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Singular Noun - Plural Noun

+ The nouns have irregular plural forms: man men, woman women, child children, tooth teeth, foot feet, goose geese, louse lice, ox oxen, mouse mice. + Some nouns that end in f or fe are changed to ves in the plural: calf calves, half halves, knife knives, leaf leaves, life- lives, loaf loaves, self selves, shelf shelves, thief thieves, wolf wolves, scarf scarves, wife - wives * Some nouns that end in f simply add s to form the plural: belief beliefs, chief chiefs, cliff cliffs, roof roofs, tariff tariffs. Staff staffs, staff staves. + Some nouns have the same singular and plural form: (e.g., One deer is. Two deer are .) deer fish means series sheep species + Some nouns that end in o add es to form the plural: echoes heroes potatoes tomatoes * Some nouns that end in o add only s to form the plural: autos photos solos tattoos bamboos kilos pianos sopranos videos memos radios studios zoos * Some nouns that end in o add either es or s to form the plural: mosquitos/ mosquitoes volcanos/volcanoes tornados/tornadoes zeros/zeroes + Final es is added to nouns that end in s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z to form the plural: classes, buses, lashes, sandwiches, boxes, taxes, buzzes * Remember: stomachs, not stomaches quiz quizzes + Final s is added to nouns that end in the other letters: hats, books, tables, desks, pencils, pens, stairs, laptops, computers + If y is preceded by a vowel, only s is added: toys, boys, ashtrays, guys, trays, days, cowboys, keys If y is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie and s is added: baby babies, lady ladies, enemy enemies, ferry ferries, industry industries, spy spies, story stories

Final es/-s is added to Verbs


I/ We/ You/ They/ Hoa and Mai/ Books (plural noun) +

V1

He/ She/ It/ Hoa/ Book (singular noun)/ Sand (uncountable noun) + e.g., I know this grammar point very well. She tells me some funny stories.

O Vs/es

+ Final es is added to Verbs that end in s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z, -o: presses, wishes, washes, watches, catches, fixes, fuzzes, goes, does + Final s is added to Verbs that end in other letters: asks, moves, sings, dances, develops, stands, sits, sleeps + If y is preceded by a vowel, only s is added: buys, prays, lays, pays, says If y is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie and s is added: cry cries, try tries, pry pries, fry fries, study studies, fly flies

Final ed is added to Verbs


e.g., worked, demanded, walked, wanted, arranged, shouted, yelled, lifted... + The verbs that end in e, just add d. agree agreed, live lived, dance danced, required, phone phoned + The verbs that end in C + V + C, double the last letter and add ed (1 syllable) stop stopped, rob robbed, beg begged + The verbs that end in C + V + C, double the last letter and add ed (a 2-syllableb, the 2nd syllable stressed) prefer preferred, control controlled, permit permitted + The verbs that end in C + V + C, just add ed (a 2-syllableb, the 1st syllable stressed) listen listened, offer offered, open opened, suffer suffered * Remember: -w, -x, and -y are not doubled: plow plowed, fix fixed, flow flowed, mix mixed, played + If y is preceded by a vowel, just add ed: enjoy enjoyed, employ employed, pray prayed, employ employing If y is preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to ie and d is added: study studied, try tried, reply replied, cry cried, fry fried + The verbs that end in ie, just add d: die died, lie lied, tie - tied

Final ing is added to Verbs


e.g., working, singing, walking, arranging, yelling, enjoying, studying, employing + The verbs that end in e, drop the e and add ing: live living, dance dancing, require requiring, phone phoning, argue arguing + The verbs that end in C + V + C, double the last letter and add ing (1 syllable) stop stopping, rob robbing, beg begging + The verbs that end in C + V + C, double the last letter and add ing (a 2-syllabled, the 2nd syllable stressed) prefer preferring, control controlling, permit permitting, begin beginning + The verbs that end in C + V + C, just add ing (a 2-syllable, the 1st syllable stressed) listen listening, offer offering, open opening, suffer suffering * Remember: -w, -x and y are not doubled: plowing, fixing, flowing, mixing, blowing, playing, employing * panic panicking panicked write writing written bite biting bitten hide hiding hidden ride riding ridden, + The verbs that end in ie, the ie is changed to y and add -ing: Die dying, lie lying, tie tying

American bet bet bet fit fit fit get got gotten quit quit quit

British bet bet bet OR bet betted - betted fit fitted - fitted get got got quit quitted - quitted quiz quizzed - quizzed

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