Joe E. Byerlyand ErnestL.

Long NationalSemiconductor

L M 3 8 1 L O W N O I S ED U A L P R E A M P L I F I E R

INTRODUCTION deexpressly The LM381 is a dual preamplifier of signed to meet the requirements amplifying i T l o w l e v e ls i g n a l sn l o w n o i s ea p p l i c a t i o n s .o t a l equivalentinput noise is typically 0.5 trtV rms (Rs = 600Q, 10-10, 000 Hz). Each of the two amplifiersis completely independent, with an internalpowersupplydecouplerproviding120 dB supply rejectionand regulator, fea60 dB channelseparation. Other outstanding t u r e s i n c l u d e h i g h g a i n ( 11 2 d B ) , l a r g eo u t p u t voltage swing (Vss -2V) p-p, and wide power ( b a n d w i d t h 7 5 k H 2 , 2 0V e r ) . T h e L M 3 8 1o p e r a t e s the wide range 9 to of from a singlesupplyacross and 40V. The amplifier is internallycompensated it short-circu protected. Attempts havebeenmadeto fill this function with selectedoperationalamplifiers.However,due to requirements this application. of the many special theserecharacterizations not adequately have met the need. With the low output levelof magnetic tape heads andphonograph cartridges, amplifier noise becomes critical in achievingan acceptable signal-to-noise r a t i o .T h i s i s a m a j o r d e f i c i e n c y f t h e o p a m p i n o th is application.Other inadequacies the op of icientpowersupplyrejection, amp areinsuff limited and small-signal power bandwidths, and excessive externalcomoonents.

TABLE 1. T o= 25"9, Vsg = 14V, unlessotherwisestated. PARAMETER Voltage ain G CONDITIONS O p e nL o o p ( D i f f e r e n t i aIln p u t ) E O p e n L o o p ( S i n g l e n d e dI n p u t ) S u p p l yC u r r e n t Input Resistance ( P o s i t i v en p u t ) I ( N e g a t i v en p u t ) I I nput Current ( P o s i t i v en p u t ) I ( N e g a t i v en p u t ) I OutputResistance O u t p u tC u r r e n t Open Loop Source Sink S O u t p u tV o l t a g e w i n g B S m a l lS i g n a l a n d w i d t h P o w e rB a n d w i d t h M a x i m u mI n p u t V o l t a g e R S u p p l yR e j e c t i o n a t i o C h a n n eS e p a r a t i o n l Total HarmonicDistortion T o t a l E q u i v a l e nItn p u t N o i s e NoiseF igure 20Voo (Vs6 = 24V) L i n e a rO p e r a t i o n f=1kHz f= 1kHz T5dBGain,f=lkHz E R s = 6 0 0 0 , 1 0 - 1 0 , 0 0 0 H z ( S i n g l e n d e dI n p u t ) 50 kQ, l0-10, 000 Hz'1 I H E 10 kQ. 10-10,000 z | (Single nded nput) I 5 k O , 1 0 - 1 0 ,0 0 0 H z . t
I

MIN

TYP

MAX

UNITS

160,000 320,000 10 100 200 o.2 0^5 150

R z Vcc -2 15

V6s 9 to 40V, RL = -

mA KQ

ko
pA pA

o
mA mA

Peak-to-peak

MHz kHz

75 300 120 60 O.17o 0.5 1.0

t.J

mVrms dB dB 7o pVrms dB dB dB

1.6

O1972 NATIONAL

SEM ICONDUCTOR CORP

P R I N T E DI N U . S . A .

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION To achievelow noise performance,specialconsideration must be taken in the design of the input stage. First, the input should be capable of being operated single ended; since both transistors cont r i b u t e n o i s e i n a d i f f e r e n t i a ls t a g ed e g r a d i n gi n p u t noise by the factor /Z Secondly, both the load ; a n d b i a s i n ge l e m e n t sm u s t b e r e s i s t i v es i n c ea c t i v e c o m p o n e n t sw o u l d e a c h c o n t r i b u t e a s m u c h n o i s e asthe inout device.

The voltage gain of the single ended input stage is givenby:

R, 200k Av(nc)=*=rr5n=160 Where:

(1)

KT r u = # - 1 . 2 5 x1 0 3 t 2 5 o C l e x 2 o p A a
Qte T h e v o l t a g eg a i n o f t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l i n p u t s t a g ei s :

a"=ii

1R'

= r 1 ?R ' j = 8 0 - T

ql.

t2l

2 o T h e s c h e m a t i d i a g r a m f t h e L M 3 8 1 ,F i g u r e , i s c f e b d i v i d e di n t o s e p a r a tg r o u p s y f u n c t i o n ; i r s ta n d gainstages, voltage third currentgainstage. second and the biasregulator. amplifier The secondstage is a common-emitter (Os) with a currentsource load (Oo).Tne Darlinglevelshifting ton emitter-follower Os, O+ provides ( g st a n dc u r r e n t a i nt o t h e c o m m o n - e m i t t e r a g e 0 5 ) and the output current sink (07). The voltage gain of the secondstage is approximately2000 m a k i n g t h e t o t a l g a i n o f t h e a m p l i f i e rt y p i c a l l y 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 i n t h e d i f f e r e n t i a li n p u t c o n fi g u r a t i o n . with the is compensated The preamplifier internally p o l e - s p l i t t i nc a p a c i t o r C 1 . T h i s c o m p e n s a t e s g to , s u n i t y g a i n a t 1 5 M H z . T h e c o m p e n s a t i o in a d e quate to preserve stability to a closedloop gain for may be of 10. Compensation unity gainclosure provided with the additionof an externalcapacitor P w i n p a r a l l e l i t h C l b e t w e e n i n s5 a n d 6 , 1 0 a n d 1 1 .

FIGURE 1. lnput Stage

The basicinput stage,Figure 1, can operateas a e o a f d i f f e r e n t i a lr s i n g l e n d e d m p l i i e r .F o r o p t i m u m noiseperformance is turnedOFF and feedback 02 is broughtto the emitterof 01 . c I n a p p l i c a t i o nw h e r en o i s ei s l e s s r i t i c a l ,0 1 a n d s 02 can be used in the differentialconfiguration. at of This has the advantage higher impedance p t s t h e f e e d b a c k u m m i n g o i n t , a l l o w i n g h e u s eo f in and smallercapacitors the tone largerresistors c o n t r o la n d e q u i l i z a t i o n e t w o r k s .

F I G U R E 2 . S c h e m a t i cD i a g r a m

Three basic compensation schemes are possible for this amplifier: first stage pole, second stage pole and pole-splitting. First stage compensation w i l l c a u s e a n i n c r e a s ei n h i g h f r e q u e n c y n o i s e because the first stage gain is reduced, allowing the second stage to contribute noise. Second stage compensation causespoor slew rate (power bandwidth) becausethe capacitor must swing the full output voltage.Pole-splittingovercomes both these d e f i c i e n c i e sa n d h a s t h e a d v a n t a g et h a t a s m a l l m o n o l i t h i c c o m o e n s a t i o nc a o a c i t o r c a n b e u s e d . The output stage is a Darlington emitter-follower (Q8, Oe) with an active current sink (Oz). Transistor 01s provides short-circuit protection by l i m i t i n gt h e o u t p u t t o 1 2 m A .

T h e b i a s i n gr e f e r e n c ei s a z e n e r d i o d e ( 2 2 ) d r i v e n from a constantcurrent source(01t). Supply decoupling is the ratio of the current sourceimpedance to the zener impedance. To achieve the high current source impedance necessary for 120 dB supply rejection, a cascode configuration is used ( O 11 a n d 0 1 2 ) . T h e r e f e r e n c ev o l t a g e i s u s e d t o p o w e r t h e f i r s t s t a g e so f t h e a m p l i f i e r t h r o u g h e m i t t e r - f o l l o w e r s0 1 4 a n d 0 1 5 . R e s i s t o r R 1 a n d zener 2.1 provide the starting mechanism for the regulator. After starting, zero volts appears across D1 taking it out of conduction.

FIGURE4. Differential Input Biasing

For bias stability, the current through Ru is made t e n t i m e s t h e i n p u t c u r r e n t o f O 2 ( : v 0 . 5p A ) . T h e n , for the differentialinput, resistors 5 and R4 0re: R ^ = 2Vee = Rs ;;-i: r o 2 rv 1.2 5x 10o = 24O kQMAXIMUM

(3)
Ra=

Biasing F i g u r e 3 s h o w s a n A C e q u i v a l e n tc i r c u i t o f t h e L M 3 8 1 . T h e n o n - i n v e r t i n gi n p u t , 0 1 , i s r e f e r e n c e d to a voltage source two Vss above ground. The output quiescent point is established by negative DC feedback through the external divider RalR5 ( F i g u r e4 ) .

(v.. \77

-)"

(4)

FIGURE 5. Single Ended Input Biasing

t F I G U R E 3 . A C E q u i v a l e nC i r c u i l

W h e n u s i n g t h e s i n g l ee n d e d i n p u t , 0 2 i s t u r n e d OFF and DC feedback is brought to the emitter of 01 (Figure 5). The impedance of the feedback summing point is now two orders of magnitude lower than the baseof 02 (=10 kO). Therefore, t o p r e s e r v eb i a s s t a b i l i t y , t h e i m p e d a n c e o f t h e

feedback network must be decreased. In keeping with reasonable resistancevalues, the impedance of the feedback voltage source can be 1/5 the summing point impedance. The feedback current is (100 gA worst case. Therefore, for single ended input, resistors R5 and R4 are:

Capacitor C2 sets the low frequency 3 dB corner where Xq2 = R6

v2-

2nf oR6

(e)

= r. = sui";? 0.6

= 12OOQ AXIMUM M (5)

5x 104

',=(#-

')

Rs

(6)

T h e s m a l l - s i g n a la n d w i d t ho f t h e L M 3 8 1 i s 1 5 b M H z m a k i n g t h e p r e a m ps u i t a b l e o r w i d e - b a n d f instrumentation applications. However,in narrowb a n da p p l i c a t i o nis i s d e s i r a b lte l i m i t t h e a m p l i t o fier bandwidthand thus eliminatehigh frequency n o i s e C a p a c i t oC 3 a c c o m p l i s h eh i s b y s h u n t i n g . r ts ( g t h e i n t e r n a lp o l e - s p l i t t i nc a p a c i t o r C r ) , l i m i t i n g the bandwidth of the amplifier. Thus, the high frequency3 dB corner is set by Ca according to 1 equation 0. Cs= 1
A

-4x1o-12

(10)

2nts re 106 f3 = highfrequency dB corner 3 re = f irst stage small-signal itter resistance em ^12.6kO g A = m i d - b a n d a i ni n d B F o r m u s i c a p p l i c a t i o n sr,e s p o n s e h a p i n gi s r e s quired to providethe NAB standard tapeplayback equalization. Figure8 shows the NAB equalization characteristic.
40
it

FIGURE6. AC OpenLoop

T h e c i r c u i t s o f F i g u r e s4 a n d 5 h a v e a n A C a n d DC gain equal to the ratio R4lRs. To open the AC gain, capacitor C2 is used to shunt R5 (Figu r e 6 ) . T h e A C g a i n n o w a p p r o a c h e so p e n l o o p . The low frequency 3 dB corner. fo, is given by: .Ao f = " where: Ao = open loop gain (7)

30
6

2t 20 15 t0 5 0 l0 Hr 100 z H 1 lHz 1 0k H z 100 Hz k

'.o.fAa

Tape Playback Preamplifier

FIGURE 8. NAB EquilizationCharacteristic

Figure 7 shows the LM381 in a flat responsetape p l a y b a c k c o n f i g u r a t i o n .T h e m i d - b a n d g a i n i s s e t by resistor ratio (R4+ R6)iR6 (8)

s T h e N A B r e s p o n s ie a c h i e v e d i t h t h e c i r c u i to f w s F i g u r e9 . R e s i s t o rR a a n d R u s e tt h e D C b i a s n d a are chosenaccordingto equations3 and 4 for

==
FIGURE 9. NAB Tape Preamp.

FIGURE 7. Flat Response apeAmplifier T

differential input operation and equations 5 and 6 for the single ended input. The reference gain of

the preamp, above corner frequency f2 (Figure 8),

( E q u a t i o n11) Gain = o dB Reference %t!" = 355

is set by the ratio: gain = 0 dB reference R6t-" (11)

R, 62k Ro=SES_I=Sb4=175 R oI 1 8 0 O ' cornerto= 40 Hz, 7 . For low frequency ( equation 14) Cz = Cz 11 = Zn t"na -rZO"rrO 2O ttF=2.21x1O-5

f2 The corner frequency (Figure8l is determined w h e r eX s 4 = R z a n d i s g i v e nb y :

{2 - ' -

{
2nCaRt'

(121

Corner f requency f 1 is determ ined where Xsa = Ra:

1--

'1 -

1
2nCaRa'

(13)

The low frequency 3 dB roll-off point. fo. is set where Xq2 = R6:

{or-

1
2nC2R6

114l

.5Vrms

preamp for a Example: Designa NAB equalized r t a p e p l a y e r e q u i r i n g . 5 V r m so u t p u t f r o m a h e a d 0 sensitivityof 800 pV at 1 kHz, 3-3/4 lPS. The power supply voltageis 24Y and the differential input configuration used. is ( 1 . F r o me q u a t i o n 3 ) l e t R s = 2 4 0 k Q . /,, \ -1) tu 4 2 . E q u a t i o(n ) R 4 = l #

TzO/F
F I G U R E 1 O . T y p i c a l T a p e P l a y b a c kA m p l i f i e r

F--:

Ro=(fitlz.+^ros
\''' / R 4 - - 2 . 1 6x 1 0 sr y 2 . 2M S I f 3 . F o r a c o r n e rf r e q u e n c y , t e q u a lt o 5 0 H z , ( e q u a t i o n 1 3 )i su s e d . (13) co = 1 = zntrao 6 . 2 8 x 5 0 x 2 . 21 0 6 x

) ,,:^

\/

T h i s c i r c u i t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e1 0 a n d r e q u i r e s approximately5 seconds turn-ON for the gain to a n d s u p p l yv o l t a g e h o s e ni n t h e e x a m p l eT u r n c . ON time can closelybe approximated by:

toru -Racz (t" #)

(15)

= 1.44x10-e C a x 1 5 0 0P F . 4 . F r o m F i g u r e , t h e c o r n e r r e q u e n c yz = 1 7 7 O f f 8 Hz at 3-3/4 lPS. ResistorR7 is found from ( equation12). 1 (121 Ca = n- , ar, ,2R7 1 R '7 = - - - - - - - ^=6x104 6.28x1770x 1.5x10-e Rz I 62 kO'

A s s e e nb y e q u a t i o n( 1 5 ) , i n c r e a s i ntg e s u p p l y h voltage decreases turn-ON time. Decreasing the a m p l i f i e r g a i n a l s o d e c r e a s ets r n - O N t i m e b y u reducing the RaC2 product. Wherethe turn-ON time of the circuit of Figure9 is too long, the time may be shortened using by t h e c i r c u i t o f F i g u r e1 1 . T h e a d d i t i o no f r e s i s t o r R p f o r m sa v o l t a g e i v i d e r i t h R 6 ' .T h i s d i v i d e ri s d w chosen so that zero DC voltageappearsacross

(2, 0 n3

g v 5. T h e r e q u i r e d o l t a g e a i na t 1 k H z i s : 0.5V rms Ar = e0-0ffi = 6.25x102 56d8. V/V=

tt. From Figure 8 we see the reference frequency

gain, above f2, is 5 dB down from the 1 kHz v a l u eo r 5 1 d B ( 3 5 5 V / V ) .

o C 2 . T h e p a r a l l e lr e s i s t a n c e f R 6 ' a n d R p i s m a d e e q u a l t o t h e v a l u e o f R 6 f o u n d b y e q u a t i o n ( 11 ) .l n m o s t c a s e st h e s h u n t i n g e f f e c t o f R e i s n e g l i g i b l e and R6'= R6. For differentialinput, Re is given by:

T h e t u r n - O Nt i m e b e c o m e s : 2 t o r u- - 2 \ / R 4 c - n ( t - : 1 \ Vcc/' \ (1e)

RD

( V c c - 1 . 2 )R 6 ' , 1.2

(16)

preampwith Example: Designan NAB equalized t h e f a s t t u r n - O Nc i r c u i to f F i g u r e1 2 f o r t h e s a m e s r e q u i r e m e n as t h e p r e v i o u e x a m p l e . ts ( 1 . F r o me q u a t i o n 3 A ) l e t R s= 2 4 k O . I Y.. 2 . E q u a t i o n( 4 ) R 4 = l - ; ; \-.- 1\l R s |

F o r s i n g l ee n d e d i n p u t : (Vcc - 0.6) R6', RD

0.6

(171

/on

I=
\2.4

- tl z+xto3
|

l n c a s e s h e r e p o w e r s u p p l y r i p p l e i s e x c e s s i v et ,h e w c i r c u i t o f F i g u r e 1 1 c a n n o t b e u s e d s i n c et h e r i p p l e is coupled into the input of the preamplifier through the divider. The circuit of Figure 12 provides fast turn-ON g whilepreservinthe 120 dB powersupply rejection. b T h e D C o p e r a t i n gp o i n t i s s t i l l e s t a b l i s h e d y R a / R5. However, equations (3) and (5) are modif ied by D a f a c t o r o f 1 0 t o p r e s e r v e C b i a ss t a b i l i t y .

R a = 2 . 16 x 1 0 5 -

22OkQ.

3. From the previous example the reference freq u e n c y g a i n .a b o v ef r . w a s f o u n d t o b e 5 1 d B o r 355 V/V. E o u a t i o n ( 1 1') R r * R-^ - : ^ - = 355.
Ft6

f 4 . T h e c o r n e rf r e q u e n c y 2 i s 1 7 7 0 H z t o r 3 - 3 1 4 IPS. Equation l12l C4 = -+2nf2R, f 5 . T h e c o r n e rf r e q u e n c y 1 i s 5 0 H z a n d i s g i v e n ( b y e q u a t i o n1 8 ) . (18) Ca =

2nt1R6[(**)'-']

,n

6 . S o l v i n g q u a t i o n( 1 1 } . , ( 1 2 a.n d( 1 8 ) s i m u l t a n e e s ,l o u s l yg i v e s : Ro=
FIGURE 12. Two-Pole FastTurn-On NAB Tape Preamp.

R 4 ( f 1 + v f 1 2 + f 1f 2 ( R e f . G a i n ) f" (R.frc.'n)

r zn t tr vr

( F o r d i f f e r e n t i ailn p u t , e q u a t i o n 3 ) i s m o d i f i e da s :

R6

2.2x1 (so +V2soo+sox zoxs5'st 05 rz

t ZZOxS55 = 1 . 9 8x 1 0 3

(3A) R5 =

2Yo,

roo-r",

1.2

,rao"

Ro-2kO. ( 7 . F r o m e q u a t i o n1 1 ) R z = 3 5 4 R o= 7 0 8 x 1 0 3 Rz- 680 kO. ( 8. E q u a t i o n1 2 ) C q =

1

= 24 kSL AXIMUM. M i F o rs i n g l e n d e d n p u t : e Vee 0.6 = Equation(5A) Rs = il; boxlo4 = I2OSLMAXIMUM. ( t E q u a t i o n s 1 1 ) , ( 1 2 l , a n d ( 1 4 ) d e s c r i b eh e h i g h gain and cornerfrequencies and fo as f2 frequency Frequency now occurs f1 whereXs4 eQuals before. of the compositeimpedance the R4, R6, C2 net( w o r k a s g i v e nb y e q u a t i o n 1 8 ) . c4 = ---J--r . - 1 1I J (18)

TItr;R,
6.28x1 70x680x103 7

x p C a = 1 . 3 2 x 1 0 - 1 o1 2 Q F . ( 9 . E q u a t i o n1 4 ) C z = 1 2nlsR6
I

i
^

2 n r 1 Rl6 - = R ^ = = i (
L' -

rrqo+R6\,

A,n"n"r^Ot
Cz = 1.99x1O"x2ltF.

T h i s c i r c u i t i s s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 3 a n d r e q u i r e so n l y 0.1 secondso turn-ON. t

Curve B shows the required preamplif ier response to make the composite,A + B, provide the NAB recording characteristic.This responseis obtained with the circuit of Figure 16. Resistors a and R5 R

2rF

FIGURE 16. TapeRecording Preamp. set the DC biasas before usingequations (3) and ( 4 ) f o r t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l i n p u t a n d e q u a t i o n s( 5 ) a n d {6) for the single ended input. ResistorR6 and c a p a c i t o rC 2 s e t t h e m i d - b a n dg a i n a s b e f o r e ( e q u a tions (8) and (9) ). Capacitor C5 sets the high f r e q u e n c y3 d B p o i n t , f 3 , ( F i g u r e 1 5 ) a s :
C_ 13-

TAPE RECORD PREAMPLIFIER When recording, the frequency response is the complement of the NAB playback equalization, making the composite record and playback res p o n s ef l a t . F i g u r e 1 4 s h o w s t h e r e c o r d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u p e r i m p o s e d n t h e N A B p l a y b a c kr e s p o n s e . o

2n Cs R6

(211

40 35 30

T h e p r e a m p g a i n increasesat 6 dB/octave above f3 until Re = Xcs. 'l Ra = 2lt,lCls

t22l
f a = d e s i r e dh i g h f r e q u e n c y c u t o f f

;
2z! ;15 10

R e s i s t o rR e i s c h o s e nt o p r o v i d e t h e p r o p e r r e c o r d i n g h e a dc u r r e n t .
1 0 0H r 1 kHz l0 kH2

0
l0 Hz

Re = ; ----f!-IRECORD

(23)
HEAD

FIGURE 14. NAB Record & PlaybackEquilization

L1 and C6 form a parallel resonantbias trap to p r e s e n t a h i g h i m p e d a n c et o t h e r e c o r d i n g b i a s frequency and prevent intermodulation distortion. Example: A recorder having a 24Y power supply uses recording heads requiring 30 prA AC drive current. A microphone of 10 mV peak output is used. Single ended input is desiredfor optimum noise oerformance. 'l . From equation(5) let R5 = 12000.

Curve A of F i g u r e 1 5 s h o w st h e response characteristics a t y p i c a l l a m i n a t e d of core. quartertrack head.

40
l5

30 25

2 . E q u a t i o( 6 ) R 4 = n

lv..
\'}

920
15 t0

- t\ *u J

Ra=

lzq \ \r:-1)12oo.

Ra = 2.28x1O4x 22 kQ.
0 t 0 Hu 100Hr 1 kflz !0 kHz 100 kHr

The maximum output of the LM381 is (Vss -2V)p p. For a 24V power supply, the maximum output is 22Vr-, or 7.8V rms. Therefore, an output swing of 6V rms is reasonable.

F I G U R E 1 5 . R e c o r d i n gH e a d & P r e a m p . R e s p o n s e o r f NAB Equilization

From eguation(23) Rg

vo
IRECOBD HEAD

ke. ^" = #*L = 2oo

4 . L e t t h e h i g h f r e q u e n c yc u t o f f f a = 1 6 k H z ( F i g u r e 1 5 ) . T h e r e c o r d i n gh e a d f r e q u e n c y r e s p o n s e begins falling off at approximately 4 kHz. T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r e a m p g a i n m u s t i n c r e a s ea t this frequency to obtain the proper composite characteristic.The slope is 6 dB/octave for the two octaves between f3 (4 kHz) and the cutoff f r e q u e n c yf a ( 1 6 k H z ) . T h e r e f o r e ,t h e m i d - b a n d g a i n l i e s1 2 d B b e l o w t h e p e a kg a i n . We are allowing 6V rms output voltage swing. Therefore, the peak gain =

r0 FEcon0r[G

F I G U R E 1 7 . T y p i c a l T a p e R e c o r d i n gA m p l i f i e r

PHONOPREAMPLIFIER C r y s t a l a n d c e r a m i c p h o n o c a r t r i d g e sp r o v i d e o u t p u t l e v e l so f 1 0 0 m V t o 2 V a n d t h e r e f o r e d o n o t , r e q u i r ep r e a m p l i fi c a t i o n .M a g n e t i cc a r t r i d g e s h o w ever, provide much lower outputs as shown in Table 2. T A B L E2 ,

6V = 600 or 10mV

5 5 . 6d B . g T h e m i d - b a n d a i n= 4 3 . 6 d B o r 1 5 0 . ( g 5 . F r o me q u a t i o n 8 ) t h e m i d - b a n d a i n=
R4+R6 R6

= 150.
MANUFACTURER
E m p i r eS c i e n t i f i c MODEL OUTPUT AT 5 cm/sec

^ 6 = Ra = 22x1O3='147.7 R 14d Ms
RoI 150Q

999 888 v-15 M91 v-t5AT3

5mV 8mV 3 . 5m V 5mV 5mV

Shure Pi c k e r i n g

^
( 6. Equation9) Cz = 1 2rI"R" 1 628-50- 150 2.12x1O-5 C z - 20 ttF.
O u t p u t v o l t a g e i s s p e c i f i e df o r a g i v e n m o d u l a t i o n v e l o c i t y . T h e m a g n e t i cp i c k u p i s a v e l o c i t y d e v i c e , therefore,output is proportional to velocity. For e x a m p l e , a c a r t r i d g ep r o d u c i n g 5 m V a t 5 c m / s e c w i l l p r o d u c e 1 m V a t 1 c m / s e c a n d i s s p e c i f i e da s h a v i n ga s e n s i t i v i t yo f 1 m V / c m / s e c . In order to transform cartridge sensitivity into u usef l preamp design information, we need to know typical and maximum modulation velocity limits of stereo records. a T h e R I A A r e c o r d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i ce s t a b l i s h e s maximum recording velocity of 25 centimeters per second in the range of 800 to 2500 Hz. Typically, good quality records are recorded at a velocity of 3 to 5 cm/sec. F i g u r e 1 8 s h o w s t h e R I A A p l a y b a c ke q u a l i z a t i o n . This response is obtained with the circuit of Figure 19.

1 ( 7 . E q u a t i o n2 1 ) C s = Z z r t s R 6 1 6.28x4x103x150 = 2.66x10-7 Cs O . 2 7t F . l

1 ( 8. Equation22) Ra = Znt+Cs 1

F t
*

1 6.28x 6x103x2.7xl07 = 36.8

R8 r

R R e s i s t o r s a a n d R 5 s e t t h e D C b i a s ( e q u a t i o n s( 3 ) a n d ( 4 ) , o r ( 5 ) a n d ( 6 ) ) . T h e 0 d B r e f e r e n c eg a i n is set by the ratio:

s t

33sl.

0 d B R e fG a i n =

+ R1o R6
n6

(241

( 1 . F r o me q u a t i o n 3 ) l e t R s = 1 0 0k O .
30 20 10

( 2. Equation 4) Ra =

/Y* - ,\ *^
\2.4
\2.4

l'

fg-r) rou
/
10 20 30 1 0th

R a = 11.5x105 av 1.2 M5-).

'100 Hz I kHz '10 kHz 100kHz

3 . E q u a t i o n2 5 l C 7 - l

2nt1R4

F I G U R E1 8 . R I A A P l a y b a cE q u i l i z a t i o n k

,|
6.28x50x1.2x106

T h e c o r n e r f r e q u e n c y ,f 1 , ( F i g u r e 1 8 ) i s e s t a b l i s h e d whereXq7 = R4 or:
n-___ -

2.65x10-s
C-ry

. 0 0 3s F . 1

1
2nftRa'

"7

(251

4. Equation126l C7 = Rro

Znt2fuo;
6.28x500x3x 10'e

MAGNETIC CARIRIDGE

= 1.03x10" Rro 100kS)'

5. The maximumcartridge output at 2Scmlsec is: = (.5 mV/cm/sec) (25 cm/sec) 12.5 mV. The x requiredmid-bandgain is therefore: .-- 5 V r m s = 4OO. 1 2 . 5m V r m s
FIGURE 19. RIAA PhonoPreamp.

( 6. Equation24)
Likewise, frequency, f2 occurs where Xs7 = R19 or:

0 d B R e f .G a i n =
n-_

"7

1 2nfrRro

R r o+ R e = 400; --

(261
100k Ro=-g99 =251x24Od1 R2= 10 Ro= 2400S1.

The third corner f requency,f3, is determined where Xqg = Rro: ce= 1 2rf3R1o. e7l

7. Equation(9) 'l
?

Resistor R7 is used to insert a zero in the feedback l o o p s i n c e t h e L M 3 8 1 i s n o t c o m p e n s a t e df o r u n i t y g a i n . E i t h e r R 2 i s r e q u i r e dt o p r o v i d e a z e r o at or abovea gain of 20 dB (Rz = 10 R6). or external compensation is provided for unity gain stability accordingto equation (10).

"2

2nf oRa 2O trtF'

6.28x4Ox24O

= 1 .7 x1 0 - 5

Cz -

( 8. E q u a t i o n 2 7 )
f-___-

"8
Example: Design a phonograph preamp operating f r o m a 3 0 v o l t s u p p l y , w i t h a c a r t r i d g eo f 0 . 5 m V / cm/sec sensitivity,o drive a power amplifier of t 5V rms input overloadlimit.

1 2zfsRro

104 6.28x22OOx6.8x

= 7.23x 10-1o C e t 0 . 0 0 1P F .

The completed design is shown in Figure 20 where a 47 kS| input resistor has been included to prov i d e t h e R I A A s t a n d a r dc a r t r i d g el o a d .

"cut". For example, if 20 dB of "boost" and "cut" i s d e s i r e d .t h e r a t i o R 1 1 l R 1 2a n d R 1 2 l R 1 3i s 2 0 d B or 10:1. The low frequency control point, f1, ( F i g u r e 2 ) i s s e t w h e r eX s e = R 1 2 a n d X c r o = R r r . 2

t^--

"e

1 znftRtz'

t28l

t--

"1o

1 ' 2nfrRrr

t29l

10

F I G U R E 2 O .T y p i c a l M a g n e t i cP h o n o P r e a m p .

t0

TONE CONTROLS a s M o s t t a p e a n d p h o n o g r a p h p p l i c a t i o nr e q u i r e bassand treble tone controls.Due to the insertion l o s s o f t h e t o n e c o n t r o l ,( e q u a lt o t h e a v a i l a b l e f i t b o o s t ) , t h a sb e e nn o r m a l o u s et w o p r e a m p l i e r s with the control placedbetweenthem. However, due to the excellentgain and largeoutput capab i l i t y o f t h e L M 3 8 1 , o n l y a s i n g l ep r e a m pi s r e quired.

l0 Hr

1 0 0H z

'l

kHt

l0 lHz

1 0 0t H z

for FfGURE 22. Eass TrebleToneControlResponse & 2OdB Boost& Attenuation

The treble control is the analogue of the bass control with the resistor and capacitor dividers reversed.The ratio of reactanceof C11lC12 is set equal to the amount of "boost" and "cut". The high frequency control point, f2, is established where Xs12 = Rrs.

f--

"12

1 2nfzR.rz' 1 ZtrtzCrz.

(30)

Ru =

(31)

Rrs =

2nI2C11

(321

F I G U R E 2 1 . B a s s T r e b l eC o n t r o l s &

Figure 21 shows the bassand treble tone controls. The potentiometers, R13, are audio taper; i.e., at the center of shaft rotation the wiper is at the point of the total resistance.Both con9OYo-lOYo trols are simple AC dividers, with the f lat response position where the signal is attenuated from the "full boost".

l F i g u r e2 3 s h o w so n e c h a n n e lo f a p r a c t i c a p r e . a m p l i f i e r f o r a s t e r e op h o n o g r a p hT h e p r e a m p i s c o m p l e t ew i t h R I A A e q u a l i z a t i o nb a s sa n d , c trebletone control,balance ontroland volume control.

A U D I OM I X E R l n m a n y a u d i o a p p l i c a t i o nis i s d e s i r a b l t o p r o t e vide a mixer to combinedor selectseveral inouts. n S u c h a p p l i c a t i o n is c l u d ep u b l i c a d d r e s s y s t e m s where more than one microphoneis used;tape su h r e c o r d e r s ,i g hf i d e l i t y p h o n o g r a p h g , i t a ra m p l i fiers.etc.

-,

l n t h e b a s sc o n t r o l t h e r a t i o o f r e s i s t o r sR . 1 1 / R 1 2 a n d R 1 2 l R 1 3d e t e r m i n e t h e d e g r e e f " b o o s t " a n d o

F I G U R E 2 3 . S i n g l eC h a n n e lo f C o m p l e t e P h o n o P r e a m p .

Figure24 showsthe LM381 in a mixer configuration. Inputs at A, B, C, -N can be selected and ( ) c o m b i n e d s u m m e dw i t h p o t e n t i o m e t e r sn , R e , R Rc. -Rru. Resistors and R5 establish Ra the DC quiescent (3A) point in accordance with equations and (4). (Only the differentialinput configuration i s u s e d i n t h e m i x e r a p p l i c a t i o n i n c et h e h i g h s source impedanceof the input potentiometers would negateany advantage the singleended of i n p u t . ) I n p u t b i a s c u r r e n t i s s u p p l i e dt h r o u g h r e s i s t o rR p . T h e r e f o r e ,a n u p p e r l i m i t o f R p should be established avoid output offset voltto ageproblems. safeupper limit is to let: A Rr = R+ MAXIMUM (33)

^*J '*-J ,*-l

FIGURE 5. 2

The voltage gain of the mixer is now: AV RF Re, e,c * R.o,",a

(35)

^ri
'r-J
' o-l
I
I

{213}

ttrG--{
I

(-4#-J

,FNl

Since resistorRp is no longerrequiredto supply the input biascurrent,it doesnot havethe upper limit as in the previous circuit.Therefore, open the l o o p g a i no f t h e L M 3 8 1c a nb e r e a l i z e d . a p a c i t o r C C 1 , s h u n t st h e A C f e e d b a c k f t h e R a - R 5 n e t o work and is found by:
Ao

FIGURE 24. Audio Mixer

a---

"1 g T h ev o l t a g e a i no f t h e m i x e r i s :

1020 2nfoRq

A o = a m p l i i e r o p e nl o o p g a i ni n d B f

Auo,","---4+-

(34)

fo = low frequency dB corner 3 E x a m p l e :D e s i g n m i c r o p h o n m i x e rf o r u s ew i t h a e 600Q dynamic microphones with an output level of 1OmV. The mixer shouldoperatefrom a 24V supplyand deliver5 volts output. A dynamicrange of 80 dB is desired.

Wherethe values Rp and the sourceimpedance, of R s , a r e s u c ht h a t t h e g a i no f t h e c i r c u i to f F i g u r e 24 is inadequate, configurationof Figure 25 the may be used.

l . From equation(3A) R5 -- 24 kQ

At maximumattenuation: ^ a,e,c = R a R r R 3 Rs (from Equation 4) A;R.

( 2. E q u a t i o n 4 )

n o= ( i t - l )
124 \

/ Ynn

R5
R e .e .c

2 . 2 x 1 O sx 3 . 3 x 1 0 3 5x10-'x2.4x10'

no=(iZ-r)z+xto3
Rq=2.$x105=22Oktt

R e , e , c : 6 . 0 5 x 1 0 5= 5 0 0 k S l

3. For 5V output:
5V Gain=10rV=500 For 80 dB dynamicrange: Attenuation ( 5. Equation34) AV = RaRr RJRA;;;

.t!F/.^

N1' ".tH*\, -r
|

\,r.n

500
80 dB

5 x 10-2

'rJ

lrF

500 K0

'*-l
RS)

I rF

l{ soo*ni Ne'l|-tt#-'t

(RA.B,C Rs) + o _ Av R5 na"e=At maximumvolume: Re, a,c, = 0, Gain = 500

RF

FIGURE26.

CONCLUSION: presented this note are by no The applications in means exhaustive. The LM381 is a widely versatile low noise,high gain.wide band gainblock and,as such has many applicationsoutside the audio spectru m.

500 x 2.4 x 104 (0 + 600) 2.2 x 1O5

= R r = 3 . 2 t x 1 0 3 3 . 3k O

I I
National Semiconductor Corporation
2900 Semiconductor Drive, Santa Clara, Calilornia 95051, (408) 732-5000/TWX (910) 339-9240

National Semlconductor GmbH

891 Landsbsrg/Lech, Lechstrasse 255, West Germany, Telephone (08191) 3573/ Telex 527 223

Nalional Semiconductor (UK) Ltd.

Larkliefd fndustrial Estate, Greenpck, Scolland, Telephone 93251 lTelexlTB 632

ffit