft Abstract A fuzzy-logic based multi-input/multi-output roll controller designed for the Advanced Technology Wing (ATW) aircraft model is presented. The ATW integrates active controls with a flexible wing structure to provide optimal wing shapes to meet particular flight performance criteria. The use of a fuzzy controller for roll rate and load alleviation control was investigated. Fuzzy rules were developed to determine the appropriate control surface deflections to achieve the desired roll rate while ensuring that wing loads are within safe bounds. The modulation of the damping factor is according to the distance of the system state from the goal state. This damping modulation technique allows

full utilization of the vehicle's acceleration capability and resulted in an improvement of the response time by a factor of two. The resultant fuzzy controller commands six surface deflections to control the roll rate and four torsion moments. Influence of control on flexible aircraft crack growth Abstract The overall objective of this research is to investigate and assess the leverage generated by flight control loops for reducing fatigue damage and enhancing structural integrity. An analytical state space crack growth model is briefly considered first. Next, a dynamic flexible aircraft model is presented. Stress response from the aircraft is applied as input to the crack model. Design of a flight control system is also considered. Objectives of the controller are to correct deficiencies in the vehicle motion. Comparison of open-loop and closed-loop stress responses indicates the control system has substantial effect on transient stress behaviour. Long-term fatigue damage and structural integrity predictions, and the influence feedback control and load have on such predictions, are made with simulation runs. A mix of open-loop and closed-loop cases with nominal and variable feedback gains, and vehicle motions including nominal manoeuvres and overloads are used. Individual feedback gain values have substantial influence on crack.

Lateral flight control design for a highly flexible aircraft using a non smooth method Abstract This paper describes a non smooth optimization technique for designing a lateral flight control law for a highly flexible aircraft. Flexible modes and high-dimensional models pose a major challenge to modern control design tools. We show that the nonsmooth approach offers potent and flexible alternatives in this difficult context. More specifically, the proposed technique is used to achieve a mix of frequency domain as well as time domain requirements for a set of different flight conditions.

Reconfigurable flight control of a large flexible supersonic aircraft Abstract The use of reconfiguration control enables a pilot to continue to fly an aircraft which has sustained damage to one or more of its control surfaces or actuators. This paper deals with a reconfigurable control system (RCS) which has been designed to operate with a large, slender, delta winged transport aircraft which has significant structural bending. The baseline flight control system provides the aircraft with the required handling qualities and a considerable measure of structural load alleviation. The RCS is intended to provide the damaged aircraft with an adequate level of flying qualities to permit its pilot to land the aircraft safely and to provide a sufficient measure of load alleviation to preserve

the aircraft's structural integrity until landing has been achieved. The paper provides supporting evidence of the performance of the RCS obtained from digital simulation studies. LQ-based design of the inner loop lateral control for a large flexible BWB-type aircraft Abstract Two LQ-based MIMO controllers (LQG and LQI architectures) for lateral inner loop flight control for a large Blended Wing Body (BWB) passenger aircraft pre-design model are presented. The main control goals are Dutch roll mode damping, coordinated turn, and roll response shaping. An open loop analysis shows that traditional SISO design faces fundamental limitations, so both controller variants are designed as MIMO controllers. Their performance is tuned and evaluated, and their specific properties are discussed and compared. The controllers are validated on various fuel and payload mass cases and fulfil all demanded goals. Ongoing and future research seeks to reduce structural loads and increase passenger comfort using robust control design methods.

An engineering approach to control design and analysis for flexible aircraft Abstract The objectives of this research at the Royal Aerospace Establishment, Farnborough, were the improvement of aero elastic modelling techniques, the development of design methods for active control technology (ACT), and the assessment of the impact of ACT on aircraft structures. Related experimental have included the measurements of aircraft responses in flight on VC10 and tornado aircraft, and experiments to demonstrate the implementation of control system on wind tunnel models.

A frequency domain identification-control approach for a flexible aircraft Abstract A flexible aircraft model is first identified with a frequency domain subspace method. A two degrees of freedom H. controller is then synthesized, which accounts for time and frequency domain specifications.

Integrated adaptive feed-forward control of atmospheric turbulence excited rigid body motions and structural vibrations on a large transport aircraft Abstract An adaptive feed-forward controller for simultaneous compensation of atmospheric turbulence excited rigid body motions and structural vibrations is designed. Proposed feedforward control is intended as an add-on to current gust load alleviation systems. The objectives thereby are increased passenger comfort and handling qualities, as well as a more

efficient reduction of dynamic wing loads. A steepest descent algorithm is applied in order to increase the robustness of the performance of the feed-forward control system against modelling errors and variations of wing tanks configuration and Mach number. The proposed algorithm is tested in numeric simulations with the state space model of a conventional fourengine transport aircraft. The simulation results illustrate the proposed control system's high potential for simultaneous compensation of atmospheric turbulence excited pitch and wing bending accelerations.

Application of probabilistic index of ride quality in multi-object control law synthesis for large civil aircraft Abstract Since the flight dynamic response of large civil aircraft is sensitive to the atmosphere turbulence inspiration which would significantly influence the ride quality and trajectory stability, a multi-object flight control law is designed in the current work, which can be easily applied to engineering. To consider the influence of structural dynamics, the flight dynamics equation is derived from the Lagrange method with inertial coupling neglected by considerable small deformation assumption of structural flexibility effect for the aircraft with traditional configuration. In the procedure of control law synthesis, constraints in both time and frequency domain are set in multi-objective synthesis techniques that should consider gust load alleviation and flying qualities which are introduced as requirements from damping ratio and natural frequencies of the dynamic system. To realize ride quality improvement in the control law synthesis, the probabilistic index is applied to emphasize the probabilistic characteristics of atmospheric turbulence intensity. The feedback gain for optimum effect on comfort improvement is obtained by genetic algorithm. A numerical model of large flexible aircraft is performed with the design procedure above, which comes to a trade-off between different requirements of flexible aircraft flight control law. Simulation results show that the response of gust can be reduced effectively, and the flying qualities were improved.