AP World Struggles of Persia and Greece - Page 130 - 136

5th and 4th centuries BCE - Greeks greatest enemy was the Persians Wars with the Persians was a decisive historical event Persians probably view these events differently o Persians primary concern was development and expansion farther east o Most likely did not regard wars with Greeks to be consequential

Early Encounters 546 BCE Persian King Cyrus conquest (defeated and took over) of Lydia Led to subjugation (Persians ruled over) of Greek cities on Anatolian seacoast Cities were ruled by local groups or individuals who collaborated (worked with) the Persian government so that they could maintain or keep themselves in power and allow their city to operate with little Persian interference. 499 BCE - Ionian Revolt A great uprising of Greeks and other subject people on the western frontier broke out. Greek cities in Anatolia started the revolt, aided by Eretria and Athens Persians took five years Massive amount of troops and resources to stamp out the insurrection th This FAILED revolt was the start of the Persian Wars (2 wars with Greece in early 5 century) First Persian War 490 BCE Persian General Darius I o Dispatched a naval fleet to punish Eretria and Athens (two states on the Greek mainland) because they assisted Ionian rebels o He wanted to send a warning to others about the foolhardiness of crossing the Persian King o Captured Eretria Several key citizens betrayed the city, them and the survivors went into permanent exile in Iran o Attack on Athens This Attack failed The Greek hoplites (citizen soldiers of Greece) defeated the lighter armed Persian troops Short Sharp engagements (battles) at MARARTHON 26 miles from Athens A messenger named Philippides ran from Marathon to Athens to tell of the victory. He died from exhaustion. The marathon is now run to celebrate his heroism and that is why it is 26 miles long. Second Persian War Xerxes (486-465) succeeded his father on the Persian throne in 486 BCE o 480 BCE Xerxes led large army invasion and boat fleet against the Greeks o The fleet Crossed Hellespont narrow strait and across Thrace to descend into central and southern Greece o Xerxes sent messengers ahead to most of the Greek states bidding (asking) them to offer up earth and water (tokens of submission) o Many Greek City states submitted to domination by the Persians also known as overlordship o Southern Greeks under the direction of the Spartans organized the Hellenic League Initially failed to halt the Persian Advance The 300 At the Pass of Thermopylae in central Greece

The King and the 300 Spartans gave up their lives to buy time for their fellow soldiers to escape 480 BCE Persians seized and ransacked the city of Athens o However the Persians allowed their Navy to be lured into the narrow straits of Salamis o In the Straits of Salamis the Persians lost maneuverability and suffered devastating defeat 479 BCE Persian land army was routed (thoroughly defeated) at Plataea eliminating the threat to Greece, Factors that helped determine the outcome of the war o Persians had difficulty in supplying their large army in a distant land o Persian high commands tactical error in allowing the navy to be drawn into the narrow waters of Salamis o The Superiority of the heavily armed Greek hoplite soldiers over lighter armed Persians

Following/After the Two Persian Wars Greeks went on the offense o Athens organized the Delian League to go on the offense o Drove the Persians out of eastern Mediterranean (except Cyprus) o Even after Athens was sacked twice in two years o Athenian Navy which made up half of the Greek fleet o Navys job was to drive Persians away from the Aegean and liberate Greek states still under Persian control o Athens replaced the land based isolationist Sparta leader of the campaign against the Persians with a Naval Leader 477 BCE the Delian League was formed o Voluntary alliance of Greek states eager to prosecute the war against Persia o In less than 20 years league forces led by Athenian generals swept the Persians from the waters of the eastern Mediterranean and freed all Greek communities except those in Cyprus

The Height of Athenian Powers Classical Period 480-323 BCE Dominant role of Athens o Imperial power because of Delian League o Power based on Athenian navy o Athenians exploited their victories over the Persians to gain power Athens mastery or navel technology o transformed Greek warfare and politics o Brought power and wealth to Athens Created the Trireme 170 oar boat o Lower class men were rowers o Because rowers were so important they demanded full rights of citizenship o These boats were not dependant on a sail and a good wind to navigate making it a better military vessel o Had little room on the deck for storage and supplies, thus they would hug or row along the coastline and go ashore at night to replenish food and supplies o They would disable the enemy ships by sheering off their oars or smashing their hulls below the water with an iron tipped ram Wealth of Athens

Naval power allowed the emergence of Athens as a democratic system Used this power to o Create profitable trade o Extract tribute from subject states Greek allies began to contribute money to the Athenians instead of men o Wealth allowed Athens to construct massive public works projects and put on grand festivals and support arts and sciences Democratic system & Political Power o Each male had a equal voice o Hoplites were members of the middle and upper classes The provided their own protective gear and weapons o Rowers were lower classes Because they were providing the chief protection for the community and were a source of power they could insist on full rights. o Naval Power allowed Athens to expand farther than it could with the citizens In previous wars Greeks had little capability to occupy the defeated neighbor permanently They would usually take booty (valuable items) Would make minor adjustments to boundary lines The Navy allowed Athens to dominate their victories over others for much longer times o Commercial interests and Trade Athens port Piraeus was the most important naval port in the eastern Mediterranean o Money collected from subject states helped subsidize the increasingly expensive Athenian democracy, including: Underwriting the construction costs of the beautiful buildings on the Acropolis Majestic new temple of Athena The Parthenon o Many Athenians worked worked on the construction and decoration of monuments Pericles Athenian Leader o Redistributed profits (known as the Delian League funds for the building fund) of the empire to the Athenian people o Gained extraordinary popularity o When political enemies protested against the use of the Delian League funds Pericles replied They do (Athens subjects) do not give us a single horse, nor soldier, nor ship. All they supply is money, it is no more than fair that after Athens has been equipped with all she needs to carry on the war she should apply the surplus to public works which once completed will bring her glory for all time Cultural Achievement

o Athens profits and economic advantages subsidized the festivalas and plays Called tragedies: Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides Comedies Aristophanes o Money and power are prerequisites (fundamentals) for support of the arts and sciences o Brightest and most creative artists and thinkers Traveling teachers called Sophists (wise men) Gave instruction logic and public speaking Taught persuasive arguments Those with training had advantages in politics and the courts Philosophers o 399 BCE Socrates (Great Philosopher) 470 to 399 BCE One of the most influential philosophers of the time Focused on ethics and precise meaning of words Created Socratic Method of question and answer Charged with corrupting he youth and not believing in the Gods of the city Socrates Wrote NOTHING down His court Trial Socrates was easily able to dispute the charges against him He argued that the real basis of the hostility against him was o Being held responsible for several former students that tried to over through the government o Being blamed unfairly for controversial teachings of the Sophist and others Athenian trials used juries of hundreds of citizens to decide guilt and punishment The vote for guilt was very close Sentenced to death The jury condemn him to death by drinking hemlock His disciples regarded his execution as a martyrdom His most famous student Plato withdrew from public life and dedicated himself to philosophical pursuit of knowledge and truth o 428 347 BCE Plato Considered the first generation to be truly literate Plato gained much of knowledge from books and WROTE down everything he thought Plato founded (created) the Academy school for young men to pursue a course of higher education

Wrote dialogues using the Socratic method of question and answer to reach deeper understanding of the meaning of values and justice Refused to write down the most advanced stages of the philosophical and spiritual training that took place at his Academy Believed that full this information could only be entrusted to the initiates who had completed earlier stages. Inequalities in Classical Greece o Democracy in the Athenian society was NOT true democracy o Only a few or small percentage of inhabitants of Attica were truly citizens (30,000 to 40,000 which is about 10 to 15% of the population) Free Adult males Pure Athenian ancestry o Excluded from being citizens Women Children Slaves Foreigners o Slaves Mostly foreigners About 1/3 of the Attica population in 500 -400 BCE Average Athenian family owned more than one slave Slaves ran shops or worked on farms while masters attended meetings of Assembly or served on the boards that oversaw day to day activities of the state Slaves were living piece of property required to do: Any work Submit to sexual acts Receive any punishments the owner ordained Some communities prohibited arbitrary killing of slaves Most slaves WERE NOT subject to extreme abuse Most were treated like favored domestic servants Close daily contact with the master or mistress allowed them to form close relationships Greek thinkers rationalized the institution of slavery saying that the barbaroi (non Greeks) lacked the mental capacity to reason and were better off under Greek owners. Most Athenians refused to work for money for another individual because following orders of an employer meant you were a slave. o Athenian men Engaged in political affairs because slaves did the work Socialized with the women o Womens Position Women of Sparta

Were expected to bear and raise strong children Encouraged to exercise Enjoyed a public visibility and outspokenness shocked other Greeks Women of Athens Known the best lots of information in written sources and vase paintings May have been confined and oppressed Typically exploited as Athenian men had a degree of freedom and power Marriages o Unequal o Men around 30, educated, a veteran of war, experienced in business and politics By law the man arranged his marriage with the parents of the prospective wife She was likely a teenager with no formal education o Duties of the wife: raising kids, cleaning weaving cooking and household management o She had no political rights o Limited legal protection o Due to age differences the young wife relationship was more like a father and daughter to her husband. o Primary function of the wife to produce children preferably males. o Sometimes girl children were killed o Husbands and wives had little daily contact Men spent day outdoors working, political responsibilities, eating with male friends, Men usually slept alone in mens quarters Woman stayed home to cook, clean, raise kids and supervise servants o Closest family relationship was between wife and the slave attendant Usually a woman of around the same age Servants went to town to run errands o Wife stayed in the house except to attend funerals or attend festivities, or to visit female relatives o Greek men justified Confining women saying they were promiscuous and likely to have babies by other men If this happened she violated her citizenship rights

Athenian law allowed a husband to kill an adulterer wife caught in the act. Thesmophoria Womens Festival o Three day festival of Athens o Women lived together and managed their affairs in a big encampment o Carried out mysterious rituals meant to enhance fertility Strong women in Plays Bold and assertive women o Antigone a defiant women of the Sophocles play Buried her brother despite being prohibited by the king o Wives in the comedy Lysistrata Refused to have sex with their husbands until the men ended a war o These women in plays most likely modeled after the writers mothers, sisters and wives Because of the inequality of men and women and the obstacles to have a meaningful relationship, o Greek men often looked to other men to find intellectual and emotional equals o Many were bisexual which was a product of the social structure with the older men acting as mentor pursuing the younger students Failure of the City State and Triumph of the Macedonians 431 BCE Peloponnesian War o Imperial Athens upset other city states o Athenian and Spartan Alliances go to war with each other o Athenians o Pericles - Athenian Leader Refused to engage Spartans as they invaded Attica each year He knew the enemy hoplites must return to their farms to re-supply This caused the war to drag on for almost 3 decades (30 years) with great loss of life and squandering of resources o Used their naval power to insulate against a land attack o Built three long walls to protect the city and connect them to the port o As long as ports were open they could bring in provisions to prevent the city from being starved out. o Long war sapped (reduced) the morale of all Greece 404 BCE - War ended with the defeat of Athens in a naval battle o Spartans combined forces with the Persians o Spartan uprising inspired other city states to rebel o Persian empire paid for the construction of ships for the Spartan Alliance

o Ships allowed Sparta to take the conflict into Athens strength the Sea with its Naval forces o Spartans took over saying they were championing the freedom of Greeks They took over Athens overseas empires o Their highhanded (bossy and domineering) behavior caused opposition from other city states o This was a time of many fights and battles among the Greek city states o Some argue the impendent polis was the structural flaw because it fostered rivalry, fear, and mistrust among neighboring communities 387 BCE Persians regain their lost territories o Greek Internal Conflict allowed the Persians to regain their lost territories in Anatolia o Under the Kings Peace Treaty of 387 BCE Gave the Persian King control o Most states of war weary Greece were given up Gave all of Western Asia Greek communities of Anatolian seacoast o Persian king became the guarantor of a status quo that kep Greeks divided and weak o Lucky for the Greeks rebellions in Egypt , Cyprus and Phoenicia as well as some satraps in western provinces diverted Persian attention from another Greek invasion 359-336 BCE Macedonia (northern Greek Kingdom) o Philip II transformed the kingdom of Macedonia into a premier military power in the Greek world o Macedonians had been consider rough and rowdy o Culture and language Thought to be Greek based Highly influenced by non-Greek neighbors o Philip made improvements to: o Improve the Hoplite structure o Increased striking power and mobility Longer spears Less armor Using cavalry (horsemen) and infantry Developed new siege equipment like Catapults to hurl arrows and stones great distances 338 BCE Philip defeated coalition of southern states o Established the Confederacy of Corinth o Used Corinth to control the city states o Philip had himself appointed military commander for a planned all Greek campaign against the Persians o His generals established a bridgehead on the Asiatic side of Hellespont

o It appears Philip was following the advice of Greek thinkers that had studied lessons of the Persian Wars of the 5th century o Philip was assassinated in 336 BCE 356-323 BCE Alexander o Son and heir of Philip o Goal was to conquer the known world o 334 BCE crossed over into Asia o Vowed to get revenge on Xerxes invasion a century earlier o Alexander defeated the Persian forces in three fierce battles (a) Defeated the satraps of western provinces (b) Defeated King Darius at Issus in southeast Anatolia (c) Defeated King Darius at Gaugamela north of Babylon o Built his empire as far as Pakistan o Used Persian Greek and Macedonian officials in his empire Maintained the Persian administration in conquered lands Realized it was well adapted to locals and familiar o Became known as Alexander the Great o At first replaced Persian officials with his own Macedonian Greek comrades o Controlled strategic points in his expanding empire by establishing a series of Greek style cities, starting with Alexandria in Egypt Settled wounded and aged ex soldiers in the city states o After his victory in Gaugamela (331 BCE) He began to experiment with leaving Persian officials in place He allowed Persians and Iranians into his army and into the circle of his courtiers He adopted elements of Persian dress and court ceremonies He married several Iranian women who had royal or aristocratic connections o The further he expanded his territory East he lost more of his Macedonian culture and ideas Scholars believe he began to see himself as the legitimate successor of the Persian King He may have recognized that he had responsibilities to all the diverse people that were under his control He also realized the difficulty of holding down so vast and empire by force without cooperation was important to maintain control of conquered people.