UNIT I : HEALTH AND FOOD (Part 1) Most of the rules for staying healthy are little more than

practical applications of the things we already know or have learned about the body. For instance, we know that the body is about two-thirds water. But the body gives off water vapour every time we breathe or sweat. In addition, we need water to help produce urine to get rid

of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells. To keep these processes
going, we have to take in enough water each day to make up for what we are losing. We get some of this water from foods as fruits or vegetables. But usually, we need to drink at least six glasses of liquid each day. This can includes milk and fruit juices, as well as water. Sometimes when we have been working hard on a hot day, we lose a lot of water and salt by sweating, and we get very thirsty. In this way, the body tells us that it needs more water and salt. This is only one the many ways the body tries to protect itself from damage. The situation is a little more complicated, however, when we get the hunger

signal which tells us it is time to eat again. The call for water is a demand to satisfy
only a single need of the body. But the bodys call for food is a demand to satisfy a wide variety of needs. The body has to get proteins to build new cells and muscles. It needs fats and sugars for energy; it needs vitamins to keep the body cells working properly; and it needs minerals for building bones and for other purposes. All together, the body needs to get nearly 50 different substances from its food. These substances are called its nutrients. No single natural food can take care of all of these different needs at the same time, so our meals have to include several different kinds of food. When we eat a

balanced diet, we are getting all the right kinds and amounts of nutrients our body
needs. (Science, John H.Pomeroy) A. COMPREHENSION (1). Answer the following questions briefly. 1. What does a body contain most? 2. When does a body give off water vapour? 3. Why do we need water? 4. Where do we get water? 5. When do we get very thirsty? 6. When is the situation a little more complicated? 7. Does the body only need water to stay healthy? Why? 8. What does the body need to build new cells and muscles? 9. Are vitamins important for health? 10.Can a single natural food take care of all the different needs at the same time?

(2). Find the best way to complete each sentence in the box. GROUP A 1. The body gives off water vapour 2. We have to take in enough water each day 3. We need to drink at least six glasses of liquid each day 4. The bodys call for food 5. The body needs minerals B. VOCABULARY GROUP B a. is a demand to satisfy a wide variety of needs. b. every time we breathe or sweat. c. for building bones. d. to make up for what we are losing. e. which can include milk and fruit juices.

Complete the sentences with the words from the box. healthy urine food salt complicated demand mineral vitamin nutrients diet 1. _______is produced to get rid of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells. 2. Every morning, Ahmad takes an exercise to keep his body_________ 3. Oranges usually is rich in__________C 4. The price of oil is influenced by the supply and _____________ 5. Man cannot live without__________and water. 6. The doctor advised my father to avoid a certain___________to prevent him from a fatal heart-attack. 7. It is the most ________________ problem I have ever solved. 8. Nowdays, several beverage companies produce ____________water. 9. The body needs nearly fifty different substances from its food, called __________ 10.Eating too much ___________ can affect ones blood pressure.

C. DISCUSSION Read the sentences and circle YES or NO. Explain your answers to your partners 1. Vitamins can only be obtained from fruits and vegetables. YES NO 2. Ones body consists of about one-third water. YES NO 3. Liquid may include milk, fruit juices, or water. YES - NO 4. After working hard on a hot day one loses a lot of water and salt by sweating. YES - NO 5. A single natural food is enough for taking care of ones health. YES NO D. GRAMMAR REVIEW (1). Write the plural form of each of the following words 1. man 2. woman 3. tooth 4. foot

5. fish 6. sheep 7. goose 8. child 9. ox 10.alumnus (2). Give response to each of the following questions. 1. Do you work as a pharmacist? Yes, I do. No, I dont 2. Do you like coffee? 3. Do you have lunch at home? 4. Do you speak English? 5. Do you prefer beef-steak to fried chicken? 6. Does your father work as a chemist? 7. Does Mr. Hasan teach pharmacology? 8. Does your mother come from Jakarta? 9. Does your house face south? 10. Does your brother join a high school of pharmacy?

(3). Give response to each of the following questions. 1. Why do you need water? To help produce urine. 2. Why do you have to take in enough water each day? 3. Why does the body need proteins? 4. Why does the body need vitamins? 5. Why do you take an exercise every morning? 6. Why do join this High School of Pharmacy?to be a pharmacist 7. Why do go to the library every week? 8. Why do you wear the jacket? 9. Why do you eat and drink? 10.Why do you read much? a. to get knowledge b, because I want to get knowledge SINGULAR PLURAL

Regular BOOK CAT DOG DOCTOR CLASS +ES +S BOOKS (s) CATS (s) DOGS (z) DOCTORS (z) CLASSES (iz)

GLASS MATCH BUSH VOLCANO POTATO STUDIO PIANO BABY LADY Irregular MAN WOMAN MOUSE CHILD GOOSE TOOTH THESIS HYPOTHESIS DATUM MEMORANDUM ALUMNUS CRITERION PHENOMENON -Y+IES

GLASSES (iz) MATCHES (iz) BUSHES (iz) VOLCANOES (z) POTATOES (z) STUDIOS (z) PIANOS (z) BABIES LADIES

MEN WOMEN MICE CHILDREN GEESE TEETH THESES HYPOTHESES DATA MEMORANDA ALUMNI CRITERIA PHENOMENA

I bought a book. She bought three books. There is a man in this class. There are five men in my class. He brought one memorandum. They brought two memoranda. The data are analysed

UNIT II : HEALTH AND FOOD (Part 2) As we all know, the food we eat is the source of all the energy our bodies use. Food is like the gasoline which makes a car engine go. How much food do we need? This depends largely on just how much work we have to do. When the scientist measures the amount of energy in foods, he measures the number of Calories it contains. One Calorie of heat energy will warm up a cup of water by about 8 F. A tea spoonful of sugar, for example, provides about 16 Calories. An average adult needs about 3,000 Calories each day, or approximately enough energy to heat 10 gallons of water up to the boiling point. A man doing hard work digging a ditch or sawing wood might use another 400 Calories each hour. A woman scrubbing her kitchen floors would need about 100 Calories more each hour. How much food does it take to produce 100 Calories? The amount varies considerably from one kind of food to another. You could get this much energy from a large apple, one small roll, a couple of slices of bread, three-fourths of a cup of milk, one and a half eggs or pats of butter, or a small piece of cooked hamburger. Fat or oily foods, such as butter, bacon, olive oil, cream, nuts, shortening, or salad oils, are our most concentrated sources of energy. They contain the most Calories per ounce. Foods with a lot of starch or sugar are said to be rich in carbohydrates. These foods include potatoes, rice, corn, corn meal, bread, white sugar, many fruits, and candies. The carbohydrates also provide many Calories, but only about half as many, ounce for ounce, as do the fats and oils. The proteins in food come mostly from meat, milk, fish, eggs, and seeds such as dry peas or beans. Although proteins are used mostly to build up other proteins in the body cells, they can also be burned in the body for fuel. Proteins contain about as many Calories as the same weight of starch or sugar.
(Science, John H.Pomeroy)

A. COMPREHENSION (1). Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Why is food essential for us? 2. How much food do we need? 3. What is measured by the scientist about the amount of energy in foods? 4. How many Calories does an adult need each day ? 5. How many Calories does your sister when scrubbing the kitchen floors an hour? 6. How much food does it take to produce 100 Calories? 7. How can we get this much energy? 8. What kind of foods is rich in carbohydrates? 9. Do carbohydrates provide calories? 10.Where do we get proteins? (2). Find the best way to complete each sentence in the box.

GROUP A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The gasoline A tea-spoonful of sugar A man digging a ditch or sawing wood Butter, olive oil, cream, nuts, etc Besides being used to build up other proteins in the body cells

GROUP B a. might use another 400 Calories each hour. b. the proteins can also be burned in the body for fuel c. makes a car engine go. d. provides about 16 Calories. e. are most concentrated source of energy.

B. VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words from the box. energy point hour couple proteins carbohydrates provide concentrate the same produce

1. Fat or oily foods, such as butter, olive oil, nuts, cream, etc__________proteins 2. How can the jumbo-jet plane cover a distnace an__________? 3. A man digging a ditch consumes___________number of Calories as a man sawing wood. 4. To make an engine car go needs the source of___________in the form of gasoline 5. Cassava, rice, corn, and wheat are rich in_______________ 6. The noise outside my house disturbed me. I could not______________on my work. 7. The_____________lived in this village ten years ago. 8. 100 C is the boiling_____________of water when heated. 9. The college library___________hundreds newly published books and journals. 10.Besides carbohydrates and vitamins, our body needs _________________. C. DISCUSSION Read the sentences and circle YES or NO. Explain your answers to your partners 1. Our body needs gasoline to grow up. YES NO 2. Children of tens need about 3,000 Calories each day. YES NO 3. The food we need depends on how much work we have to do. YES - NO 4. Potatoes, rice, corn meal, white sugar, bread, many fruits, and candies are rich in carbohydrates. YES - NO 5. meat, milk,fish, and eggs produce proteins. YES NO D. GRAMMAR REVIEW (1). Fill in the blank spaces with am, is, are, was, were. 1. Medicine________in the form of tablets, capsules, powder, and liquid. 2. My sister________a pharmacist when she lived in Bandung. 3. Bill Clinton_________the president of the USA. 4. _______you present at the seminar last week? 5. I________always invited to her birthday party.

6. Horses_______animals, and butterflies_________insects. 7. Acid________one of the substances that causes tooth decay. 8. Bung Karno________dead. 9. Fruits, eggs, carrots, and red rice_________rich in vitamins. 10.Yogyakarta__________the capital of Indonesia. (2). Give response to each of the following questions. 1. Are you a chemist? 2. Can you solve this problem? 3. Were they in the mall last Sunday? 4. Was George Walker Bush the president of the USA? 5. May I borrow your money? 6. Are you still single? 7. Is Kuningan to the south of Cirebon? 8. Are you familiar with the Mayor of Cirebon? 9. Is alcoholic drink dangerous for our health? 10. Are you interested in being a professional pharmacist?

(3). Give response to each of the following questions. 1. Where did you go last Sunday? I went to Linggarjati 2. What did you do yesterday? I did my homework. I cooked rice 3. When did you graduate from SMP? I graduated from SMP in 1999. 4. Whom did you see an hour ago? I saw a madman. 5. What time did you get up this morning? I got up at 5 a.m. 6. What did you have in you breakfast yesterday? I had fried rice. 7. Where did your father go last week? He went to Bandung. 8. Who prepared your dinner yesterday? My wife did. I did myself. 9. What did you drink before going to bed last night? I drank plain water. 10.How did you know the information of this college? I knew it from internet /brochure/leaflet

Verbs : FINITE, verbs that can be put directly after the subjects NON FINITE, verbs that cannot be put directly after the subjects. e.g. to be : is, am, are, was, were, be, been, being
I am a chemist. I been a chemist I be a chemist.

e.g. write wrote written writing I write a letter. I wrote a letter. I am writing a letter. I have written a letter.

A
PUT SET CUT SHUT HIT A BEAT A COME BECOME RUN A DIG BRING THINK SEEK A WRITE GO SING DRINK FLY BLOW SINK EAT

A
PUT SET

A
PUT SET

A BEAT B CAME BECAME RAN B DUG BROUGHT THOUGHT SOUGHT B WROTE WENT SANG DRANK FLEW BLEW SANK ATE

B BEATEN A COME BECOME RUN B DUG BROUGHT THOUGHT SOUGHT C WRITTEN GONE SUNG DRUNK FLOWN BLOWN SUNK EATEN

LIE LAY LAIN LIE LIED LIED LAY LAID LAID

SEE SAW SEEN SAW SEW SAWN

HEAT HEATED HEATED

LONG PROLONG LENGTH LENGTHEN

UNIT II : HEALTH AND FOOD (Part 3) When people regularly eat more food than they can burn up, this extra food is stored as fat in the body, usually in layers just under the skin. It is normal and healthful to have a small amount of fat stored in the body. But too many men and women today are quite seriously overweight. It is estimated that 15 million people in the United States are carrying around more than one-sixth of their body weight as unnecessary fat. This can mean an extra 20 or 25 pounds, or even more. This added weight is not something to be handed at. Unnecessary fat means more work for the heart, the lungs, and all the rest of the body. On the average, fat people die younger than thin ones. They also have more illness and disease: diabetes, liver trouble, strokes, gall-bladder disease, and heart disease.

HURT HEART

HUT broken hut/heart cut - cart

Yet most of this extra, useless, harmful body fat is avoidable. Most of it comes simply eating too much food, or too much of the wrong kind of food. Getting rid of the extra weight is not nearly as easy as putting it there. It usually means that we must eat less food than we have been eating in the past. Going on a diet is often best done with the expert advice of a doctor. There are many special or trick diets which receive a great deal of publicity. Some of these are worthless and even dangerous, and not all of them can be used by everyone. What is a persons best weight? This depends on age, body build, and whether the person as a man or a woman. Some doctors think that we will do well and be well if we keep about the same weight we had when we were 25 years old. A young man of average build and 5 feet 10 inches tall should weigh in the neighbourhood of 150 pounds. An average woman of the same height should weigh about 144 pounds. As everyone knows, people need different amounts of food at different ages. An active boy of 17 will have a tremendous appetite, because he is growing rapidly and is living a vigorous life. He may need 3,600 Calories or more each day. His father may need only 2,800, and his grandfather may need only 2,200. People who are underweight need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat. However, being underweight is generally not a serious problem in the United States today. Being overweight is one of the diseases of prosperity.
(Science, John H.Pomeroy)

A. COMPREHENSION (1). Answer the following questions briefly. 1. What happens to the extra food we eat? 2. Is it healthful to have a large amount of food? 3. How many people in the United States are carrying more fat in their bodies? 4. What is the impact of having more fat on the body ?

5. Do fat people die younger than thin ones? 6. What causes this extra, useless, harmful fat to exist? 7. How do we get rid of the extra weight of the body? 8. What is the ideal weight of a person? 9. Do people need different amount of food? 10.Which one does have a serious problem; being overweight or being underweight? (2). Find the best way to complete each sentence in the box. GROUP A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Fat people also have more illness To go on a diet is often best done Some of the diets are worthless Some doctors say that we will do well An active boy of 17 may need GROUP B a. and be well if we keep our weight. b. 3,600 Calories or more each day. c. and disease like diabetes, strokes, etc. d. and even dangerous. e. with the expert advice of a doctor.

B. VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words from the box. extra overweight average attack dangerous diets underweight appetite harmful stroke

1. The old man died of heart___________ 2. When seeing too much blood coming out of her wounded head I lost my_______ 3. Rice, vegetables, and fish are good____________ 4. There were so many people that the company put __________buses. 5. The old lady got a paralytic___________; she had to be taken to a hospital. 6. If your luggage is____________ youll have to pay extra. 7. Jonis work at school is above the_____________. 8. Several ____________ medicinal herbs have been forbidden to consume. 9.Being____________ is not a serious problem of health . 10.The river is _____________to bathe in. C. DISCUSSION Read the sentences and circle YES or NO. Explain your answers to your partners 1. Being overweight is not a serious problem of health. YES NO 2. The extra food is stored as fat in the body. YES NO 3. Going on a diet is best done without the expert advice of as doctor. YES - NO 4. Ones best weight depends on age, body build, and gender. YES - NO 5. People who are overweight need to eat more. YES NO D. GRAMMAR REVIEW Identifying Word Forms

Most words in English have several forms. There may be a noun form, a verb form, an adjective form, an adverb form (although not every word hal all of these forms), and sometimes others. Recognizing word forms can improve our reading comprhension and expand our vocabulary. If we recognize one word form (such as the adjective independent) we will recognize others (such as the noun independence or adverb independently) Noun forms: -ance dominance -ery -sion discovery profession -ment commitment -dom freedom -hood neighbourhood -ness cheerfulness -th warmth -ence experience -ity -ship -tion electricity friendship introduction

Verb forms: -ate -ity renovate intensify -er -ize recover materialize

Adjective forms: -able -ate -ic -ish -ly remarkable considerate comic foolish lovely -al -ent -ical ive -ous seasional confident magical repetitive mysterious ant -ful -ile -less -y important woderful fertile fearless snowy

Adeverb forms: -ally comically -ly quickly

Fill in the blank spaces in the following chart with suitable word forms. NOUN regulation danger dependence defference beauty economy equality/equalizer stength simplicity broadness VERB regulate endanger depend deffer beautify economize equllize strengthen simplify broaden ADJEVTIVE regular dangerous different beautiful economical/economic equal strong simple broad ADVERB regularly dangerously differently beautifully economically/micly equally strongly simply broadly

dependent/dependable dependently

THIS SNAKE IS DANGEROUS. THIS SNAKE ENDANGERS PEOPLE

THIS KIND OF FOOD IS DANGEROUS JOHN USUALLY /OFTEN/ SOMETIMES DRIVES A CAR DANGEROUSLY.

HUMAN BODY CELLS A human body is made up of a very large number of tiny individual living cells. The average human body contains far more than a trillion cells. It is really impossible ever to know exactly how many cells you have at any one time, because millions of new cells are being formed every second, and other millions are dying or wearing out and being destroyed. No single cell can run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy. But all your cells working together can do these things and many more besides. For the most part, the human body is like a well-designed, smoothly running, self-oiling, self-repairing machine. The heart keeps on beating, the lungs takes in oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide, food is digested, cuts are healed. All of these actions of upkeep, repair, and development take places smoothly, quietly, and automatically. In a way, the cells of the body are like people in our country. A New Yorker may get his fruit from West Virginia and California, his vegetables from Florida and New Jersey, his medicine from Illinois, and his shoes from Massachusetts. His newspaper is printed with ink from Texas, on paper made in Canada. And so it goes each one of us needs the services of many others for all those things we use in our daily life. It is much in the same in the human body. Any single cell in the liver, brain or kidneys also needs a constant supply of food and of oxygen to keep this cell working. It is also necessary that the cell wastes carbon dioxide, water, urea, and so on are constantly removed, just as we need to have garbage hauled away regularly from our houses. In the body, these absolutely necessary functions are taken care of by the blood. As we know, if a mans heart stops beating, he dies almost at once. Without a regular supply of blood, we have no life at all. But what is blood? We know it, of course, as a red, rather syrupy and sticky liquid which we usually see if we cut ourselves. But the biologist can separate it into a clump of red blood cells or red corpuscles and a yellowish liquid called plasma. The plasma is mostly water, but it contains a number of proteins, fats, sugars, salts, and the

like. As the blood flows through the body, molecules of some of these substances pass through the cell membranes, into all the cells of the body. The cells then use these molecules for the production of energy and for growth. The red blood cells serve as tiny carriers of a special iron-containing protein called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin picks up oxygen when the blood goes through the lungs. Oxygen-carrying blood is bright red in color; as it passes through the body, the molecules of hemoglobin let the oxygen molecules go. The cells of the body use this oxygen from the blood. Blood which has lost its oxygen is dark or bluish. We all know that carbon monoxide, from automobile exhaust fumes or a faulty gas stove, is very poisonous. If carbon monoxide gets into your lungs, it combines with the hemoglobin so tightly that the blood cells can no longer carry oxygen to the body cells. So the cells of the body get chocked, and they die. Every second, millions of red blood cells are produced in red bone marrow. This tissue fills the hollow center of some of your bones, particularly the ribs and backbone. Yellow marrow is found in most of the other bones. Thus, worn-our red blood cells are constantly being replaced. A. COMPREHENSION (1) Answer these questions briefly. 1. What is the human body made up? 2. Why is it really impossible to know the exact number of the cells at any one time? 3. What is the human body like? 4. What is the function of the lungs? 5. Where may a New Yorker get his medicines? 6. What does any single cell in the liver, brain, or kidneys need? 7. What are constantly removed from the body? 8. What is blood? 9. What does plasma contain? 10. What is hemoglobin? 11. When does hemoglobin pick up oxygen? 12. What is the color of oxygen-carrying blood? 13. Is carbon monoxide very dangerous for our health? Why? 14. What happens if carbon monoxide gets into our lungs? 15. Where are the red blood cells produced?

(2) Find the best way to complete each sentence in the box GROUP A 1. No singe cell 2. All of these actions of upkeep.. 3. The cell wastes. 4. The biologist can separate blood 5. The red blood cells.. GROUP B a. a clump of red blood cells and plasma b. can run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy. c. serve as tiny carriers of hemoglobin. d. are constantly removed. e. repair, and development takes place smoothly, quietly and automatically. B. VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words from the box individual carbon dioxide human body oxygen blood hemoglobin carbon monoxide red bone marrow backbone - proteins 1. Millions of red blood cells are produced in 2. The plasma contains a number of 3. The human body is made up of a very large number of tinyliving cells. 4. is a red, rather syrupy and sticky liquid. 5. Read bone marrow fills the hollow center of the bones, particularly the ribs and 6. The lungs give off 7. Theis like a well-designed machine. 8. Hemoglobin picks upwhen the blood goes through the lungs. 9. The molecules of..let the oxygen molecules go. 10. .is very poisonous. C. DISCUSSION Read these sentences and circle YES or NO. Explain your answer to your partners. 1. The human body is made up of only one million individual living cells. YES NO 2. Any single cell in the brain and kidneys need a constant supply of food and of oxygen. (YES NO) 3. Oxygen-carrying blood is dark or bluish in color. (YES NO) 4. Carbon monoxide is safe for our health. (YES N O) 5. Worn-out red blood cells are constantly being replaced. (YES NO) D. GRAMMAR REVIEW Supply the correct forms of verbs in brackets. 1. The lungs (take) in oxygen and (give) off carbon dioxide. 2. Any single cell in the liver (need) a constant supply of food and of oxygen. 3. The biologist (separate) blood into a clump of red blood cells and plasma. 4. What does hemoglobin (pick) up from the lungs? 5. My sister (join) an academy of health.

6. The blood which (contain) oxygen is bright red in color. 7. Birds (fly), and fish (swim). 8. My brother does not (like) durians. 9. Red marrow bone (produce) millions of red blood cells. 10. Plasma (contain) a number of proteins, fats, sugars, salts, and the like. E. QUESTION AND ANSWER Amir Ani Amir Ani Amir Ani : Whats this? : This is a syringe. : Whats that? : That is a medicine chest. : What are these? : These are scissors and forceps Now you do this in the same way. Ask your partners about the following things. 1. towels 2. clips 3. container 4. cotton wool balls 5. paper towel 6. trolley 7. plunger 8. needles 9. blood transfusion bottle 10. stethoscope 11. ice-bags 12. microscope 13. prescription 14. sphygmomanometer 15. stretcher 16. tablets 17. wheelchair 28. bandage 19. catheter 20. thermometer Amir Ani Amir Ani Amir Ani : How many towels do you have? : Two. And how many do you have? : Only one. : Are you the first child? : No. Im the second one. And you? : Im the third.

HEALTH AND DESEASE (Part 1) Why do we get sick? What causes diseases? If you had asked these questions several hundred years ago, you would have got answers which would be unbelievable today. In those days, people knew that great epidemics happened when the planets were in particular position in the sky. The disease called influenza (the flu) was supposed to be the result of the influence of the heavenly bodies. Luna is the old Latin word for the moon, and lunatics were supposed to have been driven crazy by the light of the moon. Malaria is an Italian word for bad air; at one time people thought that this disease was caused by the bad air from swamps. Other diseases were supposed to be caused by a witchs curse or by an evil demon. If these beliefs seem strange or silly to us today, it is only because the past hundred years or so have brought thousands of remarkable discoveries. Medical scientists, chemists, physicists, biologists, and even engineers and mathematicians have worked to solve many of the riddles of disease. There are, of course, many things that we still do not know about disease, but research is still going on. New facts, new medicines, and new treatments are still being found. In the days of ancient Rome, 2,000 years ago, the average man lived about 23 years. In 1850 in the United States, the average man could expect to live 40 years. The average man of today ( in the more advanced countries) can expect to reach the age of 65. This increase in the average lifetime is due almost entirely to an increased knowledge of medicine, nutrition, and public health. When the Dutch scientist Anton Leeuwenhoek used the first crude microscope to examine food particles taken from

his mouth, he found millions of tiny, rod-shaped creatures. Later on, scientists discovered that these bacteria, or germs, were found everywhere floating in the air, swimming in the water, or living in the dirt under our feet. About ninety years ago, the great French chemist Louis Pasteur proved that bacteria caused certain diseases. He showed that when these tiny plant cells get into the body, they multiply very rapidly. Some bacteria are harmless, but others produce substances which can poison the whole body. As a result of Pasteurs discovery, a whole new science of bacteriology developed. Dozens of harmful bacteria were discovered and identified, usually by catching them at the scene of their crime in the body of the patient. Scarlet fever, pneumonia, typhoid fever, whooping cough, lockjaw (or tetanus), tuberculosis, syphilis, and diphtheria were shown to be caused by these tiny invaders. Some of the diseases caused by bacteria are sudden, severe, and fatal. Others linger for a long time, making the patient weak. Others are just annoying. One of tooth decay. Some of the bacteria the most by common health problems today, affecting nearly everyone, is discovered Leeuwenhoek 300 years ago are responsible for tooth decay. In the mouth, they break down the sugar in food, turning into molecules of acid. The acid slowly eats into the hard enamel of the teeth.
A. COMPREHENSION (1) Say whether each of the following questions is true (T) or false (F) 1. In ancient times, people thought that great epidemics happened when the planets were in a particular position. 2. Lunatics were supposed to be influenced by the light of the moon. 3. A witchs curse was supposed to cause some other diseases. 4. The scientists have done nothing to solve many riddles of disease. 5. The average man lived about 23 years 2,000 years ago. 6. In modern times in the USA mans life expectation is 40 years.

7. Through his research, Louise Pasteur found millions of tiny, rod-shaped creatures in his mouth . 8. Then, Scientists discovered that such bacteria and germs were found everywhere. 9. Scientists discovered that all bacteria are harmful. 10. Some of the bacteria are responsible for tooth decay. (2) Find the best way to complete each sentence in the box GROUP A 1. The flu was supposed to be 2. Years ago, people thought that malaria. 3. The average man of today. 4. Some bacteria linger for a long time, 5. In the mouth, bacteria.... GROUP B a. break down the sugar in food, turning it into molecules of acid. b. can expect to reach the age of 65. c. the result of the influence of the heavenly bodies. d. making the patient weak. e. was caused by bad air from swamps B. VOCABULARY Complete the sentences with the words from the box Influenza malaria research microscope discovery fatal tooth responsible enamel bacteria 1. Scientists use a..to examine vary small objects. 2. Pasteursresulted a whole new science of bacteriology. 3. Now we are fighting against the Avian. 4. Some of the diseases are caused by.. 5. If you have a bad..youd better to have it pulled out. 6. The hard..of the teeth protects the teeth from decay. 7. My uncle died in a accident of a plane last month in Yogyakarta. 8. Have you read the article about the latest..on cancer. 9. Who is..for such a mess? 10. Many people have died because of. C. DISCUSSION Read these sentences and circle YES or NO. Explain your answer to your partners. 1. Scientists believe that a witchs curse can cause diseases. (YES NO) 2. New facts, new medicines, and new treatments are still being found .(YES NO) 3. Pasteur showed that when bacteria get into the body, they die soon. (YES NO) 4. Some bacteria are just annoying. (YES NO) 5. Some bacteria are harmful, and some others are harmless. (YES NO)

D. GRAMMAR REVIEW (1) Make up questions based in the underlined words. 1. In the days of ancient Rome, the average man lived about 23 years. How long did the average man live in the days of Rome? 2. Louise Pasteur proved that bacteria caused certain diseases. Who proved that bacteria caused certain deseases? 3. Bacteria or germs are found everywhere. 4. Leeuwenhoek used the crude microscope to examine food particles. 5. Some bacteria produce poisonous substances. 6. The scientists are having a discussion in the hall. 7. Anton Leeuwenhoek was born in the Netherlands. 8. About 90 years ago, Louise Pasteur did his experiment, 9. The government has established some new pharmaceutical industries in Java. 10.Some people have planted rare medicinal herbs. (2) Supply the correct words in brackets. 1. The nurse works very (careful). carefully 2. We walked very (slow), for the path was slippery. 3. The student has done the research very (smart). 4. John can run very(fast). 5. The little boy always wakes up (lazy). 6. The Professor ended the lectures (successful). 7. She opened the door (quiet) in order not to bother her sleeping baby. 8. The children ate the apples (greedy). 9. He answered my questions (sleepy). 10. The nurse drove the trolley (reluctant). TECHNICAL TERMS OF PHARMACY WORDS/ PHRASES ABORTION ABORTIONIST ACID ACID RAIN ACNE ACRYLAMIDE ACRYLIC ACUPUNCTURE MEANING Deliberate ending of a pregnancy at an early stage A person who performs abortions A chemical that contains hydrogen and has a pH of less than seven Rain that contains harmful chemicals from factory gases and that danages trees, crops and buildings A skin condition, common among young people, that produces many pimples (spots) especially on the face and neck A substance used in various industrial processes. It is also found in food that has been cooked at high temperature, and may be a cause of a cancer Made of a substance produced by by chemical processes from atype of acid A Chinese method of treating pain and illnes using special thin needles which are pushed into the skin in particular parts of the body

ADDICT ADDICTED ADDICTIVE ADDITIVE

A person is unable to stop taking harmful drugs Unable to stop taking harmful drugs, or using or doing something as a habit A drug that makes people unable to stop taking it A substance that is added in small amounts to something, especially food, in order to improve it, give it colour, make it last longer

1. The mad man has got nothing on. 2. The man over there is not all there. 3. The expire of this medicine is on August 12, 2011. 4. Dont put the carbefore the horse. 5. She always beats round the bush. 6. Kesehatannya jauh lebih baik. 7. Saat ini harga obat setinggi langit. 8. Yang sudah, sudahlah.

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2008 2009 HARI/ TANGGAL : RABU, 20 MEI 2009 MATA UJIAN : BAHASA INGGRIS SEMESTER :2 WAKTU : 90 MENIT DOSEN PEMBINA : A. GHOZALI NURKALAM, Drs _____________________________________________________________________
I. Read the following texts carefully, and then answer the questions briefly. Most of the rules for staying healthy are little more than practical applications of the things we already know or have learned about the body. For instance, we know that the body is about two-thirds water. But the body gives off water vapour every time we breathe or sweat. In addition, we need water to help produce urine to get rid of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells. To keep these processes going, we have to take in enough water each day to make up for what we are losing. We get some of this water from foods as fruits or vegetables. But usually, wee need to drink at least six glasses of liquid each day. This can include milk and fruit juices, as well as water. 1. What does the body contain? 2. When does the body give off water vapour? 3. Why does the body need water? 4. The body only gets water from foods. True/ False How much food does it take to produce 100 Calories? The amount varies considerably from one kind of food to another, considerably from one kind of food to another. You could get this much energy from a large apple, one small roll, a couple of slices of bread, three-fourths of a cup of milk, one and a half eggs or pats of butter, or a small piece of cooked hamburger. Fat or oily foods, such as butter, bacon, olive oil, cream, nuts, shortening, or salad oils, are our most concentrated sources of energy. They contain the most Calories per ounce. 5. How much food does the body take to produce 100 Calories? 6. Where does the body get much energy? 7. The most concentrated sources of energy contain the most Calories/ ounce. True/ False When people regularly eat more food than they can burn up, this extra food is stored as fat in the body, usually in layers just under the skin. It is normal and healthful to have a small amount of fat stored in the body. But too many men and women today are quite seriously overweight. It is estimated that 15 million people in the United States are carrying around more than one-sixth of their body weight as unnecessary fat. This can mean an extra 20 or 25 pounds, or even more. 8. Where is usually the extra food stored in the body? 9. Dies being overweight bring about serious problem? 10. Less than a half of 15,000,000 American people are underweight. True/ False II. Choose the correct alternatives: a, b, c, or d. 1. 2. 3. George Walker Bush________ the US president. a. is b, was c. are Bread______ usually made from flour. a. is b, was c. are Amir : Joni, this_______ my sister, Neti Joni. : Hello a. were b, was c. are d. were d. were

d. is

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Aspirin, anti-biotic, and gin tonic________ kinds of medicine. a. is b, was c. are d. were I_______ a pharmacist ten years ago. a. am b, were c. are d. was

________ Tampomas II were forwarding Makasar when it sank. a. The b, a c. an d. x People say that Yulia is __________ honest pharmacologist. a. some b, a c. the d. an _________ Indonesia is a beautiful country. They say a. an b, the c. x d. a Have you got______ anti-biotic? If you have, please give me______ a. some/some b, any/some c. any/any d. some/ any d. an

10. There was ______pack of aspirin on my desk. a. the b, some c. a

11. When_______ you graduate from the school of pharmacy? a. did b, are c. do d. does

12. We need water to help produce _______to get rid of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells a. chromosome b, white blood c. fat d. urine 13. Unnecessary fat means more work for the ________, and the lungs. a. heart b, feet c. nose d. mouth 14. People who are ____________need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat a. overweight b, ideal in weight c. of the same weight d. underweight 15. Going on a diet is often best done with the expert __________ of a doctor. a. advice b, warning c. refusal d. practice 16. Last week, we bought a dozen ________ of tablets. a. box b, boxes c. boxs d. a box

17. Look at the_________ over there! They work in a general hospital. a. woman b, womans c. women d. a women 18. Andri : Ahmad, ________ did you go during your holiday? Hmad : Nowhere a. what b, when c. how d. where 19. Amainah, ______ do you go to the lectures? he asked On foot, replied Aminah with a smile on her face. a. how b, what c. why d. whom 20. I want to know_______ you went to Surabaya last week the lady said. To visit the biggest pharmaceutical industry, the girl replied. a. how much b, how long c. why d. how often III. Complete the following dialogue. Melisa Anita Melisa Anita Melisa Anita Melisa Anita Melisa Anita Melisa Anita Melisa Anita : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Morning, Nita! Morning, Mel. Are you_______? (1) Yes, alhamdulillah. Thanks. And you? _____________ (2) By the way, did you attend the lectures yesterday? Yes, of course. Why_________(3) you absent that day? I had a toothache, Mel. Today I intend to consult the____________ (4) _______(5) going to pull out the bad tooth? Not really. Just consult. How will you go there? On__________(6). The poly is quite near from my house. Nit, Im___________ (7) I cannot accompany you. Never___________(8), Mel. Ill go with my brother. Thank you for your__________ (9) I________ (10) your toothache will go soon. May Allah bless you. Thank you.

UJIAN AKHIR SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2010 - 2011 MATA UJIAN : ENGLISH FOR PHARMACY SEMESTER :2 WAKTU : 90 MENIT DOSEN PEMBINA : A. GHOZALI NURKALAM, Drs ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------I. Read the following texts carefully, and then answer the questions briefly. Drugs must be measured correctly so that the patient has exactly the right dose. Slightly too much or too little may make an important difference. Children are often given exactly the same drugs as adults, but in considerably smaller dose. There are several different ways of calculating childrens dosages, according to the weight of the child, e.g. Youngs rules: Childs dose = age of child (years) x adult dose Infants dose = age (months) x adult dose In general the following rules can be used : Children under one year old are given 1/24 of the adult dose. Children of one year old are given 1/12 of the adult dose. At 2 years they can take 1/8 of the adult dose. At 5 years they can take of the adult dose. At 10 years of the adult dose is given. At 20 years the adult dose is given. I. 1. An adult is given two tablets.. How many tablets are given to a child aged ten? 2. An adult can take 50 mg of a drug. How much can a five year old take? 3. If a five year old can take 25 mg of drug, how big is the adult dose? 4. An adult is given 36 ml of a fluid. How big a dose is given to a child aged one? 5. An adult is given 40 mg of a drug. Each tablet contains 10 mg. How many tablets are given to a child aged ten? Foods with a lot of starch or sugar are said to be rich in carbohydrates. These foods include potatoes, rice, corn, corn meal, bread, white sugar, many fruits, and candies. The carbohydrates also provide many Calories, but only about half as many, ounce for ounce, as do the fats and oils. The proteins in food come mostly from meat, milk, fish, eggs, and seeds such as dry peas or beans. Although proteins are used mostly to build up other proteins in the body cells, they can also be burned in the body for fuel. Proteins contain about as many Calories as the same weight of starch or sugar. 6. 7. What foods produce carbohydrates? Does the body only need carbohydrates?

age + 12 150

As everyone knows, people need different amounts of food at different ages. An active boy of 17 will have a tremendous appetite, because he is growing rapidly and is living a vigorous life. He may need 3,600 Calories or more each day. His father may need only 2,800, and his grandfather may need only 2,200. People who are underweight need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat. However, being underweight is generally not a serious problem in the United States today. Being overweight is one of the diseases of prosperity. 8. All people need the same amounts of food. True/ False 9. Why will an active boy of 17 have a tremendous of appetite? 10. Being underweight has no serious problem of health. True/ False. Give your reasons! II. Choose the correct alternatives: a, b, c, or d. 1. We need water to help produce _______to get rid of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells a. chromosome b, white blood c. fat d. urine Unnecessary fat means more work for the ________, and the lungs. a. heart b, feet c. nose d. mouth People who are ____________need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat a. overweight b, ideal in weight c. of the same weight d. underweight Going on a diet is often best done with the expert __________ of a doctor. a. advice b, warning c. refusal d. practice Last May, the man bought a dozen ________ of tablets. a. box b, boxes c. boxs d. a box

2. 3.

4. 5.

6. 7.

Look at the_________ over there! They work in a general hospital. a. woman b, womans c. women d. a women Andri : Ahmad, ________ did you go during your holiday? Ahmad : Nowhere a. what b, when c. how d. where Amainah, ______ do you go to the lectures? he asked On foot, replied Aminah with a smile on her face. a. how b, what c. why d. whom I want to know_______ you went to Surabaya last week the lady said. To visit the biggest pharmaceutical industry, the girl replied. a. how much b, how long c. why d. how often d. were d. were

8.

9.

10. Siti Fadilah Supari________ the Minister of Health. a. is b. was c. are 11. Oranges______ usually rich in vitamin C. a. is b. was c. are 12. Andi : Ahmad, this_______ my niece, Nancy Ahmad : Hi a. were b. was c. are

d. is

13. Jamu Jago, Nyonya Meneer, and Sido Muncul________ brands of herbal industries. a. is b. was c. are d. were 14. My younger sister_______ a pharmacist. Now, she has retired. a. am b, were c. are d. was 15. Have you got______ medicine? If you have, please give me______ a. some/some b, any/some c. any/any d. some/ any 16. There was ______packs of medicinal herb in the kit. a. the b, some c. a d. an 17. When_______ your brother graduate from the college of pharmacy? a. did b. are c. do d. does 18. The body needs water to help produce urine to _______ the nitrogen-containing wastes from all its body cells a. save b. change c. protect d. get rid of 19. Going on a ________ is often best done with the expert of a doctor. a. diet b. warning c. refusal 20. Last week, we bought a dozen packs of ________ . a. capsules b, capsule c. a capsule d. test d. some capsules

21. When_______ you graduate from the school of pharmacy? a. did b, are c. do d. does 22. We need water to help produce _______to get rid of the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells a. chromosome b, white blood c. fat d. urine 23. Unnecessary fat means more work for the ________, and the lungs. a. heart b, feet c. nose d. mouth 24. People who are ____________need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat a. overweight b, ideal in weight c. of the same weight d. underweight 25. Going on a diet is often best done with the expert __________ of a doctor. a. advice b.warning c. refusal d. practice 26. Last week, we bought a dozen ________ of tablets. a. box b, boxes c. boxs d. a box

27. Look at the_________ over there! They work in a pharmaceutical industry. a. woman b, womans c. women d. a women 28. Andri : Ahmad, ________ did you go during your holiday? Hasan : Nowhere a. what b, when c. how d. where

29. Amainah, ______ do you go to the lectures? he asked On foot, replied Aminah with a smile on her face. a. how b, what c. why d. whom 30. I want to know_______ you went to Surabaya last week the lady said. To visit the biggest pharmaceutical industry, the girl replied. a. how much b, how long c. why d. how often III. Classify the following items into Sign (A) or Syndrome (B) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. headache dizziness Pallor Jaundice

diarrhoea shallow respiration bruise hunger cyanosis anorexia

IV. What does each of the following abbreviation stand for? How do you say in Bahasa Indonesia? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. b.d. 2 hrly a.c. B.I.D. H.P.U. T.P.R. B.P. H.I. p.o. C.N.S.

1.

III. Choose the correct forms of words in brackets.

Mr. Bill always drives (1. his him he ) car by (2. herself himself he-self ) to (3. him he his ) office, because (4. his him her ) driver has retired. When (5. he she his ) arrives at (6. his him himself ) office, (7. he she his ) secretary, Ms. Ann, always welcomes (8. him himself he ). Good morning, Sir., (9. he she her ) greeted politely. Good morning, Ms. Ann, (10. he she him ) replied calmly.

IV. Match the words in Group A to the words in Group B: Group A: 1. medicine ball 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. medicine man medicine show medicine dropper medication herb herbalist herbal medicine Group B: a. a white crystalline derivative of salicylic used for relief of pain and fever b. twice a day c. the art or practice of using herbs to maintain health or cure disease d. before meal e. a book about plants especially with reference to their medicinal properties f. a priestly healer among the American Indian g. the act or process of medicating h. a traveling show using entertainers to attract a crowd among which remedies are sold i. a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal qualities j. a person who practices healing by the use of herbs

9. b. d. 10. a. c.

UJIAN TENGAH SEMESTER GENAP TAHUN AKADEMIK 2009 2010 MATA UJIAN SEMESTER WAKTU DOSEN PEMBINA : : : : BAHASA INGGRIS 2 90 MENIT A. GHOZALI NURKALAM, Drs

____________________________________________________________________________
I. Read the following texts carefully, and then answer the questions briefly. The situation is a little more complicated, however, when we get the hunger signal which tells us it is time to eat again. The call for water is a demand to satisfy only a single need of the body. But the bodys call for food is a demand to satisfy a wide variety of needs. The body has to get proteins to build new cells and muscles. It needs fats and sugars for energy; it needs vitamins to keep the body cells working properly; and it needs minerals for building bones and for other purposes. All together, the body needs to get nearly 50 different substances from its food. These substances are called its nutrients. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. When do we consider situation more complicated? What is the difference between the need of water and that of food? What does the body need to build new cells and muscles? Why does the body need minerals? What are nutrients?

Foods with a lot of starch or sugar are said to be rich in carbohydrates. These foods include potatoes, rice, corn, corn meal, bread, white sugar, many fruits, and candies. The carbohydrates also provide many Calories, but only about half as many, ounce for ounce, as do the fats and oils. The proteins in food come mostly from meat, milk, fish, eggs, and seeds such as dry peas or beans. Although proteins are used mostly to build up other proteins in the body cells, they can also be burned in the body for fuel. Proteins contain about as many Calories as the same weight of starch or sugar. 26. What foods produce carbohydrates? 27. Does the body only need carbohydrates? As everyone knows, people need different amounts of food at different ages. An active boy of 17 will have a tremendous appetite, because he is growing rapidly and is living a vigorous life. He may need 3,600 Calories or more each day. His father may need only 2,800, and his grandfather may need only 2,200. People who are underweight need to eat more, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat. However, being underweight is generally not a serious problem in the United States today. Being overweight is one of the diseases of prosperity. 28. All people need the same amounts of food. True/ False 29. Why will an active boy of 17 have a tremendous of appetite? 30. Being underweight has no serious problem of health. True/ False. Give your reasons! A human body is made up of a very large number of tiny individual living cells. The average human body contains far more than a trillion cells. It is really impossible ever to know exactly how many cells you have at any one time, because millions of new cells are being formed every second, and other millions are dying or wearing out and being destroyed. No single cell can run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy. But all your cells working together can do these things and many more besides. 11. How many cells is a human body made up? 12. Can a single cell run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy? Why? Why do we get sick? What causes diseases? If you had asked these questions several hundred years ago, you would have got answers which would be unbelievable today. In those days, people knew that great epidemics happened when the planets were in particular position in the sky. The disease called influenza (the flu) was supposed to be the result of the influence of the heavenly bodies. Luna is the old Latin word for the moon, and lunatics were supposed to have been driven crazy by the light of the moon. Malaria is an Italian word for bad air; at one time people thought that this disease was caused by the bad air from swamps. Other diseases were supposed to be caused by a witchs curse or by an evil demon . 13. What did ancient people think about diseases? 14. Why was a certain disease called influenza at that time? 15. What does the word malaria actually mean?

II. Choose the correct alternatives: a, b, c, or d. 31. Siti Fadilah Supari________ the Minister of Health. a. is b. was c. are 32. Oranges______ usually rich in vitamin C. a. is b. was c. are 33. Andi : Ahmad, this_______ my niece, Nancy Ahmad : Hi d. were d. were

a. were

b. was

c. are

d. is

34. Jamu Jago, Nyonya Meneer, and Sido Muncul________ brands of herbal industries. a. is b. was c. are d. were 35. My younger sister_______ a pharmacist. Now, she has retired. a. am b, were c. are d. was 36. ________ Kapuas is located in the island of Kalimantan. a. The b, a c. an d. x 37. Everyone believes that Herlina is __________ honest treasurer of the institution . a. some b, a c. the d. an 38. _________ USA is a big country, they say a. an b, the c. x d. a

39. Have you got______ medicine? If you have, please give me______ a. some/some b, any/some c. any/any d. some/ any 40. There was ______packs of medicinal herb in the kit. a. the b, some c. a d. an 41. When_______ your brother graduate from the college of pharmacy? a. did b. are c. do d. does 42. We need water to help produce urine to _______ the nitrogen-containing wastes from all our body cells a. save b. change c. protect d. get rid of 43. Unnecessary fat means more work for the heart and the_________. a. lungs b. feet c. nose d. mouth 44. People who are ____________need not to eat much, or they may need to change the kind of food they eat a. overweight b, ideal in weight c. of the same weight d. underweight 45. Going on a ________ is often best done with the expert of a doctor. a. diet b. warning c. refusal 46. Last week, we bought a dozen boxes of ________ . a. capsules b, capsule c. a capsule d. test d. some capsules

47. Look at the_________ over there! She is not all there. You have to be cautious. a. woman b, womans c. women d. a women 48. Saman : Harun ________ are you planning to get married? Harun : In five years, if God wills. a. what b, when c. how d. where 49. Meli, ______ did you go to Bali? he asked To join a conference on traditional herbs, replied Meli with a smile on her face. a. how b, what c. why d. whom 50. I want to know_______ went with you to Surabaya last week the lady said. My aunt, the girl replied. a. whose b, whom c. who d. which III. Choose the correct forms of words in brackets. Mr. Bill always drives (1. his him he ) car by (2. herself himself he-self ) to (3. him he his ) office, because (4. his him her ) driver has retired. When (5. he she his ) arrives at (6. his him himself ) office, (7. he she his ) secretary, Ms. Ann, always welcomes (8. him himself he ). Good morning, Sir., (9. he she her ) greeted politely. Good morning, Ms. Ann, (10. he she him ) replied calmly. IV. Match the words in Group A to the words in Group B: Group A: 9. medicine ball Group B: a. a white crystalline derivative of salicylic used for relief of pain and fever b. a plant or plant part valued for its medicinal qualities c. the art or practice of using herbs to maintain health or cure disease d. a person who practices healing by the use of herbs e. a book about plants especially with reference to their medicinal properties

10. medicine man 11. medicine show 12. medicine dropper 13. medication

14. herb 15. herbalist 16. herbal medicine 17. aspirin 18. herbal

f. a priestly healer among the American Indian g. the act or process of medicating h. a traveling show using entertainers to attract a crowd among which remedies are sold i. a heavy stuffed leather covered ball used for conditioning exercises j. a short glass tube fitted with a rubber bulb and used to measure liquids by drops

PATIENTS AND DRUGS Drugs must be measured correctly so that the patient has exactly the right dose. Slightly too much or too little may make an important difference. Children are often given exactly the same drugs as adults, but in considerably smaller dose. There are several different ways of calculating childrens dosages, according to the weight of the child, e.g. Youngs rules: Childs dose = age of child (years) x adult dose

age + 12 150

Infants dose = age (months) x adult dose In general the following rules can be used : Children under one year old are given 1/24 of the adult dose. Children of one year old are given 1/12 of the adult dose. At 2 years they can take 1/8 of the adult dose. At 5 years they can take of the adult dose. At 10 years of the adult dose is given. At 20 years the adult dose is given

A. Calculate the answers to these questions, using the last method mentioned above .
1. An adult is given two tablets.. How many tablets are given to a child aged ten? 2. An adult can take 50 mg of a drug. How much can a five year old take? 3. If a five year old can take 25 mg of drug, how big is the adult dose? 4. An adult is given 36 ml of a fluid. How big a dose is given to a child aged one? 5. An adult is given 40 mg of a drug. Each tablet contains 10 mg. How many tablets are given to a child aged ten?

B. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct the false statements .
1. The patient must be given approximately the correct dose. 2. Children are given considerably smaller doses than adults. 3. Frieds rule can be used to calculate how large 4. A five year old child must take a slightly smaller dose than an adult. 5. A ten year old child can take a considerably larger dose than a baby. C. The following abbreviations are commonly used by doctors when they prescribe

drugs.
b.d. t.d.s. q.d.s. p.r.m. 2 hrly a.c. p.c. p.o. tab. caps. twice a day three times a day four times a day when necessary once every two hours before meals after meals orally (through the mouth) tablets capsules

D. There are many other abbreviations which are commonly used by medical staff.

T.P.R. B.P. C.N.S. C.V.S B.I.D. R.T.A. H.I. O.D. Pt. Ep. Ch.B. D.V.T. M.I. B.O. H.P.U. S.W.O. T.O.P. P.V. P.R. Bl.B. N.A.D. E.C.O. E.E.G. F.B.C.

temperature, pulse and respiration blood pressure central nervous system central venous system brought in dead road traffic accident head injury overdose patient epileptic chronic bronchitis deep vein thrombosis myocardial infarction bowels open has passed urine stomach washout termination of pregnancy through the vagina through the rectum blanket bath nothing abnormal detected electrocardiogram electroencephalogram full blood count

E. Say whether the following complains belong to a sign or a symptom.

Sign of a disease is something that a nurse can see or feel; she can observe it.(e.g. bruise) Symptom is something that only the patient knows about it. The patent tells the nurse about it.
(e.g. stomach-ache) COMPLAINS irregular pulse dull pain stomachache dizziness haematemesis hunger pallor diarrhoea jaundice thirst dyspnoea constipation headache cyanosis anorexia laceration abrasion inflammation shallow pulse weight gain shallow respiration backache SIGN SYMPTOM

What do you say if 1. someone has helped you? 2. you ask someone to help you? 3. someone wants to borrow money, but you dont have any money? 4. you ask someone to open the door? 5. someone has got a success? 6.

II. Do you know the meaning of the following proverbs or sayings? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ABSENCE MAKES THE HEART GROW FONDER THERE IS NO ACCOUNTING FOR TASTE ACTIONS SPEAK LOUDER THAN WORDS THE APPLE NEVER FALLS FAR FROM THE TREE BEAUTY IS IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER BEAUTY IS ONLY SKIN-DEEP SEEING IS BELIEVING A BIRD IN THE HAND IS WORTH TWO IN THE BUSH BIRDS OF FEATHER FLOCK TOGETHER BLOOD IS THICKER THAN WATER BORN WITH A SILVER SPOON IN YOUR MOUTH BOYS WILL BE BOYS CHARITY BEGINS AT HOME EVERY CLOUD HAS A SILVER LINING CUT YOUR COAT ACCORDING TO YOUR CLOTH TOO MANY COOKS SPOIL THE BROTH DONT COUNT YOUR CHICKENS BEFORE THEY ARE HATCHED CURIOSITY KILLED THE CAT EVERY DOG HAS ITS DAY GIVE A DOG A BAD NAME THE EARLY BIRD CATHCEHS THE WORM EASIER SAID THAN DONE THE END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS ENOUGH IS ENOUGH AN EYE FOR AN EYE AND A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH SO FAR, SO GOOD LIKE FATHER, LIKE SON A FRIEND IN NEED IS A FRIEND INDEED CRIME DOESNT PAY DONT JUDGE A BOOK BY ITS COVER

A human body is made up of a very large number of tiny individual living cells. The average human body contains far more than a trillion cells. It is really impossible ever to know exactly how many cells you have at any one time, because millions of new cells are being formed every second, and other millions are dying or wearing out and being destroyed. No single cell can run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy. But all your cells working together can do these things and many more besides. 11. How many cells is a human body made up? 12. Can a single cell run, drive an auto, think, or feel happy? Why? Why do we get sick? What causes diseases? If you had asked these questions several hundred years ago, you would have got answers which would be unbelievable today. In those days, people knew that great epidemics happened when the planets were in particular position in the sky. The disease called influenza (the flu) was supposed to be the result of the influence of the heavenly bodies. Luna is the old Latin word for the moon, and lunatics were supposed to have been driven crazy by the light of the moon. Malaria is an Italian word for bad air; at one time people thought that this disease was caused by the bad air from swamps. Other diseases were supposed to be caused by a witchs curse or by an evil demon. 13. What did ancient people think about diseases? 14. Why was a certain disease called influenza at that time? 15. What does the word malaria actually mean? B. Give a solution to the following problem. A young girl of fifteen has been addicted to psycho-tropical drugs. She has lost her learning spirit. She sees her life is full of uncertainty. Her parents ask you, as a pharmacist, to solve this problem.

THE PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION TO BE + Past Participle (V-3) often used in sciences The action is more focused than the doer/agent. e.g. The doctor injects the patient. The patient is injected by the doctor. inject injected injected We take the patient to hospital. The patient is taken to hospital. take took taken ACTIVE VOICES: 1. Simple Present: is/am/are + pp He plays chess. Chess is played. They buy some drugs. Some drugs are bought. We do the research. The research is done. 2. Present Continous: is/am/are + being + pp He is playing chess Chess is being played. They are buying some drugs. Some drugs are being bought. We are doing the research. The research is being done. 3. Present Perfect: has/have. + been + pp He has played chess. Chess has been played. They have bought some drugs. Some drugs have been bought. We have done the research. The research has been done. 4. Simple Past: was/were + pp He played chess, Chess was played. They bought some drugs. Some drugs were bought. We did the research. The research was done.

5. modals: modals+ be + pp He will play chess. Chess will be played. They must buy some drugs. Some drugs must be bought. We can do the research. The resaerch can be done. 1.Every year the factory produce a large number of needles. Every year, a large number of needles are produced. 2.People visit the museum every weekend. The museum is visited every weekend, 3.Someone stole my syringe last week. My syringe was stolen last week. 4.People have used herbs as medicine for years. Herbs have been used as medicine for years. 5.We extract vitamin C from oranges. Vitamin C is extracted from oranges. 6.They are examining the carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide is being examined. 7.People can obtain anti-cervic cancer from certain plants. Anti-cervic cancer can be obtained from certain plants. 8.They admire the pictures. The pictures are admired. 9.Alexander Flemming found penicilin years ago. Penicilin was found years ago by AF 10.We use a microscope to see very small objects. A microscope is used to see very small objects.