Sumit S Lal et al.

, IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350

ISSN:2249-5347

IJSID

International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries

Research Article

An International peer Review Journal for Science

Available online through www.ijsidonline.info

GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES USING VARIOUS EXTRACT OF PLANTS AND SPICES Sumit.S.Lal and P.L.Nayak P.L.Nayak Research Foundation and Centre for Excellence in Nano Science and Technology, Synergy Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

ABSTRACT Received: 13.03.2012 Accepted: 10.06.2012

*Corresponding Author

and spices extracts was done, in which extracts reduces aqueous HAuCl4.3H2O to Au and stabilized by itself at certain crystalline phase. Synthesized nano particle is confirmed by the change of color of Auric chloride which is yellow in color, and growth synthesis of gold nanoparticles. and concerned pH was determined. Furthermore, this green synthesis approach is rapid Key words: Green synthesis, Gold nano particle (AuNPs), plant extract, spices extract. of nano paricle was monitored by surface plasmon behavior using UV-Vis Spectroscopy

In this work green synthesis of gold nano particle using various plant extracts

and better alternative to chemical synthesis and also effective for the large scale

Address: Name: PL Nayak Place: Synergy Institute of Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. E-mail: plnayak@rediffmail.com

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

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Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350 and shape had attracted attention toward the synthesis of AuNPs. Attention has been made towards the use of biological synthesis processes without use of toxic chemicals in the synthesis protocols to avoid adverse effects in biomedical electronics, biotechnology, chemical and biological sensors, DNA labeling, drug delivery, cosmetics, coatings and packaging. and physical methods for the production of nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner [35]. Various properties of Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) like optical, thermal, catalytic and physical depend up on their size INTRODUCTION

applications for the synthesis of biocompatible metal. Metallic nanoparticles are presently applied in different fields such as [1-2]. Use of biological organisms such as microorganisms, plant extract or plant biomass could be an alternative to chemical exist, which were able to synthesize inorganic materials either extracellularly (6) or intracellularly [7]. Some plants can absorb and accumulate metals from water and soil in which they are grown. These are named as hyperaccumulators [8]. Alfalfa can geranium [16], lemongrass [17] and tamarind [18]. Gold in nanoscale display novel properties and have diverse activities that the plants and spices extract like essential oils (terpenes, eugenols, etc), polyphenols and carbohydrates these compounds accumulate gold and store it in its leaf and stem biomass as discrete nanoparticles of pure metal [9]. In recent years, several plants have been successfully used and reported for efficient and rapid extracellular synthesis of silver, copper and gold Synthesis methods using organisms, both unicellular and multicellular like yeast, fungi and bacteria came into the

nanoparticles such as broth extracts of neem [10], Aloe vera [11], tamarind [12], Avena sativa [13], wheat [14], alfalfa [15], contain active functional groups, such as hydroxyl, aldehyde and carboxyl units which may play important role for reduction of prior requirement for biomedical application of AuNPs [57]. The antibacterial and antioxidant properties of biomolecules derived from phytochemicals can be show excellent biocompatibility, such biogenic gold nanoparticle with high biocompatibility may be clinically useful as contrast enhancement molecular imaging agents for cancer diagnosis [22]. Plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior for various purposes. Plants:-

make it appropriate for therapeutic use and broad applications in nanobiotechnology [19, 20]. Phytochemical constituents in HAuCl4 to AuNPs. Gold nanoparticles produced by using phytochemicals or other extract components remain stable for certain time [21,22]. Furthe plants and spices mediated stabilized or capped AuNPs may cross the barrier of cytotoxicity which is a

present in the plants and spices extract have facilitated excellent stability of the nanoparticles [18]. Green gold nanoparticles plants (Fig. 1) and four spices (Fig. 2). In the subsequent sections we have described the use of different extract of plants and spices in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles based upon the change in colour, change in pH and change in surface stomach alagia. The bark is useful in dyspepsia, fever, dipsia, visceromegaly, colic, ulcers, menorrhagia, metropathy, sterols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, leucopelargonodin and leucocyanidin in bark [23-24]. Ashoka or Asoko (Saraca asoca): It is a non Linn plant, belongs to family Fabaceae (Fig. 1. a) used for treating

Here in the present work we have reported for the first time synthesis of green gold nanoparticles using twenty-five

leucorrhoea and pimples. The floweres are considered to be uterine tonic and syphilis, cervical adinitis, hyperdipsia, haemorrhoids, dysentery, scabies in children and inflammation. Chemical investigation showed the presence of catechols,

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saponins A, B, C, and D, oleanane-type triterpenes oligoglycosides, together with betavulgaroside 1, spinacoside C, and methoxypropane, (Z)-3-hexen-l-ol, 3-methoxyphenyl acetate, acetophenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, isophytol, and phytol [25].

momordins , from fresh aerial parts. Leaves yield saponin, vitamin A and B and fruit yields mucilage and iron. Medicinally arogbati leaf shows, anthocyanins, antifungal, antimicrobial. The major components from the volatile oil are: 1

Arogbati or Poi (Basella alba): Belongs to the family Basellaceae (Fig. 1. b). Study of isolates from basella shows Fig. 1. (a)

plum, and permseret (Anguilla) (Fig. 1. c). is a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae. It is quite nutritious and rich in vitamin C, It contains 20 to 30% sugar, up to 2.5% protein and 12.8% carbohydrates. Fruits are applied on cuts and ulcers; are employed in pulmonary ailments and fevers. Leaves are applied as poultices and are helpful in liver troubles, asthma and fever and, together with catechu, are administered when an astringent is needed, as on wounds. Seeds are sedative and are taken, sometimes with buttermilk, to halt nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pains in pregnancy [25].

Indian plum or Bara koli (Ziziphus mauritiana): Ziziphus mauritiana, also known as Jujube, Chinese Apple, Indian Fig. 1. (b)

Rutaceae family (Fig. 1. d) Leaves are bitter, acrid, astringent, cooling, demulcent, depurative, antihelmintic, febrifuge, International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

stomachic, appetising, carminative, antiinflammatory and antiseptic. The major constituents responsible for the aroma and

Curry leaves or Kadipatta (Murraya koenigii): Small strong smelling perennial shrub or small tree belongs to Fig. 1. (c)

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flavour have been reported as pinene, sabinene, caryophyllene, cadinol and cadinene. Leaves are rich in carbazole alkaloidsthese include members with- (i) C13 - skeleton -murrayanin, mukoeic acid, mukonine and Mukonidine. (ii) C18 - skeleton including gerinimbine, koenimbine, murrayacine, koenigine and koenigicine (koenidine). (iii) C23- skeleton containing mahanimbine, murrayazolidine, cyclomahanimbine and bicyclomahanimbicine [26]. mahanimbicine, isomahanimbicine, mahanine, mahanimbinine, murrayayazoline, murrayazolinine,

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constituents of coriandrum sativum are essential oils and fatty oil. The essential oil content of the weight of ripe and a dried Dysentery [25].

fruit of coriander varies between 0.03 and 2.6%, and the content of fatty oil varies between 9.9 and 27.7%. The juice of

coriander is use for treating nausea, and morning sickness. It is also used in the treatment of colitis and some of the liver

Coriander or Dhania (Coriandrum sativum): It is a small herb belongs to family Apiaceae (Fig. 1. e). Major active Fig. 1. (d)

disorders. Coriander seeds also help to reduce acid peptic disease and it is also used as ayurvedic medicine in the treatment of

contains two classes of Aloins : (1) nataloins, which yield picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, and (2) barbaloins, which yield aloetic acid (C7H2N3O5), chrysammic acid (C7H2N2O6), picric and oxalic acids with nitric acid, being reddened by the acid. anti-inflammatory, protector of human immune system [25]. This second group may be divided into, 1) barbaloins, obtained from Barbadoes aloes, and reddened in the cold, and 2)barbaloins, obtained from Socotrine and Zanzibar aloes. Aloe is used as important Ayurvedic medicines. It is used in Jaundice, Liver disorders, during difficulty in urination, in wounds, as a cosmetic. Medicinally for antiseptic and antibiotic properties,

Aloe or Ghee-kunari (Aloe vera): Aloe vera is a stemless or very short-stemmed succulent plant (Fig. 1. f). Aloe Fig. 1. (e)

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Zingiberaceae family (Fig. 1. g). Ginger is used as a calminative and stimulant, antihistamines, ameliorate the effects of motion volatile oil and 5-8% of resinous matter, starch and mucilage [27, 28].

sickness in the gastrointestinal tract itself, provide cheap antiemetic adjunct to cancer therapy. Ginger contains about l-2% of

Ginger or Sonth (Zingiber Officinale): The scraped or unscraped rhizome of Zingiber Officinale belongs to Fig. 1. (f)

are alliin, methiin and S-allylcysteine. Medicinally garlic shows hypolipidemic, antiplatelet and procirculatory effects, activities [28].

detoxification and general tonic, hepatoprotective, antioxidative, immune-enhancing, anticancer and chemopreventive

Garlic or Rasuna (Allium sativum): It belongs to Amaryllidaceae family (Fig. 1. h). The main phytochemicals in garlic Fig. 1. (g)

contain substantial quantities of flavonoids which are associated with antioxidant, fever-reducing (antipyretic), pain-relieving (analgesic) and spasm-inhibiting (spasmolytic) activities. The wound-healing activity of the ethanol extract of flower was determined in rats, using excision, incision, and dead space wound models. Aqueous extract of leaves is to be aphrodisiac, International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

Chinese rose or Mandara (Hibiscus rosasynesus): Belongs to the family Malvaceae (Fig. 1. i), the flowers and leaves Fig. 1. (h)

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hypoglycemic, and antiimplantation. Extract exerts a protective effect against the tumor promotion stage of cancer development [29, 30].

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Myrtaceae (Fig. 1. j). It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C. vitamin-A, thiamine (vit-B1) 1%, riboflavin (vit- B2) 1%, Niacin (vit-B3) 2%, plantothenic acid (B5), Vit-B6 3%, ascorbic acid (vit-C) 17%. Medicinally all parts of plant seeds, leaf, bark are used. Properties like antidiabetes, antibacterial, astringent, digestive, diuretic, anthelmintic and is considered useful for throat problems, stomachic, carminative, antiscorbutic and diuretic are being reported [31].

Jamun leaf or Jammu (Syzygium cumini): An evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant belongs to family Fig. 1. (i)

perennial herbs, shrubs and trees. The alkaloids hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine) and meteloidine are found in all parts of the plant. The total alkaloid content is 0.26 - 0.42 %. Fruit contains daturaolone and daturadiol while roots contain Medicinally it has intoxicating and narcotic. The plant and fruit are spasmolytic, anticancerous and anthelmintic. Leaf is face [32]. additionally ditigloyloxy tropane derivatives, tigloidine, apohyoscine, norhyoscine, norhyocyamine, cusiohygrine and tropine.

Kamkamawlaw or Dhatura (Datura metel): Belongs to the family solanaceae (Fig. 1. k), consists of annual and Fig. 1. (j)

antitumour, antirheumatic and vermicide. Flower is antiasthamatic, anaesthetic and is employed in swellings and eruptions on

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(hesperidoside, limocitrin), Caffeine, essential oils like isopulegol, alpha-bergamotene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpinene, alphthujene, beta-bisolobene, beta-bergamotene, beta-phelandrene, citral, limonene and sabinene are the main components,. anticancerigenous [34]. Because of high ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) content, it shows antibacterial and astringent properties, used in herbal medicine to

Lemon or Lembu (Citrus limonium): Belongs to citrus family Rutaceae (Fig. 1. l). Along with ascorbic acid, flavonoids

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build immunity against colds, influenza, and other viral infections; Lemon shows antiescorbutic, antimigraine,

evergreen tree, a medicinal plant widely used as phytomedicine. Neem leaves contain carbohydrates 47-51%, crude protein 14-19%, crude fiber 11-24%, fat 2-7%, ash 7-9%, Ca 0.8-2.5% and P 0.1-0.2%. Leaves are bitter, astringent, acrid, depurative, antiseptic, ophthalmic, anthelmintic, alexeteric, appetizer, insecticidal, demulcent and refrigerant [29, 33].

Margosa or Nimba (Azadirachta indica): Belongs to Meliaceae family (Fig. 1. m), it is a moderate sized to fairly large Fig. 1. (l)

Main active component are mangiferin and chinonin. Mangoes are rich in antioxidants such as beta-carotene, Vitamin A, also treatment of diarrohoea, chronic dysentery [35].

contain Vitamin B6. Leaves, bark, stem and unripe mangoes are believed to possess antibacterial properties, used in the

Mango or Amba (Mangifera indica): Mango is huge and ever green tree belongs to family Anacardiaceae (Fig. 1. n). Fig. 1. (m)

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flowers. They are a considerable source of flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamin C, proteins and resins, among others. Marigold anti-septic and wound healing properties and hence medicinally important [36].

flowers contain a bitter compound, volatile oil. They have healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and soothing effects. They contained bio-flavonoids reduce the fragility of the capillary blood vessels. Marigold infusion are used to treat hyperacid

Marigold or Gendu (Calendula officinalis): Belongs to family Ranunculaceae (Fig. 1. o),It is an herb with yellow

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gastritis, duodenal ulcer, infected icterus, cancerous ulcerations, inflammations and liver failures. The plant shows excellent,

commonly known as Night Jasmine. Active components present in leaves are D-mannitol, -sitosterole, Flavanol glycosidesAstragaline, Nicotiflorin, Oleanolic acid, Nyctanthic acid, tannic acid, ascorbic acid, methyl salicylate, trace of volatile oil, carotene, friedeline, lupeol, mannitol, Glucose and fructose, iridoid glycosides, benzoic acid. Extensively used by Ayurvedic physicians for analgesics, antipyretic along with ulcerogenic potency have also been observed. This plant has also been found to possess anti-allergic, antimalarial , leishmanicidal, amoebicidal and anthelminthic activities [37].

Night-flowering Jasmine or Gangasiveli (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis): Belongs to family Oleaceae (Fig. 1. p), Fig. 1. (o)

gonorrhoea, diarrhoea, dysentery, haemorrhoids and gastrohelcosis. Leaves and tender shoots use for wounds and skin secretion or bleeding [38].

diseases. Fruits are laxative and digestive; leaves are used in the treatment of mumps. They are also useful in arresting

Peepal or Bara (Ficus benghalensis): It belongs to Moraceae family (Fig. 1. q). It is used in the treatment of Fig. 1. (p)

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mentho., Mint is rich in many chemicals, vitamins and minerals such as Niacin, Carotene, Folic Acid, Thiamine, Riboflavin, [39].

Magnesium, Protein, Fat, Minerals, Carbohydrates, Calcium, Phosphorus, Iron, Magnesium, Copper, Manganese, Zinc,

Chromium, Oxalic Acid, Menthol and Phytin Phosphorus. The plant possesses carminative, antibacterial, antifibrile,

Pudina mint or Podina (Mentha arvensis): Belongs to Lamiaceae family (Fig. 1. r), it yields an essential oil and Fig. 1. (q)

stimulative, stomachic, diaphoretic and antispasmodic properties that enhance the medicinal value of pudina to a large extent

malic acis; citric acid concentration is about 8%, fruit also contain moderate amount of ascorbic acid, two slices of pineapple contain ascorbic acid 100mg. A steroidal component of the leaves possesses estrogenic activity and variety of aromatic edematous, also anti-carcinogenic and anti-proliferative activity in cancer [40]. compounds is found in the essential oil. Bromelain an active component in residue of plant shows anti-inflammatory, anti-

Pineapple or Sapuri (Ananas comosus): Belongs to Bromeliaceae family (Fig. 1. s), Pineapple is rich in citric and Fig. 1. (r)

is a rich source of nutrients such as provitamin-A, carotenoids, vitamin C, B vitamins, dietary minerals and dietary fibre. Papaya skin, pulp and seeds also contain a variety of phytochemicals, including polyphenols. It provides the required daily International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

Papaya or Amrutabhanda (Carica papaya): The papaya is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya (Fig. 1. t). Papaya fruit Fig. 1. (s)

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levels of A, C, E-vitamins, providing antioxidant protection. The fibre-rich papaya helps keep your cholesterol levels down. Enzymes like papain and chemopapain in papaya are believed to have anti-inflammatory effects [41].

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deciduous sacred tree, associated with Gods, Leaves contain an alkaloid rutacin which is hypoglycaemic, have a rich source of anti-inflammatory, expectorant, anticatarrhal, antiasthamatic, antiulcerous and ophthalmic [42].

carbohydrate, protein, fat, fibre, minerals and vitamin B and C. It is reported to contain a number of coumarins, alkaloids, sterols and essential oils. Roots and fruits contain coumarins such as scoparone, scopoletin, umbelliferone, marmesin and skimming. It is having useful medicinal propertie, leaves and fruits are useful in controlling diarrhoea and dysentery. Leaf is

Stone apple or Bale (Aegle marmelos): Belongs to the citrus family Rutaceae (Fig. 1. u). Bael or Bengal quince is a Fig. 1. (t)

alkaloids and related compounds have so far been isolated and characterised from the plant. Mainly dry leaves contain vinblastine and vincristine (leurocristine or LC) which have anticancerous activity. The anticancer drugs vincristine and antifibrillic, tonic, stomachic, sedative, tranquillising activities and Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma [43].

vinblastine are synthesized from alkaloids of Catharanthus roseus. Plant is also known for its antihypertensive and

Sadabahar or Sadabihari (Catharanthus roseus): Belongs to the family Apocynaceae (Fig. 1. v). More than 100 Fig. 1. (u)

antispasmodic properties. It also posses antidiabetic, diuretic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, antidysenteric, haemorrhagic,

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(Fig.1. w). Containing antioxidant ingredientsmainly green tea catechins (GTC). The cardinal antioxidative ingredient in the green tea extract is green tea catechins (GTC), which comprise four major epicatechin derivatives; namely, epicatechin (EC), Vitamin C. Medicinally green tea shows antioxidant, anticarcinogen, anti-inflammatory, and anti-radiation [44].

epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). Other components include three kinds

Tea leaf or (Camellia sinensis): A green tea extract is a herbal derivative from green tea leaves (Camellia sinensis)

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of flavonoids, known as kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin. Green tea extract is 20 times more antioxidant-active than

Leaves, were reported, a total of 13 essential oils in which benzyl benzoate and limonene are the major compounds, followed compounds, with many of them of a flavonolic nature. The seeds and the bark also have medicinal properties. Due to their antimicrobial, antifungal and antiseptic effects, tamarind leave have an extensive ethnobotanical uses [45, 46].

by hexadecanol and pentadecanol. Leaves also contain good levels of protein, fat, fiber, and some vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, ascorbic acid and -carotene. Flavonoid and other polyphenols are metabolites that have been also found in

Tamarind or Emli (Tamarindus indica): It is a medium-sized tree belonging to the Caesalpinaceae family (Fig. 1. x). Fig. 1. (w)

tamarind leaves. The leaves have a proven hepatoprotective activity associated with the presence of polyhydroxylated

Rutaceae family (Fig. 1. y). They are rich in vitamin C, flavonoids, acids and volatile oils. They also contain coumarins such as bergapten which sensitizes the skin to sunlight. Bergapten is sometimes added to tanning preparations since it promotes etc [47].

pigmentation in the skin. The fruit is appetizer and blood purifier. It is used to allay thirst in people with fevers and also treats

Orange or Kandhia/ Karuna (Citrus sinensis): It is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world. It belongs to Fig. 1. (x)

catarrh. The fruit juice is useful in the treatment of bilious affections and bilious diarrhea. The fruit rind is carminative and tonic. The fresh rind is rubbed on the face as a cure for acne. The dried peel is used in the treatment of anorexia, colds, coughs

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Fig. 1. (y) Spices:(Fig. 2. a), native to Sri Lanka and Southern India. The major active components of aqueous cinnamon extract appear to be aqueous extract of cinnamon bark improved insulin resistance and prevented lipid abnormalities in rats. Cinnamon has been suggested to have many pharmacological properties, including antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects [49, 50]. Cinnamon or Dal chini (Cinnamomum verum): Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree, belongs to family Lauraceae

doubly-linked procyanidin type-A polymers, cinnamaldehyde and esters such as ethyl cinnamate [46]. In an experiment

subcontinent, contains a wide variety of compounds, including -terpineol, myrcene, subinene, limonene, cineol, & -pinene -phellandrene, menthone, cis/trans-linalol oxides, trans-nerolidol, -sitostenone, Y-sitosterol, phytol, eugenyl acetate, bisabolene, borneol, citronellol, p-cymene, geraniol, geranyl acetate, stigmasterol and terpinene. Studies showed that mechanisms [51-54]. ionophore. Cardamon reduced blood pressure in rats, probably by acting through cholinergic and calcium antagonist

Cardamon or Elaichi (Elettaria cardamomum): It is a perennial herb (Fig. 2. b) indigenous to the Indian Fig. 2. (a)

cardamom inhibited platelet aggregation, when induced with agents such as ADP. Epinephrine, collagen and calcium

content in Black pepper is piperine which is between 4.6% and 9.7% by mass. Pepper contains small amounts of safrole, a International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

Black pepper or Golamaricha (Piper nigrum): It is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae (Fig. 2. c). Major Fig. 2. (b)

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mildly carcinogenic compound extracts from black pepper have been found to have antioxidant properties and anti toothaches [55].

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carcinogenic effects. Medicinally used for constipation, diarrhea, earache, gangrene, heart disease, hernia, hoarseness, indigestion, insect bites, insomnia, joint pain, liver problems, lung disease, oral abscesses, sunburn, tooth decay, and

indigenous to the Molucca or Clove Islands. Cloves contain about 14-21% of volatile oil which contains l0-13% of tannin, 8195% of phenols (eugenol with about 3% of acetyleugenol), sesquiterpenes (- and -calyophyllenes) and small quantities of esters, ketones and alcohols. Various triterpene acids and esters and glycoside are also present. The sesquiterpenes of clove stress, anti-pyretic [55-56]. have been cited as potential anti-carcinogenic compounds. Medicinally cloves show Anti-oxidant, anti-fungal, anti-viral, antimicrobial, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anesthetic, pain reliving and insect repellent, anti-platelet, anti-

Cloves or Lavang (Syzygium Aromaticum): Cloves are the dried flower buds, belongs to family Lauraceae (Fig. 2. d), Fig. 2. (c)

Fig. 2. (d) MATERIAL AND METHOD Reagents and Chemicals used throughout the experimental work. Boiling/Collection of extracts Tetrachloroauric acid (HAuCl4XH2O) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich. Freshly prepared triple distilled water was

Mandara, Dhatura, Lembu, Nimba, Amba, Gendu, Gangasiuli, Tea, Bara, Podina, Sapuri, Amrutabhanda, Bale, Sadabihari,

Tentuli, Kandhia/karuna and four spices Alleicha, Golamarcha, Dalchini, Labanga [Table.1 & 2] which was included in this study were collected. Primarily their selective parts were washed and the cleaned and dried with water absorbent paper (wet International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

Twenty-five medicinal herbs, such as Ghee-kunari, Jammu, Asoko, Poi, Barakoli, Bhursango, Dhania, Ada, Rasuna,

filter paper). Then it was cut into small pieces and crushed with mortar and pastle dispensed in 10 ml of sterile distilled water

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and boiled for 10 minutes at 70-80C. Then the plants and spices extract were filtered and centrifuge for 10 minutes at 5000 r.p.m now extracts were collected in separate conical flasks by standard sterilized filtration method and were stored at 4C. Synthesis of Gold nanoparticles ratio of 1;5. Within a particular time change in colour from light yellow to various different color obtained by nanoparticle synthesis, which is depends upon the extracts of plants and spices. The gold nanoparticles so prepared were stabilized by adding 1% of chitosan and 1% of PVA. UV-Vis Spectra analysis The reduction of pure Au3+ ions to Au0 was monitored by measuring the UV-Vis spectrum by sampling of aliquots (0.3 ml) of AuNPs solution diluting the sample in 3 ml distilled water. UV-Vis spectral analysis was done by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer Systronics 118 at the range of 300-600 nm and observed the absorption peaks at 530-550 nm regions due spectrum of metallic gold and it was recorded. pH analysis 1 mM aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution shows 2.95 pH, there is concerned change in pH was determined of Results and Discussion In a typical experiment, 1 ml of 1 mM Aqueous chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution was added to 5 ml of extract with

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to the excitation of surface plasmon vibrations in the AuNPs solution, which are identical to the characteristics UV-visible gold nanoparticle synthesis using extracts of plant and spices, which was determined using Digital pH meter Systronics.

reduction of gold ions into gold particles during exposure to the plant and spices extract is followed by colour change from reduction of gold ion, which may be the indication of formation gold nanoparticles (Table. 3). In this work almost all except and pH change from high acidic to low acidic. Sr. No 1. 2. 3 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Latin name Saraca asoca Basella alba Ziziphus mauritiana Murraya Koenigi Coriandrum sativum Aloe vera Zingiber officinalis Allium sativum Hibiscus rosasynesus Syzygium cumini Datura metel Citrus limonium Azadirachta indica Mangifera indica Calendula officinalis Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Table.1. Different Plant used for Gold nanoparticles synthesis Common name Ashoka Arogbati Indian plum Curry leaf Coriander Ghi kunaver/Aloe Ginger Garlic Chinese rose Jambul Kamkam-awlaw Limonero Margosa Mango Marigold Night-flowering Local name Asoko Poi Barakoli Bhursanga Dhania Ghee-kunari Ada Rasun Mandara Jammu Dhatura Lembu Nimba Amba Gendu Gangaseuli

yellow to different color and change in pH of auric acid, extract and gold nanoparticle solution, depends on the plant and spices extract. It is well known that auric acid exhibit yellowish colors in distilled water. As the plant extract was mixed in the aqueous solution of the gold ion complex, it started to change the color from yellowish to various different colors due to few green gold nano solutions after incubation at room temperature, were showed the color change from light to dark color Family name Fabaceae Basellaceae Rhamnaceae Rutaceae Apiaceae Liliaceae Zingiberaceae Lilliaceae Malvaceae Myrtaceae Solanaceae Rutaceae Meliaceae Anacardiaceae Ranunculaceae Oleaceae Part use Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Root Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Fruit Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf

Twenty-five plants extracts and five spices extracts were used to produce gold nanoparticles (Table. 1 and 2), the

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Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Ficus benghalensis Mentha arvensis Ananas comosus Carica papaya Aegle marmelos Catharanthus roseus Camellia sinensis Tamarindus indica Citrus sinensis Bara Moraceae Podina Lamiaceae Sapuri Bromeliaceae Amruta-bhanda Cariacaceae Bale Rutaceae Sadabihari Apocynaceae --Theaceae Tentuli Caesalpinaceae Kandhia/ Rutaceae Karuna Table. 2. Different Spices use for Gold nanoparticle synthesis Common name Elaichi Kalimirchi Dalchini Lavanga Local name Alleicha Golamaricha Dalchini Labanga Family Zingiberaceae Piperaceae Lauraceae Lauraceae Jasmine Peepal Pudina mint Pineapple Papaya Stone apple Sadabahar Tea Tamarind Orange Leaf Leaf Fruit Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Leaf Fruit

Sr. No 1. 2. 3. 4.
Sr. No

Latin name Elettaria cardamomum Piper nigrum Cinnamomum verum Syzygium aromaticum

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 6. 7. 8.

Name of green gold nanoparticle solution

Table. 3. Indication of color change in green gold nano particles solution

Color change Ph change Color intensity

Part use Seed pod Fruit Bark Flower bud

Lamda max Result

Time

Local name Ghee-kunari Jamun Asoko Bhursanga Dhania Ada Bara koli Poi

Before White Light yellow Light brown Dark brown Dark green Yellow brown White Pale yellow Light green White Light green Red pink Light brown Pale yellow Dark brown Dark green Yellow Light green Dark brown Light green Dark brown Pale yellow Light brown White Pale yellow Pale yellow

After Cherry red Black Green Brown Cherr-y red Dark green Black Pale yellow Red brown

Before 5.27 4.83 4.74 5.75 6.29 6.24 6.37 6.16

After 5.20 4.74 4.50 4.77 6.29 6.07 6.34 4.66 6.43 5.76 5.04 3.27 4.20 4.54 5.97 6.03 6.43 7.03 3.99 6.23 6.06 5.68 4.56 3.55 4.50 4.99

++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++

1.30 hr 15min 2 hr 1.30 5 hr 1.30hr 5 hr 2 hr 2hr 1hr 5 hr 5hr 1 hr 20min 1hr 1hr 20min 5 hr 2 hr 10min 1 hr 1 hr 5 hr 1hr 1 hr 5 hr

540 540 540 540 540 _ 540 _ 540 530 540 _ _ 530 530 _ 540 540 _ 540 530 530 530 _ 540 _

+ + + _ + _ + + + _ _ + + _ + + _ + + + _ + _

Rasuna Mandara Dhatura Lembu Nimba Amba Gendu Gangaseuli Bara Podina Sapuri Amrutbhanda Bale Sadabihari Tea Tentuli Kandia/ Karune Alleicha

White Dark violet Blue green Light violet Light green Red pink Light green Green brown Light brown Dark brown Dark violet Light green Dark red Black Green brown Light grey Light brown Light violet

6.70 6.65 5.69 3.24 5.50 4.61 6.55 6.55 6.62 6.01 4.35 6.35 6.0.6 6.20 5.00 3.66 4.50 5.97

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UV visible spectroscopy and color change for the Green synthesized gold nano particles.

27. 28. 29.

extracts, 17 were showed to synthesize the gold nanoparticles by the indication of suitable surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) with high band intensities and peaks under visible spectrum. Plants, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) behavior of synthesized nano particle are Ghee-kunari at 540 nm with change in colour (Fig. 1), Jamun at 540 nm (Fig. 2), along with these Asoko, Poi, Bhursanga, Ada, Mandara, Lembu, Podhina, Sapuri, Bale were shown absorbance around 540 nm and Dhatura, plants extract Bara koli, Dhania, Rasuna, Nimba, Amba, Bara, Amrutbhanda, Kandia/Karune did not shown any change in color resonance (SPR) behavior of nano particle synthesize by spices extract at various wave length are Alleicha at 540 nm with absorbance around 540 nm. Ghee-kunari: but small change in pH was observed. And almost all 4 spices extract shown synthesize of nano particle, surface plasmon change in color (Fig. 26), Golamircha at 530 nm (Fig. 27), and Dalchini shown absorbance around 530 nm, Labanga shown

nanoparticle synthesize by plant extract, were showed by absorption at various wavelength, the wavelength of some

The UV visible spectroscopy of the synthesized nano particles were in the range of 435-545 nm. Among 25 plants

Golamircha Dark brown Cherr-y red 7.59 5.11 +++ 1hr 530 Dalchini Light brown Cherr-y red 5.04 4.13 +++ 1 hr 530 Labanga Dark brown Greenbrown 6.08 6.40 +++ 1hr 540 Color intensity: - += Light color, ++= Dark color, +++= Very dark color.; Result: - += Positive, -= Negative.

Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350

+ + +

Gendu, Gangaseuli, Sadabihari, Tea, Tentuli shown absorbance around 530 nm, with concerned change in color where as 8

Fig.1 a) Ghee-kunari gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B-Extract, Tube C- Ghee-kunari gold a) b) nanoparticle solution.

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Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350 Jamun :

Fig.2 a) Jamun gold nanoparticle SPR at 530 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Jamun gold nanoparticle a) b) solution Asoko:

Fig.3 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Asoko gold nanoparticle solution. a) Poi:

Fig 4. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Poi gold nanoparticle solution a)

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Bara koli:

Fig 5. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bara koli leaf extract, Tube C- Barakoli gold nanoparticle solution. Bhursanga:

Fig 6. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bhursanga leaf extract, Tube C- Bhursanga gold nanoparticle solution. a) Dhania:

Fig 7. a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dhania leaf extract, Tube C- Dhania gold nanoparticle solution. a) Ada:

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Fig. 8 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Ada leaf extract, Tube C- Ada gold nanoparticle solution a)

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Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350 Rasuna:

Fig. 9 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Rasuna extract, Tube C- Rasuna gold nanoparticle solution. a) Mandara:

Fig. 10 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Mandara extract, Tube C- Mandara gold nanoparticle solution. a) Dhatura:

Fig. 11 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dhatura leaf extract, Tube C- Dhatura gold nanoparticle solution. a) Lembu:

Fig. 12 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Lembu leaf extract, Tube C- Lembu gold nanoparticle solution. a) Nimbu: International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012

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Fig. 13 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Nimbu leaf extract, Tube C- Nimbu gold nanoparticle solution. a) Amba:

Fig. 14 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Amba leaf extract, Tube C- Amba gold nanoparticle solution. a) Gendu:

Fig. 15 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Gendu leaf extract, Tube C- Gendu gold nanoparticle solution. a) Gangaseuli:

Fig. 16 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Gangaseuli extract, Tube C- Gangaseuli gold nanoparticle solution. a) Bara:

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Fig. 17 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bara leaf extract, Tube C- Bara gold nanoparticle solution. a) Podina:

Fig. 18 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Podina leaf extract, Tube C- Podina gold nanoparticle solution. a) Sapuri:

Fig. 19 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Sapuri extract, Tube C- Sapuri gold nanoparticle solution. a) Amrutabhanda:

Fig. 20 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Amrutabhanda extract, Tube C- Amrutabhanda gold nanoparticle solution. a) Bale:

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Fig. 21 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Bale leaf extract, Tube C- Bale gold nanoparticle solution. a) Sadabihari:

Fig. 22 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Sadabihari leaf extract, Tube C- Sadabihari gold nanoparticle solution. a) Tea:

Fig. 23 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Tea leaf extract, Tube C- Tea gold nanoparticle solution. a) Tentuli:

Fig. 24 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Tentuli leaf extract, Tube C- Tentuli gold nanoparticle solution. Kandia/Karune:

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Fig. 25 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Kaudia/karuna extract, Tube C- Kaudia/karuna gold nanoparticle solution. Spices Alleicha:

Fig.26 a)Alleicha gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b)Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Alleicha gold nanoparticle a) b) Golamircha solution.

Fig. 27 a) Golamircha gold nanoparticle SPR at 540 nm, b) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Extract, Tube C- Golamircha gold a) b) International Journal of Science Innovations and Discoveries, Volume 2, Issue 3, May-June 2012 nanoparticle solution.

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Sumit S Lal et al., IJSID, 2012, 2 (3), 325-350 Dalchini:

Fig. 28 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Dalchini extract, Tube C- Dalchini gold nanoparticle solution. Labanga:

particles and the nano particles shows good stability in solution, under the UV-Visible wavelength nano particles shown quiet good surface plasmon resonance behavior and auric acid with reducing agent i.e plants and spices extract shown various color an alternative to chemical synthesis protocols and low cost reductant for synthesizing gold nano particles. Acknowledgement

changes with concerned change in pH of solution. Success of such a rapid time scale for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is The authors are sincerely thankful to Head of the Department, University Department of Chemical Technology, North

In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that various extract of plants and spices are capable of producing gold nano CONCLUSION

Fig. 29 a) Tube A- Auric acid, Tube B- Labanga extract, Tube C- Labanga gold nanoparticle solution.

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