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A management information system (MIS) provides information that is needed to manage organizations efficiently and effectively.

[1] Management information systems are not only computer systems - these systems encompass three primary components: technology, people (individuals, groups, or organizations), and data/information for decision making. Management information systems are distinct from other information systems in that they are designed to be used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities in the organization.[2] Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design, implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, including systems termed decision support systems, expert systems, and executive information systems.[2]. Most business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities) have an MIS department, alongside departments of accounting, finance, management, marketing, and sometimes others, and grant degrees (at undergrad, masters, and PhD levels) in MIS

An organized approach to the study of the information needs of an organization's management at every level in making operational, tactical, and strategic decisions. Its objective is to design and implement procedures, processes, and routines that provide suitably detailed reports in an accurate, consistent, and timely manner. In a management information system, modern, computerized systems continuously gather relevant data, both from inside and outside an organization. This data is then processed, integrated, and stored in a centralized database (or data warehouse) where it is constantly updated and made available to all who have the authorityto access it, in a form that suits their purpose.
INTRODUCTION With the introduction of the Internet and the World Wide Web, students are able to access information

faster and more efficiently using modern Computer Systems. In the past, one had to visit national and school libraries and spend large amounts of time accessing information. Presently any individual can quickly access, save and print information from any location. One can access the internet from Cyber Cafes, schools, mobile phones, at home and even at modern libraries through internet service providers and telecommunication links. Apart from the internet, information e.g. encyclopedias, tutorials and documentaries can be accessed from Compact Discs which are read from computer systems. Management Information System (M.I.S.) is basically concerned with processing data into information. which is then communicated to the various Departments in an organization for appropriate decision-making. Data Information Communication Decisions Data collection involves the use of Information Technology (IT) comprising: computers and telecommunications networks (EMail, Voice Mail, Internet, telephone, etc.) Computers are important for more quantitative, than qualitative, data collection, storage and retrieval; Special features are speed and accuracy, and storage of large amount of data. Desirable characteristics of a MIS Formal information systems are useful at every level of an organisation. Operational systems provide

answers to specific, routine questions on screen or through regular daily, weekly or monthly reports. A senior manager is likely to need information which comes to light from a new way of analysing the available data, or information from external sources. Systems designers need to try to design management information systems which have the following characteristics: x They are flexible, allowing for many different ways of analysing data and evaluating information; x They are capable of supporting a range of skills and knowledge; x They help managers get things done through interpersonal communication with other members of the organisation; x Because managers are busy people who switch rapidly between different tasks, they should not require extensive periods of concentration; x They should make it easy to interrupt the work and return to it at a later time; x They should protect a manager, as far as possible, from information overload.

Types
Most management information systems specialize in particular commercial and industrial sectors, aspects of the enterprise, or management substructure.

Management information systems (MIS), per se, produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data extracted and summarized from the firms underlying transaction processing systems[4] to middle and operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semistructured decision problems. Decision support systems (DSS) are computer program applications used by middle management to compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making.

Executive information systems (EIS) is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and operations. Marketing information systems are MIS designed specifically for managing the marketing aspects of the business. Office automation systems (OAS) support communication and productivity in the enterprise by automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of management. School management information systems (MIS) cover school administration,and often including teaching and learning materials.

[edit]Advantages The following are some of the benefits that can be attained for different types of management information systems.[5]

Companies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the company improve their business processes and operations. Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool. The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs of the customers. The effective management of customer data can help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities. Information is considered to be an important asset for any company in the modern competitive world. The consumer buying trends and behaviours can be predicted by the analysis of sales and revenue reports from each operating region of the company

Enterprise applications

Enterprise systems, also known as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems provide an organization with integrated software modules and a unified database which enable efficient planning, managing, and controlling of all core business processes across multiple locations. Modules of ERP systems may include finance, accounting,

marketing, human resources, production, inventory management and distribution.

Supply chain management (SCM) systems enable more efficient management of the supply chain by integrating the links in a supply chain. This may include suppliers, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers and final customers. Customer relationship management (CRM) systems help businesses manage relationships with potential and current customers and business partners across marketing, sales, and service. Knowledge management system (KMS) helps organizations facilitate the collection, recording, organization, retrieval, and dissemination of knowledge. This may include documents, accounting records, and unrecorded procedures, practices and skills.

23.1.1 Objective Good Municipal Solid Waste management practices is the key to keep a city clean. This requires collection of critical information which is not just for keeping the records up-to-date but used effectively for taking corrective measures as well as proper planning for future. Some information is, therefore, required to be collected to have an overall idea of the prevalent situation, deficiency in the system and likely requirements of the further information which could highlight deficiencies in the system on day-to-day basis and could be used for taking corrective measures has to be collected at regular intervals to monitor the services. Computerisation of such information helps at all the levels of administration to work not harder but smarter, increases the level of job satisfaction, and also to establish strong and reliable information data base necessary to facilitate the decision making and monitoring process for management. With the advancement of information technology, Geographic Information System (GIS) could be introduced in large cities and integrated with Management Information System. Similarly, there is a need for a citizen interface to seek comments, suggestions etc., in respect of utility services.

23.1.2 Need Information that needs to be recorded and studied includes relevant information of the department for planning process as well as specific information to know whether every one involved in SWM services is performing his duty well, adequate vehicles are given to the SWM Dept. by the workshop, the vehicles give their optimum output, the repairing and maintenance of vehicles and equipment at the workshop is properly done, the vehicles carrying the waste to the disposal site are optimally utilised, the processing plants are performing well, landfill sites are well managed etc. The first thing each morning the chief executive should see is whether anything unusual or unsatisfactory has happened needing immediate remedial measures. A list of items is given below on which the data should be collected and kept on record for planning purposes and a few proformae are designed for monitoring the activities done

Features of MIS

Accessibility and Integration

The MIS functions with open access. Open access means that the primary MIS can be connected to, or integrated with, other systems within the business, enabling changes to data from different sources and from multiple locations. This function provides two important outcomes. Organizations can update the system to provide information in conjunction with policies and regulations, and the system can be maintained without needing professional service personnel.

Scalability

An important feature of an MIS is that businesses can purchase a small version of a system and then, over time, add to it as finances allow. Businesses can add increased data capabilities, as well as system features, to the initial system as the business grows, eliminating the need for the business ownerto purchase an entirely new system every few years

Data Collection

Organizations use an MIS to store data. The MIS stores the information in one of two database systems. The first kind of database, the relational database, stores input from users, then relates that information to other information throughout the system. The database subsequently puts that information into graphs or charts so users can compare data. The second kind of database, the hierarchical database, stores data in the order that it was received, but provides no comparison tables for the user.
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