Colligative Properties of Solutions Experiment # 1 I. Objectives 1. To distinguish the types of dispersed systems 2.

To demonstrate colligative properties of solutions such as freezing point depression and boiling point elevation Data and Observation Table 1.1 Types of Dispersed Systems NaCl + H2O Appearance Visibility of particles Effect of a beam of light Particle size clear/transparent not the visible scatter negligible light no visible particles Cooked Starch Solution cloudy small and uniform light scattered smaller Uncooked Starch Solution foggy diffused light did not scatter small

II.

Table 1.2: Boiling Point Elevation BOILING POINTS LIQUIDS MOLALITY (in C) Trial 1 Distilled Water 10.0g urea in 100mL water 10.0g NaCl in 100mL water --1.666 1.724 60 64 62 Trial 2 100 100 101

BP DIFFERENCE (Tb=Tsoln-Tw)

THEORETICAL Tb

0 0 1

--0.307 0.297

Table 1.3 Freezing Point Depression

Temperature OC Time (sec) 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240 255 270 285 300 315 330 345 360 375 5.00 g Benzoic Acid 135 120 112 96 84 80 78 72 70 68 66 64 64 63 62 61 60 60 58 56 55 52 50 50 48 5.00 g Benzoic Acid + 1.00 g sugar 144 138 130 121 110 106 100 98 94 90 86 82 78 72 70 66 64 64 60 58 55 50 48 44 41

Table 1.4 Molecular Weight of Unknown

Summary FP of Benzoic Acid 48oC FP Mixture 41oC T 7oC Table 1.5 Observations Obtained on Pig Intestine Osmosis

Solution A 10 % (10g NaCl + 200mL H20) B 20% (20g NaCl + 200mL H20) C 30% (30g NaCl + 200mL H20)

level of solution in the glass tubing Decreased Decreased Decreased

Figure 1.1 Cooling Curves of Benzoic Acid and Benzoic Acid-Sugar Solution

Figure 1.2 Set-ups on Osmotic Pressure Computations:

Molality UREA: FW = 10g H2NCONH2 x 1mol H2NCONH2/60g = 0.16666 Convert mL -> kg: 100mL x 1kg/1000mL = 0.1 kg Molality = 0.1666mol/0.1kg = 1.666 m

NaCl: FW = 10g NaCl x 1molNaCl/58g = 0.1724 mol Molality = 0.1724mol/0.1kg = 1.724 m

BP Difference BP urea = 100 oC 100 oC =0 BP NaCl = 101 oC - 100 oC = 1 oC

Theoretical ( Tb) Urea: Kb H20 = 0.512 Tb = kbm = 0.512 oC/m NaCl Kb H20 = 0.512 Tb = kbm = 0.512 oC/m

1.666m = 0.307 oC

1.724m = 0.297 oC

III.

Discussion and Interpretation of Results

Experiment 1A Table 1.1 shows the data obtained on types of dispersed systems. Three types of solutions were studied. NaCl solution is the true solution, cooked starch-water solution is the colloidal dispersion and uncooked starch-water solution is the course mixture. Diverse properties such as appearance, visibility of particles, effect of light beam and particle size were observed in order to determine each system. NaCl and water solution, which appeared to be a clear solution, is a true solution because the two substances are homogeneously mixed and NaCl particles are of molecular dimensions. Also, most ionic compounds, such as NaCl form true solutions. The particles are invisible when light is focused to the solution. Also, light passes through the solution since the particles, which cannot be seen by naked eye, are uniformly scattered in the solution. Cooked starch-water solution is a colloidal dispersion due to the presence of very small particles which are not dissolved. Cooked starch is dispersed as very fine particles in water which is the dispersion medium. The solution appeared to be cloudy due to the presence of very small particles. Light slightly scattered because the particles are randomly distributed and there is an irregular motion of particles that are suspended in water which is known as Brownian movement. Uncooked starch-water solution is a coarse mixture because it is a heterogeneous mixture due to the visible particles which are not dissolved. The solution did not scatter light and did not allow light to pass through because some of the particles settled down. Moreover, the particles are big thus, it didnt allow light to pass through it. In the second part of the experiment, the boiling point elevation was observed. Boiling point of pure substances are constant despite the amount tested. However, if a pure substance is mixed with another substance, the boiling point of the solution formed should be higher than that of the pure substance. In Table 1.2, the boiling point of water in the experiment is 100 oC, when 10 grams of urea was added, the boiling temperature is 100oC. (Temperature should be higher, the discripancy may be due to wrong observation or wrong measurement of the substances). When 10 grams of NaCl was mixed in water to boil, the temperature obtained was 101oC. In the third part of the experiment, the freezing point depression was observed. Pure substances have tue freezing points, but solutions do not. A pure substance will always have a higher freezing point than a solution formed using that substance. The results collected in the the

freezing point of benzoic acid + 1gram of sugar is lower compared to that of pure benzoic acid (Figure 1.1). Pure benzoic acid solidified at 48oC while the mixture of benzoic acid and 1 g of sugar is 41oC. In the last part of the experiment, the osmotic pressure was tested. Osmosis is the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane driven by a difference in solute concentrations on the two sides of the membrane. Since osmosis is the movement of liquid from a lower concentration to a higher one, level of liquid in the glass tubing in Beaker A with 10% NaCl solution inside the intestine will decrease since the concentration outside which is 20% is higher. Level of liquid in the glass tubing in beaker B with 20% NaCl solution should have remain constant since the solution in the beaker is of equal concentration to the solution inside the pig intestine. Level of liquid in the glass tubing in beaker C with 30 % NaCl solution inside the intestine should have increased since the solution outside the intestine is lower than inside the intestine. In the experiment, the level of solutions in each of the three set-ups decreased (Table 1.5). This is because the intestine got holes due to the pointed ends of glass tubing. IV. Answers to Questions

Experiment 1A 1. Yes.

2. The components could be separated physically by filtering, decanting, using magnets or heating/evaporating. The basis of the separation could be the differences of their chemical and physical properties, e.g. particle size, solubility, effect of heat, etc. 3. Colloidal dispersion is of importance to formation of dispersed medium: liquid aerosol, solid aerosol, foam, emulsion, sol, solid foam, solid emulsion, solid sol 4. It is the scattering of light by particles in a colloid.

Experiment 1B
1. Atmospheric pressure

1 atm

Boiling point

100 oC

2. Urea solution 100 oC; NaCl solution 101 oC 3.

BP urea solution: 0

BP NaCl solution: 1oC

4. Theoretical BP NaCl solution = 0.297 oC

Theoretical BP urea solution = 0.307 oC

*Computations are shown above Experiment 1C 1. Addition of a small amount of another substance to a pure substance will make its melting point lower.
2. It is necessary that a solid is finely powdered when determining its melting point because

finely ground particles of the compound are necessary for good heat transfer. If the particles are too coarse, they do not pack well, causing air pockets to slow heat transfer.
3. Sugar that is mixed with Benzoic acid will lower the melting point from that of the Benzoic

acid. A pure substance has a higher melting point compared to a solution.

4. Tbenzoic acid Tsolution = freezing pt depression

48oC - 41oC= 7 oC 5 6. The required answers cannot be calculated since the Kf of benzoic acid is not known. (Benzoic acid was used instead of PDB) The freezing point depression of benzoic acid and the unknown, the molality of the solution and the molar mass of the unknown cannot be solved due to the changes made in the experiment. Experiment 1D
1. All of the solutions inside the membrane decreased due to the discrepancies made during

the experiment. The intestines had holes. However, when the experiment was successful, Beaker A with 10% NaCl solution inside the intestine will decrease, while Beaker C with 30% NaCl solution inside the intestine will increase.
2. In the experiment, none of the set-ups did not change in volume; however, if the

experiment was successful, Beaker C with 20% NaCl solution hasnt changed in volume.

3. Since osmosis is the net movement of solution from the less-concentrated (hypotonic) to

the more-concentrated (hypertonic) solution, in Beaker A with 10% solution inside the intestine, the net flow is from inside the intestine to outside, since the outside concentration is 20%. In Beaker B with 20% solution inside the intestine, there is no net flow since the solution is isotonic. In Beaker C with 30 % solution inside the intestine, the net flow is from outside the intestine to inside because the concentration inside the intestine is greater compared to the concentration outside.

4. Set-ups are shown in Figure 1.2.