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Moving Toward Chalcedon1 THE FIRST FOUR ECUMENICAL COUNCILS Nicaea (325 AD) emphasized the oneness of God

(Jesus Christ is homoousios with the Father). Constantinople (381 AD) emphasized the threeness of God (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit). Ephesus (431 AD) emphasized the oneness of Jesus Christ (Mary is theotokos). Chalcedon (451 AD) emphasized the twoness of Jesus Christ (two physes or natures).

CHRISTOLOGICAL HERESIES OF THE FOURTH & FIFTH CENTURIES Apollinariansim, referring to Apollinaris of Laodicea (ca. 315392), who argued that the divine Logos took the place of (replaced) the human soul or spirit in Jesus Christ.2 Apollinaris was condemned at the Council of Constantinople in 381. Nestorianism, referring to Nestorius of Constantinople (bishop, 428431), who argued that Mary was not to be labelled theotokos, which implied to his opponents that Jesus and Christ were two different persons (divine and human) rather than one. He was condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. His main opponent was Cyril of Alexandria (bishop 412444), who strongly advocated the label theotokos for Mary and could speak of one nature for Jesus Christ. Cyril eventualy accepted a creed that spoke of two natures and Mary as theotokos (a compromise proposed by John of Antioch following the Council of Ephesus). The Syrian church became known as Nestorian. Eutychianism, referring to Eutyches, archimandrite of Constantinople (ca. 450), who emphasized the one nature of Jesus Christ, a doctrine that became known as monophysitism, opposed to dyophysitism.

Taken from Everett Ferguson, Church History, Vol. One: From Christ to Pre-Reformation: The Rise and Growth of the Church in Its Cultural, Intellectual, and Political Context (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 2005), ch. 13. 2 Ferguson, Church History, 258.

The Chalcedonian Definition (451 AD) We, then, following the holy Fathers, all with one consent, teach people to confess one and the same Son, our Lord Jesus Christ, the same perfect in Godhead and also perfect in manhood; truly God and truly man, of a reasonable [rational] soul and body; consubstantial [co-essential] with the Father according to the Godhead, and consubstantial with us according to the Manhood; in all things like unto us, without sin; begotten before all ages of the Father according to the Godhead, and in these latter days, for us and for our salvation, born of the Virgin Mary, the Mother of God, according to the Manhood; one and the same Christ, Son, Lord, only begotten, to be acknowledged in two natures, inconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly, inseparably; the distinction of natures being by no means taken away by the union, but rather the property of each nature being preserved, and concurring in one Person and one Subsistence, not parted or divided into two persons, but one and the same Son, and only begotten God, the Word, the Lord Jesus Christ; as the prophets from the beginning [have declared] concerning Him, and the Lord Jesus Christ Himself has taught us, and the Creed of the holy Fathers has handed down to us. (map taken from orthodoxwiki.org/chalcedon)

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