Aerodynamics A Tutorial questions I Multiple choices 1.

The composition by volume of the gases in the atmosphere is: (a) 78% oxygen, 21% nitrogen, 1% other gases (b) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% other gases (c) 81% oxygen 18% nitrogen, 1% other gases 2. The layer of the atmosphere next to the surface of the earth is called: (a) Ionosphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Troposphere 3. Approximately 75% of the mass of the gases in the atmosphere is contained in the layer known as the: (a) Chemosphere (b) Stratosphere (c) Troposphere 4. If the temperature of the air in the atmosphere increases but the pressure remains constant, then the density will: (a) decrease (b) increase (c) remain the same 7. In the International Standard Atmosphere, the mean sea-level density is set at: (a) 1.2256kg/m3 (b) 1.01325 kg/m3 (c) 14.7 kg/m3 8. With increase in altitude with respect to the pressure and density in the atmosphere: (a) pressure increases, density decreases (b) pressure decreases, density increases 1 5. In the International Civil Aviation Organization standard atmosphere, the stratosphere commences at an altitude of: (a) 11km (b) 30km (c) 11,000 ft 6. In the International Standard Atmosphere, the mean sea-level temperature is set at: (a) 15K (b) 288C (c) 288K

(c) both decrease 9. The temperature in the atmosphere at the is tropopause standard approximately: (a) 15K (b) - 56C (c) - 6K 10. The transition level between the troposphere and stratosphere is known as: (a) Tropopause (b) Stratopause (c) Chemopause International

13. If the density ratio at an altitude in at the that International altitude Standard will be Atmosphere is 0.5, then the density approximately: (a) 2.4512 kg/m3 (b) 1.2256 kg/m3 (c) 0.6128 kg/m3 14. Given that the speed of sound at altitude may be estimated from the relationship a = 20.05 T . Then the speed of in sound the at will the be tropopause Standard International

Atmosphere

approximately: (a) 400 m/s 11. The rate of decrease of (b) 340 m/s (c) 295 m/s 15. The dynamic viscosity of the air in the Inter national Standard atmosphere is given a value of: (a) 1.789 x 10-5 Ns/m2 (b) 6.5 K/km (c) 9.80665 m/s2 16. Bernoullis theorem may be 12. With increase in altitude, the speed of sound will: (a) increase (b) decrease (c) remain the same represented by the equation: (a) p + v =constant (b) pT + v = constant (c) p + 1 2 v = constant 2 temperature in the first layer of the International Standard Atmosphere, is assumed linear and is given by the formula: (a) To=ThLh (b) Lh=ToTh (c) Th=ToLh where L is the lapse rate and h is the altitude.

17. The component of the total reaction that acts parallel to the relative airflow is known as: (a) lift (b) drag (c) thrust 18. Flow in which the particles of the fluid move in an orderly manner and maintain the same relative positions in successive cross sections is known as: (a) turbulent flow (b) streamline flow (c) downwash flow 19. The dimension from port wing tip to star board wing tip is known as: (a) wing span (b) wing chord (c) aspect ratio 20. The mean camber line is defined as: (a) the line drawn halfway between the upper and lower curved surfaces of an aerofoil (b) the line joining the centre of curvature of the trailing and leading edge of an aerofoil (c) the straight line running from wing root to wing tip

21. The angle of attack is defined as: (a) the angle between the relative airflow and the longitudinal axis of the aircraft (b) the angle between the chord line and the relative airflow (c) the angle between the maximum camber line and the relative airflow 22. Which of the three graphs (Figure below) correctly shows the relationship between CL and angle of attack for a symmetrical aerofoil?

26. The efficiency of an aerofoil is 23. The angle of incidence: (a) is a fixed rigging angle on conventional layout aircraft (b) varies with aircraft attitude (c) is altered using the tailpiane 27. If the angle of attack of an 24. A primary reason for having thin aerofoil sections on high speed aircraft is to: (a) increase the speed of the relative air flow over the top surface of the aerofoil section (b) help reduce the time spent in the transonic range (c) increase the fuel dispersion throughout the wing and improve handling quality 25. The lift of an aerofoil is created by: (a) decrease in pressure on both the upper and lower 29. Boundary layer separation may be delayed using: (a) all moving tailpiane (b) elevons (c) vortex generator 30. At the transition point the boundary layer becomes: (a) thicker with turbulent flow (b) thinner with turbulent flow (c) thinner with laminar flow 4 upper and lower surfaces (b) increase in pressure on both the surfaces (c) decrease in pressure on upper surface and increase in pressure on the lower surface 28. Once the stalling angle of an aerofoil has been reached the centre of pressure will: (a) move rapidly backwards to about the mid-chord position (b) move rapidly forwards towards the leading edge (c) oscillate rapidly around the centre of gravity aerofoil is increased the centre of pressure will: (a) move forward (b) move backward (c) stay the same measured using: (a) W/L ratio (b) L/D ratio (c) T/L ratio

31. An equation for calculating the lift produced by an aerofoil is: (a) (b) (c) 1 2 vSC L 2 1 2 v SC L 2 1 vSC D 2

35. If lift increases, vortex drag: (a) increases (b) decreases (c) remains the same 36. The aspect ratio may be defined as: (a) span squared/chord (b) span squared/area (c) chord/span 37. Profile drag: (a) is not affected by airspeed (b) increases with the square of the airspeed (c) decreases with the square of the airspeed

32. The components of zero lift profile drag are: (a) skin friction drag, form drag and interference drag (b) induced drag, form drag and interference drag (c) skin friction drag, vortex drag and induced drag 33. Interference (a) highly drag polished may be

reduced by: surface finish (b) high aspect ratio wings (c) fairings at junctions between fuselage wing 34. Form drag may be reduced by: (a) streamlining (b) highly polished surface finish (c) increased use of high lift devices

38. Tapered wings will produce: (a) less vortex drag than a nontapered wing (b) more vortex drag than a non-tapered wing (c) the same vortex drag as a non-tapered wing 39. The ratio of the length of a streamlined body to its maximum diameter is the: (a) aspect ratio (b) thickness ratio (c) fineness ratio

40. Which figure (Figure below) correctly shows the relationship between the forces acting on an aircraft in a steady climb?

42. In a climb at steady speed the: (a) thrust is greater than the drag (b) thrust is equal to the drag (c) thrust is less than the drag 43. The glide angle of an aircraft may be found from the relationship: (a) height/range (b) range/height (c) lift/weight 44 The angle of bank for an aircraft in a steady turn may be calculated from the formula: (a) tan = (b) sin = (c) cos = v2 gr v2 gr v2 gr

41. To fly an aircraft close to the stalling speed, the aircraft must be flown with wings: (a) at a high angle of attack (b) at zero angle of incidence (c) at or near the angle of incidence

45. Aircraft load factor is found from the relationship: (a) lift/drag (b) lift/weight (c) weight/drag

Aerodynamics A ENG 510 Tutorial questions II Properties of atmosphere, aerodynamic forces and moments 1. Explain the changes that take place to the air in the atmosphere with increase in altitude, up to the outer edge of the stratosphere. 2. Explain the reasons for setting up the ICAO standard atmosphere. 3. Define streamline flow. 4. Explain the difference between AOA and AOl. 5. Define aerofoil efficiency. 6. What are the symbols and units of (i) dynamic viscosity (ii) kinematic viscosity? 7. Explain the nature and importance of the boundary layer with respect to airfiows. 8. What is the dynamic pressure created by the airflow in a wind-tunnel travelling with a velocity of 45 m/s. You may assume standard atmospheric conditions prevail. [1.24 kPa] 9. Determine the lift and drag of an aircraft flying straight and level, with a constant velocity of 160 m/s, at an altitude where the relative density = 0.75. Given that the aircraft has a wing of l00 m 2 and for straight and level flight CL = 0.65 and CD is related to CL by the drag polar, CD =0.03+0.04 CL2 [765440 N, 55154 N] 10 An aircraft weighing 40,000 N is in a manoeuvre where the load factor is 3.5. What is the lift required by the aircraft to remain in the manoeuvre?

[140000 N] 11. The system of forces that act on an aircraft at a particular time during horizontal flight are shown in the figure below; where the lift acts 0.6 m behind the weight and the drag acts 0.5 m above the thrust line equidistantly spaced about the CG. The CP of the tail plane is 14 m behind the CG. For the system of forces shown determine the magnitude and direction of the load that needs to act on the tail in order to maintain balance.

FT

System of forces for aircraft. [1785 N] 12 If the four flight forces that act on an aircraft do not produce balance in pitch, what method is used to balance the aircraft longitudinally? 13. A light aircraft of mass 3500 kg descends with engines off at a glide angle of 4 from an altitude of 5km. Find: (a) the drag and lift components that act during the glide, (b) the range covered from the start of the glide to touch down. [2395 N, 34251 N, 71.5 km] 14 An aircraft in a steady 10 climb requires 15,000 N of thrust to overcome 3000 N of drag. What is the weight of the aircraft? [69 kN] 15. An aircraft, at sea level, enters a steady turn and is required to bank at an angle of 50. If the radius of the turn is 2000m, determine the velocity of the aircraft in the turn. [153 m/s]

Answer to Q11 Aerodynamics A ENG510 Tutorial questions III Similarity and dimensional analysis 1. An aeroplane approaches to land at a speed of 40 m/s at sea level. A 1/5 th scale, model is tested under dynamically similar conditions in a Compressed Air Tunnel (CAT) working at 10 atmospheres pressure and 15 0C. Find the air speed in the wind tunnel if the temperature in CAT equals that of the atmosphere. [20 m/s] 2. A 1/5 scale model of an aerofoil is tested in a wind tunnel using air pressurised to 5 atmospheres pressure and a temperature of 20 0C to determine the drag force of a prototype vehicle when it is travelling at a speed of 180 km/h. The pressure and temperature at which the prototype is to operate are 1.01325 bar and 270C respectively. (a) Calculate the corresponding speed at which the model must be tested to achieve dynamic similarity. (b) When runing at this speed the drag force on the model is found to 170 N, determine the predicted drag force on the prototype aerofoil. [172.6 km/h, 901.3 N] 3. A model aeroplane is built at 1/10 scale and is to be tested in a wind tunnel operating at a pressure of 20 times atmospheric. The aeroplane will fly at 500km/h. At what speed should the wind tunnel operate to give dynamic similarity between the model and prototype? If the drag measure on the model is 337.5 N what will be the drag on the plane? Assume that the viscosity does not change much with pressure.

Aerodynamics A ENG 510 Tutorial questions IV Use of lift and drag equations (Take 1 knot = 0.514 m/s in the following questions.) 1. Find the resistance of a sphere of radius 75 mm moving through air at 60 knots if CD for a sphere has been found experimentally to be 0.55. The air density is 1.225 kg/m3. [5.66 N]

2. Find the resistance of the same sphere moving at the same speed through water. The water density is 1000 kg/m3. [4622 N]

3. A 1/8th scale model of a streamlined body when tested in a water tunnel at 5 m/s, had a resistance of 0.6 N. Neglecting any scale effect, calculate the resistance of the full size body at 75 m/s. The water density is kg/m3 and air 1.225 kg/m3. [10.58 N] 1000

4. The undercarriage or landing gear of an aircraft has a frontal area of 0.45 m2 and a resistance of 475 N at a speed of 90 knots. Calculate the drag coefficient of this component. [0.805] 5. An aircraft is to be modified. Two models are produced for testing. One is the original and the other one is the modified version. Their drag is measured in a wing tunnel. The model of the original is 1/20th scale and when tested in air of density 1.225 kg/m3 at 65 knots produces a drag of 62 N. The model of the modified is 1/16th scale and when tested in air of density 1.007 kg/m3 at 60 knots produces a drag of 48 N. Calculate the percentage increase or decrease in drag coefficient caused by the modification. [29.3 %]

6. A rectangular plate (flat) 150 mm by 1 m is placed in an airstream and is inclined at an angle of 60 to the airflow. The atmosphere pressure is 101.3 kN/m2. The effect of the airflow is to reduce the pressure on top of the plate by 1 kN/m2 and to increase the pressure on the lower surface of the plate by 0.4 kN/m2. Assuming the total reaction is at right angle to the plate, calculate the lift and drag produced by the flat plate. [208 N, 22 N] 7. When the angle of attack of the aerofoil shown below is 120 the direction of the total reaction lies between the perpendicular to the chord line and the perpendicular to the airflow, being inclined at 80 to the latter. If the total reaction is 700 N, find its component in the direction OC and calculate the lift and drag on the aerofoil.

C O airflow 80 [49.2 N, 693 N, 97 N] 8. A rectangular monoplane wing has a span of 12 m and a chord of 2 m. Find its induced drag coefficient when the lift coefficient is 0.8. [0.34] 120

9. An aircraft of mass 300 kg is flying horizontally at sea level at a speed of 31 knots. Its aspect ratio is 8 and its wing area is 20 m2. Find the percentage reduction in induced drag which would result from increasing its aspect ratio to 12. [33.3%]