Workshop on

Knowledgetransferandcapacitybuildingfor waterandsanitationservicesinAsiaandthePacific
1719February2009

Bangkok,Thailand

Ms.ANITAJHA Sr.VicePresident SulabhInternationalSocialServiceOrganisation NewDelhi,India

By:

Introduction
In older civilisations like Roman, Greek, Indus, there were provisions of toilets in individual households and public places. After the lapse of older civilisations and the advent of new ones, the system of defecation in the open started all over the world.
2

contd..

In India, another system started i.e., cleaning human excreta manually by people called scavengers. These two systems continued during Buddhist, Maurayan,MughalandBritishperiods.

DisposalofHumanWaste In the developed countries, the standard practice for the sanitary disposal of human waste is sewerage. It was first introduced in London 1850, followed by New York1860andKolkatain1870.

contd..

Out of over 5,161* towns/cities in India only 232 have the sewerage systemandthattoopartially.

*2001Census
5

TheUnfathomablePlightofScavengers!!

Scavenging&SocialReform
Scavengers are the most oppressedandsuppressedclassof Indian society hated, ostracized, vilified and avoided by all other castesandclasses.

contd

Theappallinghardship, humiliationand exploitationtheyface,havenoparallelin humanhistory.

The practice started in Pauranic period continuedinBuddhist,Mauryan,Mughal andBritishperiods.

8

SanitationStatus India
Census 1971 1981 1991 2001 Total Coverage(%) 15.70 18.70 23.70 36.40 Urban(%) 50.00 58.15 63.85 73.70 Rural(%) Insignificant Insignificant 9.48 21.90

contd

Year 2008

Urban(%) 63*

Rural(%) 57**

* Source:CPHEEO,MinistryofUrbanDevelopment,GovernmentofIndia. ** Source:DepartmentofDrinkingWaterSupply,GovernmentofIndia
(Accessed16th Oct08)

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SanitationforDignitytoWomen
In those time people used to defecate intheopen Women were the worst sufferers becauseoflackoftoilets. Women had to face great hardships: Theyhadtogooutforopendefecation in the dark before sunrise or after sunset.
11

contd....

Theirdignitywasputtoriskwhen subjected to criminal assaults by antisocialelements. Girlchildrendropoutfromschool becauseofnotoilets.

12

contd...

HighRateofChildMortality: Halfamillionchildrendieeveryyear Thereare.50million(5lac)scavengersin thecountry 70%to80%arewomen

13

contd...

Inbothwayswomenaretheworst sufferers After construction of Sulabh toilets, women have dignity with access to hygienictoilets

14

contd

Toendthispractice,technologywas necessarysoSulabhdevelopedtwo technologies: 1. For Individual household: to replace the bucket toilets and construct Sulabh twopit, pour flush,composttoilets.
15

contd

SulabhPourFlushToiletwithCircularPit

SulabhPourFlushToiletwithRectangularPit

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SulabhSanitationMovement Sulabh Movement was started in Bihar in the year 1970 and at that timeweimplementedtwoprojects: a) Conversion of dry latrines into Sulabh twin pit, pourflush, compost toilets. b) Construction & maintenance of publictoiletcomplexesinthe1970s.
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Technological Solution to a Social Problem

Tosolvethesocialproblemandproviding a sustainable sanitation options, Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak developed a technology of Sulabh twopit, pourflush, compost toilet appropriate, affordable, indigenous, socially and culturally acceptable.

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SulabhTwopit,pourflush,compost Toilet(SulabhShauchalaya)
This technology has no vent pipe, gases are absorbed in soil, requires 11.5 litres of water to flush. There are two pits one is used at a time and the otheriskeptstandby.

19

contd....

20

contd....

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contd....

After two years excreta is converted into manure. It is a good fertilizer to raise productivityoffield.

22

contd....

HumanexcretamanureisrichinNitrogen, PhosphorusandPotashandprovidesgood nutrients to plants, fruits, vegetables, flowers,etc.

23

contd....

Humanexcretamanure:Highyieldingvarietyoffruits
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contd.

The Sulabh Shauchalaya can be constructed in the minimum possible space in a narrow lane, courtyard of a house or in the bedroom.
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contd...

TheSulabh toiletcanbe constructed in areas where the water table is high and even in upperfloorsofbuildings
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Sulabh pay and use Public Toilets

In 1974, Sulabh introduced the concept of pay and use public toilets. Because of good maintenance, the concept spread and Sulabh has built more than 7,000 public toilets at all important places in the country & more than a million of scavengers have been relieved from their inhumanoccupation.

Worlds Largest Sulabh Toilet Complex at Shirdi in Maharashtra

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contd....

In fact, alongwith the toilet facility, our toilets are equipped with the facilities and provision of drinking water, telephone booths, laundry, health centres, lockers, cyber caf, First aid Box, etc. It is in a way, creationofaHappyHome.

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contd....

PublictoiletsarenowworkingasPublic health centres. We have installed condom vending machines and are providingcondomstocheckpopulation growthanddiseaseslikeHIV/AIDS.

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SulabhToilets:AGlimpse

HERITAGE:

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contd....

SulabhToiletComplex,TAJMAHAL,AGRA

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contd....

SulabhToiletComplex,TAJMAHAL,AGRA

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contd....

SulabhToiletComplexesinLucknow,UttarPradesh

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contd....

SulabhToiletComplex,Bhopal,M.P.
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EnergyfromHumanWaste
To ensure full recycling of human excreta in public toilets, Sulabh developed the technology of Biogas production.

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contd....

Sulabhbynowhasinstalledover190 biogas plants attached to public toilets.

SulabhToiletComplex,Hoshangabad,MadhyaPradesh

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UsesofBiogas

Biogasusedfordifferentpurposes Lighteningof StreetLights

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UsesofBiogas

contd....

Biogasusedforcookingpurpose
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UsesofBiogas

contd....

Biogasusedforlightingoflamps
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UsesofBiogas

contd....

Biogasusedforelectricitygeneration
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UsesofBiogas

contd....

Biogasusedtowarmoneselfinwinter
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SET (Sulabh Technology:

Effluent

Treatment)

It is based on filtration of effluent through activated charcoal followed by ultra violet rays. Waterdischargedfrombiogasplantcontains valuable nutrients Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potash. It is used for agricultural purposes. As its BOD is less than 1 mg/l. It canbedischargedinawaterbodylikerivers, ponds,etc.withoutcausinganypollution.
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DuckweedBasedWasteWaterTreatment

Afastgrowingfree floatingplant. ReducesBOD,CODof wastewater. Containsupto30% protein.

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contd....

DuckweedBasedWasteWaterTreatment

Completefeedfor fish. Induckweedtreated waterfishisgrown. 810tonsoffishper ha.ofpond/annumcan beharvested

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Sanitation&Health
Thereisaclosenexusbetweengoodsanitation, safedrinkingwater,hygiene&goodhealth.

SulabhTotalHealthcareConcept

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Training&Research Sulabh International in collaboration with UNHABITAT, Nairobi has trained more than 15 African countries for the capacity development as a part of achieving the MDG, set for the sustainable development in water, sanitation, healthandhygienesectors.
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contd..

Sulabh has recently signed a MoU withanAfricancountryEthiopiato provide its expertise to improve sanitation,healthandhygiene.

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contd..

We not only developed technologies but also developed methodology and services delivery system so that it could reach the peopleatlarge.

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Wehavetrainedmorethan50,000 people to work in the construction & maintenance of community toilets.

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contd..

15,000 women were trained in hygiene, sanitation & safe drinking water, who are now working in different slums and resettlement colonies.

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NAIDISHA
AnInitiativetowardsRehabilitationofScavengers

NaiDishaVocational Training Centre was set up at Alwar, in April 2003, to liberate and rehabilitate women hitherto engaged in the profession of scavenging.
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contd

The centre provided the scavengers anoptiontochartanewpaththrough a definite career option that ensures economic freedom as well as a life of dignityandsocialrespect.

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contd

A comprehensive 2year training is being provided to 56 woman scavengers in food processing, beautycare, tailoring and embroidery.Withathreeyearrehabilitation programme.

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contd

Adultliteracyclassesareheldtoteachthem EnglishandHindi.

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contd EconomicSustainabilityandSocialTransformation

The social transformation brought about can be gauged by the incrediblefactthatthesamesocietythatwasaverseeventothetouch of a scavenger, today readily purchases products (even eatables) prepared by the hands of these very scavengers. . This symbolises a fundamentalchangeintheattitudenursedforcenturiesbythepeople.
56

contd

AmonthlystipendofRs.2000ispaidtoensurethattheydonot returntotheirearlierprofession.Thestipendisdirectlyputinto theirbankaccountswhichtheyoperatethemselves. 57

SocialInteraction

Getting their stipends through cheque and interacting with cashierinabank 58

Erstwhilescavengerwoman,rehabilitatedatNaiDishaTrainingCentre,addressingthe NationalHumanRightsCommissionMeetingonEradicationofManualScavenging, 18March2007,NewDelhi.

QualityEducationtowardsofscavengers

Sulabh Public School: Premier English mediumschool. Recognised by CBSE.

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Contd

Tuition fee is waived andfreeuniformsand books are provided to children of scavenger community.

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contd

Thereisa60:40ratioof children from scavenger community to other sections of society. Students share lunch with one another. Messages of proper hygiene behaviour spread from children to parentsandcommunity.

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VocationalTrainingCentreinDelhi

Sulabh vocational training centre at Delhi started in 1992. 200 students are trained every year, approximately 30% of them are drawn from scavengers 63 community.(Picture:ComputerCourse)

VocationalTrainingCentreinDelhi

BeautyCareCourse

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VocationalTrainingCentreinDelhi

TailoringandFasionDesigningCourse
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VocationalTrainingCentreinDelhi

ElectricianCourse
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SulabhInternationalMuseumofToilets

Sulabh International has established a unique Museum of Toilets at Sulabh CampusinNewDelhiwhererecordsof theoldesttoiletsandthedevelopment oftoiletsthroughtheagesiscaptured through photographs, models, literature etc. It is a rare collection of relics, artefacts and other information relevanttotoilets.
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contd

Sanitationhasbeentheindexofcivilizationand the museum artefacts are displayed chronologically to show the development startingfromtheIndusValleyCivilizationofthe thirdmillenniumB.C.andprogressingontothe latest developments till the end of the 20th century. The museum also displays the toilets and sanitation practices in ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Greece, Jerusalem and Rome.
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SulabhInternationalMuseumofToilets

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SulabhInternationalMuseumofToilets

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RecognitionofSulabhTechnology
The technology has been recommended in the UNDP Human Development Reports (2003 & 2006) for replication in other developing nations.
71

contd...

SulabhsCostEffective&Appropriate Sanitation Systems were recognised asGlobalUrbanBestPractice from amongst625entriesfromalloverthe world by United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (UNCHS) in 1996 atIstanbul.
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RecognitionofSulabhTechnologycontd

Dr.BindeshwarPathakreceivingtheDubaiInternationalAwardforBestPractices,2000. 73

contd.

TheDubaiMunicipalityandUNCHS (HABITAT) awarded Sulabh Dubai International Award for Best Practices to Improve the Living Environment outof1125entriesin theyear2000.

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In1991,Dr.BindeshwarPathakwasconferredPadmaBhushanbythethen PresidentofIndia,ShriR.Venkataraman,forhisdistinguishedsocial service.

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HisholinessPopeJohnPaulIIgaveaudiencetoDr.BindeshwarPathak beforebeingawardedInternationalSt.FrancisPrizefortheEnvironment (Canticleofallcreatures)in1992

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Thanks!