Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Fishing for Families: Reproductive Health and Integrated coastal Management in the Philippines
By Joan castro and Leona DAgnes
Life in the Philippinesa nation of more than 7,000 islandsis never far from the sea. Every Filipino lives within 45 miles of the coast, and every day, more than 4,500 new residents are born (Earthtrends, 2003; PNSO, 2006). The rapidly rising population has overwhelmed the fisheries that have traditionally supported the country, bringing grinding poverty and malnutrition to many coastal communities. But a new approach to conservation may save families along with the fish and their habitats. The Integrated Population and Coastal Resource Management (IPOPCORM) project seeks to improve life in communities dependent on the sea for their livelihoods, while conserving biodiversity and productivity in high-priority marine corridors. By integrating the delivery of family planning and conservation services, IPOPCORM found that it could improve reproductive health and coastal resource management more than programs that focused exclusively on reproductive health or the environmentand at a lower total cost. John Pielemeier
Fishers cultivate seaweed on Mantigue Island in camiguin Province, Philippines. courtesy of PFPI.
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects
children living in the coastal community of Lanuza Bay, surigao, Philippines. Photo by Heather DAgnes.
FOCUS Online
More information on IPoPcoRMs programs can be found on PATH Foundation Philippines Inc.s website, http://www.pfpi.org, including Integrated coastal Management Matters: http://www.pfpi.org/PDF/ICM%20Matters.pdf A recent assessment of usAIDs population and environment projects and programming options rated IPoPcoRM as the gold-standard model for PHE planning and execution: http://www.ehproject.org/PDF/phe/phe_assessment2007.pdf The IPoPcoRM model was also featured in Integrating Population, Health and Environment (PHE) Projects: A Programming Manual: http://www.ehproject.org/PDF/phe/phe-usaid_ programming_manual2007.pdf In our sea Is our Life! usAID tells the IPoPcoRM success story: http://www.usaid.gov/ our_work/global_health/pop/news/philippines_ipopcorm.html The complete results of IPoPcoRMs operations research (DAgnes et al., 2008) are in preparation.
John Pielemeier
Philippines: Philippines: Population Philippines: Population Density, 2000 Population Density, 2000 Density, 2000
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Projection Based on 2.5 arcminute resolution data
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects
tors take advantage of long hours at sea to deliver the same messages to other fishermen. Entrepreneurs: The program encourages owners of small convenience (sari-sari) storesamong the only institutions in remote coastal sub-villagesto become social entrepreneurs by distributing reproductive health commodities at low prices (with a slight profit margin). These community-based distributors (CBD) are trained to counsel and screen potential family planning users and dispense nonclinical methods (condoms, pills) to those with no contraindications. NGO partners manage the logistics and the funds and replenish the distributors stocks of contraceptives. In this way, NGO partners can expand their family planning programs without hiring additional outreach workers.
A cBD agent offers family planning services at her sarisari shop on culion Island, Philippines. courtesy of PFPI.
John Pielemeier
Fishermen unload their catch from the night before, coron, Palawan, Philippines. Photo by Heather DAgnes.
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects
and several of them also serve as family planning educators (PFPI, 2007b). Integration: Ten municipal governments have formally integrated reproductive health into their medium-term environmental management plans the first step toward institutionalizing the integrated approachand 146 barangay councils have done the same in their annual development plans (PFPI, 2007a). Awareness of population-environment linkages is growing: One community volunteer said, IPOPCORM not only promotes balance in the family, but also ecological balance. Other villagers report that the projects holistic services are more in sync with their lifestyles than singlesector approaches (Herman, 2004). In addition, the integrated approach helps bridge gender barriers in the community by increasing womens involvement in conservation efforts and access to microcredit. The per capita income of women and fishers increased at IPOPCORM sites, indicating the integrated approachs poverty-reduction potential (Montebon et al., 2004; Castro, 2006).
John Pielemeier
RH AND FooD sEcuRITY INDIcAToRs Contraceptive use during first sexual experience Proportion of young (15-24) males that are sexually active Proportion of households solely dependent on fishing Use of dynamite in fishing Use of cyanide in fishing cRM INDIcAToRs Coral reef: condition index Reef fish: target species richness Reef fish density (# per sq. meter) Mangrove volume (cu. meter per hectare) Mangrove density (# per hectare) Mangrove mean diameter at breast height (cm) Mangrove regeneration (# per hectare)
l Trend in desired direction
l l l l l
l l l l l n n n n n n
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects
ommunity-focused integrated program strateC gies require implementers to possess a variety of skills, including community organization experience, basic knowledge of environmental management and reproductive health, and strong interpersonal skills. ood working relationships with local governG ment and health officials are essential to the success of any project, and supporting governments development plans and objectives is key to establishing such relationships. lternative livelihood training and micro-credit A offer safety nets for poor fishing households that otherwise may suffer during the 2-3 years it takes for fish sanctuaries to regenerate. ntegrated approaches benefit from programs I that expand the role of youth, women, and fishers in village development, protected area management, and peer education.
Aerial view of the globally significant Danajon Double Barrier Reef Ecoregion, where population density averages 455 people per sq. km. courtesy of PFPI.
John Pielemeier
10
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects
This report is made possible by the generous support of the American people through the united states Agency for International Developments (usAID) office of Population and Reproductive Health. The contents are the responsibility of Woodrow Wilson International center for scholars and do not necessarily reflect the views of usAID or the united states Government. Views expressed in this report are not necessarily those of the centers staff, fellows, trustees, advisory groups, or any individuals or programs that provide assistance to the center.
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Lee H. Hamilton, President and Director Board of trustees: Joseph B. Gildenhorn, chair; David A. Metzner, Vice chair; Public Members: James H. Billington, Librarian of congress; Bruce cole, chair, National Endowment for the Humanities; Michael o. Leavitt, secretary, u.s. Department of Health and Human services; Tamala L. Longaberger, designated appointee within the Federal Government; condoleezza Rice, secretary, u.s. Department of state; christin samper, Acting secretary, smithsonian Institution; Margaret spellings, secretary, u.s. Department of Education; Allen Weinstein, Archivist of the united states. Private citizen Members: Robin cook, Donald E. Garcia, Bruce s. Gelb, sander R. Gerber, charles L. Glazer, susan Hutchinson, Ignacio E. sanchez.
John Pielemeier
11
the Environmental Change and Security Program (ECSP) promotes dialogue on the connections among environmental, health, and population dynamics and their links to conflict, human insecurity, and foreign policy. ECSP focuses on four core topics: opulation, Health, and Environment Initiative explores the linkages among P reproductive health, infectious disease, and natural resource management, within the context of foreign policy and global security. nvironment and Security Initiative brings policymakers, practitioners, and E scholars from around the world to address the public on the disarmament policy of the futureenvironmental security. ater: Navigating Peace Initiative examines waters potential to spur conflict and W cooperation, its role in economic development, and its relationship to health and disease. hina Environment Forum creates programming, publications, and study tours to C encourage dialogue among U.S. and Chinese scholars, policymakers, and nongovernmental organizations on environmental and energy challenges in China. The Program publishes two annual journalsthe Environmental Change and Security Program Report and the China Environment Serieswhich are read by more than 7,000 policymakers, practitioners, journalists, and interested citizens. ECSP News, the Programs e-newsletter, delivers news, summaries, and invites to thousands of email recipients every month. ECSP also publishes Focus, a series of papers on population, environment, and security (formerly known as PECS News), as well as original research and occasional reports. To subscribe, please contact ecsp@ wilsoncenter.org.
One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 Tel: 202-691-4000, Fax: 202-691-4001 ecsp@wilsoncenter.org www.wilsoncenter.org/ecsp Editors Meaghan Parker Rachel Weisshaar Production and Design Lianne Hepler Cover Photograph A Badjao mother and child in a canoe, Philippines. 2004 Samuel De Leon, Courtesy of Photoshare Staff Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Director Karin Bencala, Program Assistant Gib Clarke, Program Associate Linden Ellis, Program Assistant (CEF) Meaghan E. Parker, Writer/Editor Sean Peoples, Program Assistant Jennifer L. Turner, Director (CEF) Rachel Weisshaar, Editorial Assistant
One WOOdrOW WilsOn Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania avenue, nW WashingtOn, dC 20004-3027 smithsOnian institutiOn OffiCial Business Penalty fOr Private use, $300
12
Lessons From the First Generation of Integrated Population, Health, and Environment Projects