Samant .

/ Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1992-1993

Review Article ISSN: 0974-6943

Available online through www.jpronline.info

Curcuma amada Roxb.: A Phytopharmacological Review

*

Lalit R. Samant* Research scholar, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University(East Campus), Thanjavur-614904, Tamil Nadu, India

Received on:07-01-2012; Revised on: 20-02-2012; Accepted on:26-03-2012 ABSTRACT

Herbal medicine is also known as botanical medicine or phytomedicine which means a plant or any part of the plant is used to prepare medicine to assist in the healing process during illness and disease. Green plants synthesise and preserve a variety of biochemical products, many of which are extractable and used as chemical feed stocks or as raw material for various scientific investigations and industrial utilization. Medicinal plants contain natural chemicals, which are acceptable to human and animal systems. All these chemicals cannot be synthesised in laboratories. Curcuma Amada Roxb. consists of several phytoconstituents belonging to category of flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides and many others. The present article including the exploration of phytopharmacological properties of C. amada in attempt to provide a direction for further research. Key words: Curcuma amada Roxb., Phytopharmacology, Phytoconstituents

INTRODUCTION
The important genera coming under Zingiberaceae are Curcuma, Kaempferia, Hedychium, Amomum, Zingiber, Alpinia, Elettaria and Costus. The genus name Curcuma was coined by Linnaeus in 1753 in his Species Plantarum. The word probably derives from the Arabic word kurkum, which means yellow colour [1,2]. In the genus Alpinia, A.galanga is the most important one, which finds varying uses in ayurvedic preparations such as Rasnadi powder. Curcuma amada Roxb. (Family: Zingiberaceae) is perennial rhizomatic aromatic herb which is known as Mango ginger and is available from November to April. Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance with ginger but imparts a raw mango flavour.The genus originated in the Indo-Malayan region, and is widely distributed in the tropics of Asia to Africa and Australia [3]. Many of these indigenous medicinal plants are also used for medicinal purposes[4]. Some of its chemical and pharmacological properties are discussed in this review. 1.1 Vernacular Names C. amada Roxb. English: Mango ginger, Sanskrit: Amrardrakam, Karpuraharida, Hindi: Amahaldi,Malyalam: Mangainchi, Tamil: Mankayinci, Telugu: Mamidi Allam 1.2 Systematic Position of C. Amada Roxb. The systematic position of the plant C. Amada is as follows. Kingdom : Plantae Sub-kingdom : Phanerogamae Division : Spermatophyta Subdivision : Angiospermae Class : Monocotyledonae Series : Epigynae Order : Scitaminales Family : Zingiberaceae Genus : Curcuma Species : C. amada Roxb RADITRADITIO TRADITIONAL USESNAL USESL USES TRADIT TRADITIONAL USESIONAL USES 1.3 Botany C. amada Roxb. is a rhizomatous aromatic herb with a leafy tuft and 6090cm in height. Leaves are long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at both ends, glabrous and green on both sides. Flowers are whiteor pale yellow, arranged in spikes in the centre of tuft of the leaves. Lip is semielliptic, yellow, 3-lobbed with the mid lobe emarginate [5]. The plant is also described [6,7]. 1.4 Distribution in INDIA Mango ginger is cultivated in Gujarat and found wild in parts of West Bengal, U. P, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. 2. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MANGO GINGER RHIZOME The well-known curcumin, demethoxy curcumin andbis-demethoxy curcumin are the major constituents from acetone extract of C. amada [8]. The essential oil contains a-pinene, a-and b-curcumene, camphor, cuminyl alcohol, myristic acid and turmerone. Car-3-ene and cis-ocimene contribute the characteristic mango odour of the rhizome. Rhizomes yield 1% essential oil containing d-a -pinene 18%, ocimene 47.2%, linalool 11.2%,linalyl acetate 9.1% and safrole 9.3% [9]. The free in mango ginger are caffeic (26%, 195 mg/g), gentisic (24%,180 mg/g) and ferulic (20%, 150 mg/g) followed by gallic (10%, 75 mg/g), cinnamic (7%, 52.5 mg/g), protocatechuic (7%, 52.5 mg/g) and small amounts of syringic (4%,30 mg/g) and p-coumaric acids (2%, 15 mg/g) [10]. 45% starch present in C. Amada Roxb.Rhizome and also have functional properties as reported [11]. Mangiferin present in Curcuma amada was extracted with the help of microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and the extraction solvent was ethanol [12]. Three terpenoids viz. difurocumenonol,amadannulen and amadaldehyde were successfully isolated and characterized from chloroform extract of C. amada rhizome [13-15]. 3. PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES 3.1 Antimicrobial activity and Antifungal activity The aqueous and organic solvent extracts of mango ginger are antibacterial against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus [16]. The different extracts like hexane, chloroform, ethyacetate, acetone and methanol extracts are highly antibacterial against Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, En-

*Corresponding author.
Lalit R. Samant Centre for Research and Development PRIST University (east campus),Thanjavur-614904 Tamil Nadu, India

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012

1992-1993

Samant . / Journal of Pharmacy Research 2012,5(4),1992-1993

terococcus fecalis and Salmonella typhi [13,14]. Antibacterial activity of free and bound phenolics from mango ginger rhizomes has been reported [10]. The extract of C. amada with various solvents viz. PE,MtOH,Chloroform, Ethayl acetate show antibacterial activity in significant amount against Escherichia coli , Klebsiella pneumonia , Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus , Salmonella typhi , Enterobacter aerogenes and Staphylococcus aureus [17]. Some components of volatile oils viz. Myrcene and pinene have shown antifungal activity against Curvularia palliscens, Aspergillus niger, A. terreus, Fusarium moniliforme and F. falcatum [18]. 3.2 Hypotriglyceridemic activity C. amada Roxb. extract showed hyportriglyceridemic activity on Tritoninduced hyperlipidemic rats and also influences on both liver synthesis and blood clearance [19,20]. 3.3 Hypoglycemic And Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity Methanol extract of Curcuma amada rhizome exhibited anti-hyperglycemic and mild hypoglycemic activities in mice and no toxic effects were associated with the plant extract even at high dose of 650 mg/kg b.w.[21]. 3.4 Anthelmintic Activity Ethanol extract (150mg/ml) and Dichloromethan extract (150mg/ml) of both Curcuma species were very effective in causing death of earthworms [22]. 3.5 Antioxidant Activity The methanolic extract of both leaves and rhizomes showed higher ability to scavenge H2 O2 followed by chloroform and aqueous extracts. Rhizomes showed higher activity. Methanolic extract of both leaves and rhizomes efficiently inhibited the nitric oxide and superoxide generation in vitro followed by chloroform and aqueous extracts [23]. 3.6 Antiallergic activity Mango ginger is reportedly used in anti-allergic formulations of herbal plants [24]. 3.7 Anti-inflammatory activity The ethyl alcohol extract of mango ginger rhizome has anti-inflammatory activity in acute and chronic administration in albino rats [25]. 3.8 Platelet aggregation inhibitory activity Platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of ethyl acetate extract and acetone extract is reported to be very high compared to methanol extract [15]. 3.9 Cytotoxicity Cytotoxicity of the hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol extracts of mango ginger towards both normal and cancer cell cultures were reported [15]. The cytotoxicity results of different extracts of mango ginger indicate that the extracts are less toxic towards the normal cell lines as compared with cancerous cell lines. 4. CONCLUSION From the time of immemorial, plants have been widely used as curative agents for variety of ailments . Ayurveda and Unani medicinal systems have given much importance to mango ginger as an appetizer, alexteric, antipyretic, aphrodisiac, diuretic, emollient, expectorant and laxative and to cure biliousness, itching, skin diseases, bronchitis, asthma, hiccough and inflammation due to injuries. The pharmacological studies so far have been performed in vitro and in vivo systems. Therefore there is need of investigation and quantification of phytoconstituents and pharmacological profile. 5. REFERENCES
1. Salvi ND, George L and Eapen S, Direct regeneration of shoots from immature inflorescence cultures of turmeric, Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 62, 2000, 235238. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Shirgurkar MV, John CK and Nadgouda RS, Factors affecting micro rhizome production in turmeric, Plant Cell Tiss. Org., 64,2001, 5 11. Sasikumar B, Genetic resources of Curcuma: diversity, characterization and utilization, Plant Gen. Res. 3, 2005, 230251. Aiyelaagbe OO and Osamudiamen PM, Phytochemical screening for active compounds in Mangifera indica leaves from Ibadan, Oyo State. Plant science Research 2009;2(1):11-13. Warrier PK, Nambiar VPK.and Ramankutty C, Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol.1-5. Orient Longman Ltd., Madras 1993-1995. Gamble JS Flora of the presidency of Madras, Ed. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh Vol.III., Dehra Dun, India, 1987, 1478-1493. Kirtikar KR and Basu BD, Indian Medicinal Plants. Internat. Book Distributors, Dehra Dun., 1987, 2444-2449. Gupta AP, Gupta AM and Sushil KK, Simultaneous determination of curcuminoids in curcuma samples using high performance thin layer chromatography. J. Liq. Chromatog. Technol., 22, 1999, 1561 1569. Chopra, RN, Nayar SL and Chopra IC, Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. CSIR, New Delhi,1980. Siddaraju MN and Dharmesh SM, Inhibition of Gastric H+,K+-ATPase and Helicobacter pylori Growth by Phenolic Antioxidants of Curcuma amada, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 2007, 73777386. Policegoudra RS and Aradhya SM, Structure and biochemical properties of starch from an unconventional source - a mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, Food Hydrocoll., 22, 2008, 513 519. Padmapriya K, Dutta A, Chaudhuri S, Dutta D, Microwave assisted extraction of mangiferin from Curcuma amada. Biotech., 3, 2011, 1-4. Policegoudra RS, Divakar S and Aradhya SM Identification of Difurocumenonol, a new antimicrobial compound isolated from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J. Appl.Microbiol., 102, 2007a, 15941602. Policegoudra RS, Abiraj K, Channe Gowda D and Aradhya SM, Isolation and characterization of antioxidant and antibacterial compound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J. Chromatogr. B, 852, 2007b, 4048. Policegoudra RS, Rehna K, Rao LJ and Aradhya SM. Antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxicity and platelet aggregation inhibitory activity of a novel molecule isolated and characterized from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome, J. Biosci., 35, 2010, 231 40. Chandarana H, Baluja S and Chanda SV, Comparison of antibacterial activities of selected species of Zingiberaceae family and some synthetic compounds, Tur. J. Biol, 29, 2005, 83-97. Jayalakshmi B, Raveesha KA and Amruthesh KN Phytochemical investigations and antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants against pathogenic bacteria, J. App.Pharma. Sci., 01, 2011, 124128. Singh G, Singh OP and Maurya S, Chemical and biocidal investigations on essential oils of some Indian Curcuma species, Prog. Crystal Growth Charact., 45, 2002, 7581 Srinivasan MR and Chandrashekharan N, Effect of Mango ginger on lipid status in normal and hypertriglyceridemic rats, J. Food Sci. Technol., 29, 1992, 130132. Srinivasan MR and Chandrashekharan N, Effect of Mango ginger on Triton WR-1338 Induced hyperlipidemia and plasma lipases activity in the rats, Nutr. Res., 13, 1993, 11831190. Syiem D, Monsang Sh W, Sharma R, Hypoglycemic And Anti-Hyperglycemic Activity Of Curcuma Amada Roxb. In Normal And Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice Pharmacologyonline, 3, 2010, 364372. Gill R, Kalsi V, Singh A, Phytochemical Investigation And Evaluation of Anthelmintic Activity of Curcuma Amada And Curcuma Caesia A Comparative Study , Inventi Impact: Ethnopharmacology , Vol. 2011 , Article ID- Inventi:ep/412/11, 2011 Sivaprabha J, Sumathi S, Dharani B and Padma P R, Radical Scavenging Activity of Leaves And Rhizomes of Curcuma Amada, IJPRD, 3, 2011, 167 174. Pushpangadan PR, Chandana VR, Ajay KS, Ojha SK and Reddy GD, 2006 Anti-allergic herbal formulation(s). Patent No. WO 2006067802. Mujumdar AM, Naik DG, Dandge CN and Puntambekar HM, Antiinflammatory activity of Curcuma amada Roxb. in albino rats, Indian J. Pharmacol. 32, 2000, 375377.

9. 10. 11.

12. 13.

14.

15.

16. 17.

18. 19. 20. 21.

22.

23. 24. 25.

Source of support: Nil, Conflict of interest: None Declared

Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.5 Issue 4.April 2012

1992-1993