The Time Lineof Christian History5509 The starting point for the apo ktiseos kosmou (AKK) or annomundi

(AM) chronological system commonly employed by East Roman(Byzantine) scholars from about the fifth century.In this system, then, 1 A.D. corresponds to the year of the world5509/5510. 2000 A.D. is thus 7508/7509.East Roman year began with 1 September. Dionysus ExiguusIn the sixth century (A.D.), this monk and scholar was asked by the Pope towork out when Jesus Christ was born, so that a calendar or dating systemcould be introduced which placed events according to the number of yearsthey occurred either before or after the birth of Christ. This system came to beused in Christendom, instead of using the founding of Rome (753 B.C.) as thereference point, or "year zero."Dionysus made 2 mistakes:1. He got the date of Christs birth wrong2. He didnt include a year for the first year of Christs life- there should reallyhave been a "year zero", between 1 B.C. and 1 A.D.Much of his life was spent in Rome, where he governed a monastery as abbot.His industry was translating standard works from Greek into Latin. Hetranslated the "Life of St. Pachomius", the "Instruction of St. Proclus of Constantinople" for the Armenians,and the "De opificio hominis" of St. Gregoryof Nyssa. He died around 544 ADThe Alexandrian era attributed to the fifth century monk Panodorus,began on August 29, 5493 B.C.5199 In the Anno Mundi chronological system attributed to Eusebiusand common in the West before the adoption of the Anno Dominisystem, this year was the starting point.1 Time Line of Christian History4004 BC The year of the creation according to Bishop Ussher (1581-1656), an Anglo-Irish (Protestant) priest. Even though when the calendar was made so that the birth of Jesuswas to be the starting point of the year, the real dates are not exactly atthat point. So the 0 is not exactly the birth year of Jesus. TheCalendar was actually made after over 300 years. Year calculationswere complex because the year was not exactly defined. Some madeit 12 x 30 others 365 and adjustments were made to compensate for solar year.According to my own calculation based on Scripture alone theBirth of Christ was on 25thDecember 6 BCBCFirst year in Christian calendar, (A.D. = Anno Domini). In an attemptsecularize this Calendar, it is used as Common Era or C.E. by some.The Period Before Christ is written as B.C which is secularized asB.C.E.BC 6: Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus of Rome; Samaria, Judeaand Idumea annexed as province Iudaea under direct Romanadministration, capital. Caesarea Caesar Augustus2 Time Line of Christian History"When I had extinguished the flames of civil war, after receiving byuniversal consent the absolute control of affairs, I transferred therepublic from my own control to the will of the senate and the Romanpeople. For this service on my part I was given the title Augustus bydecree of the senate"The House of Herod ruled Palestinian area in three parts at that time.The Herod family included Archelaus, Antipas and Phillip.Coin of Herod ArchelausCoin of Herod AntipasCoin of Philip son of Herodthe Great and Cleopatra.7 BC 21 Tishri 3755 = 14 Oct 7 BCZachariahs Vision Day of Atonement3 Nissan 3755 =20 Mar 6 BCAnnunciation to Mary Six monthslater

15 Av 3755=28 July 6 Birth of John the Baptist6 BC: Publius Sulpicius Quirinius(c.45 BCE - 21 CE): Romansenator, famous as governor of Syria.1st Roman tax census of Iudaea.Birth of Jesusmust have been during this period.3 Time Line of Christian HistoryBirth of Jesus 25 December, 6 BC16 Tevet 3756 25 Dec 6 BCAD6-9 AD: In 6 AD., Herod Archelaus, son of Herod the Great, wasdeposed and banished to Gaul by Augustus. Archelaus' part of hisfather's kingdom (including Judea, Samaria, Idumea and Archelais)was (except for Archelais) organized as a Roman ProcuratorialProvince. Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea6-15: Ananus ben Seth: High Priest of Jerusalem Temple, appointedby Quirinius4 Time Line of Christian History6: Zealot's tax revolt: Judah of Gamala & Saddok the Pharisee[JA18.4,JW2.118] Judah of Gamala was a Nazir Israelite King-Priest (a direct descendant of theRoyal Davidian king line), and also the head of the Nazir Israelite Canaanitemovement (of which the Greeks called the Zealots), who made their first strikeduring the census. In the beginning the Nazir Israelite Canaanites gainedground, during what is known as the "Revolution of Census", but at the end, thewhole operation ended with a blood bath -ACTS 5: 37.Zealot Symbo7-26: Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea &Galilee30 BC - Hillel the Elder from Babylonia.- contemperory of Jesus."greatest Torah sage of Second Temple period", founder of Bet Hillel Torahschool. Hillel was recognized as the highest authority among the Pharisees(predecessors to rabbinic Judaism).42BC-37AD: Tiberius: Roman emperor.Tiberius 59BC-17AD: Livy, (Titus Livius)Roman historian: "History of Rome Of the original 142 booksof the work (published in sections) 35 are extant (Books IX, XXIXLV).There are fragments of some others5 Time Line of Christian HistoryTitus Livius18-36:Joseph Caiaphas:High Priest of Jerusalem Temple,appointed by V.Gratus A Sadducee, son-in-law of Annas. According to the Gospels, he presided at thecouncil that condemned Jesus to death. Later, he joined in the examination of Peter and John. Mat. 26.5768; John 11.4754; 18.24; Acts 4.6.Ossuary of Caiaphas found in 199019:Tiberius expels Septuagint missionaries from Rome,but they soon returned.202BC-220AD: Han dynasty in China63 BC-24AD:Strabo, Greek geographer, historian, and philosopher 6 Time Line of Christian Historyhttp://www.historywiz.com/christianity.htm26-36:Pontius Pilate:Roman Prefect of Iudaea(Samaria, Judea, and Idumea). Crucifixion of Jesusmust have been during this period. Pontius Pilate, Roman prefect of Judaea (A.D. 2636 ). He was supposedlya ruthless governor, and he was removed at the complaint of Samaritans,among whom he engineered a massacre. His attempt to evade responsibilityin the trial of Jesus was caused by his fear of the high priests' power and hisdifficult responsibility for the peace of Palestine. According to tradition hecommitted suicide at Rome. He is attested in the works of Josephus andEusebius. The Acts of Pilate, one of thePseudepigrapha(part of the Gospelof Nicodemus) tell of him as a Christian. In the Coptic and Ethiopic churches,Pilate has been canonized. Legend connects him with Mt.Pilatus.9

Time Line of Christian History27-29 :John the Baptist begins ministry [Luke 3:1-2: 15th year of Tiberius]27-30 :Jesus baptized in Jordan by John the Baptist, [Mk1:4-11]10BC- :Marcus Manilius, Roman poet,wrote: Astronomica in 30 AD50 BC-30AD:Shammai the Elder, founder of Bet Shammai Torahschool. "Shammai HaZaken, , c.50 B.C. c.A.D. 30, Jewish sage known for hisopposition to the liberal teachings of Hillel. He and his school interpreted theLaw extremely rigorously, emphasizing deed rather than intent.Pontius Pilate, (26-37 AD)Limestone82.0 cm H, 65.0 cm WBuilding Dedication4 Lines of Writing (Latin)Date of Discovery: 1961Israel Museum (Jerusalem)AE 1963 no. 104Inscription by Pontius Pilate10 Time Line of Christian HistoryAD 30 100 THE PERIOD OF SOWING APOSTOLIC AGE30-100Clement of Rome. Clement must have been alive during theministry of Jesus.28-30 :John the Baptist arrested/killed by Herod Antipas[Lk3:19-20,Josephus]27-30 :Jesus' ministry, foundation years of Christianity,30 :Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th,Last Supper would have been Thursday evening.(Possible Friday 14 Nisan crucifixion datesare 7 Apr 30, 3 Apr 33 or 30 Mar 36.)11 Time Line of Christian HistoryNew Covenant Era Starts30Resurrection of Jesus36Agrippa I (36 - 37) in Rome.Jonathan appointed Jerusalem High Priest (36 - 37) by SyrianLegate Vitellius.30 -65 :period of oral tradition in Christianity Between Jesus and theGospel of Mark1) (Simon) Peter as leader 2) James ,3) John ,4) Andrew,5) Philip,6) Bartholomew7) Matthew,8) Thomas,9)James son of Alpheus,10) Thaddeus,11) Simon the Revolutionary (or Zealot),1Judas the betrayer commits "suicide" [Ac1:1819],Matthias voted in as his replacement [Ac1:23-26],12 Time Line of Christian History Peters Pentecost Sermon - 3000 new converts in one day[Ac2:41],Peter and John jailed for one night for causing riots,Number of converts increases to 5000 [Ac3],Ananias and Sapphira die under mysterious circumstances after cheating the Assembly[Ac5],Aramaic [Ac1:19] and Greek [Ac6:1] in use early on,34Martyrdom of Stephen 7 Greeks added to 12 Apostles:Stephen,Philip,Prochorus,Nicanor,Timon,Parmenas,Nicolaus [Ac6],13 Time Line of Christian HistoryCHURCH AGE STARTS37-62 Paul of Tarsus(37 , Saul converts toPaul"TheApostle to the Gentiles" The Architect and Builder of the Church Paul, the world's first missionary, missionary to the Gentiles "...a man small in size, bald-headed, bandy-legged, well-built, with eyebrowsmeeting, rather long-nosed, full of grace. For sometimes he seemed like aman, and sometimes he had the countenance of an angel." Acts of Paul andThecla", Ante-Nicene FathersThe Apostle Paul (c. 3 - c. 66), whose birth name was Saul, was a Christianmissionary, martyr, saint, and author. The son of a Pharisee and Romancitizen, he was born in Tarsus of Cilicia. There is a general consensus thatPaul was also a Roman citizen. He is often referred to by other names,including Apostle of the Gentiles, Paul the Apostle, Saul of Tarsus, SaintPaul, and Saul1Activity of Christianity shifts from the Hellenic-Jewish-Christiansof Judea Samaria, and Galilee (Nazarenes "of Nazareth" andEbionites "poor ones") to the Gentile-Christians led by Paul andcentered in the church of Corinth ...14

Time Line of Christian History54 58 Pauls Third Missionary Journey55 Paul wrote1 Corinthians, from Ephesus.55/56 Paul departed Ephesus (Acts 20.1), visiting Macedonia andCorinth.2Corinthianswritten from Macedonia.57 Paul wroteRomansfrom Corinth. Departed Greece (Acts 20.3),and after passing through Troas (Acts 20.7-12), and preaching to thepresbyters of the church in Ephesus (Acts 20.18-35), came toJerusalem (Acts 21.17), ending the third missionary journey.57-59 Paul imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23.33-26.32), under Felix andFestus.59 Pauls Fourth Journey in chains21 Time Line of Christian History60 Paul arrived at Rome (Acts 28.16).61/62 Paul wrote the epistles entitled Philemon, Colossians, Ephesiansand Philippians58: Ming-Ti, emperor of China, introduces Buddhism to China58 : Felix crushes Jewish revolt in Caesarea60 -62: Porcius Festus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea60: Paul imprisoned in Rome [Acts28:16]62: Paul martyred for treason in Rome62Tradition has it thatBartholomewwas martyred in Kalyan, a citystate on the west coast of India, near modern-day Bombay.Bartholomew was skinned alive and crucified.62 James the Just, "the Lord's Brother," martyred.Ananus, called a "sanhedrin" and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah, James by name, and some others. He made the accusationthat they had transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.[JA20.9.1]According to tradition,James the Just, bishop of Jerusalem, was killed in thetemple by an angry mob, apparently struck in the head with a sledgehammer 22 Time Line of Christian History This inscription on the bone box reads: "Yaakov bar Yoseph akhuid'Yeshua." James was martyred in AD 62. The story of his martyrdomcan be found in Eusebius of Caesarea's work,Church History (AD325),Book II, Chapter 23: The Martyrdom of James, who was called the Brother of the Lord 62: Jesus the Rustic, proclaims "... a voice against Jerusalem ..."[Josephus]64: In Rome, persecution of early Christians begins under Emperor Nero Great Fire of Rome: Nero accused and persecuted theChristians: [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal Jew;Meier;p.89-90]63-66 Paul traveled to Macedonia, Asia Minor, Crete, and possiblySpain.1 Timothy and Tituswritten.641st Persecution of Christians, under Nero.64 Simon Magus (Acts 8.9-24) and St. Peter had confrontations inRome.Simon, wishing to gain an advantage over Peter and to impress Claudiuswith his ability to fly, fell to his death from the top of the Roman Forum.64 The church in Alexandria founded by St. Mark, thedisciple of Peter.64 Herods temple in Jerusalem completed.- ThirdTemple.23 Time Line of Christian History In 63 BC, Romans incorporated Judah (what is now Palestine) into their empireas Judea and placed the Jewish lands under kings. Appointed to thesekingships was the Herod dynasty, a family of Jews who gained favor with theRomans. The Herodian family ruled over the Palestinian area from 40 BC untilaround AD 100. The most significant member of this family was Herod theGreat, who ruled from 37 to 4 BC. Herod rebuilt many fortresses in the land andtemples in Gentile territories. He rebuilt Stato's Tower, renamed Caesarea, andin 24 BC he built for himself a royal palace in Jerusalem. But his most notableachievement was the building a temple in Jerusalem, which was begun in20/19 BC and finished in 63 AD, long after his death in 4 BC. Herod the Greatsexpansion project began around 19 BC. The renovation by Herod began withthe building of giant underground vaults upon which the temple would

be builtso it could be larger than the small flat area on top of Mount Moriah.This wasknown as the Third Temple. This was the temple standing at the time of Jesus,This temple was destroyed in AD 70.65-150: Didache: Instructions of the Apostles, pub. 1883(Apostolic Fathers)Didache( [Gr.,=teaching], early Christian work written in Greek, called alsoThe Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.Dates for its composition suggested byscholars have ranged from A.D. 50 to A.D. 150. Discovered in 1875 byBryennios, Greek Orthodox metropolitan of Nicomedia, it is an invaluableprimary source for the primitive church. The first part is a collection of moralprecepts, perhaps based on rabbinical teachings (there are many quotationsfrom the Old Testament); the second portion gives directions for baptism andthe Eucharist; the third contains directions for bishops and deacons. TheDidachemay be of composite authorship. Didache indicates worship was onSunday: Assemble on the Lords day, and break bread and offer theeucharist; but first make confession of your faults, so that your sacrifice maybe a pure one.65-150: Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter (Complete Gospels)65-150: Gospel redaction and compilation stage of Christianity,Post-Paul, center of Christianity shifts to Antioch and Rome"NewBabylon" of 1Pet5:1324 Time Line of Christian History65 : Q (German:Quelle:Source), hypothetical Greek text used in Matt &Luke65-150: Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 191465-350: "Jewish-Christian Gospels":7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and7 fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek;36 fragments of Gospel of the Nazarenes in Aramaic..64-66: Gessius Florus: Roman Procurator of Iudaea a Greek from AsiaMinor, raids Temple setting off Jewish rebellion of 66-7067: General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee66-70: Roman-Jewish War :66Jewish rebellion began and war between the Romans and Jewsensued.70: Jerusalem was taken in and destroyed, as was theSecond Temple (Herod's Temple) under General Titus, Vespasian'seldest son,Coin with the legend "Freedomof Zion". Minted 67-6825 Time Line of Christian History67 Pauls second trial in Rome. 2 Timothywritten. St.Paul martyredon the road from Rome to Ostia. Beheaded by the sword.67: Peter, martyred (crucified ) in Rome The tradition that he was crucified on an inverted cross is first found inEusebius' Ecclesiastical History 2.25.5-8. St. Jerome further records thetradition that this was Peter's requestEusebius in his book entitled Ecclesiastical History (written AD 325)26 Time Line of Christian HistoryIn the first century Rome's Christians did not have their owncemeteries.If they owned land, they buried their relatives there,. Theyused common cemeteries. That is why Peter and Paul were buried in"necropolis" ("city of the dead")67-78: Linus becomes second (first ) Pope: 2Tm4:21Pope from64 -76 (but Esubius gives 67-79)68: Nero commits suicide & resurrects as "Nero redivivus" (Revelation's666 )68: Qumran (Essenes ) (Dead Sea Scrolls - 1949)community destroyed by Rome69 According to tradition, St.Andrewwas crucified in Patrae, on thePeloponnesus peninsula.69: Galba(6/68-1/69), Otho(1-4), Vitellius(6-12), emperors in series of Rome69-79-81-96: Flavian Dynasty of Rome:Vespasian - Titus Domitian27 Time Line of Christian History69-79: Vespasian emperor of Rome,quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem70-640: Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel70-132: Sanhedrin

(High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Jabneh(Jamnia), begun by Rabban Johanan ben Zakkai to 'performcommandments and teach Torah'70 : Gospel of Mark, Peter's interpreter [1Pt5:13], written in Rome, ends unexpectedly at Mk16:8, original ending apparently lost, endingsadded ~40073: Jewish fortress at Masada falls to Rome,residents commit mass suicide74 : Publius Annius Florus, Roman historian79: Pliny the Elder, b.23, Roman scholar,vyesictim of Vesuvius eruption, wrote of Essenes.7981: Titus: Emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian79-91: Pope Anacletus: "blameless ", Titus 1:779 According to tradition,Jude and Simonwere torn apart by aPersian mob after this date. Simon had joined forces with Jude after atrip to Britain. Jude had been in Armenia.80 : Gospel of Matthew, most popular in early church, based onMark and Q80/90 : "Council of Jamnia"said to have canonized JewishScripture. The JewishSynod of Jamniaestablished the Hebrew canon, the modernProtestant Old Testament. Esther, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Solomon, andEzekiel were nearly left out of the canon, while Sirach was a strong butunsuccessful contender for inclusion. Rabbis at Jamnia also articulated thetheory that every letter in the Hebrew has a meaning.28 Time Line of Christian History The language of the early church was Greek, and the version of the OldTestament in use among both Christians and Jews of the diaspora was theSeptuagint. The Septuagint contains books (sometimes termed theApocrypha) not included in the Jamnian canon. As the Septuagintsprophecies of the Messiah frequently were used polemically by Christians,the translation fell out of favor among the Jews. In time, non-PalestinianJews accepted the decisions of Jamnia. New translations of the OldTestament scriptures were made based on the Jamnian standard text.81-96: Domitian: emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus "90 : Gospel of Luke, based on Mark & Q, also Acts - same author,style of LXX90 According to tradition,Philipwas crucified upside down (like Peter)in Hierapolis, Asia Minor 90 According to Hippolytus,Matthewdied a natural death, in Hierees,Persia.91-101: Pope Clement I: Phil 4:3 , wrote to Corinth in 95: "1 Clement"932nd Persecution of Christians, under Domitian (81-96). The apostleJohn banished to Patmos.29 Time Line of Christian History37 100 Josephus : Josephus, Flavius, A.D. 37c.A.D. 100,Jewish historian andsoldier, b. Jerusalem. Josephus' historical works are among the mostvaluable sources for the study of early Judaism and early Christianity.Having studied the tenets of the three main sects of JudaismEssenes, Sadducees, and Phariseeshe became a Pharisee. At thebeginning of the war between the Romans and Jews, he was madecommander of Galilee, despite the fact that he had opposed theuprising. He surrendered to the Romans instead of committing suicidewhen the stronghold was taken. He won the favor of the Romangeneral Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus) and took his name,Flavius. He lived in Rome under imperial patronage, where he wrotethe Greek-language historical works for which he is renowned. Hewrote The Jewish War ; the famous Antiquities of the Jews,a history of the Jews from creation to the war with Rome; Against Apion,an exalteddefense of the Jews; and his autobiography, or apologia. Josephusclaims exactly 22

Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns96-98: Nerva: Emperor of Rome98-116: Trajan: emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximumsize30 Time Line of Christian History100 : Gospel of John Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John (Apocrypha)Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras),Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments foundat Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)Masoretes at Tiberias compile Masora (MT), standard Jewish ScripturesSecret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, InfancyGospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)100 CerinthusAround this time the hereticCerinthusflourished. His teachings were anoffshot of the Ebionites yet similar to Gnosticism. He taught that the visibleworld and heavens were not made by the supreme being, but by a lesser power (Demiurge) distinct from him. Not Jehovah but the angels have madethe world and given the law. These creator-angels were ignorant of theexistence of the Supreme God.He also claimed that Jesus was simply the natural son of Joseph and Mary,and that a separate supernatural being, the Christ, came upon Jesus at hisbaptism and departed at his crucifixion. According to the third century bishopDionysius of Alexandria, the doctrine he taught was this: that the kingdom of Christ will be an earthly one. Cerinthus was himself devoted to thepleasures of the body and altogether sensual in his nature. In Dionysiusday, some claimed that Cerinthus wrote the book of Revelation.End of Apostolic Era31 Time Line of Christian HistoryAD 100 -105-165 Justin Martyr Christian apologist, called also Justin the Philosopher. Born in Samariaof pagan parents, he studied philosophy, and after his conversion inEphesus to Christianity at about the age of 38, he went from place toplace trying to convert men of learning by philosophical argument. Heopened a school of Christian philosophy at Rome, where he and somedisciples were finally martyred under Marcus Aurelius. Of his writings(in Greek), only two undisputed works remain, the Apology (with anappendix called the Second Apology ) and the Dialogue. The Apology isa learned defense of Christians against charges of atheism andsedition in the Roman state; it contains an exposition of Christian ethicsand invaluable records of the customs and practices of 2d-centuryChristianity. TheDialoguesets forth in the form of an argument withTrypho (or Tryphon) the Jew a philosophic defense of Christian beliefs,particularly with reference to Jewish writings; it has references to theGospels that have been of much interest to students of the Bible32

Time Line of Christian History1073rd Persecution of Christians, under Trajan (98-117).110: "Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, hisletters were subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent.(Apostolic Fathers) Ignatius of Antioch,d. c.107, bishop of Antioch and Christian martyr,called Theophorus [Gr.,= Godbearer]. Hewas probably a convert and a disciple of St.John the Evangelist. On his way to Rome tobe martyred by the wild beasts of theamphitheater, he wrote the important letters tothe churches in Rome and in Asia Minor, andto St. Polycarp. The seven epistles are aninvaluable testimony to the beliefs andinternal organization of the early Christians.St. Ignatius is the first writer to stress thevirgin birth. He firmly denounced Docetismand viewed the mystery of the Trinity as anassumed doctrine of faith. The only guaranteeagainst heresy, he taught, is the church unitedunder a bishop. St. Ignatius is the first inChristian literature to use the wordCatholic.61-114 Pliny the Younger, Roman consul115: Lucian of SamosataGk satirist. Lucian wrote a satire calledThePassing of Peregrinus, in which the lead character, Peregrinus, takesadvantage of the generosity and gullibility of Christians. This is one of theearliest surviving pagan perceptions of Christianity.115-117: Kitos War in Jerusalem, provoked by Roman Procurator Lucius Quietus125 - 225 Proliference of Gnostic writings.125: Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome.130-200: "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism33 Time Line of Christian History130: "Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary , lostPapias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of theSayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) Papiasfl. A.D. 130, early Christian theologian said to have been bishop of Hieropolis and a friend of St. Polycarp. Papias' five-volume work,Oracles; or,Explanations of the Sayings of the Lord,survives only in fragments quotedby Eusebius of Caesarea and St. Irenaeus. These are valuable sources for the history of the church.130 : Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism,Aquila of PontusTranslator of the canonical Scriptures from Hebrewinto Greek. He was by birth a Gentile from Pontus, and is said by Epiphaniusto have been a connection by marriage of the emperor Hadrian and to havebeen appointed by him about the year 128 to an office concerned with therebuilding of Jerusalem as "lia Capitolina." At some unknown age he joinedthe Christians, but afterward left them and became a proselyte to Judaism.According to Jerome he was a disciple of Rabbi Akiba. The Talmud statesthat he finished his translations under the influence of R. Akiba and that hisother teachers were Eliezer ben Hyrcanus and Joshua ben Hananiah. It iscertain, however, that Aquila's translation had appeared before thepublication of Irenus' "Adversus Hreses";i.e., before 177.Not to be confused with Aquila and Priscilla.132-135: Bar Kokhba RevoltBar Kocbha CoinThe final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, all of southern Syria and renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)34 Time Line of Christian History50 -135: R. Akiva ben Joseph of Judea, executed by the Romans for teaching Torah in public after revolt, flesh was torn from his body withiron combs, coined "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself" as 1stprinciple of Torah138-161: Antoninus Pius: emperor of Rome138-165: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Usha,Galilee 140- 160 Letters of Marcion, produces

his own canon without OTand using only a heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites"Western" Gospel text-type. Valentius and Marcion were Gnostics of the period. 150 Gnostic Gospel of Thomas Marcionc.85c.160,early Christian bishop, founder of theMarcionites, one of the first great Christian heresies to rival CatholicChristianity. He was born in Sinope. He taught in Asia Minor, then went(c.135) to Rome, where he perfected his theory. In 144 he wasexcommunicated from the church. He then formed a church of his own,which became widespread and powerful. Marcion taught that there were twogods, proclaiming that the stern, lawgiving, creator God of the OldTestament, and the good, merciful God of the New Testament were different.He considered the creator god the inferior of the two. Marcion also rejectedthe real incarnation of Christ, claiming that he was a manifestation of theFather. Though generally seen as one of the most important leaders of thesomewhat loosely defined movement known as Gnosticism, he did not sharesome of the main premises of other Gnostic sects. He believed in salvationby faith rather than by gnosis; he rejected the Gnostic emanation theory; andhe sought truth in his own truncated version of the New Testament, whichincluded only 10 of the so-called Pauline Epistles and an edited version of St.Luke.He completely rejected the Old Testament. He explained in his Antithesesthat since Jewish law was often opposed to St. Paul, all passages in theBible that suggested the Jewish foundation of Christianity should besuppressed, even including such statements by St. Paul. Marcionismemphasized asceticism and influenced the developments of Manichaeism,by which it was later absorbed. Its effect on orthodox Christianity was to35 Time Line of Christian History cause a canonical New Testament to be assembled and promulgated and thefulfillment of the Old Law in the New Law to be clearly enounced.135-160 ValentiusValentinus c.135c.160, founder of the Valentinians,the most celebrated of the Gnostic sects (see Gnosticism) of the 2d cent.The little that is known of his life is found in the works of early Christiantheologians who refuted him, such as St. Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria. Probably born in Egypt, Valentinus received his education inAlexandria and after c.135 t aught in Rome, where he attracted brilliantconverts.Valentinus viewed ultimate reality as a procession of aeons, 33 in all, issuingin pairs from the primal aeons, abyss and silence. From these came mindand truth, in turn engendering word (logos) and life. The thirtieth aeon,Sophia, by her inordinate desire to penetrate the abyss, caused greatdisorder within the pleroma (divine realm). Her passion was banished to aformless existence outside the pleroma. It is for the restoration of order andthe salvation of the progeny issuing from the expelled passion that the lastthree aeons are producedChrist, the Holy Spirit, and Jesus the Savior, whois the common fruit of the pleroma. Ruler of the outcast world is the proudDemiurge, identified with the deity of the Old Testament, who created theforms of life by which man is ensnared. Jesus appears in the world to revealthe knowledge (gnosis) that will restore man to the divine order. Valentinuswrote letters, homilies, and psalms, of which fragments survive. The recentlydiscovered Coptic manuscript Gospel of Truth may be by Valentinus.Valentinus was the founder of Roman and Alexandrian schools of Gnosticism, an eclectic, dualistic system of religious doctrines postulating theevil origin of matter and the revelatory enlightenment, or gnosis, of an elite.Valentinus flourished 136-165 CE in Rome and Alexandria. Valentinian communities, by their expansion and long standing, provided a major challenge to 2nd and 3rd century Christian theology.36

Time Line of Christian History140 Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek150 Justin Martyr's "Dialogue with Trypho" fictional Christian-JewishdebateGospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (NagHammadi)Papyrus P29,38,48 & Codex Bezae (D)Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963155 :Polycarp,bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: Polycarp, Saintc.A.D. 70A.D. 160 , Greek bishop of Smyrna, Father of theChurch. He was a disciple of St. John, who appointed him bishop. Thus helinked the apostles and such 2d-century Christian expositors as St.Irenaeus. St. Polycarp was a close friend of St.Ignatius of Antioch. As a very old man,Polycarp went to Rome to discuss the problem of dating Easter. He died amartyr in Smyrna. His one surviving work is theEpistle to the Philippians.Irenaeus wrote, Polycarp also was not only instructed by the Apostles, andconversed with many who had seen Christ, but was also by Apostles in Asia,ordained Bishop of the Church in Smyrna, whom I also saw in my earlyyouth, having always taught the things which he had learned from theApostles, and which the Church has handed down, and which alone aretrue.164-180: Great Plague in Roman empire165: Letters of Justin Martyr, cites "Acts of Pilate", debates Trypho theJew165-180: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held inShefaram, Galilee37 Time Line of Christian History166-174: Pope Soter: moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday125 202Irenaeus,(130- 200) bishop of Lyons Irenaeus,c.125c.202,Greektheologian, bishop of Lyons, then calledLugdunum, in Gaul, and one of theFathers of the Church.Born in Asia Minor, he was adisciple of St.Polycarp.Irenaeus went to Rome toplead for leniency toward the Montanists andfor those Eastern Christians who werethreatened with excommunication because theydid not observe the Roman date for Easter. Heremained in the West and died in Gaul.Irenaeus was the earliest Father of the Church tosystematize those Christian beliefs that wouldlater be accepted as orthodox doctrine and iscited frequently by later theologians. Only two of his works surviveneither in the originalGreek. The five-volume Against Heresiesestablishes Christian doctrine against theGnostics and incidentally supplies much information on Gnosticism. TheEpideixix is a concise exposition of Christian doctrine. 177Irenaeus believed that the plan of the new covenant is the recapitulationof the original creation: by Adams sin, the likeness to God had been lost,but the image had been retained. By faith in Christ, man may recover thelost likeness. For him, the history of salvation is a progressive education inwhich God has gradually brought man forward in a long process by thegospel.Irenaeus, like Justin Martyr, believed that Christ will reign on earthfor a thousand years, and he vehemently protested againstattempts to allegorize away the millenarian proof texts.Irenaeus argued against the Gnostic doctrine of a secret teaching byappealing to apostolic succession -- if there had been such a teaching, theapostles would have passed it on to their successors. The apostles, heclaimed, taught the Rule of Faith (very similar to our Apostles Creed).Irenaeus wrote, The tradition of the Apostles is manifest throughout thewhole world; and we are in a position to reckon up those who were, by theApostles, ordained bishops in the churches, and the succession of thosemen to our own time. If the Apostles had known hidden mysteries, theywould have delivered them, especially to those to whom they werecommitting the churches themselves. For they were desirous those menshould be very perfect and blameless in all things, whom also they wereleaving behind as their successors, delivering up their own place of 38

Time Line of Christian History government to these men.Irenaeus viewed baptism as the seal of eternal life and new birth unto God,through which the Holy Spirit is imparted. He wrote, ... he came to save allpersons himself; all, I mean, who by him are regenerated unto God: infantsand little ones and children and youths and older persons. (Since infantsare said to be born again, this seems to be a reference to infant baptism.)For Irenaeus the eucharist was the new oblation of the new covenantoffered to God throughout the world. Irenaeus associated the eucharist notclosely with Christs passion, as Justin did, but sees it primarily as anoffering of first fruits. But Irenaeus did identify the bread and wine withChrists body and blood. Irenaeus held that Mary was not sinless. He isthe earliest source for the churchs observance of Pentecost as a specialfeast day. He does state that Peter had been in Rome, and that Linus hadbeen the first bishop there, having been jointly ordained by Peter and Paul.Irenaeus mentioned a group of Gnostics who honored images, giving theimpression that the use of images was relatively unknown in the Church inhis location and time. He affirmed that the charismata were still active inhis day, noting that demons were expelled, the future predicted, and thedead raised by members of the Church. In refuting one of the Gnostics'peculiar interpretations of scripture, Irenaeus related the tradition he hadreceived from those who had known John (and other apostles) to the effectthat Jesus had been nearly fifty years old when he was crucified.170: Christian council on Montanistsect in Asia Minor 170 : Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OTtranslation.Ebionites[Aramaic,=poor], JewishChristian sect of rural Palestine, of thefirst centuries after Jesus. There were two groups, according to Origen. TheJudaic Ebionites held closely to Mosaic law and regarded Jesus as a miracle-working prophet and St. Paul as an apostate. Gnostic Ebionites believedChrist to be a spirit, invisible to men, giving him the title Prophet of the Truth. 175: Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek *NT Apocrypha+1775th Persecution of the church, under the Emperor Marcus Aurelius(161-180). About this time also Gnostic hereticsdisturbed the churches of the Rhone valley. These churches were39 Time Line of Christian Historylargely Greek, having close connections with the churches of AsiaMinor. The Gnostics provoked much of the work of Irenaeus of Lyons.Marcus Aurelius Antonius (121-180 AD)Roman emperor and Stoic philosopher.178: Celsus writes "True Discourse", a pro-Pagan/antiChristianpolemic, lost154=222 179 Conversion of Bardesanes (154-222) toChristianity. Bardesanes was instrumental in the introduction of Christianity into theregion of Edessa, and was considered heretical by the Christians who cameafter him. He was influenced by Gnostic thought, denying the immediatecreation by God of the universe and Satan, introducing a series of intermediate beings instead. Bardesanes thus became a leading figure inSyrian Gnosticism. Christian philosopher and poet of Syria, missionaryamong the Armenians. Conflicting traditions report him both as defender of the faith against various Gnostic sects and as a heretic and founder of Bardesanism.When twenty-five years old, he heard the preaching of the bishop Hystapesand converted to Christianity. He soon converted his friend king Abgar IX of Edessa (179-216 e.v.), who established Bardesanian Christianity as theEdessan state religion. When Edessa was conquered by the RomanEmperor Caracalla in 216 e.v., Bardesanes fled to Armenia, where hecontinued his teachings.180-192: Commodus: Emperor of Rome180-210: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held in Beth-shearim40

Time Line of Christian History185-350: Canon Muratorian: first extant for NT written in Romeby Hippolytus Rejected all Old Testaments. Excluded -Hebrews, James, 1-2Pt, 3Jn;Included: Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter 189-198: Pope Victor I: first Latin Pope, excommunicated Easternchurches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14"Quartodeciman"190: Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter 197 Quartodeciman Easter controversy193-211: Septimius Severus: emperor of Rome200: Mishnah, Torah teachings, Halakhah (Oral Law), byHillel/Akiva/Meir/Judah 200-300: period of NeoPlatonism: developed in Alexandria, last of Greek philosophies200: Papyrus 66; Papyrus 75: Papyrus 46; Papyrus 32: Papyrus 64(+67):Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type41 Time Line of Christian History200 Mara Bar-Serapion (died ~211), eighth bishop of Antioch,wrote that theGospel of Peter should be rejected on the groundsthat it had not been "handed down tous." Bishop of Antioch (190-211).Known principally through histheological writings.200 : Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage , originals no longer extant Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in AlexendriaTheodotion, Greek convert to Judaism, makes revision of LXX(Septuagint)160c.230215 Tertullian becomes Montanist.42 Time Line of Christian History Tertullian(Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullianus),c.160c.230,Roman theologian and Christian apologist, b. Carthage. Hewas the son of a centurion and was well educated, especially in law.Converted to Christianity c.197, he became the most formidable defender of the faith in his day. His Latin is vigorous and effective and reflects his juridicaltraining. Sentences of his that have become proverbial are The blood of martyrs is the seed of the church, and It is certain because it is impossible.Some of Tertullian's opinions differed from the main stream of Christianthought, particularly his more rigorous view of sin and its forgiveness. After long defending the Montanists, he left the church to join them; he later established his own sect, known as Tertullianists. Tertullian's most importantwritings are Apologeticus, Ad Nationes,andDe Praescriptione.202 Martyrdom of Perpetua, Felicitas, and their companions150-220 :Clementof Alexandria,bishop, cites"Alexandrian" NTtext-type & SecretGospel of Mark & Gospelof the Egyptians; wrote:"Exhortations tothe Greeks";"RichMan's Salutation";"Tothe Newly Baptized"43 Time Line of Christian HistoryCrypt of St.Cecilia210-240: Sanhedrin (High Court) of Judaism regularly held inSepphoris Galilee212-217: Geta and Caracalla: Emperors of Rome212: "Civis Romanus sum!", Roman citizenship for every free bornsubject217: Judah Ha-Nasi, "Rabbi", codified Mishnah (200)218222: Heliogabalus: emperor of Rome222Julius Africanus the Chronologist Julius Africanuswent on an embassy to the emperor Severus to gainhis support for the building of Nicopolis in Palestine (formerly Emmaus).Africanus is best known for his chronology, in which he states that the time fromAdam to the sixteenth year of Tiberius (29/30 A.D.) is 5531 years. It would thusseem that 1 A.D. is year of the world 5501 in Julius chronology. Nevertheless,the chronographer George Synkellos (see 808-10) stated that Africanus datedthe creation of the world to 1 A.M. (anno mundi, year

of the world -- 5501 B.C.),the Flood to 2262 A.M. (3240 B.C.), the Exodus to 3707 A.M. (1795 B.C.), theIncarnation to 5500 A.M. (2 B.C.), and the crucifixion to 5531 A.M. (30 A.D.).Africanus was also architect for the library Severus built in the Pantheon inRome, completed in around 227, and he corresponded with Origen, arguingthat the book of Susanna (included in the Septuagint text of Daniel) wasspurious.222-235: Alexander Severus: emperor of Rome225 : Papyrus 45: Papyrus 967: ~Codex Vaticanus45 Time Line of Christian History230-250: Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen 231 A private house in the city of Dura-Europason the Euphrates wasadapted for Christian worship. This is the earliest known example of a churchwith religious pictures on the walls. The art appears to have been influencedby similar work in a synagogue in the same city. Depicted on frescoes areAdam and Eve, the Good Shepherd and his flock, the Samaritan woman at thewell, Christ walking on the water, the raising of Lazarus, the resurrection of Christ, the healing of the paralytic and Davids victory over Goliath.The baptistry in the Christian Church at Dura-Europos.235 Persecution under the emperor Maximin (235-238).236-238: Maximinus: emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Romeby deporting Pope Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia wherethey soon die238-244: Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III: emperors of Rome46 Time Line of Christian History249 In around this year, a council in Smyrna determined that hereticsmust be rebaptized before they could enter the Church. This is whatwas reversed in the Council of Nicea.249517th Persecution of the Church, under theemperor Decius (249-251).251: Christian council of Carthage.244-249: Philip the Arabian: Emperor of Rome.249-251: Decius: emperor of Rome250: Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; churchfathers250: Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered assaints250: Diophantus of Alexandria, first book of algebra250 :Mandeans(followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"47 Time Line of Christian History Mandaeans or Mandeans, a small religious sect in Iran and S Iraq, whomaintain an ancient belief resembling that of Gnosticism and that of theParsis. They are also known as Christians of St. John, Nasoraeans, Sabians,and Subbi. A few Mandaeans survive, some near the Tigris and Euphratesrivers, others in the area of Shushtar, Iran, and in cities of Asia Minor. Their customs and writings indicate early Christian, perhaps pre-Christian, origin.Their system of astrology resembles those of ancient Babylonia and the cultsof the Magi in the last centuries B.C. Their emanation system and their dualism suggest a Gnostic origin, but unlike the Gnostics, they abhor asceticism and emphasize fertility. Although some of their practices wereinfluenced by Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, they reject all three. TheMandaeans respect St. John the Baptist because of his baptizing, since their principal concern is ritual cleanliness and their chief rite is frequent baptism.The custom, which antedated the baptisms of St. John, stems from the belief that living water is the principle of life. They have a communion sacrament,which is offered for the remembrance of the dead and resembles Parsi ritualmeals. The origin of the Mandaeans is not known; it

is conjectured that theycame from a mountainous region N of Babylonia and Persia, where theysettled in ancient times; however, more recent scholarship places their originin Palestine or Syria. Their chief holy book, theGinza Rba,like their other books, is a compendium of cosmology, cosmogony, prayers, legends, andrituals, written at various times and often contradictory.250 : Papyrus 72: Papyrus Chester Beatty:251-253: Gallus: emperor of Rome251-258: anti-Pope Novatian: decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism48 Time Line of Christian History253-260: Valerian: emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests andDeacons254-257: Pope Stephen I: major schism over rebaptizing heretics andapostates254: Origen, b.185 , coined "homoousios" or Jesus and God of one substance,adopted at Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versionsof LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew transliterated in Greek, Aquila'sGreek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans., Origen's revised LXX Greektrans., Theodotion's revised LXX; Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans.,Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" &"Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Or. castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12OrigenAdamantius became head of the catechetical school inAlexandria. He left the school in 232 or 233. Born in Alexandriaaround 185, Origen had been taught by Ammonius Saccas, the sameperson who later taught Plotinus (see 244 below). Many speculatethat Ammonius was the originator of Neoplatonism. Later, Origenhad been instructed by Clement of Alexandria. Origen died in Tyre in253 or 254. His death was largely due to the harsh treatment hereceivedin prison in Tyre during the Decian persecutions (from about 249).49 Time Line of Christian History Origin compiled theHexapla, six translations of the Old Testament in parallelcolumns including the Hebrew, a transliteration of the Hebrew into Greek,and the four main Greek versions. His method of interpreting scriptures waslargely allegorical and conveyed spiritual truth -- the literal sense was of littlemoment to him. Like Clement, he rejected a literal millennium.He believed that all souls existed before they united with the flesh. All soulsbut one fell away from God; and it was this one faithful soul that God choseto unite with his Logos to form the Son of Man. Origen believed in thefreedom of the will, and did not exclude the possibility that the redeemedmay fall away, even in heaven. On the other hand, Origen held that the devilhimself will be saved. Many of his views, particularly on the preexistence of souls and universal redemption, were condemned at the Fifth EcumenicalCouncil in 553.Origen was opposed to Monarchianism, either in its modalistic form, or in theview that the Son was simply a holy man filled to a unique degree with theSpirit. He taught that while the Father and the Son are one in power and will,they are two distinct realities (similar to Justins Logos theology). They aredistinct as the archetype and the flawless image. But,in Origen, the Son islower in being than the Father and is subordinate to him. The Son isbegotten, not made, and his generation is eternal, not in time. He is themediator between the created world and the Supreme Father.Origen insisted Mary needed redemption from her sins, like all other humans. Unlike Tertullian, he believed Mary remained a virgin for the rest of her life. He believed Jesus brothers are Josephs sons, not hers. . In hisCommentary on Romans, written between 233 and 244, Origen wrote, It isalso due to this *hereditary sin+ that the church has a tradition from theapostles to give baptism even to infants.In

Mt 16.17-18 Origen saw the Rock as Christ (1 Cor 10.4), and all whohave faith in Christ like Peter as rocks. According to Ep 2.2, all the apostles(and the prophets) are the foundation on which the church is built.Origen died in 254 after torture.200 - 258: Letters of Thascius Caecilus Cyprianus (Cyprian) , bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims Christians are freelyforging his letters to discredit him. Martyred in 258.260-268: Gallienus: emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restoresRoman church50 Time Line of Christian History260-272: Christian council on Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch,founder of Adoptionism: Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descendedat his baptism Paul of SamosataSyrian Christian theologian, heretical patriarch of Antioch. He was a friend and high official of Zenobia of Palmyra. Paulenounced a dynamic monarchianism, denying the three Persons of theTrinity. He taught that the Logos came to dwell in Jesus at baptism, but thatJesus possessed no extraordinary nature above other men, the Logos beingentirely an attribute of God. Paul was repeatedly challenged and finallyexcommunicated (269), but he continued to function as bishop under Zenobia's protection until the Romans took Palmyra (272). Arius may havebeen his pupil and his influence on Nestorius was considerable, but hisconnection with the Paulicians is disputed. See adoptionism.According to Simeon of Beit Arsam, Paul had said, I too, if I wish, shall beChrist since I and Christ are of one and the same nature. Theodore of Mopsuestia quoted Paul as follows: I do not envy Christ because he hasbeen made God. For what he was made, I was made, since it is in mynature. It was reported that at Antioch psalms were sung in praise of Paulrather than of God.Paul was condemned by a synod in Antioch in 268 (264 )190 -264: Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria268: Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth268-270: Claudius II: emperor of Rome275: Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17- 17:2276-282: Marcus Aurelius Probus: emperor of Rome276: Mani,b.215, crucified,51 Time Line of Christian History Founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia - GnosticMani visits China and India.Mani converts Inner Indian Churches into Gnostic groups which grewinto present day Hinduism.Persecution of Christians in Central India.Introduction of idols in Indian Churches which was strongly objected by theMalankara Churches.Mani was born in southern Babylon sometime around the year 215 or 216CE and received his first revelation at the age of 12. Around the age of 20 heseems to have completed his system of thought and began missionary workaround the year 240. Although he found some support early on from Persianrulers, he and his followers were eventually persecuted and he appears tohave died in prison in 276. His beliefs had, however, spread as far as Egyptand attracted a great many scholars, including Augustine.Manicheism, the belief system named after him, is an extreme form of dualistic gnosticism. It is gnostic because it promises salvation through theattainment of special knowledge of spiritual truths. It is dualistic because itargues that the foundation of the universe is the opposition of two principles,good and evil, each equal in relative power.284-305: Diocletian: emperor of Rome, notorious persecutor of Christians285: Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires52

Time Line of Christian History296-304: Pope Marcellinus: apostate, offered pagan sacrifice for Diocletian300: Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in AlexandriaHesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost[Jerome]Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of GreekPsalms; Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets300St. Gregory the Illuminator converted King Tiridates III of Armenia to the Christian faith. Armenia thus became a Christiannation. During the following century, the liturgy was translated into andconducted in Armenian.300The Apostolic Constitutions Canon 85 gave the following list of the canon of Scripture: Let the followingbooks be esteemed venerable and holy by you, both of the clergy and laity.Of the Old Covenant: the five books of MosesGenesis, Exodus, Leviticus,Numbers, and Deuteronomy; one of Joshua the son of Nun, one of theJudges, one of Ruth, four of the Kings, two of the Chronicles, two of Ezra,one of Esther, one of Judith, three of the Maccabees, one of Job, one53 Time Line of Christian History hundred and fifty psalms; three books of Solomon-Proverbs, Ecclesiastes,and the Song of Songs; sixteen prophets. And besides these, take care thatyour young persons learn the Wisdom of the very learned Sirach. But our sacred books, that is, those of the New Covenant, are these: the four Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John; the fourteen Epistles of Paul; twoEpistles of Peter, three of John, one of James, one of Jude; two Epistles of Clement; and the Constitutions dedicated to you the bishops by me Clement,in eight books; which it is not fit to publish before all, because of themysteries contained in them; and the Acts of us the Apostles. *Note thatRevelationis absent from the New Testament canon.]The Apostolic Constitutionsalso contain clear evidence that infantcommunion was practiced in the church.301 Under King Tiridate, Armenia adopted Christianity as the statereligion.303 Thecouncil of Elvira(Illiberis, near Granada). Nineteen bishopsand 24 priests met at this first council of the Church in Spain. Thecouncil adopted 81 canons, 34 of them dealing with marriage andsexual misconduct.1306337: Emperor Constantine the Great: converts toChristianityon deathbed 54 Time Line of Christian History Donatism, schismatic movement among Christians of N Africa (fl. 4thcent.), led by Donatus, bishop of Casae Nigrae (fl. 313), and the theologianDonatus the Great or Donatus Magnus (d. 355). Could a priest guilty of apostasy confer baptism/absolution The schism arose when certainChristians protested the election of the bishop of Carthage, charging that hisconsecration by Felix, bishop of Aptunga, was invalid because Felix wasconsidered a traditor (i.e., one who turns over sacred books and relics to thecivil authorities during a persecution). Condemnation was extended to all incommunion with Felix. Behind their objection lay the heresy, familiar toMontanismandNovatian,that only those living a blameless life belonged in the church, and, further, that the validity of any sacrament depended uponthe personal worthiness of the priest administering it. The Donatist practice of rebaptizing was particularly abhorrent to the orthodox. Condemned by theSynod of Arles (314) and also by the Roman emperor, Constantine I, theDonatists seceded (316) and set up their own hierarchy. By 350 theyoutnumbered the orthodox Christians in Africa, and each city had itsopposing orthodox and Donatist bishops. It was the teaching of

St.Augustine, as presented in his writings and at the debate between orthodoxand Donatist bishops at Carthage (411), that turned the tide againstDonatism. Strong state suppression and ascetic excesses among some of their own members further reduced their number.The remnants of the schismatic movement had vanished along with AfricanChristianity before the advent of the Islamic invaders.314: Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus)schism321: Constantine decrees SUNday as official Roman-Christian day of rest56 Time Line of Christian HistoryArius(250-336)A parish priest in Alexandria, he advanced thedoctrine famous as Arianism and was excommunicated locally (321).He was declared orthodox in Asia Minor, where he had fled (323), buthe was anathematized by the Council of Nicaea (see Nicaea, First57 Time Line of Christian HistoryCouncil of) and banished by Roman Emperor Constantine (325). But inthe reaction after Nicaea, he came into imperial favor. The emperor hadordered the Athanasians at Alexandria to receive him at communionwhen he suddenly died. "If, said he, the Father begat the Son, he that was begotten had a beginningof existence: and from this it is evident, that there was a time when the Sonwas not. It therefore necessarily follows, that he had his substance fromnothing."Arius formulated the following doctrines about Jesus Christ:1. that the Logos and the Father were not of the same essence (ousia);2. that the Son was a created being ( ktisma or poiema); and3. that though He was the creator of the worlds, and must therefore haveexisted before them and before all time, there was - Arius refused to use suchterms as cronos or aion- when He did not exist.58 Time Line of Christian HistoryAthanasius(297-373) He was born in Alexandria about the year 297 He was a student in the"Didascaleion," or famous "catechetical school " of Alexandria, which includedamongst its already illustrious teachers the names of Clement and Origen. Inhis youth, as secretary to Bishop Alexander, he took part in the christologicaldebate against Arius at the Council of Nicaea, and thereafter became chief protagonist for Nicene orthodoxy in the long struggle for its acceptance in theEast. He defended thehomoousionformula . Made bishop of Alexandria uponthe death of his superior, he faced a conspiracy led by Eusebius of Nicomediato return the condemned Arius to Egypt. When Athanasius refused to yield, apro-Arian council held at Tyre (335) found him guilty of sacrilege, the practice of magic, dishonest grain dealings, and even murder. Athanasius appealed toConstantine who demanded a retrial, then unaccountably ordered Athanasiusinto exilethe first of five. Reinstated (337) and exiled again (339), he fled tothe West where, under Pope Julius I, the Council of Sardica vindicated him(343) bishop of Alexandria remembered as the "father of orthodoxy" for defending the essential Christian doctrines of the Trinity and Christ'sIncarnation. He was a fiery, disciplined preacher who emphasized the presenceof God in history. He also opposed the speculations of Origen, considering theBible sufficient

for theology. The Athanasian Creed is named after him. Titles: Against the Gentiles; Defense Against the Arians; On the Incarnation of theWord . 328 Athanasius was bishop of Alexandria and ruled for 46 years325: Council of Nicaea,called by Constantine against Arianism(336), called "1st great Christian council" by Jerome, 1st ecumenical,318 bishops attended Arius of Alexandria, taught that Christ was the59 Time Line of Christian Historyfirst created being, that there was a time when He was not. The councildeclared that Jesus was begotten, not made, and that He isHomoousios, of the same substance as the Father. Athanasius wasthe chief proponent of Homoousis theory. 325: Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11329 Basil the Great of Cappadocia, 330379 the monk who created the basic Rule for the Eastern Orthodoxmonks that is still in use today. Basil taught communal monasticism thatserves the poor, sick, and needy. One immediate effect of the disappearanceof persecution is the rise of monasticism to replace the old martyr witnessGreek prelate, bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, Doctor of the Church andone of the Four Fathers of the Greek Church. He was a brother of St.Gregory of Nyssa. In his student days at Athens he knew Julian, later Romanemperor, and began his lifelong friendship with St. Gregory NazianzenConverted to the religious life by his sister, St. Macrina, he withdrew (c.357)to a retreat in Pontus. There he wrote much of theLonger Ruleand of theShorter Rule; on these the life of the Basilian monks is based. Through hisrules Basil was a spiritual ancestor of St. Benedict. As counselor (365) andsuccessor (370) of Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea and head of most of thechurch in Asia Minor, Basil established Nicene orthodoxy over Arianism inthe Byzantine East. His revision of the liturgy is occasionally used in theByzantine rite. His works On the Holy Ghost and Against Eunomiusare60 Time Line of Christian History elegant, acute defenses of the Catholic system. In the West his feast is June14.325-900: Teotihuacan, ancient Mexican city331: seat of Roman empire moved to Constantinople(former Greek Byzantium)334365: Codex Hermogenianus: compilation of Roman Law337-350: Roman Empire splits again: Constans emperor of West until350337-361: Roman Empire splits again: Constantius II emperor of Eastuntil 361338: Jewish calender modified with different year lengths to correct toSolar year.340: Eusebius of Caesarea,theologian & church historian.Author of History of the Church, Life of Constantine, The Martyrs of PalestineEusebius of Caesarea or Eusebius Pamphili, c.263339 , Greek apologistand church historian, b. Palestine. He was bishop of Caesarea, Palestine(314 339). In the controversy over Arianism, Eusebius favored the semi-Arian views of Eusebius of Nicomedia, and he once gave refuge to Arius. Asimple baptismal creed submitted by Eusebius at the First Council of Nicaea(325) formed the basis of what became known as the Nicean Creed; it wasamended with the Greek wordhomoousios[consubstantial, of the samesubstance] to define the Son's relationship with the Father. Eusebius61

Time Line of Christian History considered this addition to the creed as reflecting the ideas of Sabellius,which he opposed. Although he signed the formulary, he later did not supportit. His works include a universal history entitled theChronicle,theEcclesiastical History, and the apologetic worksPraeparatio EvangelicaandDemonstratioEvangelica340- Eustasthiu of Antioch Arians destroyed all his writings.342 Council of Sardica. 200 bishops attended. The council waspresided over again by the now aged Hosius, bishop of Cordoba,Spain, assisted by two representatives of Pope Julius, the priestsArchidamus and Philoxenus. There were slightly fewer bishops fromthe East, perhaps 75 or 80 being Arian. They were headed by Stephen,who had succeeded to the see of Antioch, and Acacius who hadsucceeded Eusebius of Caesarea,.John Chrysostomor John of Constantinople [Gr.,=golden-mouth], c.347407,Doctor of the Church, one of the greatest of the Greek Fathers. He was born inAntioch and studied Greek classics there. As a young man he became ananchorite monk (374), a deacon (c.381) and a priest (386). Under Flavian of Antioch he preached brilliantly in the cathedral for 12 years, winning widerecognition. In 398 he was suddenly made patriarch of Constantinople, wherehe soon gained the admiration of the people by his eloquence, his ascetic life,and his charity. He was a bold and reforming preacher, who used theHistorical-grammatical method of exegesis. This was unusual, becauseexegetes had been looking at the allegorical interpretation ever since Clementof Alexandria and Origen His grammatical interpretation of Scripture wouldlater be the model for Luther and Calvin. Chrysostom emphasizes reverence inchurch services. His attempts to reform the clergy, however, alienated manymonks and priests, and the court of the Roman emperor of the East came toresent his denunciation of their ways. He lost favor when he demanded mercyfor the dishonored Eutropius and when he refused to condemn without ahearing certain monks accused of heresy. Empress Eudoxia and Theophilus,bishop of Alexandria, succeeded in having St. John condemned (403) by anillegal synod on false charges. The indignation of the people was reinforced byan opportune earthquake, and the superstitious Eudoxia had St. John recalled.He continued to attack the immorality of the court, and Emperor Arcadius exiledhim to Cucusus in Armenia. In 438, St. John's body was returned toConstantinople, and Emperor Theodosius II did penance for his parents'offenses.62 Time Line of Christian HistoryJohn Chrysostom347 Jerome:Bible Scholar and translator, author of VulgateVersion of Bible. Also Known AsEusebius Hieronymus Sophronius; Girolamo; Hieronymus;Man of the BibleBorn to a rich pagan family, he led a misspent youth. Studied in Rome.Lawyer. Converted in theory, and baptised in 365, he began his study of theology, and had a true conversion. Monk. Lived for years as a hermit in theSyrian deserts. Reported to have drawn a thorn from a lion's paw; the animalstayed loyally at his side for years. Priest. Student of Saint Gregory of Nazianzen. Secretary to Pope Damasus I who commissioned him to revise63 Time Line of Christian History the Latin text of the Bible. The result of his 30 years of work was theVulgatetranslation, which is still in use. Friend and teacher of Saint Paula, SaintMarcella, and Saint Eustochium, an association that led to so

much gossip,Jerome left Rome to return to the desert solitude. Lived his last 34 years inthe Holy Land as a semi-recluse. Wrote translations of Origen, histories,biographies, and much more.350: Codex Sinaiticus : Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest ChristianBiblesPapyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950Papyrus Chester Beatty:Papyrus Bodmer 45-46:350: Canon Cheltenham:24NT books (excludes James, Jude,Hebrews)= Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translationsof John== Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT toGothic. Ulfilas converted to Arian Christianity. He takes it to theGermanic tribes, gives them an alphabet, and translates the Bible intotheir language. Most of the Germanic tribes became Arian Christians.350 : Avesta (Zoroastrian texts back to 1,000 bce)compiled in Persia351 Cyril of Jerusalem is most famous for his Catechesis(instructions before Baptism).64 Time Line of Christian History353 Emperor Consantius releases his pro-Arian campaign and drivesAthanasius from AlexandriaPelagius (c.355c.425). Pelagianism, Christian heretical sect that rose in the 5th cent. challenging St.Augustine's conceptions of grace and predestination. The doctrine wasadvanced by the celebrated monk and theologian Pelagius (c.355c.425). Hewas probably born in Britain. After studying Roman law and rhetoric and later theology in England and Rome, he preached in Africa and Palestine, attractingable followers, such as Celestius and Julian of Eclannum. Pelagius thought thatSt. Augustine was excessively pessimistic in his view that humanity is sinful bynature and must rely totally upon grace for salvation. Pelagius rejected thedoctrine of original sin; he taught that children are born innocent of the sin of Adam. The law as well as the gospel can lead one to heaven and that paganshad been able to enter heaven by virtue of their moral actions before thecoming of Christ. Pelagianism was condemned by East and West at theCouncil of Ephesus (431). A compromise doctrine,Semi-Pelagianism, became popular in the 5th and 6th cent. in France, Britain,and Ireland. Semi-Pelagians taught that although grace was necessary for salvation, men could, apart from grace, desire the gift of salvation, and thatthey could, of themselves, freely accept and persevere in grace. Semi-Pelagians also rejected the Augustinian doctrine of predestination and held thatGod willed the salvation of all men equally. At the instance of St. Caesarius of Arles, SemiPelagianism was condemned at the Council of Orange (529).By the end of the 6th cent., Pelagianism disappeared as an organized heresy,but the questions of free will, predestination, and grace raised by Pelagianismhave been the subject of theological controversy ever since355-365: anti-Pope Felix II: Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II360: Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books(Codex)361-363: Emperor Julian the Apostate was converted from Christianityto paganism and restored paganism in Rome . He removed therestrictions against Donatists.1363: Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early churchfathers363: Council of Laodiceanames 26NT books (excludes Revelations)65 Time Line of Christian History383: Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain384: Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels,originals lost385: Tao-an, b.312, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 386: Letters of Cyril of Jerusalem, cites "Caesarean" NT text-type389- -. St. Patrick. He was a British Romanized Christian whoestablished Christianity in Ireland390: Apollinaris of Laodicea, b.310, Jesus had human body but divinespirit390: Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.;

churchfathers391 : Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Resgestae"Augustine of Hippo Aurelius Augustinus70 Time Line of Christian History Augustine was born in a Roman province (Modern day Algeria) in 13November 354 and educated at Carthage. As a young man he becameinterested in philosophy. Augustine of Hippo was the most influentialtheologian of Latin Christianity. Early in his life he was inspired by theworks of Cicero to devote his life to the pursuit of truth. He started thispursuit as a Rhetorician, then he became a Manichaean, and later aSkeptic. He eventually got converted to Roman Catholicism in 386. In391, he was almost forcibly ordained presbyter at Hippo, and from 395to 430, he served as bishop. He wrote many treatises among which wefind the celebrated Confessions , The City of God andOn the Trinity .Many of his writings were directed against heresies, particularlyManichaeism, Donatism, and Pelagianism. By 396 he had becomebishop of Hippo, and his sermons and writings gained fame, notably hisConfessionsand the treatiseCity of God.His notions of God's grace, free will and Original Sin had a greatinfluence on Christian theology.386 Augustinewas converted in a garden in Milan after hearing a childsaying, Take up and Read. He took the Bible and got Romans 13:13-141387 Augustine was baptized by Ambrose of Milan. 391 Augustine wasordained in Hippo, North Africa.395 Agustine becoms bishop of Hippo.397-401 Augustine writesConfessions 393 AD Council of Hippocites exactly 27NT books as canon.397 The Council of Carthageagrees with the Council of Hippo395: Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including OlympicGames310-395: Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul;396: Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens333-397: Ambrose, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...71 Time Line of Christian History397: Ling-pao ching writes "Book of the Sacred Jewel", Taoistphilosophy400-600: era of "aggressive forgeries" in Christian texts[Grant,J.T.S.,1960]400 : Vulgate Bible (Hebrew OT; Latin, Greek NT:Latin), by Jerome(340 -420) Originals lost, Vulgate Latin Text becomes standard WesternChristian Bible400 : Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" texttypePeshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian ChristianBiblePalestinian Talmud (Mishnah (Oral Law) + Gemara (Mishnahcommentary))Pericope of the Adulteress, John 7:53-8:11, added to Bible[Jerome,(D)]Codex Bobiensis401-417: Pope Innocent I: decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity401: Visigoths invade Italy403: Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; churchfathers348-405 : Prudentius, greatest Christian Latin poet.410: beginnings of Alchemy72

Time Line of Christian History413: Kumarajira, b.334, Chinese Buddhist philosopher 414: Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian churchfathers414: Seng-chao, b.384, Chinese Buddhist philosopher, "Book of Chao"Cyril of Alexandria (375-444)- bishop of Alexandria whoopposed Nestorius at the Council of Ephesus. Cyril upheld the biblical teaching that Christ was fully divine from eternity andthat in His Incarnation He was one person with two natures. Cyril also opposedNovatianism. He is remembered for his letters to Nestorius and for hiscommentary on the Gospel of Luke.415: Bishop Cyril of Alexandria. (444)expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells73 Time Line of Christian HistoryCyril of Alexandria416: Visigoths take Spain423: Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) inheavy use427 : Ashi, head of Sura Yeshiva, "Rabbana", began compilation of Bab. Talmud430: St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father &philosopher, wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions";430: Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian churchfathers431: Council of Ephesus: 3d ecumenical;decreed Mary: Mother of God(Theotokos)431: Letters of Nonnus of Panopolis, John Cassian; Christian churchfathers74 Time Line of Christian HistoryNestorius Nestoriuswas consecrated bishop of Constantinopleon April 10th,428. His elevation to this influential position had profound repercussions for the church. A firm opponent of the Arian heresy.Arians taught that Christ was a created being. To refute this and other points,Nestorius argued that the Godhead joined with the human rather as a manenters a tent or puts on clothes. Instead of depicting Christ as one unifiedperson, Nestorius saw him as a conjunction of two natures so distinct as tobe different persons who had merged.Nestorius refused to call Mary the "Mother of God." -Theokotos and forsawthe danger of Mary being deified. Mariolatorers were always part of theRoman church. Her baby was very human, he said. Jesus' human acts andsufferings were of his human nature, not his Godhead. To say Mary wasMother of God was to say God had once been a few hours old. "God is not ababy two or three months old," he argued.He never denied that Christ was divine. On the contrary, it was to protect hisdivinity that he argued as he did, lest it be lost in worship of the human child.The divine nature could not be born of a woman. Nestorius' refusal to use theterm "theotokus," Mother of God, led to a big argument. He pointed out thatthe apostles and early church fathers never employed the word. But he couldnot resolve the issue so as to bring into focus the Jesus we know fromscripture who is completely and truly both God and man.Nestorian churches appeared in Arabia, India, Tibet, Malabar, Turkostan andCyprus. Many exist to this day, especially in Iraq. Some units reunited with76 Time Line of Christian History the Roman Catholic church around the sixteenth century. The KeralaChurches were Nestorian untill they were forced into the Roman CatholicChurch when the Portugese colonized India.In 1895, the book the Bazaar of Heracleides , written towards the end of hislife, he explicitly denies the heresy for which he was condemned, instead,affirming of Christ "the same one is twofold"451: Council of Chalcedon: 4th ecumenical.Eutychianism is condemned, Dioscorus is deposed,The Tome of Leoisconfirmed. Jesus Christ is "two natures, the Divine of the same substance asthe Father (against Arianism), the human of the

same substance as us (againstEutychianism), which are united unconfusedly, unchangeably, indivisibly,inseparably (against Nestorianism)." The church remains divided over theseissues for the next 200 years451: Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers454: Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine butnot human455: Vandals sack Rome457-474: Pope Leo I becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Romanempire1463: Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father 466: Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early churchfathers470: flowering of Mayan city culture in southern Mexico474-491: Zeno: eastern Roman emperor 476: official end of western Roman empire, last emperor RomulusAugustulus.484-519: Acacian schism: over "Henoticon" divides Western andEastern churches484: Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father 77 Time Line of Christian History489: Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St.Simeon491: Armenian Church secedes from East (Byzantium) and West(Rome) churches491-518: Anastasius I: eastern Roman emperor 492-496: Pope Gelasius I (1st 'Vicar of Christ')498: Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia and India 498-506: anti-Pope Lawrence: Lawrentian schism500: incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican500: Tamo brings tea from India to China500 : Codex Sangallensis : Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearlycomplete Gothic (German), Gospels: Codex Cottonianus: GreekGenesis502: Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school inNisibis(498)518-527: Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman)empire480-524: Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher,wrote: "TheologicalTractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (LoebClassics) (Latin)525: Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus birth as 23 Dec 1ce 78 Time Line of Christian History483.565Justinian IByzantine emperor (52765), nephew andsuccessor of Justin I. 527: Letters of Fabius Claudius Gordianus Fulgentius, earlyChristian church father Roman senatorial family. Well educated. Lieutenant governor of Byzacena.Monk, led to the religious life by the writings of Saint Augustine of Hippo,whose work remained a touchstone for him the rest of his life. Abbot.Bishop of Ruspe (modern Kudiat Rosfa, Tunisia) in 508. Exiled with 60 other 79 Time Line of Christian History bishops to Sardinia during the invasion of the Arian Vandals led byThrasimund. There they built amonastery,and continued to write, pray, andstudy.Returned to Carthage in 515 to debate with Arians; that he was exiled againin 518. King Hilderic succeeded Thrasimund in 523, and permitted the exilesto return.529: Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declaredPaganistic529 The Council of Orangeapproves the Augustinian doctrineof sin and grace, but without absolute predestination.529-534: "Corpus Juris Civilis", a compilation of Roman law byTribonian533: N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantineprovince534-870: Malta becomes Byzantine province535: Synod of Clermont excludes Jews from public office537-555: Pope Vigilius: involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspiredwith Justinian and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in550 ... 538: 3d Synod of Orleans requires Jews to remain indoors during"Passion Week"539-562: war between Byzantine Empire and Persia541-546: Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle toLaodiceans542: plague in

Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreadsto Europe543: Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit theworld544: Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia(d.428)80 Time Line of Christian Historyand other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon(451)547: Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti- "2-natures"548: Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father 550-1453: Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomesstandard Greek550: Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible550: St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomesChristian icon550 : Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Codex Mediolanensis vg(M):Latin Vulgate Gospels: Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old LatinPsalms552: Emperor Shotoko Taishi introduces Buddhism into Japan552: Justinian sends Christian missionaries to China & Ceylon to getsilkworm553: silk industry monopoly established in Byzantine empire555: 2nd Council of Constantinople: 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian556-561: Pope Pelagius I: selected by Justianian, endorsed "Iudicatum"(547) 565-578: Justin II: Byzantine emperor 567: Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers572-628: war between Byzantine Empire and Persia560 b. Isidore of Seville, whoseBook of Sentenceswas the key book of theology until the twelfth century578-582: Tiberius II: Byzantine emperor 81 Time Line of Christian History726-787 The iconoclastic controversy. Emperor Leo IIIattacked the use of images. John of Damascus defended the use of icons in worship by differentiatingbetween veneration and worship. He also argued that the use of images isan affirmation of Christ's humanity, because a real person can be depicted.The opposition responds that images of Christ are not valid depictionsbecause they can only represent his humanity, but not his divinityiconography [Gr.,=image-drawing] or iconology[Gr.,=image-study], in arthistory, the study and interpretation of figural representations, either individual or symbolic, religious or secular; more broadly, the art of representation by pictures or images, which may or may not have a symbolicas well as an apparent or superficial meaning. 732 Europeans turn back the Muslims at the Battle of Tours750 Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium787 Council of Nicea supports the decision of John of Damascusconcerning icons. This decision was not well recieved in the Westbecause John's words for veneration and worship were difficult totranslate800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne head of the Holy Roman Empire(a.k.a. the Nominally Christian Germanic Kingdom). His dynasty iscalled the Carolingian Empire. His reign is the cultural high point of theEarly Middle Ages850 King Alfred translation of several Bible books into Englishvernacular, also done by Aldhelm and Aelfric 875-950 The Dark Ages. The Carolingian Empire was weakened and was assailed by newinvaders. This period also marks the low point of the papacyAD 1000 -13001014 Pope Benedict VIII officially addedfilioqueto theNicene Creed. It means that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father and the Son. He did this to insist on the equality of the deity. But the86 Time Line of Christian HistoryEastern Church insists that the Holy Spirit came from the Father through the Son. They are offended that the West altered the Creedwithout an ecumenical council1033 - .

Anselm, father of scholasticism. He proposed the OntologicalArgument for the existence of God. He argued for the necessity of theIncarnation and Redemption of Christ1054 Split between Eastern and Western churchesformalized, Orthodox Church founded. Pope Leo IX's delegate,Cardinal Humbert, laid a sentence of anathema on the alter of St.Sophia Church, the most prestigous Eastern Orthodox church. The twochurches are permanently separated , 1079 Under the Seljuk Turks, the Muslims are more determined thanpreviously to keep the Christians from making pilgrimages to the HolyLand1093 Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential person of his day. Hehelpedreform the monastaries. He was a great preacher, in spite of hisallegorical exegesis. And he was Augustinian in his doctrines of grace, which later gaveCalvin and the other reformers an anchor in the High Middle Ages1095-1291 10 Crusades,1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium andconquer the Holy Land from the Turks The First Crusade fought for lofty ideals. The pope wanted to save Constantinople, save theByzantine Empire, and thus heal the breech between the Eastern andWestern Church. They were able to temporarily regain the HolyLand1100 - Peter Lombard, scholastic author of Four Books on theSentences, the standard theological text for 200 years. It influencedCalvin'sInstitutes 1140 - Peter Waldo in Lyons, France.1174 Peter Waldo converted .Heis the founder of an old, old protestant church (300 years beforeLuther). The Waldensian church still exists in some parts of the worldtoday, but in most countries it merged with the Methodists andPresbyterians. Waldensians stress the authority of scripture and laypreaching. They also come to reject salvation by sacraments. 1184Waldensians are declared heretical by the Roman Chutch .87 Time Line of Christian History1147-1148 The Second Crusade.Bernard of Clairvaux was the chief motivator of this crusade, but somehow his reputation survives it. It was adisastrous failure. The failure was blamed by the Westerners on the lack of committment of the Eastern Church. The wedge is driven deeper 1189-1192 The Third Crusadeis an ineffective attempt to recover Jerusalem1200-1204 The Fourth Crusade. The Crusaders finished this crusadeby looting Constantinople, the seat of the Eastern Orthodox church. Somuch for the lofty ideals of the First Crusade 1209 Innocent IIIproclaims a "crusade", a papal inquisition, against the Waldensians1212 The Children's Crusade. The children felt they could take theHoly Land supernaturally because they were pure in heart. Most of them were drowned, murdered, or sold into slavery1215 Fourth Lateran Councilrequires annual communion for salvation. Also condemns the Waldensians. They are persecuted for the next 600 years. They sought refuge in the Alps, and thus were notdirectly involved in the Reformation of Luther until later 1216 Papal approval for the Dominicans, the Order of Preachers.Their purpose was to oppose heresy with piety, learning and zeal1219- 1221 The Fifth Crusade.The crusaders temporarily heldDamietta in Egypt. Francis of Assisi went with the crusaders. But wherethey stopped, Francis kept going. He went unarmed into the presenceof the sultan and preached to him1206 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic by an apparition of Mary1215 Dominican order begun1223 Franciscan order begun1224St. FrancisStigmata, a mystical experience of the wounds of Christ. Francis died in 1226.88 Time Line of Christian History 11224/1274 b. Thomas Aquinus, the chief teacher of the Catholic Church.Author of Summa Contra Gentiles an apologetic handbook for Dominicanmissionaries to Jews, Muslims, and heretics in Spain, and Summa Theologicathe theological textbook that supplanted Lombard'sSentencesas the chief

theological work of the Middle Ages.1229 The Sixth Crusade. Frederick II temporarily gained Jerusalem by makinga treaty with the sultan 1232 b. Raymund Lull, first missionary to the Muslims1248 The Seventh Crusade. St. Louis IX of France is defeated in Egypt. Thiswas the last crusade. The final result of the crusades is that the westernChristians drove a wedge between the Church and the Jews, between theChurch and the Muslims, and between the Western and Eastern Church.1260 Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsered scientific study places theorigin of the Shroud of Turin c.1300-c.1400 The Black Death. 1/3 of the population from India toIceland is wiped out, including about 1/2 of Britain1309 - 13 77 The "Babylonian Captivity of the Church."For 70years the papacy was in Avignon and under the thumb of the King of France. The papacy was pro-France, and Britain was at war withFrance1316 Raymund Lull stoned to death1321 The Divine Comedy, byDante Alighieri89 Time Line of Christian History1350 English begins to emerge as the national language of England1350 Renaissance begins in Italy1354 Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroudof Turin1380-1517 Period between the 1st complete English translation of theBible and Martin Luther's 95 Theses1330-1382 John Wycliffe, eminant theologian at Oxford, makesNT (1380) and OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) (1382)translations in English, 1st complete translation to English, includeddeutercanonical books, preached against abuses, expressedunorthodox views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the useof relics, and against celibacy of the clergyWycliff 1371 John Huss, Bohemian pre-reformer. He was greatly influenced by90 Time Line of Christian HistoryWycliffe. He rejected indulgences and said Christ is the head of theChurch, not the popeHuss1378The Great Schism.Pope Gregory XI moves the papacyback to Rome. France declares Clement VII pope in Avignon.There are two competing popes for close to 40 years. 1380 b. Thomas a Kempis, author of Imitation of Christ 91 Time Line of Christian History1492 Erasmus ordained. Erasmus's Humanist movement wasbeginning to stir some members of the church to moral reform1492Christopher Columbus'sfirst voyage, discoversSan Salvador - begins Spanish colonization of theNew World 1505.1572John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland.Founder of Scottish Presbyterianism95 Time Line of Christian History1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down andauthorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolitioncompleted in 16061507 Luther is ordained as a preist at Erfurt 1510 Luther sent to Romeon monastic business. He saw the corruption of the church1508.1512Michelangelofrescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaultedceiling1509.1547Henry VIIIruler of England96 Time Line of Christian History1509.1564John Calvin, preached predetermination and that goodconduct and success were signs of election1510 Luther sent to Rome on monastic business. He saw thecorruption of the church1517-1994 Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvinlay the seeds of modern Protestantism, Englandbreaks away from the Catholic Church 1515 Whileteaching on Romans, Luther realizes faith and justification are the work of God14841531, Swiss Protestant reformer . Zwingli, Huldreich or Ulrich97

Time Line of Christian History1515 While teaching on Romans, Luther realizes faith and justificationare the work of God11517 Luther nails his 95 Theses to the door of the church inWittenburg. It is the first public act of the Reformation1518-1532 St Terese of Avila1520 Luther excommunicated 1522 Luther's German NT translation 1524 South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support,begins 1.5 century long religious wars1525-1534 Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus(1466) compared against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from theHebrew (1525) compared to Vulgate and Luther's German version(1530), first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of Luther's NT of 1522 inrejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for "congregation"1530 Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the LutheranChurch1531 Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church98 Time Line of Christian History1531 Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,0001534 Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church,confiscates monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church HenryVIII declares himself "The only supreme head in earth of the Church of England"1535 Anabaptiststake over Muenster 1536 death of Erasmus1536 Menno Simonsrejects Catholicism, becomes an Anabaptist, andhelps restore that movement back to pacifism1536 William Tyndalestrangled and burned at the stake. He was thefirst to translate the Bible into English from the original languages99 Time Line of Christian History1536 First edition of Calvin'sInstitutes 1534 Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvertlarge areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sentmissionaries to the New World, India, and China1535-1537 Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525)translation along with Latin and German versions, included Apocryphaat the end of the OT (like Luther) as was done in later Englishversions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 15461536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript,Englishecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it wasthought to be part of Lutheran reform1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based onTyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition containedoffensive notes (based on Tyndale)1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement1539-1552 Richard Taverner's (15051577) revisions of Matthew Bible,mostly NT revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition mostreliable1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to beauthorized for public use in English churches, defective in manyplaces, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin100 Time Line of Christian Historyversion of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and ComplutensianPolyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England1542 Convocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the GreatBible against the Vulgate1543 John Knoxconverted1543 Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false anduntruetransalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV1545-1563 Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met Protestant challenge, clearly defining an officialtheology1546 King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT1547-1553 Edward VI ruler of England1549 Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)1549Consensus Tigurinusbrings Zwinglians and Calvinists toagreement about communion1550 St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11thcentury), Mark, Luke, Epistles of Paul (14th century),

Apocalypse (11thcentury)1553-1558 Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scripturescease (except for Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England1553 Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary) begins her reign . Many protestantswho flee Mary's reign are deeply impacted by exposure to a more truereformation on the continent. John Knox is among them.1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City 1556 Beza's Latin NT1558-1603 Elizabeth I ruler of England. Marian exiles return101 Time Line of Christian History1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndalewith use of Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed tobe read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions1560 Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments andchurch government1563 39 Articles (Episcopal Church)1571 Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europeis beaten decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon thename of Our Lady of the Rosary1572-1606 Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revisionof the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be publishedin England by episcopal authority1582 Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, followsWycliffe1590 Sistine edition of the Vulgate1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed1596 Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of theking of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine CatholicChurch1596 b. Moses Amyrald, founder of Amyraldianism, which is basicallyCalvinism minus limited atonement. Amyraldianism became thetheology of the School of Saumer in France.1596 b. Descartes, founder of rationalism102 Time Line of Christian History1598Edict of Nantesgrants Huguenots greater religious freedom1603 Jacobus Arminiustakes the position that predestination isbased on fore-knowledge. 1609 d. Jacobus Arminius1603-1625 James I ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became official with Act of Union in 17071604 The Puritans meet James at Hampton Court. Their hopes aredashed. 1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth,due toobjections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation1609-1610 RheimsDouay Bible,1st Catholic Englishtranslation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficialLouvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate(1590), NT is Rheims text of 15821610 The Arminians issue theRemonstrancecontaining 5 articles1611-1800 King James (Authorized) Version, based onBishop's Bible of 1572 with use of Rheims NT of 1582 - includedApocropha, alterations found in many editions through 1800, revisorsaccused of being "damnable corrupters of God's word"103 Time Line of Christian History Owen, John,161683, English Puritan divine and theologian. In the civil war Owen supported theparliamentary cause. Oliver Cromwell took him as chaplain to Ireland andScotland and had him appointed (1651) dean of Christ Church, Oxford, andvice chancellor (1652) of the university. He lost his posts after theRestoration. He was called to the presidency of Harvard, but he declined.Owen's writings include devotional literature and treatises againstArminianism and Socinianism. His works were edited by Thomas Russell(with a biography by William Orme, 28 vol., 1826) and by W. H. Goold (with abiography by Andrew Thomson, 24 vol., 185055).1618-1619 The Synod of Dortis called in the Netherlands toanswer the Arminians. The response forms 5 point Calvinism.1620 Plymouth, Massachusetts colony founded byPuritans104

Time Line of Christian History1625.1649Charles I ruler of England1628 William Laud becomes Bishop of London and steps upoppression of the Puritans1628 PuritanJohn Bunyan,born. author of Pilgrim's Progressamong many other works of poetry and prose John Bunyan(November 30, 1628 - August 31, 1688), was the most famousof the Puritan writers and preachers. He was born at Harrowden (1 mile south-east of Bedford), in the Parish of Elstow, England. He is most well-know for hisbook The Pilgrim's Progress, one of the most printed books in history, whichhe composed while in prison for the crime of preaching the Gospel without alicense.1629 Charles I dismisses Parliament105 Time Line of Christian History1630John Winthropand many Puritans migrate to America1633Authorised Versionpublished in Scotland1636Harvard Universityfounded by Puritans1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read inthe Church of England (effectively removed the Apocropha)11643-1646 The Westminister Assembly1646 Cromwell defeats the King of England in Naseby. Cromwell diedin 1658.1647 George Fox founds the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)106 Time Line of Christian History Fox, George,162491, English religious leader, founder of the Society of Friends, b. Fenny Drayton in Leicestershire. As a boy he was apprenticed to ashoemaker and wool dealer. By nature serious and contemplative, Fox at theage of 19 entered upon a wandering quest for spiritual enlightenment. In 1646he underwent a mystical experience that convinced him that Christianity wasnot an outward profession but an inner light by which Christ directly illuminesthe believing soul. Revelation was for Fox not confined to the Scriptures. In1647 he began to preach. Although often the victim of mob brutality and eighttimes imprisoned between 1649 and 1675, Fox won many followers, especiallyamong groups of separatists.In 1668 he prepared the first pattern of organization, which was for some years to serve as the discipline of the Societyof Friends. The London Yearly Meeting was started in 1671. To confirm hisfollowers in their beliefs and to spread the truths, Fox went in 1671 to the WestIndies and to America, where he made arduous journeys to various coloniesscattered between New England and North Carolina. Later he twice visitedHolland. His sincerity, serenity, fearlessness, and powerful preaching areattested to by anumber of his contemporaries1653.1658Oliver Cromwellruler of England1654 Conversion of Pascal. He started collecting notes for an Apology for the Christian Religion.1662 Pascal died. 1658-1712 Richard Cromwell ruler of England1660-1685 Charles II king of England, restoration of monarchy inEngland beginning under Charles II, continuing through James II,reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating theApocrypha, reversal not heeded by nonconformists107 Time Line of Christian History1661-1663 John Eliot publishes the Bible in Algonkian, a NativeAmerican language. Over the course of his life he also helped plant atleast 14 Native American churches1662 New Act of Uniformity, over two thousand Puritan pastors resignor are forced out1675Philip Jacob Spener's Pia Desideriahelps begin the pietistmovement Spener, Philipp Jakob16351705, German theologian, founder of Pietism.He was pastor of the Lutheran church at Frankfurt in 1670 when, tocounteract the barren intellectualism of prevailing orthodoxy, he

institutedmeetings for fellowship and Bible study. TheseCollegia Pietatisled to areligious revival in many German states. His book,Pia desideria(1675),contained proposals for the reconstruction of the church. Spener becamecourt chaplain at Dresden in 1686, but he aroused the opposition of theclergy and the elector and in 1691 accepted the rectorship at St. Nicholas,Berlin. Spener aided in the founding of the Univ. of Halle in 1694, and later,through the activities of his disciple August Hermann Francke, the city of Halle became a center of Pietism. The orthodox Lutheran clergy hadcontinuously resented Spener's criticism and influence, and in 1695 thetheological faculty at Wittenberg made formal charges against him. In spite of this opposition Spener's ideas spread to many congregations throughoutGermany and in other parts of Europe.1675 Edict of Nantes is revoked, making Protestantism illegal again inFrance. Many huguenots emigrated, some stayed and met in secret108 Time Line of Christian History 18.There is no hell of fire where the wicked are punished,Let God beTrue, p. 79, 80. 19.Only 144,000 Jehovah's Witness go to heaven,Reasoning fromthe Scriptures,1985, pp. 166-167, 361; Let God be True, p. 121. 20. Only the 144,000 Jehovah's Witness are born again.Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, p. 76.; Watchtower 11/15/54, p. 681.21. Only the 144,000 may take communion,22.Blood transfusions are a sin,Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, pp. 72-73. 23.The Cross is a pagan symbol and should not be used,Reasoning from the Scriptures, 1985, pp. 90-92. 24.Salvation is by faith and what you do,Studies in the Scriptures,Vol. 1, pp.150,152. 25.It is possible to lose your salvation,Reasoning from the Scriptures,1985, pp.358-359. 26. Each of the 6 creative days of God in Genesis 1, was 7000 yearslong. Therefore, Man was created toward the end of 42,000 yearsof earth's preparation,Let God be True, p. 168. 27. They also refuse to vote, salute the flag, sing the "Star SpangledBanner," or celebrate Christmas or birthdays. They are not allowedto serve in the armed forces.28.Satan was entrusted with the obligation and charged with the dutyof overseeing the creation of the earth,Children, p 55 1858 Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1859-1959 90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the wholeBible1869-1870 First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility (ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or moralshe does so with the supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic mayquestion or reject)1871 Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1878 14-point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used byFundamentalists1879 Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, usedGreek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT,116 Time Line of Christian Historyfollows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includesApocrypha, scholarship never disputed1889: Mary Baker Eddy (1821-1910 ) Founded theChurch of Christ, Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts . After a sudden recovery from a serious injury in 1866, Mary Baker Eddybegan to formulate the ideas that would lead her to form the Church of Christ, Scientist. Beginning in the 1870s she wrote extensively, publishingScience and Healthin 1875. In 1889 she chartered the Church of Christ,Scientist in Boston, Massachusetts. The beliefs of the Christian Scientists (asthey came to be called) include healing by faith,

an affirmation that sufferingis not God-created, but rather a mode of human perception. Their publication isThe Christian Science Monitor.1898-1904 Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books tochronological117 Time Line of Christian History1901-1910 Edward VII king of England1901 American Standard Version, recension of the RV, includedwords/phrases preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words1901 Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction toloss of evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations1902 Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation.118 Time Line of Christian History119 Time Line of Christian History1906 Azusa Steet Revival, a major catalyst to thePentecostan and Charismatic Churches.1907 United Methodist Free Churches united to formthe United Methodist Church,11910-1936 George V king of England1910 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, alsoused by Fundamentalists1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64British and American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism1913-1924 James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation inalmost 400 years1917 Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of thesun" witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1919 World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists1932 Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1933 Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered"worthy of belief" by the Catholic Church1934 Conversion of Billy Graham1936 Edward VIII king of England, acceeded and abdicated1936-1952 George VI king of England1936 Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissionedby theHierarchy)1945-1955 Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by EnglishHierarchy120 Time Line of Christian History1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based onconsonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, donein response to changes in English usage11948 August 23, World Council of Churches 1formedwith Christian congregations all over the world as a fellowship.1(Except Roman Catholics) 1The WCC was constituted at the firstgeneral assembly (Amsterdam) on 23 August 1948. It became the mostvisible international expression of varied streams of ecumenical life inthe 20th century. In 1920, the Ecuemnical Patriarchate of Constantinople became the first church to appeal publicly for apermanent organ of fellowship and co-operation of "all the churches" -a "League of Churches"(Koinonia ton Ekklesion). Also calling for thesame in the 1920s were church leaders such as Archbishop NathanSderblom (Sweden), a founder of L&W (1925), and J.H. Oldham (UK),a founder of the IMC (1921).Two of these streams - Life and Work (L&W) and Faith and Order (F&O) - merged at the first assembly.WCC member churches today include nearly all the world's Orthodox1churches. scores of denominations from such historic traditions of theProtestant reformation 1as Baptist,Lutheran,Methodist, and Reformed and 1Anglican Communion, and a broad representation of united andindependent churches. Six Presidents of WCC121 Time Line of Christian History1948 World Council of Churches Amsterdam Assembly11949 Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style1949 Discovery of Qumran (Essenes ) scrolls, aka

Dead Sea scrolls(see 68)1952-Present Elizabeth II queen of England1954 World Council of Churches Evanston Assembly.1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representingCalvinists and Lutherans1958 J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language1959 Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ)1961 World Council of Churches New Delhi AssemblyInternational Missionary Council (IMC) - was integrated with the WCC1961 New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use1962-1965 Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced byPope John XXIII in 1959, produced 16 documents which becameofficial after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and theflocks committed to us" (Pope John XXIII)1966 RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and theChurch of England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible1966 Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based onBible de Jerusalem, Catholic version1968 World Council of Churches- Upsala Assembly.1970 Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originalswhich began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but endingup as a new translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT).122 Time Line of Christian History1971 New American Standard Bible,updated the ASV using recentHebrew and Greek textual discoveries1975 World Council of Churches Nairobi Assembly, Kenya1978 New International Version,used eclectic Greek text, MassoreticHebrew text, and current English style1978Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (TheSplendor of Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood1979-1982 New King James Bible, completerevision of 1611 AV,updates archaisms while retaining style1981- Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yetapproved/disapproved by the Catholic Church1983 World Council of Churches Vancover Assembly, Canada1991 World Council of Churches Canberra Assembly, Australia11994 Declaration of cooperation between Evangelicals andCatholics.1998 World Council of Churches Harare AssemblyAppendix 4123 Time Line of Christian HistoryList of Popes and Anti-PopesSt. Linus (67-76)St. Anacletus (Cletus) (7688)St. Clement I (88-97)St. Evaristus (97-105)St. Alexander I (105-115)St. Sixtus I (115-125) -- also calledXystus ISt. Telesphorus (125-136)St. Hyginus (136-140)St. Pius I (140-155)St. Anicetus (155-166)St. Soter (166-175)St. Eleutherius (175-189)St. Victor I (189-199)St. Zephyrinus (199-217)St. Callistus I (21722)St. Urban I (222-30)St. Pontain (230-35)St. Anterus (235-36)St. Fabian (236-50)St. Cornelius (25153)St. Lucius I (253-54)St. Stephen I (254-257)St. Sixtus II (257-258)St. Dionysius (260-268)St. Felix I (269274)St. Eutychian (275-283)St. Caius (283-296) -- also calledGaiusSt. Marcellinus (296-304)St. Marcellus I (308-309)St. Eusebius (309 or 310)St. Miltiades (311-14)St. Sylvester I (314-35)St. Marcus (336)St. Julius I (337-52)Liberius (352-66)St. Damasus I (366-83)St. Siricius (384-99)St. Anastasius I (399-401)St. Innocent I (401-17)St. Zosimus (417-18)St. Boniface I (418-22)St. Celestine I (422-32)St. Sixtus III (432-40)St. Leo I (the Great) (440-61)St. Hilarius (461-68)St. Simplicius (468-83)St. Felix III (II) (483-92)St. Gelasius I (49296)Anastasius II (496-98)St. Symmachus (498-514)St. Hormisdas (514-23)St. John I (523-26)St. Felix IV (III) (526-30)Boniface II (530-32)John II (533-35)St. Agapetus I (535-36) -- alsocalled Agapitus ISt. Silverius (536-37)Vigilius (537-55)Pelagius I (556-61)John III (561-74)Benedict I (575-79)Pelagius II (579-90)St. Gregory I (the Great) (590-604)Sabinian (604-606)Boniface III (607)St. Boniface IV (608-15)St. Deusdedit

(Adeodatus I) (615-18)Boniface V (619-25)Honorius I (625-38)Severinus (640)John IV (640-42)Theodore I (642-49)St. Martin I (649-55)St. Eugene I (655-57)Romanus (897)Theodore II (897)John IX (898-900)124 Time Line of Christian HistorySt. Vitalian (657-72)Adeodatus (II) (672-76)Donus (676-78)St. Agatho (67881)St. Leo II (682-83)St. Benedict II (684-85)John V (685-86)Conon (686-87)St. Sergius I (687-701)John VI (701-05)John VII (705-07)Sisinnius (708)Constantine (708-15)St. Gregory II (715-31)St. Gregory III (73141)St. Zachary (741-52)Stephen II (752)Stephen III (752-57)St. Paul I (757-67)Stephen IV (767-72)Adrian I (772-95)St. Leo III (795-816)Stephen V (816-17)St. Paschal I (817-24)Eugene II (824-27)Valentine (827)Gregory IV (827-44)Sergius II (844-47)St. Leo IV (847-55)Benedict III (855-58)St. Nicholas I (the Great) (858-67)Adrian II (867-72)John VIII (872-82)Marinus I (882-84)St. Adrian III (884-85)Stephen VI (885-91)Formosus (891-96)Boniface VI (896)Stephen VII (896-97)Benedict IV (900-03)Leo V (903)Sergius III (904-11)Anastasius III (911-13)Lando (913-14)John X (914-28)Leo VI (928)Stephen VIII (929-31)John XI (931-35)Leo VII (936-39)Stephen IX (939-42)Marinus II (942-46)Agapetus II (946-55)John XII (955-63)Leo VIII (963-64)Benedict V (964)John XIII (965-72)Benedict VI (973-74)Benedict VII (974-83)John XIV (98384)John XV (985-96)Gregory V (996-99)Sylvester II (999-1003)John XVII (1003)John XVIII (100309)Sergius IV (1009-12)Benedict VIII (1012-24)John XIX (1024-32)Benedict IX (1032-45)Sylvester III (1045)Benedict IX (1045)Gregory VI (1045-46)Clement II (1046-47)Benedict IX (1047-48)Damasus II (1048)St. Leo IX (1049-54)Victor II (1055-57)Stephen X (1057-58)Nicholas II (1058-61)Alexander II (106173)St. Gregory VII (1073-85)John XXII (1316-34)Benedict XII (1334-42)125 Time Line of Christian HistoryBlessed Victor III (1086-87)Blessed Urban II (1088-99)Paschal II (10991118)Gelasius II (1118-19)Callistus II (1119-24)Honorius II (1124-30)Innocent II (1130-43)Celestine II (1143-44)Lucius II (1144-45)Blessed Eugene III (1145-53)Anastasius IV (1153-54)Adrian IV (115459)Alexander III (1159-81)Lucius III (1181-85)Urban III (1185-87)Gregory VIII (1187)Clement III (118791)Celestine III (1191-98)Innocent III (1198-1216)Honorius III (1216-27)Gregory IX (1227-41)Celestine IV (1241)Innocent IV (1243-54)Alexander IV (1254-61)Urban IV (1261-64)Clement IV (1265-68)Blessed Gregory X (1271-76)Blessed Innocent V (1276)Adrian V (1276)John XXI (1276-77)Nicholas III (127780)Martin IV (1281-85)Honorius IV (1285-87)Nicholas IV (1288-92)St. Celestine V (1294)Boniface VIII (1294-1303)Blessed Benedict XI (1303-04)Clement V (1305-14)Clement VI (1342-52)Innocent VI (135262)Blessed Urban V (1362-70)Gregory XI (1370-78)Urban VI (1378-89)Boniface IX (1389-1404)Innocent VII (1406-06)Gregory XII (1406-15)Martin V (1417-31)Eugene IV (1431-47)Nicholas V (1447-55)Callistus III (1455-58)Pius II (1458-64)Paul II (1464-71)Sixtus IV (1471-84)Innocent VIII (1484-92)Alexander VI (1492-1503)Pius III (1503)Julius II (1503-13)Leo X (1513-21)Adrian VI (1522-23)Clement VII (1523-34)Paul III (1534-49)Julius III (1550-55)Marcellus II (1555)Paul IV (1555-59)Pius IV (1559-65)St. Pius V (156672)Gregory XIII (1572-85)Sixtus V (1585-90)Urban VII (1590)Gregory XIV (1590-91)Innocent IX (1591)Clement VIII (1592-1605)Leo XI (1605)Paul V (1605-21)Gregory XV (1621-23)Urban VIII (162344)Innocent X (1644-55)Alexander VII (1655-67)Clement IX (1667-69)Clement X (1670-76)Pius VII (180023)Leo XII (1823-29)Pius VIII (1829-30)Gregory XVI (1831-46)Blessed Pius IX (1846-78)126 Time Line of Christian HistoryBlessed Innocent XI (1676-89)Alexander VIII (1689-91)Innocent XII (16911700)Clement XI (1700-21)Innocent XIII (1721-24)Benedict XIII (1724-30)Clement XII (1730-40)Benedict XIV (1740-58)Clement XIII (1758-69)Clement XIV (1769-74)Pius VI (1775-99)Leo XIII (1878-1903)St. Pius X (1903-14)Benedict XV (1914-22)Pius XI (1922-39)Pius XII (1939-58)Blessed John XXIII (1958-63)Paul VI

(1963-78)John Paul I (1978)John Paul II (1978)List of Anti-Popes217-235 St. Hippolytus. One of the Fathers of the Church and theonly anti-pope to be venerated as a saint. Elected "Pope" inopposition to St. Callistus I (r. 217-222) whom he accused of being a Monarchian heretic. Continued the schism in oppositionto Urban I (r. 222-230) and St. Pontian (r. 230-235). The Imperialgov't, during the persecution of Emp. Maximin Thrax, exiled bothHippolytus and Pontian to Sardinia, where they were reconciled.Apparently, to end the schism they both abdicated.251-258 Novatian. Consecrated bishop in opposition to St. Cornelius (r.251-253). The major point in dispute (besides disappointed ambition onNovatian's part) was his opposition to the policy St. Cornelius pursuedas regarded those Christians who lapsed during the persecution of Emperor Decius. The Pope insisted on restoring the "lapsi" tocommunion after doing suitable penance. Novatian demandedpermanent excommunication from the Church.309 Heraclius355-365 Felix II366-367 Ursinus418-419 Eulalius498-505 Laurentius687 Theodore687 Paschal767-769 Constantine768 Philip844 John127 Time Line of Christian History855 Anastasius the Librarian. One of the more interesting anti-popes. Ascholar learned in both Greek and Latin. After the death of St. Leo IV in855, Anastasius, with Frankish support, tried to make himself Pope inrivalry to the lawful Pope Benedict III (r. 855-858). The violent hostilityof the Romans thwarted him. Anastasius was treated leniently byBenedict and rehabilitated by Nicholas I (r. 858-867), whom he servedfaithfully.903-904 Christopher 984-985 Boniface VII. One of the more disgusting anti-popes. Actually,twice anti-pope. In 974, supported by the Roman clan of the Crescentii,Boniface was "elected" Pope. He soon had the lawful Pope Benedict VI(r. 973-974) murdered. The outraged Romans expelled Boniface, whofled to the Eastern Roman Empire. In 980, while Benedict VII (r. 974-983) was absent, the usurper briefly seized Rome. Again expelled. In984, with Byzantine support, Boniface again seized Rome, had JohnXIV (r. 983-984) murdered, and installed himself as "pope" until he diedin 985.997-998 John XVI1012 Gregory1045 Sylvester III. Scholars debate over whether or not he was truly ananti-pope.1058-1059 Benedict X1061-1072 Honorius II1084-1100 Clement III1100 Theodoric1102 Albert1105-1111 Sylvester IV1118-1121 Gregory VIII1124 Celestine II1130-1138 Anacletus II1138 Victor IV1159-1164 Victor IV. The anti-popes of the years 1159-1180 were thecreatures of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I during his longquarrel with Pope Alexander III (r. 1159-1181).1164-1168 Paschal III1168-1178 Callistus III1179-1180 Innocent III128 Time Line of Christian History1328-1330 Nicholas V. Set up as anti-pope by the Holy RomanEmperor Louis IV during the latter's quarrel with Pope John XXII (r.1316-1334).1378-1394 Clement VII. The "election" of this anti-pope in opposition tothe lawful Pope Urban VI (r. 1378-1389) precipitated the WesternSchism of 1378-1415.1394-1423 Benedict XIII1049-1410 Alexander V1410-1415 John XXIII14231429 Clement VIII1425-1430 Benedict XIV1439-1449 Felix V. After "deposing" Eugene IV (r. 1431-1447) in 1439,the schismatic Council of Basle "elected" as "Pope" Amadeus VIII,Duke of Savoy (r. 1391-1440. Largely because the "council" desired asPope a man of piety, wealth, and international standing. Amadeusaccepted "election" only with hesitation and was soon disillusioned. In1449, with Charles VII of France acting as mediator, Felix V submittedto the lawful Pope Nicholas V. Appointed cardinal bishop of St. Sabina,he died in 1451.129 Time Line of Christian HistoryAppendix 5Evangelists of Open Door PeriodJohn Wycliffe (A.D. 13281384)John Huss (A.D. 1369-1415)Thomas A Kempis (A. D. 1380-1471)Girolamo Savonarola (A.D. 1452-

1498)Desiderius Erasmus (A.D. 1466-1536)William Tyndale (A.D. 1494-1536)Martin Luther (A.D. 14831546)Philip Melanchthon (A.D. 1497-1560)John Calvin (A.D. 1509-1564)Ulrich Zwingli (A.D. 14841531)John Knox (A.D. 1513-1572)Conrad Grebel (A.D. 1498-1526)Menno Simons (A.D. 14961561)Thomas Cranmer (A.D. 1489-1556)Hugh Latimer (A.D. 1485-1555)Miles Coverdale (A.D. 14881568)Jacobus Arminius (A.D. 1560-1609)Thomas Cartwright (A.D. 1535-1603)Robert Browne (A.D. 15501633)Oliver Cromwell (A.D. 1599-1658)John Owen (A.D. 1616-1683)John Bunyan (A. D. 16281688)Ignatius Loyola (A.D. 1491-1556)Jean Daille (A.D. 1594-1670)Francis Xavier (A.D. 1506-1552)Jon Amos Comenius (A.D. 1592-1670)Johann Arndt (A.D. 1555-1621)Madame Guyon (A.D. 1648-1717)Philip Jacob Spener (A.D. 1635-1703)August Hermann Francke (A.D. 1663-1727)Johannes Albrecht Bengel (A.D. 1687-1752)Count von Zinzendorf (A.D. 1700-1760)William Law (A.D. 1686-1761)John Wesley (A. D. 1703-1791)George Whitefield (A. D. 1714-1770)George Fox (A.D. 1642-1691)Roger Williams (A.D. 16031683)Jonathan Edwards (A.D. 1703-1758)Francis Asbury (A.D. 1745-1816)David Brainerd (A.D. 17181747)130 Time Line of Christian HistoryJohn Nelson Darby (A.D. 1800-1882)George Muller (A.D. 18051898)Andrew Murray (A.D. 1828-1917)Charles Finney (A.D. 1792-1875)Charles Spurgeon (A.D. 18341892)Dwight L. Moody (A.D. 1837-1899)John Henry Newman (A.D. 1801-1890)William Carey (A.D. 17611834)David Livingstone (A.D. 1813-1873)Hudson Taylor (A.D. 1832-1905)Karl Barth (A.D. 18861968)Watchman Nee (A.D. 1903-1972)Billy Graham (A.D. 1918 - )131 Time Line of Christian HistoryAPPENDIX 6ON SOME MOVEMENTS and SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTNew Order of Latter Rain Movement"Latter Rain" was originally a name used for what happened at AzusaStreet. Eventually, the Order began to claim that the power to transmitspiritual gifts had been given by the Spirit to certain authorized humanbeings, who thus became a new apostolic lineage.William Joseph Seymore 1907-1910 David Wesley Myland teaches rudimentary conceptsregarding the Latter Rainabout forty years of dormancy1947 - William Branham/Hawtin/Hunt begin to teach New Order of theLatter Rain codify teachings into doctrines132 Time Line of Christian History another forty years of dormancy 1985-on Latter Rain teachings brought to the forefront by variousprophets and apostles such as prophet Hammond, prophet Paul Cain,Rick Joyner, John Wimber, Apostle Turnel Nelson, Apostle JeffersonEdwards, Dr. Noel Woodroffe, Prophet Mike Bickle.SalvationHealing MovementWilliam BranhamThis refers to the work of William Branham, who had been given whatby most accounts was a spectacular personal ministry of healing, andthe work of several successors, such as Gordon Lindsay and OralRoberts.When they were successful they saw themselves to be great, thustaking the real attention off of Christ and onto themselves, their healings, and their empires. Branham held that those who werebaptized under the name of the Trinity had to be rebaptized into Jesus'name alone. He saw himself as the angel mentioned in Revelation3:14. He believed that, in God's power, a spiritual elite (who held to theteachings Branham) would come to rule..Shepherding Movement 1970sLed by Bob Mumford, Ern Baxter, Don Basham, Derek Prince,

andCharles Simpson. Became a cult which controlled minds and actions of its members. The Fort Lauderdale 5 had officially broken up by 1986133 Time Line of Christian History Bob Mumford Derek PrinceThe Word of Faith MovementKenneth Copeland, Ken Hagin, Ulf Ekman, and others are from thismovement, which is a cross-breed of Pentecostalism with the NewThought movement that gave birth to Unity School and ChristianScience. Their spiritual forefather wasE.W. Kenyon. Their approach toprayer and to repentance puts the burden of actual fulfillment onto theperson and not God. Pray with confident power, they say. Ask, and youwill get, if you ask without any doubt. Kenneth Copeland Kenneth HaginThey have a special teaching on what they calledrhema: when abeliever says something with a totally confident faith, it will happen; if itdoes not happen, well, that's proof of the presence of sinful doubt. It'sbased on the idea that there's a difference between the Greek wordsfor 'word', logos andrhema. To them, logos is God's written word,rhema is God's spoken word. Then, the claim is made that our wordscan share in the same force as God's words that created the world (Gn1). We can name it, and then claim it as ours.Some even went as far as to say that man will evolve into God.."Manifest Sons of God" and Dominion Theology134 Time Line of Christian HistoryModern Dominion believers envision a future where the "manifest sonsof God" (sometimes known as 'Joel's Army'), a spiritually-empoweredelite, will be armed with supernatural power for the purpose of wrestingcontrol of the world from the hands of Satan's slaves. The Manifested Sonsheresyappears in many forms, and under manynames, including: the Manchild Company, the Sonship, theMelchisedek Priesthood, the Shulamites, Joel Company, ElijahCompany, the Many-membered Christ, the New Order, Overcomers,God's Army, the Corporate Body, Feast of Tabernacles, Tabernacle of David, etc., etc.135 Time Line of Christian HistoryCouncil at Ephesus Heretical (known historically as'Robber Council'449 ADChaired by Dioscorus who refused to allow Flavian to speak in his owndefence, refuses to hear Saint Leo of Rome'sTome of Leo(hisresponse to reports of the Synod of 448).. It approved the doctrines of Eutyches, which were subsequently condemned at the Council of Chalcedon.Fourth Ecuminical Council of Chalcedon (Imperial)(#4)Oct. 8 to Nov. 1, 451 ADConvened regarding Eutychianism (Monophysitism), which wasdefended by Eutyches and Dioscorus, and condemned by Saint Leo(the Great) of Rome. Annulled and invalidated 'Robber Council' of 449in EphesusCouncil of Orange(not counted not accepted by theEastern Churches) 529 ADConvened regarding Pelagianism. Condemned various beliefs of Pelagianism: Augustine's teaching of election and predestination wasgenerally upheld by the church, but the further idea that some arepredestined to condemnation was explicitly rejected Fifth Ecuminical Second Council at Constantinople(#5) May 5 to June 2, 553 ADConvened regarding Monophysitism (Nestorianism) and Origenism.Nestorius, Theodore of Mopsuestia, Eutyches, and Origen defendedthese issues, which were condemned by Emperor (Saint) Justinian (theGreat)1. Condemned the person and writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia,who had been Nestorius' teacher and declared the Logos to be adifferent God than the one called Christ and who taught the Lord JesusChrist was troubled by desires of

human flesh and passions of thehuman soul.2. Condemned writings of Thedoret of Cyrus which rejected Saint Cyrilof Alexandria's Christology3. . Condemned Ibas of Edessa's letter to Maris the Persian for itsNestorian tone.4. Condemned writings of Diodorus of Tarsus as Nestorian.5. Condemned Origen, Didymus, and Evagrius for teaching the pre-existence of souls, re-incarnation, the ultimate salvation of demons,that heavenly bodies possessed souls, and other errors.140 Time Line of Christian History Third Council of Toledo(not counted - heretical, localCouncil) 589 ADFilioque clause was accepted. This Controversy eventually led tothe Great Schism that divided Christianity into Roman Catholic andOrthodox.Sixth Ecuminical Third Council at Constantinople(#6)Nov. 7, 680 to Sept. 16,681 ADcondemned Monothelitism and it condemned an earlier pope,Honorius I, for supporting that heresy. This Council is also calledTrullanum. Convened regarding Monothelitism, representing Sergius,Pyrrhus, Paul, Peter, Pope Honorius, and Cyrus.Condemned Monothelitism (a belief that the Lord Jesus Christ had onlyone will and one energy). Condemned as Monothelite heretics Sergius,Pyrrhus, Paul, and Peter (Patriarchs of Constantinople); PopeHonorius; Patriarch Cyrus of Alexandria, and others.Affirmed that the Lord Jesus Christ, though but one person, after Hisincarnation possessed two natural wills and two natural energies, justas He possessed two naturesCouncil in Trullo (Constantinople) Conclusion of Sixth Council (aka 'Quinsext' to indicate it was asummation of Fifth & Sixth Councils., 692 ADThis Council was held in Constantinople (in Trullo, literally, 'under thedome') It was convened due to the lack of canons from Fifth and SixthEcumenical Councils, Called by Emperor to promulgate canonsnecessary.-Prohibited ordination of man married more than once or married topreviously married woman;- deposition of any clergy discovered to be guilty of same or marryingafter ordination (although approving marriage before ordination todiaconate or priesthood and ordering that deacons or priests whoseparated from his wife to be deposed).- Declared the patriarch of New Rome (Constantinople) should haveequal privileges as the patriarch of Old Rome.- Established monastic regulations.- Enacted canon permitting only the Liturgy of the Pre-Sanctified- Enacted canons regarding fasting (prohibition of fasting onSaturdays or Sundays, except Holy Saturday; prohibition of eggs andcheese).141 Time Line of Christian History- Enacted canon mandating excommunication for one week for laymenadministering the Divine Mysteries when a bishop, priest, or deaconpresent.- Condemned soothsaying, fortune-telling, casting of spells,superstition, etc.- Prohibited marriage to heretics.- Made assisting in abortion or having abortion equivalent to murder.- Established procedures for accepting heretics into the Church.'Robber' Council of Constantinople (Orthodox)754Iconoclast Emperor Leo III and his son, the Iconoclast Emperor Constantine V, a council was called to 'determine' if images wereproper. The patriarchates of Rome, Antioch, Alexandria, and Jerusalemrefused to participate. The bishops who were compelled to attend,accepted the heresy of Iconoclasm under pressure from the emperor.This false council anathematised Saint John of Damascus and SaintGermanus of Constantinople for idolatry of images.Seventh Ecuminical Second Council of Nicaea(#7) 787ADUpon the death of the Iconoclast Emperor Leo IV (son of ConstantineV, grandson of Leo III) and the beginning of the regency of EmpressIrene, the reign of Iconoclasm came to an end.- This council annulled the council of 754 and condemned Iconoclasm.Affirmed veneration (but not adoration, which was for God alone) of images. Germanus and John of Damascus proclaimed saints The Great Schism Starts here:Note: The above seven

great councils are regarded as ecumenicalby both the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches. TheOrthodox Church even identifies itself as the 'Church of the SevenCouncils'. Photius(not counted by either Catholic or Orthodox) 867ADIn 867, Photius summoned a council that deposed Pope Nicholas.. Council in Frankfurtlocal Council, 794 AD(consideredheretical by roman and orthodox)Opposed decisions of Nicaea II, denying it had been an ecumenicalcouncil. Pope Hadrian condemned for supporting Nicaea II. The142 Time Line of Christian Historyworship of images, under the terms worship, adoration, and service of any kind, was forbidden. Destruction of images was also opposed,inasmuch as the synod did not condemn depictions as decorations or tools for instructing the illiterate, only the worship or adoration of depictions.Council in Aachen , local Council, 809 AD(consideredheretical by roman and orthodox)Decreed that belief in the Filioque was necessary for salvation.Council in Constantinoplelocal Council, 861 ADEstablished regulations for monasticism, including requiring localbishop's permission to build monastery. Condemned castration.Established regulations for clergy.Council in Constantinoplelocal Council, 867 ADRome and Constantinople fights over to jurisdiction in Bulgaria.Triggered by Pope Nicholas, who in 865 for the first time put forwardthe claim that the Pope had authority 'over all the earth, that is, over every Church.' This council, convened by Saint Photius and includingarchbishops of Treves, Cologne and Ravenna from the West,excommunicated and anathematised Pope NicolasCouncil in Constantinople considered a heretical Council by the Orthodox Church, 869-870 ADOnly 12 bishops attended at first, and attendance never exceeded 103.The result of these councils was to intensify the bitterness betweenEast and West. Not regarded as 'Ecumenical' by Roman Catholicismuntil 11th or 12th century, it has never been accepted by Orthodoxy.Roman Catholic: Fourth Council at Constantinople(#8)Oct. 5, 869 to Feb. 28, 870 ADconsidered a heretical Council bythe Orthodox Church.The principal action was to depose Photius, thepatriarch of Constantinople, for usurping his ecclesiastical position. ThisCouncil was only first called Ecumenical about two hundred yearsafterwards. Later, Photius was restored to his see, and he held another council in 879-80.That later council, not that of 869, is consideredecumenical by the Orthodox church. Orthodox Church: Photius(not counted by Catholic, but#8 by Orthodox) Nov. 879 to Mar. 13, 880 AD143 Time Line of Christian HistoryIn 879-80 a great council, presided over by Photius,confirmed theoriginal form of the Nicene creed,and normal relations betweenRome and Constantinople were restored. Accepted by all fivepatriarchates, including Pope John VIII The Orthodox Church calledthis the Council of Union.Orthodox Church:Council in Constantinoplelocal Council,1082 ADConvened regarding John Italus. Condemned those who seek todiscover exactly how the Word was joined to His humansubstance; Greek doctrines of the soul, heaven, earth, andcreation; the destruction of the soul after death; those who saythat creation is eternal or immutable; those who do not accept themiracles of Christ, the Theotokos, and all his saints; those whothink Greek philosophy true; that creation is not the result of God's free will; the pre-existence of souls; those who deny thatcreation is createdex nihilo; those who say that hell is temporaryor that all of creation will be restored; and those who understandthe Kingdom of Heaven to be temporary.Roman Catholic: Council of Clermont1095Pope Urban II preached for and launched the First Crusade.Orthodox Church:Synod of Blachernae, in Constantinoplelocal Synod, 1157 ADConvened regarding Basilakes and Soterichus. Condemned those whosay Christ offered His sacrifice to the Father

alone, and not to himself and to the Holy Spirit; those who say the sacrifice of the Divine Liturgyis only figuratively the sacrifice of Christ's body and blood; those whodeny that the sacrifice in the Liturgy is one and the same as that of Christ on the cross; those who say men were reconciled to the Sonthrough the incarnation and to the Father through the passion; thosewho think the deification of Christ's humanity destroyed his humannature; those who deny that his deified human nature is worthy of worship; those who say that, since the human nature of Christ wasswallowed up into Divinity, his passion was an illusion; those who saythat characteristics of Christ's human nature (creaturehood,circumscription, mortality, and blameless passions) exist onlyhypothetically, when one considers Christ's human nature inabstraction, and not really and truly.144 Time Line of Christian HistoryOrthodox Church:Council in Constantinoplelocal Council,1166 ADConvened regarding Constantine the Bulgarian. Condemned those whomaintain that 'My father is greater than I' refers only to Christ's human nature,taken in abstraction and who explain the statement in various ways, one of which is that the statement refers to the fact that Christ's human nature retainedits properties in the hypostatic union.Second Council of LyonsFailed 'reunion Council', 1274 ADMotivated by a desire of popes to gain recognition of primacy and by adesire of emperors to receive material and martial aide. Emperor Michael basically compelled the few Orthodox bishops in attendance torubberstamp papal claims. Rejected throughout the East and regardedit as meaningless. Emperor Michael's sister stated: 'Better my brother'sempire should perish than the purity of the Orthodox faith.' Repudiatedby Michael's successor.Orthodox Church:Council at Constantinoplelocal Council,1285 ADConvened regarding the Procession of the Holy Spirit. Clarified theteaching on the Holy Spirit's origin.Roman Catholic: The First Lateran CouncilThe First Lateran Council was called to ratify the Concordat of Worms(1122), which formally ended the lengthy Investiture controversy.Second Lateran Council(#10) April, 1139The Second Lateran Council was convoked to reaffirm the unity of thechurch after the schism (1130-38) of the antipope Anacletus II (d.1138). It also condemned the teachings of Arnold of Brescia.Synod of Blachernae, in Constantinoplelocal Synod, 1157 ADConvened regarding Basilakes and Soterichus. - - -- Condemned - those who say Christ offered His sacrifice to the Father alone, andnot to himself and to the Holy Spirit;- those who say the sacrifice of the Divine Liturgy is only figurativelythe sacrifice of Christ's body and blood;- those who deny that the sacrifice in the Liturgy is one and the sameas that of Christ on the cross;145 Time Line of Christian History- those who say men were reconciled to the Son through theincarnation and to the Father through the passion;- those who think the deification of Christ's humanity destroyed hishuman nature;- those who deny that his deified human nature is worthy of worship;- those who say that, since the human nature of Christ was swallowedup into Divinity,- his passion was an illusion;- those who say that characteristics of Christ's human nature(creaturehood, circumscription, mortality, and blameless passions) existonly hypothetically, when one considers Christ's human nature inabstraction, and not really and truly.Council in Constantinoplelocal Council, 1166 ADConvened regarding Constantine the Bulgarian. - Condemned those who maintain that 'My father is greater thanI' refers only to Christ's human nature, taken in abstraction andwho explain the statement in various ways, one of which is thatthe statement refers to the fact that Christ's human nature retainedits properties in the hypostatic union.Third Lateran Council(#11) Mar. 5 to 19, 1179The Third Lateran Council ended the schism (1159-

77) of the antipopeCallistus III and his predecessors. It also limited papal electors tomembers of the College of Cardinals.Fourth Lateran Council(#12) Nov. 11 to 30, 1215This council sanctioned adefinition of the Eucharist in which theword transubstantiation was used officially for the first time.Thecouncil also attempted to organize a new crusade to the Holy Land andto encourage crusading efforts against the Albigenses and Waldenses.Many precepts still binding on Roman Catholics (such as theEaster duty, or obligation, of annual confession and HolyCommunion) were adopted at this council. First Council of Lyons(#13) June 28 to July 17,1245Confirmed the deposition of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II.Second Council of Lyons(#14) May 7 to July 17, 1274146 Time Line of Christian HistoryA new crusade was organized, and regulations regarding the papalelection were approved. An effort at reconciling the Catholic andOrthodox Churches failed.Council of Vienne(#15) Oct. 16, 1311 to May 6, 1312Abolished the Order of Templars, and passed some Church reforms.Council in the Orthodox Church1341Doctrinal definition of Grace.Council in the Orthodox Church1351Doctrinal definition of Grace.Council of Constance(#16) Nov 5, 1414 to Apr. 22, 1418Throughout the Middle Ages, even Western or Roman Catholicsthemselves debated the convoking and authority of councils. Althoughall the bishops and theologians agreed that the pope should havespecial prerogatives, for several centuries reformers claimed that whenprotesters had grievances, they could appeal from the pope to acouncil.Out of these reformist parties came a theory of Conciliarism, the idea that a council is ultimately above the pope.The Great Schism in 1378 brought this debate to a head, since therewere then two and later three popes. The Council of Constance (1414-18) settled the division.Council of Basel(#17a) July, 1431 to May 4, 1437Established that the Council had higher authority than the Pope, butconciliar power was again limited when the pope declared the Councilof Basel heretical.Council of Ferrara-Florence(#17b) Sept 17, 1437 toJanuary1939 (Ferrara); January 1439 to Apr. 25, 1442 (Florence);Apr. 25, 1442 to 1445 (Rome)The Council of Ferrara-Florence was convened for the primary purposeof ending the schism between that church and the Eastern OrthodoxChurch.Fifth Lateran Council(#18) May 3, 1512 to Mar. 16, 1517The Fifth Lateran Council was convoked for the purpose of reform, butthe main causes of the Reformation were left untouched. Its mostsignificant decree was a condemnation of Conciliarism.147 Time Line of Christian HistoryThree Western Ecumenical Councils have been heldsince the Reformation.Council of Trent(#19) Dec. 13, 1545 to 1563The Council of Trent met over a period of 18 years to deal with theProtestant revolt; it was decisively anti-Protestant in its decrees.Trentsaw the authority of the church partly in Scripture and partly intradition and its bishops rejected the teaching of Protestants thathumans are justified only by Grace through faith.Dogmaticdecisions were passed regarding original sin and justification, theseven Sacraments, and the Mass, and the cult of the saints.First Vatical Council (#20) Dec. 8, 1869 to Oct. 20, 1870The First Vatican Council, convened at Rome in 1869-70, not onlycontinued the attempts to define Roman Catholicism against the rest of ecumenical Christendom, but decreed that--in matters of faith andmorals when he speaks officially and with clear intention to do so--thepope is infallible.Second Vatican Council(#21) Oct. 11, 1962 to Dec. 8,1965The Second Vatican Council (1962-65), which also met in Rome,showed a different outlook. First, it invited observers from Orthodox andProtestant churches; second, the bishops did vote for a principle

of collegiality, which gave higher status to their participation. Collegiality,however, did not effectively limit the supremacy of the pope. 148