Lun vn tt nghip

LUN VN
ti: Xy

dng thi quen c sch

cho tr trong gia nh

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng nm ..

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Mc lc
M U.......................................................................................................................5
S LC V CC BU IN TRUNG NG......................................................6
TNG QUAN MNG VIN THNG TH H SAU CC BU IN TRUNG
NG...........................................................................................................................6
MC TIU V PHM VI CA MNG VIN THNG TH H SAU CC BU
IN TRUNG NG..................................................................................................6
Cc hng mc cn thc hin.........................................................................................8
Cu trc mng...............................................................................................................8
Cng ngh.....................................................................................................................9
Cu trc phn lp:.......................................................................................................10
Cu trc mng ng trc (lp A)..............................................................................12
a. Thit b chuyn mch : ..........................................................................................12
Cu trc mng lp truy nhp (lp B)..........................................................................13
CHNG 2................................................................................................................19
2.1. CC NGUYN L QUN L MNG VIN THNG....................................19
2.1.4.1.Cc li ch chin lc: ....................................................................................22
2.1.5.3. Cu trc chc nng TMN:......................................................................24
2.1.5.4. Cc khi chc nng........................................................................................25
Bng 2.1 Mi quan h gia cc khi chc nng vi b phn chc nng.............29
Khi.........................................................................................................................30
Cc b phn chc nng...........................................................................................30
MAF........................................................................................................................30
ICF...........................................................................................................................30
WSSF......................................................................................................................30
UISF........................................................................................................................30
DSF.........................................................................................................................30
DAF.........................................................................................................................30
SF............................................................................................................................30
OSF.........................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
WSF.........................................................................................................................30
Ch 2....................................................................................................................30
Ch 2....................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
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-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
NEF q3....................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
NEF qx....................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
MF...........................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
QAF q3....................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
QAF qx....................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
M.............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
-...............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
O..............................................................................................................................30
Bng 1.2 Tu chn b phn chc nng i vi cc khi chc nng.......................30
Hnh 1.6 :Chc nng TMN.................................................................................30

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CHNG 2................................................................................................................32
GII THIU...............................................................................................................32
KIN TRC MPLS V C CH CHUYN TIP CA N...................................39
3.2. QUN L MNG...........................................................................................53
3.2.1. KIN TRC QUN L MNG..............................................................53
3.2.2. SNMP........................................................................................................54
3.2.3. OAM TRN IP..............................................................................................56
3.2.3.1. Ping v ICMP.........................................................................................57
3.2.3.3. Cc chc nng OAM mi trong IPv6.....................................................59
3.2.4. OAM TRN MPLS.......................................................................................59
3.2.4.1 Tng quan cc cng vic hin ti.........................................................59
3.2.4.2. Kt ni LSP............................................................................................60
3.2.4.3. MPLS ping.............................................................................................62
3.2.4.4. Pht hin cc nt li RSVP ..................................................................62
3.2.4.5. Chuyn mch c bo v.........................................................................62
3.2.4.6. Ti nh tuyn nhanh..............................................................................62
3.2.4.7. MPLS v xp xp lu lng..................................................................63

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M U
Mng vin thng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng c bit di tn gi
Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh
nc, hin nay d n xy dng mng c ng, Nh nc v
cc c quan c chc nng ph duyt v c Tng Cng ty Bu chnh
Vin thng Vit Nam v Cc Bu in Trung ng gp rt trin khai.
Mng vin thng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng c phm vi rt
rng, ph kn tt c cc tnh thnh trong c nc do vn t ra
sau khi xy dng xong l phi qun l mng nh th no t
hiu qu cao nht.
H thng qun l mng l khi c ca mng vin thng. Vi mt h thng
qun l tt, mng s hot ng hiu qu, gim thiu s c v tng li nhun,
uy tn ca nh khai thc.
Trn c s d n mng vin thng th h sau ca Cc Bu in Trung ng,
ti a ra m hnh h thng qun l mng tp trung c kh nng qun l
mng trn phm vi ton quc.

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CHNG 1

GII THIU TNG QUAN V MNG TH H

SAU CA CC BU IN TRUNG NG
S LC V CC BU IN TRUNG NG
Cc Bu in Trung ng l mt n v thnh vin ca Tng cng ty Bu
chnh Vin thng Vit Nam c giao nhim v phc v thng tin cho cc c
quan ng, Nh nc. Mng Vin thng Cc BTW hin ang c trin
khai H Ni (CP16) , H Ch Minh (BT78) v 11 tnh Qung Ninh, Hi
phng, Nng, Tha thin - Hu, Cn Th v B Ra - Vng Tu, Lai
Chu, in Bin, c Lc, Kon Tum, Hu Giang. Ti cc im trn c lp
t cc tng i a dch v bng hp (N-ISDN) phc v thng tin cho cc c
quan Trung ng v c quan ng, chnh quyn a phng.
T nm 2002, Cc Bu in Trung ng c ng, Nh nc v Tng cng
ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam giao nhim v xy dng d n "Xy dng
mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc", tin
xy dng mng vin thng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng.
Chng ny s gii thiu mt ci nhn tng quan v mng vin thng th h
sau m Cc Bu in Trung ng ang xy dng.
TNG QUAN MNG VIN THNG TH H SAU CC BU IN
TRUNG NG
MC TIU V PHM VI CA MNG VIN THNG TH H SAU CC
BU IN TRUNG NG
Mng vin thng th h sau ca Cc Bu in Trung ng c xy dng
da trn d n "Xy dng mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan
ng v Nh nc" vi mc tiu nhm xy dng mt mng ng trc
truyn s liu chuyn dng thng nht cho mng tin hc din rng cng nh
cung cp mt s cng thoi cho cc c quan ng v Nh nc. Mng c
xy dng phi c tc cao, dung lng ln, da trn cng ngh IP, c kt
ni vi Internet.

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1.1.1.1.

Mc tiu:

Mc tiu c th v cc yu cu t c th hin trn cc mt sau :

o

1.1.1.2.

Xy dng mng kt ni t trung ng n cc tnh/thnh v n tn

cp qun, huyn, s, ban, ngnh; cung cp cc cng kt ni ti mng
tin hc ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc ti cc cp vi tc cao,
cng ngh m, hin i, trc tuyn c bit ng nht v giao din;
t x, phng c th truy nhp vo mng din rng ca cc c quan
ng, Nh nc thng qua mng cng cng n thit b truy nhp
t ti nt mng tnh/thnh ph.
Trn c s h tng mng truyn s liu chuyn dng s trin khai a
dch v vin thng (thoi, truyn s liu - lin kt mng din rng v
mt s dch v khc ty theo yu cu t cc c quan ng, Nh
nc cng nh xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh).
To thnh cc kt ni chiu dc theo kin trc phn cp ca cc c
quan hnh chnh Nh nc cng nh tch hp theo chiu ngang
mng thng tin din rng ca ng vi mng thng tin din rng
ca Chnh ph, Quc hi.
Mng ng trc m bo thng sut, tin cy v an ton.
Phm vi:

Trn phng din v phn b hnh chnh ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc,

phm vi ca mng vin thng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng bao gm :
o

Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng v Nh

nc phc v vic kt ni mng din rng ca ng, Nh nc trn
phm vi ton quc, t cp trung ng n cp tnh, thnh ph v s,
ban, ngnh, qun, huyn.
Mng cung cp cc cng kt ni ra Internet tc cao ti H Ni v
H Ch Minh.
Mng cung cp cc dch v thoi, video cho cc c quan ng, Nh
nc trn phm vi ton quc, t cp trung ng n cp tnh, thnh
ph v s, ban, ngnh, qun, huyn..

1.1.1.3. i tng s dng dch v:

Cc c quan di y l i tng c s dng cc cng kt ni ca mng
truyn s liu chuyn dng cng nh cc dch v gia tng c trin khai trn
nn mng chuyn dng (thoi, video, Internet, ....) :
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o
o

Cc c quan ng, Chnh ph, Quc hi cp trung ng.

Vn phng tnh, thnh y (VPTU), y ban nhn dn (UBND), hi
ng nhn dn (HND), cc s, ban, ngnh ti cc tnh/thnh trn
ton quc.
Vn phng huyn/th/thnh y (VPHU, VPTU), y ban nhn dn
huyn/th/thnh (VP UBND huyn/th/thnh) trn ton quc.

Cc hng mc cn thc hin

Mng truyn s liu chuyn dng ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc bao gm
cc hng mc sau :
o

o
o

o
o

Cc nt mng cho mng truyn s liu ng trc: ba nt ti H

Ni, H Ch Minh v Nng.
Xy dng cc nt mng kt ni t mng truyn s liu ng trc
ti cc tnh, thnh ph.
Xy dng cc nt mng ti cc qun, huyn, s, ban, ngnh kt ni
v nt mng ti tnh, thnh ph.
Xy dng cng kt ni Internet ti H Ni v H Ch Minh.
Trin khai dch v in thoi h trung ng (ti mt s tnh cha c
tng i in thoi m 80) trn nn mng truyn s liu chuyn
dng.
Xy dng h thng bo mt ng truyn.
Xy dng mi mt s tuyn cp quang/ng, ci to nh trm (ti
nhng ni khng tn dng c c s h tng hin c).
Xy dng h thng qun l mng ng truyn s liu chuyn dng
tp trung ti H Ni.

Trong cc hng mc trn, hng mc cui cng chnh l ni dung ti cn

nghin cu.
Cu trc mng
o

Mng ng trc (H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng) t 155 Mbps.

T nt mng ng trc vcc tnh/thnh ph ti thiu t 2Mbps.
T tnh/thnh ph v qun, huyn, s, ban, ngnh ti thiu t
64Kbps.

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Ti cc tnh/thnh ph cc cng kt ni vo mng LAN ca VPTU

v UBND c tch ring v chy trn cc ung cp quang ring
nhng c th truy nhp ln nhau khai thc s liu khi lnh o c
thm quyn yu cu.
i vi cc tnh/thnh ph cha c tng i h I, mng truyn s
liu chuyn dng s cung cp thm mt s cng in thoi cho php
cc ng ch lnh o ch cht ti tnh/thnh v trung ng c th
lin lc vi nhau trong mng ring (h 5 s).
Mng c xy dng cho php phng thc kt ni qua quay s
(analog, ISDN) vn c tip tc s dng i vi cc c quan m
mng chuyn dng cha vn ti c hay nhng ngi khng
ngi ti phng lm vic c th ng nhp vo mng ni b qua cc
knh truy nhp dnh ring.
Cc Bu in Trung ng c u tin kt ni vo chuyn mch li
ca VDC vi tc cao trn cp quang ti H Ni v H Ch Minh
phc v nhu cu truy nhp Internet ca cc c quan ng, Nh
nc ti hai im ny.

Cng ngh
Mng vin thng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng c xy dng da
trn cng ngh IP, h tr a phng thc kt ni (cp quang, cp ng) v
bng thng linh hot (trc tip: xDSL, n 64Kbps, n E1, STM1, Fast
Ethernet, Giga Ethernet thng qua giao din kt ni ng nht l cng
Ethernet; gin tip: quay s qua mng in thoi analog, ISDN).
o

S dng cc cng ngh tin tin nh MPLS, VLAN,.... tch ring

cc mng din rng ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc ty theo chc
nng nhim v ca cc c quan ny.
H tr a dch v vin thng trn nn IP (thoi, truyn s liu,
Internet , EMail, v cc dch v khc) trn c s tng thch vi
mng in thoi chuyn dng (mng in thoi h trung ng m
80) hin c.
Qun l tp trung t mt trung tm qun l mng duy nht ti H
Ni cho ton b mng ng truyn s liu, m bo thng sut,
an ton, tin cy ca mng ng truyn s liu chuyn dng.

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S dng cc cng ngh m ha ng truyn tin tin m bo

an ton cho ng truyn s liu, d liu trn ng truyn, chng
mi kh nng c s truy nhp tri php vo h thng ng truyn.
Vic s dng cc knh vt l ring (tch t knh truyn dn lin
tnh, ni tnh ca mng cng cng) dnh cho mng ng trc m
bo tnh u tin cao c tnh n ng truyn d phng (tnh vu
hi), m bo truyn d liu truyn trong mng chuyn dng, trnh
khi bt c s tc nghn, gin on thng tin no ng thi vn m
bo tit kim u t mc cao nht.
Trin khai hai cng ra Internet ti H Ni v H Ch Minh: hai cng
ra Internet ny phc v nhu cu kt ni Internet ca cc c quan
ng, Nh nc cp trung ng ti H Ni v H Ch Minh. T cc
c quan cp a phng (tnh, thnh ph) c th kt ni ra Internet
thng qua cc PoP Internet ca mng cng cng ti a phng.

Cu trc phn lp:

M hnh mng din rng ca cc c quan ng v Nh nc c m t trn
hnh 1.1.
PA ( Trung ng)

PB (B,
Ngnh)
Ban cn s
ng

PB (Tnh)
Tnh y,
UBND

PC
(Cc, V, n v tng
ng)

PC
(Qun,
huyn)

PC
(S)
PD
(X,
phng)

Hnh 1.1. M hnh mng din rng ca ng, Nh nc

Trong :
o

Mc A : Cp Trung ng.

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o
o

Mc B : Cp B, Tnh.
Mc C : Cp S, Ban, Ngnh, qun, huyn, th hoc Cc, V, n v
trc thuc B.
Mc D : Cp x, phng.

Cu trc phn lp ca mng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng nh hnh

1.2.
Chuyn mch
li (HNI)

Chuyn mch
li (HCM)

n x STM-1( n x 155Mbps)

Chuyn mch
li (DNG)

Lp li

n x E1, Fast Ethernet, STM-1

Lp truy nhp (ti cc tnh/ thnh ph)

Lp truy nhp

n x 64Kb

Lp u cui

n x E1

xDSL

ST
M-1

..

Fast
Ethernet

Giga
Ethernet

Cng Ethernet

Mng LAN
ca cc c quan ng, Nh
nc cc cp TW, tnh,
huyn ( tc kt ni theo
yu cu )

Mng LAN

Hnh 1.2. M hnh mng theo cu trc phn cp

Trong :
Lp chuyn mch li: t ti H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng
lm nt tp trung lu lng cho cc tnh trong vng , c kt ni
vi tc STM-1 (155Mbps). Cc nt chuyn mch lp ny c
u vi nhau cu trc 2 hng chn (1+1) m bo an ton.
o

Lp truy nhp: Kt ni v lp chuyn mch li qua cc cng n x

E1, Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) hoc STM-1 (ty theo lu lng d liu
v kh nng b tr knh truyn dn).
o

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Lp u cui: Bao gm cc u cui t ti pha mng ca cc c

quan ng, Nh nc; kt ni v lp truy nhp thng qua knh n xE1,
xDSL, STM-1, FastEthernet hay Giga Ethernet khi c yu cu. Lp u
cui cung cp cc giao din kt ni thng vo HUB, LAN Switch
ca mng LAN ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc vi tc 10 Mbps,
100 Mbps hay 1000 Mbps (GE)
o

Lp Extranet (cung cp cng ra Internet t mng ni b) : vic cung

cp kt ni ra Internet do 02 PoP t ti H Ni v H Ch Minh m
nhim.
o

H thng qun l gim st mng (NMS): t ti H Ni c kh nng

gim st, vn hnh, tnh cc, .... ton mng truyn s liu ni b v
mng cung cp cng kt ni Internet, bn cnh h thng qun l
mng cng phi h tr kh nng gim st, vn hnh t xa cho cc trm
ti cc nt mng mc B, C theo m hnh khng s dng ngi trc
thng xuyn. y chnh l mc tiu ca lun vn.
o

Cu trc mng ng trc (lp A)

Mng ng trc bao gm cc trung tm H Ni, H Ch Minh v Nng
bao gm:
a. Thit b chuyn mch :
a. L cc chuyn mch nhiu lp h tr cc giao tip 10/100/1000

Mbps, chuyn mch a tng 2/3/4 v chnh sch lu lng h

tr tt nht cho cc dch v trung tm d liu .
b. m nhim chc nng chuyn mch lu lng mc cao, ng

thi cung cp cc cng kt ni cho cc trung tm d liu ca

cc c quan ng, Nh nc (hosting), u trc tip vo lp
mng B ca khu vc H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng.
b. B nh tuyn ng trc ( Backbone-Router ):
a. Cung cp kh nng kt ni gia cc nt mng trung tm vi nhau
(u cho 1+1), kt ni v lp mng B.
b. To thnh mt backbone gia cc nt mng trung tm (chuyn
mch IP lp li ), tc kt ni l STM-1 tr nn.
c. nh tuyn mc ng trc.

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LAN Switch
L

H Ni
H
H
I
InterPoP-Router
S
STM-1

S
STM-1

I
IP/MPLS
S
STM-1

Tp. H Ch Minh
T

Nng

Hnh 1.3. M hnh mng ng trc

Cu trc mng lp truy nhp (lp B)
Nh m t trn, lp truy nhp s bao gm cc thit b m nhim cc
chc nng sau :
o

Kt ni v lp mng ng trc.

Chuyn mch ni b ca khu vc (tnh/thnh s ti).

Cung cp mt s cng in thoi.

Cung cp cc giao tip kt ni n lp mng C.

a. Lp mng B ti H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng

Lp mng B ti H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng c phn tch y l
thuc mng Cc BTW nhm phc v kt ni cho cc c quan cp trung
ng phn bit vi phn mng phc v cho cc c quan cp tnh/thnh, ...
C mt s im khc bit so vi mng lp B ti cc tnh/thnh khc l:
o

Mng ti H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng da trn cu trc vng

RING cp quang hin c ca Cc Bu in Trung ng phc v
nhu cu kt ni ca cc c quan ng, Nh nc, Quc hi ng ti
H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng.
Cung cp cc cng kt ni v mng ti cc tnh/thnh ( y lp
mng B ca H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng m nhim mt phn
chc nng ca lp li nhm phn chia ti x l trn mng).
u trc tip vo thit b chuyn mch ca lp li thng qua cng
100/1000 Mbps.
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Trong :
Trung k kt ni t Access Router n tng i ti H Ni v H Ch Minh
gm 2 nhm :
o

Nhm 1: kt ni cho php cc cuc in thoi vo/ra t mng in

thoi bn ngoi (PSTN, cc my h 5 s Cc BTW ca tng i
MD110 hin c) vi cc my in thoi h 5 s do mng truyn s
liu ni b cung cp.
Nhm 2: cho cc kt ni vo mng truyn s ni b qua truy
nhp gin tip (analog/ISDN). Cc kt ni ny c th c p dng
i vi c quan c mng LAN nh hay cha kp chuyn sang s
dng kt ni mi cng nh cho ngi dng i cng tc sang a
phng khc c th truy nhp v mng LAN ca mnh.
Mng ng trc

Core LAN Switch

cng FE/GE

DSLAM

B tp trung
DSLAM

IP-MUX

IP-MUX

Soft Switch

DSLAM

RING cp quang
DSLAM
Access Router

Thoi/video

DSLAM

nxE
1

LeasedLine

cng xDSL

Ti
MD110

n cc
tnh/thnh

Hnh 1.4. M hnh kt ni mng lp B ti H Ni, H Ch Minh

b. Lp mng B tnh/thnh ph khc
T hnh 1.5, c th lit k cc thit b thuc lp mng ny nh sau:

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B nh tuyn (Uplink/Access Router): nh tuyn cho khu vc, kt ni v

lp mng trn. Tc kt ni c th l nxE1, E3, Fast Ethernet, STM-1.
ng thi l Router truy nhp, cung cp kh nng kt ni n lp mng C,
cng nh cho php cc kt ni thng qua cng analog vo mng truyn s
liu ni b.
Chuyn mch LAN (LAN switch): m nhim nhim v chuyn mch cho
phn mng, cung cp cc dch v trung tm d liu cng nh h tr cc cng
kt ni tc cao (FE/GE).
Thit b truy nhp:
o
o

Thit b DSLAM : cung cp cc cng xDSL.

Thit b IP-MUX : cung cp cc cng nx 64Kbps, 2 Mbps cho kt
ni v cc nt mng xa thng qua truyn dn ni tnh.
Thit b cung cp cc cng in thoi analog.

Tc kt ni t nt mng thuc lp mng ny (lp B) v lp ng trc ti

thi im ban u l n x E1, tuy nhin ty theo yu cu v bng thng ca
mng my tnh cc c quan ng, Nh nc cng nh kh nng b tr knh
truyn dn ca Ngnh, c th nng cp ln tc cao hn (E3, STM-1, ...) m
khng cn phi thay th bt c thit b no (ch cn thay i bng mch giao
tip kt ni c kh nng h tr tc cao hn).
1.1.1.4. Cu hnh mng truyn s liu ti lp C
Ti cc nt mng lp C c mt s phng thc kt ni sau :
1. kt ni vo cc mng LAN ln ( VPCP, VPTW, VPQH hay UBND-

HND/VPTU ca cc tnh/thnh,... ) s dng kt ni trn cp quang

tc cao ( nu cha c tuyn cp quang th xy dng mi ), cc thit
b u cui s dng cc thit b chuyn i quang /in nh Gigabit
Interface Converter hay Fast Ethernet Converter.
2. Vi cc s, ban, ngnh, qun, huyn ni th hay khong cch ph hp
v c th b tr c i cp ng th dng cc thit b xDSL kt
ni.
3. Vi cc im mng lp C xa nt mng lp B hay phi s dng knh
truyn dn ni tnh tc n x 64 - 2Mbps th dng cc thit b kt cui
mng (NTU) kt ni.

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Mng ng trc

n x E1
( c th nng ln E3
hay cao hn )

Thit b Chuyn mch

Thit b truy nhp

( Access Devices)

xDSL, FE,....

B nh tuyn
( Uplink-Access
Router)

Module
thoi

in thoi

Truy nhp quay s, LL,...

Hnh 1.5. M hnh kt ni mng lp B ti cc tnh/thnh khc

Mt s giao din h tr cc kt ni thng qua cng quay s in thoi
(analog/ISDN) truy nhp vo mng ni b, giao din ny c dng cho
cc c quan cha kp chuyn sang s dng h tng truyn thng mi hay cho
nhng ngi dng di ng ( v d i cng tc xa c quan), c th kt ni v
mng my tnh ca c quan mnh thng qua cc cng truy nhp s dng quay
s in thoi. Sau khi kt ni thnh cng vo mng truyn s liu ni b,
mng s to ra mt knh kt ni o n mng din rng ca c quan tng
ng (ca VPTW hoc VPCP ) v t ngi dng phi nhp tip cc thng
tin xc thc thc s kt ni vo mng my tnh ca c quan mnh ).
1.1.1.5. Kt lun
Nh trnh by trn, ta c th khi qut v mng vin thng th h sau ca
Cc Bu in Trung ng nh sau:
Cng ngh:
o

Giao thc: TCP/IP.

Cng ngh cho mng ng trc: cng ngh MPLS.

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Cng ngh cho mng truy nhp:

Qua cp quang FE/FO tc 100/1000 Mbps i vi VPCP,
VPTW, VPQH, cc b, c quan ngang b, tnh/thnh y, UBND
tnh/thnh ph.
Qua modem xDSL tc 2Mbps i vi cc S, Ban, Ngnh.
Qua WAN (NTU) tc nx64 Kbps ti cc qun, huyn.
Giao din kt ni u l Ethernet.
NTU hoc xDSL modem
N

xDSL or
leaselin
e

Ngi dng s dng

kt ni quay s in
thoi kt ni
(analog/ISDN)

Router hoc FE/GE

C
Converter

Lp mng B

Kt ni mng vo mng
TSL qua mng in thoi
cng cng (PSTN).

Mng in thoi
cng cng.

Hnh 1.6. M hnh kt ni mng lp C

K thut:
o

Mng ng trc gm 3 nt mng ti H Ni, H Ch Minh,

Nng. Ti H Ni v H Ch Minh cn c thm cc tng i chuyn
mch mm cung cp kt ni thoi/video v ti y cng cung cp
thm cc kt ni Internet phc v hnh chnh cng.
Mng truy nhp ti cc tnh, thnh kt ni v cc core PoP ti cc
min tng ng.
Mng kt cui: Cung cp kt ni n ngi s dng.

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1.1.2. CHC NNG CA H THNG QUN L MNG TH H SAU

CC BU IN TRUNG NG
Mc tiu ca lun vn l xy dng c h thng qun l mng th h sau
Cc Bu in Trung ng trn nguyn tc qun l tp trung t mt trung tm
duy nht. Cc yu cu v h thng qun l mng ny nh sau:
o

Qun l s c: quan tm n cc s kin mng li nh l cc cnh

bo v cc qu trnh cn thit x l chng.
Qun l ti nguyn: qun l cu trc ca tt c cc cc lp ca mng
khi c thay i cc ti nguyn thit b v cc phn mm.
Qun l cu hnh: sp t cc ta nguyn ln ton b mng li v
qun l s cung cp, di chuyn, thay i, nh tuyn li khi c hng
hc hay tc nghn
Qun l truy cp v an ton: kim sot s truy cp vo mng li
i vi cc i tng c php.
Lu tr, sao lu d liu: m bo s an ton d liu.

V mng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng c xy dng trn nn tng

cng ngh IP/MPLS nn trong cc chng tip theo s trnh by r v cc
cng ngh ny cng nh cc cng ngh qun l trong mng IP/MPLS.

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CHNG 2

TNG QUAN V H THNG QUN L MNG

TMN
2.1. CC NGUYN L QUN L MNG VIN THNG
Mng vin thng ngy cng tr nn a dng v c ph bin rng ri. Trong
sut nhng nm 90 ngi ta trng i mng vin thng cng vi h thng
phn mm c s s dng hng ngn phn t mng thng minh s tin trin
tng theo cc dch v m li gim c gi thnh duy tr hot ng v qun
l mng. T nm 1988 ITU-T cng b mt s khuyn ngh v nhng th
tc, cu trc, giao din tiu chun tp hp thnh b khuyn ngh M.3000 -
chnh l mng qun l vin thng TMN, mt gii php v ang c trin
khai rng ri.
TMN cung cp nhng thng tin v chc nng qun l mng nh: iu khin
hot ng, qun l, vn hnh trong mi trng a phng tin, phc tp ca
mng vin thng. Chc nng ca TMN c th c chia ra lm hai loi chnh
l chc nng c bn v chc nng m rng.
Phn ny s cp ti mi quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng; cu trc,
cc giao din chun v phn b ca TMN.
Chng hai s xem xt v h thng qun l mng TMN v nh gi xem h
thng qun l mng TMN c thch hp vi vic xy dng h thng qun l
mng cho mng th h sau ca Cc Bu in Trung ng hay khng. Trong
mi mc u c cc so snh v nh gi v s ph hp .
2.1.1.
QUAN H GIA TMN V MNG VIN THNG
TMN c th dng rt n gin l mt kt ni gia h iu hnh (Operating
System) ti mt thit b vin thng no , hoc dng rt phc tp l mng
kt ni nhiu h iu hnh vi nhiu h thng vi cc thit b u cui khc
nhau. Trn hnh 2.1 biu din mi quan h gia mt mng TMN vi mng
vin thng TN m n qun l.

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Mt mng qun l c th cung cp cc chc nng qun l v s lin lc gia

h iu hnh (OS) v cc phn khc nhau ca mng vin thng. TMN cng
cung cp chc nng qun l v lin lc ti cc TMN khc hay cc thc th
tng ng TMN h tr kh nng qun l mng ton quc hoc quc t.
Mng vin thng bao gm cc loi thit b tng t, s nh thit b tng i,
truyn dn, thit b u cui, thit b kim tra bo dng, trong mng qun
l cc thit b ny u c xem l phn t mng (NE Network Element).
Mt cch tng qut, TMN l mt mng ring c lp v mt logic vi c
qun l, giao tip vi mng vin thng mt s im nhn hay gi thng
tin iu khin hot ng ca n. TMN s dng cc thnh phn ca mng
vin thng cung cp cc thng tin ca mng.
TMN

H thng
iu hnh

H thng
iu hnh

H thng
iu hnh

Trm
lm vic

Mng thng tin s liu

Ti TMN
khc

Chuyn
mch

H thng
truyn dn

Chuyn
mch

H thng
truyn dn

Chuyn
mch

Mng vin thng

Hnh 2.1: Quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng

2.1.2. CC LNH VC NG DNG CA TMN
Theo khuyn ngh M.3010, sau y l mt s v d v cc mng, cc dch v
vin thng v mt s thit b chnh c th qun l bi TMN:
o

Cc mng cng cng v mng ring bao gm cc mng a dch v

ISDN bng rng v bng hp (bao gm c ATM), cc mng thng
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tin di ng, cc mng thoi ring, cc mng ring o v cc mng

thng minh.
o
o

Bn thn TMN.
Cc thit b truyn dn (cc b ghp knh, cc b phi lung, thit
b chuyn knh SDH)
Cc h thng truyn dn s v tng t (cp kim loi, cp si
quang, v tuyn, v tinh)

Cc h thng lu tr.

Cc h iu hnh v thit b ngoi vi ca chng.

Cc b iu khin nhm, my ch, cc b x l ph cn, cc my

tnh ln.

Cc tng i s v tng t.

Cc mng WAN, LAN, MAN.

Cc mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch.

Cc h thng v thit b u cui bo hiu bao gm cc im

chuyn tn hiu (STP Signal Transfer Point) v c s d liu thi
gian thc.

Cc dch v vin thng v cc dch v km theo.

PBXs, truy nhp PBX v u cui ngi s dng (khch hng).

Cc u cui ngi s dng ISDN.

Phn mm c cung cp bi cc dch v vin thng hoc lin quan

vi cc dch v vin thng, phn mm chuyn mch, ng dn,c
s d liu bo hiu.
Phn mm ng dng hot ng trong cc my tnh ln (siu my
tnh) bao gm c cc ng dng cung cp cho TMN.
Cc h thng lin quan (cc module o kim tra, cc h thng
ngun, iu ha nhit , cc h thng cnh bo ca mt to nh,)

Nh vy, cn c vo cc ng dng ca TMN ta thy rng TMN ph hp vi

vic xy dng h thng qun l mng ca Cc Bu in Trung ng. Tuy
nhin, xem xt xem c th p dng hay khng cn phi nghin cu cc c
trng khc ca mng qun l vin thng TMN.
2.1.3 MC TIU C BN CA TMN
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Mc tiu c bn ca ca TMN l cung cp mt c cu t chc cho qun l

vin thng. Ngoi ra cc mc tiu xy dng TMN l:
o

o
o

T mt hoc mt vi h thng qun l, ngi iu hnh c th qun

l nhiu mt cc loi thit b, mng, dch v phn b rng ri.
Cc c ch bo mt v ton vn d liu nhiu mc nh qun l h
thng, cc chc nng lin lc bi v TMN c th cho php truy cp
v iu khin t cc ngun c coi l bn ngoi TMN.
Tng thch vi cc ng dng c bn ca m hnh OSI.
Dng k thut x l phn b hng i tng (ODP) vi nhn l
cc i tng qun l cc ti nguyn trong mi trng TMN bi
mi trng qun l vin thng phn b.

2.1.4. LI CH CA VIC S DNG TMN

Vic trin khai mng qun l vin thng TMN mang li cc ch li sau y
cho cc nh khai thc, cho khch hng v c i vi cc nh sn xut cung
cp thit b:
2.1.4.1.Cc li ch chin lc:
- Lin kt cc nh sn xut, cung cp thit b.
- Tc ng ln n cc hoch nh v chnh sch trong kinh doanh.
- Thc hin tt cc chc nng bo v, bo mt cho mng.
- Cung cp kh nng iu chnh k hoch khai thc v kinh doanh.
2.1.4.2.Cc dch v cho khch hng c ci thin:
- Cht lng dch v c nng cao.
- Chuyn giao sn phm nhanh hn.
- Theo di v p ng tt cc yu cu ca khch hng.
- Khch hng c th tham gia vo vic qun l dch v.
2.1.4.3.Gi thnh cc dch v v thit b c gim i:
- Cc thit b c chun ho.
- Phn chia li c s h tng.
- Kim tra v thit k chi tit.
2.1.4.4.Tng li nhun kinh doanh:

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- Qun l cht ch mng khch hng.

- Bn li cc h thng.
- Cc gi tr c ti ci thin.
Vic p ng cc tiu chun t c cc li ch trn ph thuc vo:
- Tnh nng v c im ca cc phng tin c cung cp trong h
thng qun l.
- Kh nng gim st, kim sot cc b phn ca mng qun l.
- C cu t chc v phng thc iu hnh c xy dng khai thc
vic qun l mng.
2.1.5. CU TRC MNG TMN
2.1.5.1. Cc yu cu v cu trc TMN:
-

Ti thiu ho thi gian hot ng qun l i vi cc s c trn mng.

Kh nng iu khin theo cc hng ca vic vn hnh mng.

Cung cp c cu c lp ti thiu ho nh hng nguy hi i vi

vic bo mt.

Xc nh v tr, nguyn nhn v ni dung ca cc li mng.

Cung cp dch v h tr v s lin kt vi khch hng.

2.1.5.2. Cu trc ca TMN:

i vi cu trc tng quan ca TMN khi lp k hoch v thit k c 3 xu
hng cu trc sau y c nghin cu xem xt, l:
Cu trc chc nng TMN: phn b cc chc nng trong TMN
cho php khi to cc khi chc nng m t mt TMN s c to
thnh t t hp cc khi chc nng ny. nh ngha v cc khi chc
nng v cc im lin quan gia cc khi chc nng s dn ti cc yu
cu i vi cc tnh nng giao din c khuyn ngh i vi TMN.
Cu trc thng tin TMN: Da trn c s i tng l nguyn
nhn c bn p dng kt ni h thng m OSI. OSI v nguyn l
X500 l c s a ra nguyn tc TMN v c m rng thch
hp vi mi trng TMN khi cn thit.
-

Cu trc vt l TMN: trnh by cc giao din thc v cc v d

v cc thnh phn vt l i vi TMN.
-

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2.1.5.3. Cu trc chc nng TMN:

TMN cung cp cc phng tin truyn ti v x l thng tin lin quan n
vic qun l cc mng vin thng. Cu trc chc nng ca TMN c da
trn mt s khi chc nng ca TMN. Cc khi chc nng cung cp cho
TMN cc chc nng gip cho vic thc hin cc chc nng qun l TMN.
Chc nng truyn thng d liu DCF c s dng chuyn i thng tin
gia cc khi chc nng TMN. Cc khi chc nng khc nhau in hnh c
th l mc gii hn v phm vi thc hin ti cng im chun. Chc nng
c cung cp bi cc khi chc nng ca TMN s c trnh by chi tit
hn trong cc b phn chc nng cu thnh TMN. Cc khi chc nng ca
TMN c minh ho nh hnh 2.2.

TMN
OSF

WSF
M
MF

NEF

QAF

Hnh 2.2: Cc khi chc nng TMN

Trong :
OSF: Operation Systems Function Chc nng h thng vn hnh
MF:

Media Funtion: Chc nng trung gian

WSF: Work Station Function Chc nng trm lm vic

NEF: Network Element Function Chc nng phn t mng
QAF: Q Adaptor Function Chc nng tng thch Q
: ng bin chc nng TMN.

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2.1.5.4. Cc khi chc nng

* Khi chc nng iu hnh (OSF):
OSF cung cp chc nng lp k hoch v qun l cho mng TMN. OSF x l
thng tin lin quan n vic qun l vin thng nhm gim st/phi hp v c
th iu khin cc chc nng vin thng. Hin ti c rt nhiu OSF cn thit
cho vic hot ng ca TMN, cc t chc chun ho ang c gng nh ra
cc loi OSF c th c thc hin bi cc h thng vt l. Theo tiu chun
M.3010 ca ITU th c 4 loi OSF cung cp chc nng qun l cc lp: lp
kinh doanh BML, lp dch v SML, lp mng NML v lp qun l cc thnh
phn mng NEML.
* Khi chc nng phn t mng (NEF):
NEF l mt khi chc nng thng tin vi TMN nhm mc ch
c gim st v/hoc c iu khin. NEF cung cp cc chc nng
vin thng v h tr c yu cu bi mng vin thng ang c
qun l.
NEF gm cc chc nng vin thng l cc vn qun l.
Cc chc nng ny khng phi l mt phn ca TMN nhng i din
cho TMN thng qua NEF. Phn ca NEF cung cp s biu th ny
trong vic h tr TMN l mt phn bn thn TMN trong khi bn
thn cc chc nng vin thng l nm ngoi NEF.
* Khi chc nng trm lm vic (WSF):
WSF cung cp phng tin din gii thng tin TMN cho ngi s dng v
ngc li. WSF chu trch nhim chuyn i thng tin gia im chun TMN
v im chun khng thuc TMN ng vi tr nh mt cng giao tip, do
vy mt phn ca khi chc nng ny nm ngoi ng bin.
* Khi chc nng trung gian (MF):
Khi MF cho php cc khi chc nng khc trong TMN trao i thng tin vi
nhau khi giao din v im tham chiu gia chng khng ging nhau. Ni
cch khc MF c nhim v nh cc cng lm nhim v chuyn tip. Theo cc
tiu chun M30/3010 ca ITU khi MF cn c nhim v x l v trao i
thng tin qua li gia OSF v NEF (hay QAF) m bo s tng thch ca
thng tin gia cc khi chc nng gn vi MF. Mt s v d v chc nng ca
MF.
Truyn ti thng tin

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Chuyn i cc th tc

Chuyn i cc bn tin v tn hiu

Phin dch a ch
nh tuyn
Lm b tp trung
X l thng tin
Thc hin lnh
Lu tr, sa cha, lc, t ngng v iu chnh li thng tin

* Khi chc nng tip hp Q (QAF):

Khi QAF c s dng kt ni b phn ca TMN (nh NEF hoc OSF)
vi bn ngoi khng thuc TMN. Nhim v ca QAF l chuyn i thng tin
gia im chun TMN vi im chun khng thuc TMN, do vy mt phn
ca khi chc nng ny nm ngoi ng bin.
2.1.5.5. Cc b phn chc nng TMN:
Mt s b phn chc nng c xc nh l phn t to nn cc khi chc
nng ca TMN v c xc nh trong mc ny. Bng 2.1 ch ra bng cch
no cc b phn chc nng ny c t hp thnh cc khi chc nng khc
nhau. Bng 2.2 ch ra mi quan h ca cc b phn chc nng vi cc khi
chc nng.
* Chc nng p dng qun l (MAF):
MAF din t phn chc nng ca mt hoc nhiu dch v qun l TMN nh
trnh by trong khuyn ngh M 3020 v c tng qut ho trong khuyn
ngh M.3200. MAF c th c c tnh ho bi cc kiu khi chc nng ca
n, v d MF-MAF, OSF-MAF, NEF-MAF v QAF-MAF.
iu khin cc dch v qun l TMN hay phi hp tng tc gia MAF
trong cc khi chc nng khc nhau th cn c s gip cc b phn chc
nng khc. Mi tc ng qua li c bit l chc nng qun l TMN lin
quan n mt hoc nhiu cp MAF phi hp. Chc nng qun l TMN lin
quan c nhm li thnh tp hp chc nng qun l TMN v c trnh by
trong khuyn ngh M.3400.Tp hp chc nng qun l TMN ny c th cu
thnh tt c cc chc nng qun l TMN c cung cp bi mt MAF ring
bit.

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Chc nng h thng vn hnh Chc nng ng dng qun l (OSF-

MAF): Cc chc nng ng dng qun l ny rt quan trng v l mt

phn ca OSF. Chng c di chc nng t n gin n phc tp nh l:
Tr gip vai tr ca qun l v Agent trong vic truy nhp n
thng tin i tng c qun l.
Cng thm gi tr vo thng tin ban u, v d tp trung d liu, sa
li cnh bo, phn tch ch tiu cht lng, thng k
Tng tc vi thng tin n, v d ti cu hnh t ng, bm li
Cc chc nng khc (ang tip tc nghin cu).
Chc nng phn t mng- Chc nng ng dng qun l (NEF- MAF):

Cc chc nng ng dng qun l ny trnh by trong QAF, ch yu h

tr vai tr nh qun l v tc nhn (Agent) ca n. Cc kha cnh khc
vn ang tip tc nghin cu.
Chc nng tng thch Q - Chc nng ng dng qun l (QAF-MAF):

Cc chc nng ng dng qun l ny trnh by trong QAF,ch yu h

tr vai tr nh qun l v tc nhn ca n.Cc kha cnh khc vn ang
tip tc nghin cu.
Chc nng trung gian Chc nng ng dng qun l (MF-MAF): Cc

ng dng qun l ny c biu th MF trong vic h tr chc nng

chuyn i thng tin. V d v cc chc nng nh vy l:
m bo t hp d liu thng qua th tc trung gian,
Tp trung, ti nh dng v tnh hiu lc ca d liu,
To ngng gii hn, nh tuyn/ti nh tuyn d liu,
m bo rng chc nng chuyn i thng tin c thc hin ph
hp vi c quyn truy nhp ca cc i tng s dng TMN
* Chc nng chuyn i thng tin (ICF):
ICF c s dng gia cc h thng trung gian nhm cung cp c ch chuyn
i thng tin gia cc m hnh thng tin vi cc giao thc ti c hai giao din.
Cc m hnh thng tin ny c th hoc khng th c nh hng i tng.
* Chc nng tr gip trm cng tc (WSSF):
WSSF h tr cho khi chc nng (WSF) bao gm c truy nhp d liu v
thao tc, dn chng v khng nh hot ng, truyn dn thng bo v che
du s tn ti ca NEF v OSF khc i vi i tng s dng WSF truyn
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thng vi OSF ring. WSSF cng c th h tr trong vic iu hnh WSF v

truy nhp i vi vic iu hnh OSF.
* Chc nng tr gip giao din i tng s dng (UISF):
UISF chuyn i thng tin trong m hnh thng tin TMN ti nh dng c th
hin th i vi giao din ngi my v chuyn i li vo i tng s
dng n m hnh thng tin TMN. UISF chu trch nhim v t hp thng tin
t mt hoc nhiu on c mt hoc nhiu OSF, ng thi UISF cn c th
cung cp chc nng tng t nh MAF v ICF.
* Chc nng h thng th mc (DSF):
B phn chc nng DSF a ra mt h thng th mc phn b kh dng ton
cu hoc ni ht.Thut ng th mc c s dng y trong mt ngha
chung.N khng ng cho mt trng hp ring no v thc hin cu trc d
liu kt hp vi thng tin ny.Chc nng yu cu c th thc hin vi c s
d liu lu tr i tng c qun l ,i tng trong th mc
* Chc nng truy nhp th mc(DAF):
B phn chc nng ca DAF c kt hp vi tt c cc khi chc nng cn
thit truy nhp ti th mc. N c s dng truy nhp ti v/ hoc duy
tr thng tin lin quan TMN biu th thng qua cc chc nng h thng th
mc (DSF).
* Chc nng bo mt (SF):
B phn chc nng bo mt cung cp cc dch v an ton cn thit cho cc
khi chc nng tho mn chnh sch bo mt v/hoc yu cu ca ngi s
dng. Tt c dch v bo mt m khi chc nng c th c phn thnh 5
dch v c bn: Xc nhn, iu khin truy nhp, tin cy d liu, t hp d
liu v an ton nh trnh by trong khuyn ngh X.800.
* Khi chc nng truyn thng bo (MCF):
MCF c kt hp vi tt c cc khi chc nng c giao din vt l. N c
s dng v c gii hn, cho s thay i thng tin qun l cha ng thng
bo tng xng vi n. MCF hp thnh ngn giao thc cho php kt ni cc
khi chc nng ti chc nng thng tin d li DCF. MCF c th cung cp
cc chc nng hi t giao thc cho giao din khng phi tt c 7 lp OSI
c tr gip. Ph thuc ngn giao thc c tr gip im tham chiu,
cc loi MCF khc s tn ti. Khi mt khi chc nng c kt ni hai loi
giao din cn c hai loi MCF cung cp s chuyn i giao thc.
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Khi chc nng

OSF d)
WSF
NEFq3 a)
NEFqx a)
MF d)
QAFq3 b) d)
QAF qx c)

Cc b phn chc nng

OSF-MAF (A/M), WSSF, ICF, DSF, DAF, SF
UISF, DAF, SF
NEF-MAF (A), DSF, DAF, SF
NEF-MAF (A), DSF, DAF, SF
MF-MAF (A/M), ICF, WSSF, DSF, DAF, SF
QAF-MAF (A/M), ICF, DSF, DAF, SF
QAF-MAF (A/M), ICF, DSF, DAF, SF

Bng 2.1 Mi quan h gia cc khi chc nng vi b phn chc nng
A/M Agent/Manager : Tc nhn/Qun l
DAF Directory Access Function : Chc nng truy cp th mc
DSF Directory System Function : Chc nng h thng th mc
ICF Information Conversation Function : Chc nng chuyn i thng tin
MCF Message Communication Function : Chc nng truyn thng ip
MAF Management Application Function : Chc nng ng dng qun l
SF Security Function : Chc nng bo mt
UISF User Interface Support Function : Chc nng h tr giao din ngi s
dng
WSSF WorkStation Support Function : Chc nng h tr trm lm vic
a) NEF cng bao gm cc ngun vin thng v h tr bn ngoi TMN
b) Khi QAF q3 c s dng trong vai tr qun l, cc im tham chiu q3
nm gia QAF v OSF
c) Vic s dng QAF qx trong vai tr qun l l nghin cu su hn
d) MAF(A/M) ngha l chc nng ng dng qun l trong vai tr tc nhn
hoc qun l.

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Khi
Chc nng

OSF
WSF
NEF q3
NEF qx
MF
QAF q3
QAF qx

Cc b phn chc nng

MAF
Ch 1
M
Ch 2
M
O
O
O
O

ICF

WSSF

UISF

DSF

DAF

SF

O
Ch 2
M
M
M

O
O
-

M
-

O
O
O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O

O
O
O
O
O
O
O

Bng 1.2 Tu chn b phn chc nng i vi cc khi chc nng

M: Mandatory :Bt buc
O : Optional:Tu chn
- : Khng cho php
Ch 1 : MAF c xem xt thm vo cc hot ng tc nhn hoc qun
l v c th mu thun vi cc nh ngha ISO
Ch 2 : Cc chc nng ny c th xem l mt phn ca UISF

Nh trn ta thy v mt chc nng TMN

2.1.5.6. Chc nng thng tin d liu DCF ca TMN
Cc khi chc nng TMN s s dng chc nng truyn thng d liu (DCF)
chuyn i thng tin. Vai tr ch yu ca DCF l cung cp cc c ch
chuyn i thng tin. DCF c th cung cp cc chc nng nh tuyn, chuyn
tip v phi hp hot ng. DCF c th cung cp phng tin chuyn ti
thng tin lin quan n qun l vin thng gia cc khi chc nng qun l.
DCF cung cp cc lp 1 n 3 trong m hnh chun OSI.
Khi chc nng TMN

Cc b phn
chc nng
TMN

Thng tin tng ng

2 chiu
H thng m /tr

MCF

Khi chc nng TMN

MCF

DCF

Hnh2.3.
1.6Chc
:Chc
nng
TMN
Hnh
nng
TMN

2.1.5.6. M hnh qun l TMN

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Cc b phn
chc nng
TMN

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CHNG 2

S LC V CNG NGH IP V MPLS

GII THIU
Nh ni chng trc, mng th h sau ca Cc Bu in Trung ng
da trn nn tng cng ngh IP v MPLS do trong chng ny gii thiu
v cc cng ngh tim nng nh IP, MPLS.
Tm hiu kin trc IP v tng th l hiu r nn tng ca c ch chuyn tip
v nh tuyn, iu ny to nn mt c s su hn c th hiu r lm sao
cc b nh tuyn (Router) chuyn tip cc gi d liu thng qua mng IP v
cch thc m chng s dng cc a ch.
Trong chng ny cng s trnh by tng i k v kin trc MPLS v so
snh n vi kin trc IP, bi v y l mt cng ngh kh mi. Thnh phn
iu khin giao tip vi cc Router khc to ra cc ng lin kt gia cc
router trong mng. Cc ng lin kt ny c phn bit vi nhau bi mt
nhn. Thnh phn chuyn tip c cc nhn trong tip u ca gi tin
MPLS v chuyn gi tin n cc ng lin kt tng ng.
2.1.

S LC V KIN TRC IP

Phn ny miu t v kin trc phn lp IP khi so snh vi m hnh by lp

OSI - nh trong hnh 2-1. Cc thnh phn ca lp ng dng trong m hnh
TCP/IP (Application layer) s c miu t trong hnh 2-2.

Hnh 2-1: So snh gia m hnh by lp OSI v kin trc ngn xp IP

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Mng Internet (v c ARPANET) c pht trin trc khi c m hnh OSI

v cc kinh nghim thu c khi xy dng cc mng ny c nh hng
quan trng n m hnh OSI.
Bi v kin trc tip u ca gi tin IP c chun ha vo cui th k
trc, rt nhiu dch v mi c pht trin cho nn tng ny. Hnh 1-2
a ra miu t v kin trc ca gi tin chuyn mch IP.

Hnh 2-2: Kin trc IP vi v tr ca thng tin SNMP v ICMP

Khi xem xt cc ng dng hnh trn c th thy c mt s lin quan n
mt lp thp hn lp ng dng, v d nh Ping, iu ny l gii ti sao lp
ng dng ca m hnh TCP/IP li m rng, nh trong hnh 2-1.
2.1.1. TNG QUAN V B NH TUYN

Chuyn tip cc gi tin ti cc a ch ch khc nhau c l l phn ct yu

nht ca mng Internet, trong khi nh tuyn l hnh ng chuyn cc
thng tin qua mt lin mng (internetwork) t mt ngun ti mt ch. Theo
cch ny, t nht l truyn trong mt mng cc b, cn li cc gi tin thng
c truyn t mng ny qua mng khc. Tin trnh thu nhn cc gi tin qua
cc mng khc nhau c thc hin bi cc Router.
Mt Router c th c xc nh nh l mt tp cc thit b m c dng
lin kt cc mng d liu khc nhau. Trong nhng nm va qua Router
c b xung thm nhiu tnh nng mi. Chng c th c thm cc chc nng
cao cp nh gim st lu lng, m c th c c bng cch s dng giao
thc SNMP.
Router xc nh im mng k tip m gi tin cn i qua chuyn tip gi
tin n ch ca n. Router phi c kt ni vi t nht l hai mng khc
nhau v xc nh a ch ch no nh tuyn mt gi tin bng cch c
a ch ca gi tin. iu ny l gii ti sao router c t cng ra
(gateway) ca mng.

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cc Router c th lin h vi nhau, IETF a ra chun RIP (Routing

Information Protocol) chia x thng tin nh tuyn gia cc router vi
nhau. Giao thc RIP yu cu router gi ton b bng nh tuyn ca n ti
router ln cn theo chu k 30 giy. Tt c cc router c th c nh ngha
chia x cc thng thin ny v tt c chng cp nht bn trong vng qun l
ca chng cng theo chu k 30 giy.
2.1.2. NH TUYN V CHUYN TIP IP

nh tuyn v chuyn tip c s khc nhau. Chuyn tip l qu trnh ly gi

tin t mt giao din v gi n ra trn mt u ra xc nh, trong khi nh
tuyn l qu trnh xy dng ln cc bng m cho php cc u ra ng ca gi
tin c th c xc nh.
C hai phng php nh tuyn l nh tuyn trc tip v nh tuyn gin tip.
nh tuyn gin tip l khi cc my ch phi gi d liu thng qua mt router
ti mt mng khc, trong khi nh tuyn trc tip l khi cc my ch trong
cng mt mng gi d liu cho nhau. Chng ta cng c nh tuyn tnh v
nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn tnh l khi nh khai thc mng cu hnh cc bng
chuyn tip ca router nhn cng. nh tuyn ng l khi cc router tnh ton
s mng t phn tiu ca gi tin v tm ra ng router k tip gi gi tin
ti. Phng n ny ch yu c dng nu cc my ch c cc a ch IP
ngu nhin.
hiu cng vic nh tuyn v chuyn tip c thc hin nh th no, hy
xem xt m hnh c ba my tnh trong mt mng LAN nh, tt c u nm
mt phn on a ch IP. Chng c a ch thuc lp C: 128.39.202.*, v do
c th cho php ti 254 nt trn mng. Du sao * l mt s bt k t 0 n
254. Mi mt giao din mng u c a ch MAC ring ca n (48 bit) , v
d :4A-CE-87-44-4C-2A.

Hnh 2-3: Mt mng my tnh in hnh

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hnh 2-3, ta xem xt mt mng c 3 my ch (host). Nu my A mun gi

mt gi tin IP ti my tnh C thng qua Ethernet, A cn phi bit a ch IP
ca my C. Giao thc ARP ( Address Resolution Protocol ) c s dng
khm ph ng cc a ch ny.
nh tuyn trc tip l khi cc gi tin c gi trong cng mt mng bng
cch s dng ARP. Mc nh ca ARP l cho php mi my ch trn mt
mng to ra mt bng nh x gia cc a ch IP v a ch MAC. Ni cch
khc ARP gi mt bng a ch IP ni b v cc a ch Ethernet tng ng.
Nu module ARP khng bit a ch IP ca my C th n s pht qung b gi
tin trn mng v C s p ng li A vi a ch IP ca n, ARP s cp nht
bng d liu v bt u gi gi tin n a ch IP .
nh tuyn gin tip c s dng khi c mt Router ti cng ra (gateway)
gia cc mng. Ch rng t gateway c th c cc ngha khc nhng trong
lun vn ny ni miu t Router nh mt cnh ca i vo mt mng khc.
Bng cch thm vo mt Router, iu ny c mt t trong hnh 2-4.

Hnh 2-4: Hai mng my tnh vi mt Router

Router R trong hnh 2-4 chuyn tip cc gi tin gia cc mng. lm iu
ny, n cn hai giao tip mng, mi giao din s nghe (listening) trn mi
mng. Nu A mun gi mt gi tin ti C, u tin n cn gi gi tin ti R, v
ti lt mnh R s chuyn tip gi tin ti C. iu ny c thc hin bng
cch lm cho A s dng a ch Ethernet ca R m c th thu c bng cch
s dng ARP v quan trng hn v a ch IP ca C.

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S dng bng nh tuyn c cu hnh nhn cng gi l nh tuyn tnh, tuy

nhin n yu cu rng cc giao tip mng c cc a ch IP c cu hnh tnh
v n cng yu cu cc giao tip mng khng c chuyn khi mng ban
u. Nu phi chuyn mt my tnh ra khi mng th bng nh tuyn cn
phi c cp nhp nhn cng.
nh tuyn ng s dng cc giao thc thng tin nh tuyn c bit t
ng cp nht bng nh tuyn vi cc router khc trong mng m c cu hnh
chia x thng tin vi nhau. Cc giao thc ny c nhm li vi nhau
thnh nhm cc giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol) hoc EGP
(Exterior Gateway Protocol). Cc giao thc IGP c s dng phn b
thng tin nh tuyn bn trong mt vng qun l (MD- Management Domain).
Mt vng qun l l mt tp cc router bn trong mt vng c qun tr bi
mt ngi c thm quyn. Cc v d ca giao thc IGP l OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) v RIP.
nh tuyn tnh c mt s u im khi so snh vi nh tuyn ng. u im
c bn l kh nng d on c trc. Bi v nh khai thc mng tnh ton
c bng nh tuyn, v ng i ca gi tin gia hai im ch lun lun
c bit mt cch chnh xc v do c th c iu khin mt cch chnh
xc, hn na bi v khng c giao thc nh tuyn ng no c s dng,
nh tuyn tnh khng bt cc router hoc cc lin kt mng chu thm bt k
mt ti no na, nhng i vi mng c kch thc ln, bng tn ginh cho
vic cp nht s liu nh tuyn tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. Tng kt li
nh tuyn tnh d dng trin khai vi cc mng c kch thc nh. Nh khai
thc mng n gin ch cn ni vi mi Router lm sao lin kt vi tt
c cc phn on mng khc m n khng kt trc tip.
2.1.3. MT N MNG

Bng cch s dng php ton logic AND gia mt n mng (netmask) v a
ch IP, giao thc IP c th tnh ton xem liu a ch ch c th c gi ti
mng ni b hoc thng qua mt gateway. Mi khi thit lp mt a ch IP
cho mt giao tip mng th cng cn phi ch ra netmask. V d, trong
Windows 2000a ch netmask mc nh l 255.255.255.0. Chng ta s khng
i vo chi tit vic ny c thc hin th no v lm sao s hiu mng v s
hiu ca cc my ch tng ng vi a ch IP c tm thy.

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Hnh 2-5: Ba mng c kt ni vi nhau

Hn = Host, Rn = Router
Trong hnh 2-5 miu t ba mng c kt ni vi nhau s dng cc kiu
ng kt ni khc nhau, nh Ethernet (ETH), Giao tip d liu quang phn
b (FDDI) v im -im (PPP). Cc router chuyn tip cc gi d liu TCP
t H1 ti H8 nh miu t trong hnh 2-6. Nh ta thy cc gi tin IP c th
c gi trn cc dng lin kt khc nhau v do l c lp vi lp lin kt.

Hnh 2-6 : Miu t giao thc no m cc lp s dng kt ni gia H1 ti

H8 trong hnh 2-5. Ba router tng ng ba bc nhy t H1 ti H8.
Ch rng tt c tt c cc gi tin IP bao gm cc thng tin cho mng
chuyn tip gi tin ti ch ca n v vic tm kim cc a ch s c thc
hin ti tt c cc router. Tuy nhin, do n khng c mt c ch thit lp
thng bo cho mng phi lm g khi c gi tin n. Mt my ch gi cc gi
tin v mng s c gng mc cao nht (best-effort) chuyn chng ti ch
mong mun. Thut ng best-effort c ngha rng nu c li g xy ra v gi
tin b mt, mng s khng lm g c v n lm ht sc. Cc gi tin c th
n khng ng theo trt t, hoc chng c th c truyn nhiu ln, iu
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ny lm cho cc giao thc lp cao hn phi lm thm mt s cng vic. Gi

cho cc router cng n gin cng tt l mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh ca
mng IP.
2.1.4. CHUYN TIP KHUNG D LIU

Mt khung d liu c gi t mt my ch ngun ti mt my ch ch, c

th thng qua mt vi router trn qung ng truyn a. Bt k mt node
no d l my ch hay router, u tin c gng thit lp xem liu n c c
kt ni ti cng mng vt l ca my ch. N thc hin iu ny bng cch
s dng php ton AND gia netmask v a ch IP. Nu nt ca a ch ch
khng c ni vi mng ni b, n cn phi gi khung d liu ti router.
Ni chunng, mi nt s c s la chn trong vi tuyn, v sau n chn ci
tt nht hay t nht l c hi c th chuyn gi tin ti gn a ch ch hn.
Cc router tm ng "hop" k tip bng cch tham kho trong bng chuyn
tip ca n. Bng chuyn tip v mt khi nim l mt danh sch cc cp
<S_hiu_mng, Hop_k_tip> nh miu t trong bng 2-1.

NetworkNum

NextHop

R3

R1

Bng 2-1: V d v bng chuyn tip cho Router R2 trong hnh 2-5.
Trong hnh 2-5 chng ta c mt v d v bng chuyn tip ca Router R2. Cc
router tm kim s hiu mng trong tip u gi tin, tm kim n trong bng
chuyn tip v gi gi tin n "hop" k tip. gim khi lng thng tin, IP
a ra h thng hai cp vi cc mng cp trn v cc nt cp di ca
bng.
2.1.5. CC M RNG CA IPv6

IPv6 c mt nh dng tip u n gin hn so vi IPv4. Rt nhiu chc

nng khng cn thit trong tip u ca IPv4 c b i i vi IPv6.
iu ny dn ti kt qu l hiu nng ca Router c tng ln. im khc
nhau cn bn gia hai phin bn IP l 16 byte a ch ngun v ch v cc
trng ty chn trong phn tip u ca IPv4 c chuyn t vo phn
tip u m rng trong IPv6. Ngoi ra cng c th c rt nhiu tip u m
rng khc trong IPv6. Cc tip y ny khi c mt trong IPv6 th phi c
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t theo mt trt t nht nh. Mt s n gin ha khc ca IPv6 so vi IPv4

l phn tip u ca n lun lun c di c nh.
C phn tip u chnh (main-header) v phn tip u m rng ca IPv6 u
c trng NextHeader. Trng ny bao gm mt th nhn dng kiu ca tip
u m rng k tip. Sau phn tip u m rng cui cng l mt tip u ca
lp chuyn vn (transport-layer) (v d: TCP) v trng NextHeader s bao
gm mt th nhn dng cho giao thc ca lp cao hn .
C su kiu tip u m rng trong IPv6 l:
o

Hop-by-Hop Options

Routing

Fragment

Destination Options

Authentication

Encapsulating Security Payload

KIN TRC MPLS V C CH CHUYN TIP CA N

2.1.6. KIN TRC MPLS

MPLS l vit tt ca thut ng Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc (MultiProtocol Label Switching) trong t multi-protocol c ngha rng phng
php chuyn mch ny p dng c cho tt c cc giao thc lp mng ch
khng phi l ch ring IP. MPLS c tc dng gn kt chuyn mch phi kt
ni IP (connectionless IP) ti cc mng hng kt ni (connection-oriented
networks). MPLS cng s hot ng o trn mi giao thc ca lp lin kt.
Nguyn l ca MPLS l tt c cc tin c ch nh mt nhn (label) v cc
gi tin c chuyn tip dc theo mt ng chuyn mch nhn (Label
Switched Path-LSP) trong mi router trn ng i ca gi tin thc hin
cc quyt nh chuyn tip gi tin da trn ni dung ca nhn gn trn gi tin.
Cc router c bng chuyn tip ca mnh, cc bng ny c ch mc ha
theo gi tr ca nhn u vo (incoming label) . y l im khc bit so vi
c ch chuyn tip IP.
Cng ngh MPLS ng gp mt s a dng cc tnh cht mi cho kin trc
mng cc lp thp. V d nh l m bo hiu nng mt cp nht nh
nh tuyn trong mt mng b nghn hoc to cc ng hm IPcho cc

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mng ring o da trn mt mng (network-based VPN). MPLS c kh nng

to cc knh xuyn sut (end-to-end) tng t nh cc knh o (Virtual
Circuit -VC) nh trong ATM. MPLS cng cung cp cc c tnh xc nh v
hiu nng nh x l lu lng (traffic engineering) trn bt k mt h tng
truyn thng no. Cc kh nng ny cho php gim s cn thit ca cc mng
overlay v cc c ch iu khin lp 2.
Thng thng chng ta thng c nhiu kinh nghim v giao thc lp lin kt
ca Ethernet nhng i vi cc giao thc khc nh ATM, FrameRelay th li
c t hiu bit hn. Thc s l khng cn thit i su phn tch tt c c
giao thc lp lin kt m MPLS tng thch bi v trong lun vn ny chng
ta ch yu tp trung vo Ethernet, din gii thm v kh nng ca MPLS
ti s im s lc v thc hin MPLS trn ATM.
Lp mng cung cp cho chng ta t la chn hn. Hin ti hu nh ch c cc
ti liu v IP/MPLS, mc d MPLS c th p dng cho tt c cc giao thc
lp mng khc nhau nhng trong lun vn ny ch miu t cng ngh ny trn
kha cnh tng ng vi IP. L do l cc tiu chun quc t cng nh cc sn
phm thng mi ca cc nh cung cp thit b hu nh ch gii quyt cc gii
php da trn giao thc ny.
Kin trc ca MPLS c ch ra trong IETF RFC 3031. MPLS c tham
kho n nh mt "Lp chm" (shim layer). Lp chm ny c ngha
rng nh trong hnh 1-7 th MPLS nm gia lp 2 v lp 3 khi quy chiu vi
m hnh OSI v v thc cht MPLS ch c tc dng lm cho cc lp ny gn
kt nhun nhuyn vi nhau hn.

Hnh 2-7: So snh gia m hnh OSI vi TCP/IP v MPLS

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Khi nim c bn ca chuyn mch nhn thc s rt n gin. Hy ly mt v

d v vic gi mt bc th in t t mt ngi dng n mt ngi khc,
trong cc mng s dng cp dch v "best-effort" nh IP, th phng php
gi bc th ny n ch hon ton tng ng nh vic gi mt bc th
qua Bu chnh vi gi thit l khng s dng m ZIP ca Bu cc nhn v
bc th ny c a ch nhn l duy nht. Cng vic y l xc nh a ch
ch v a ra phng n lm sao gi bc th n ngi nhn cui cng.
i vi chuyn mch nhn th s vic c khc. Thay v vic dng ton b a
ch ch cung cp u vo cho cc router a ra quyt nh chuyn tip th
ch c mt nhn c gn vo gi tin. Tng t nh trong dch v Bu chnh
th gi tr ca nhn c t vo ging nh m ZIP ca Bu cc nhn v phn
sau ca a ch nhn c s dng bi Bu cc nhn chuyn l th ti
ngi nhn. Trong cc mng my tnh nhn c t phn tip u ca gi
tin v ton b gi tin IP tr thnh payload. Cc b nh tuyn by gi ch s
dng nhn thay v s dng a ch IP nh hng lu lng v pha a ch
ch (xem hnh 1-8).

Hnh 2-8: Hot ng ca MPLS

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Cc router c h tr MPLS c gi l Router chuyn mch nhn (Label

Switch Routers-LSRs). LSR u vo (ingress LSR) l ni m gi tin i vo
mng MPLS. N thm tip u MPLS vo gi tin IP v gn thm mt nhn.
LSR u ra (egress LSR) l ni m gi tin IP ri khi mng MPLS v tip
u MPLS c loi b khi gi tin. C LSR u vo v LSR u ra l cc
nt bin (edge nodes) kt ni mng MPLS vi cc mng khc. Cc LSR qu
giang (transit LSRs) cng cn c gi l LSR bn trong nhn gi tin t cc
MPLS bin v s dng tip u MPLS to ra cc quyt nh chuyn
tip. N cng thc hin vic tro i nhn o (label swapping).
C hai c ch nh tuyn MPLS l : nh tuyn tng chng (hop by hop) v
nh tuyn thng. Trong c ch nh tuyn tng chng, cc LSR to ra cc
ng chuyn mch nhn (Label Switch Paths-LSPs) t LSR u vo ti
LSR u ra bng cch trao i thng tin vi nhau mt cch ngang hng. Cc
thng tin trao i ny c lu trong bng nh tuyn ca LSR. Theo phng
php ny cc LSR to ra mt ng i hp l nht. Trong khi nh tuyn
thng c s khc bit nh ch ton b ng i hay mt phn ng i m
cc LSR s dng i ngang qua mng t bin bn ny ti bn kia c nh
ngha thng bi LSR u vo v cc LSR s c xy dng da trn tuyn c
sn ny.
Khi cc LSR thc hin vic chuyn tip cc gi tin, n tch ly nhn hin ti
ca gi tin MPLS ti mi mt hop v s dng n nh mt ch mc tm
trong trong bng chuyn tip ca n. Khi tm thy mt ch mc u vo tng
ng trong bng th LSR p dng nhn u ra cho ch mc ny i vi gi tin
MPLS. Sau gi tin c gi qua giao tip c xc nh trong bng
chuyn tip ca LSR. Cc gi tin MPLS thuc v mt LSP s c chuyn
tip theo cng mt cch bi tt c cc router trn LSP . Mt cch n gin
vic chuyn tip v ch mc ha da trn cc bng chuyn tip s lm tng tc
x l chuyn tip bn trong mng MPLS v do ci thin c cc c
tnh tr v trt ca lu lng.
MPLS cho php mt h thng cp bc cc nhn c bit n nh l mt
ngn xp nhn (label stack). V do n c kh nng c cc LSPs khc nhau
ti cc cp khc nhau ca ngn xp nhn. Tnh nng ny lm tng kh nng
m rng ca LSP. N cng c th cho php t cc LSP nh cc LSP ln hn.
i vi cc nhn theo h thng cp bc trng ngn xp (stack-field) ca tip
u MPLS (c trnh by phn sau) c t l 1 nu nhn di
cng , v c t l 0 nu khng phi l di cng. Hnh 2-9 gii thch
r hn v h thng cp bc ca nhn.
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Hnh 2-9: Mt v d v cp bc ca nhn trong MPLS

Cc router R1 v R5 thuc v hai LSP khc nhau. Cc s 1 v 2 l su ca
ngn xp. R1 v R5 l cc router bin v R2, R3, R4 l cc router trong. Vi
mc ch l chuyn tip nhn th R1 v R5 l ngang hnh ti cp bin v R2,
R3, R4 l ngang hng ti cp ni b. Khi R1 nhn c mt gi tin vi
nhn c su l 1 ch ti R5, n s tro i nhn ca gi tin bi mt nhn
tng ng m s c s dng bi R5. Cng bi v gi tin ny phi i qua
R2, R3, R4 cho nn R1 s y vo gi tin thm mt nhn mi v do vy
su ca ngn xp by gi l 2. Chnh v th chng ta thy c hai LSP, mt
ti cp 1 t R1 ti R5 v LSP th 2 t R2 ti R4.
Tip u MPLS c t gia tip u lp 2 v tip u lp 3. Mt v d v
tip u lp 2 v lp 3 l Ethernet v IP. v tr ca tip u MPLS v nh
dng ca n nh trong hnh 2-10.

Hnh 2-10: V tr v nh dng ca tip u MPLS.

Tip u MPLS di 32 bt v c bn trng. Tip u MPLS c ch ra
hnh 11 v bao gm cc trng sau :
Trng nhn c di 20-bits cha gi tr thc ca nhn
MPLS. Cc gi tr t 0 n 15 c dnh cho cc chc nng c bit
nhng ch mt s gi tr c nh ngha:

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IPv4 Explicit NULL Label (value 0).

Router Alert Label (value 1).

IPv6 Explicit NULL Label (value 2).

Implicit NULL Label (value 3).

OAM Alert Label (value 14)

Trng Exp/QoS c di 3-bits l bn cht l mt trng

c a ra da trn thc t gii quyt cc thut ton cho xp hng v
hy b gi tin khi n c truyn qua mng.

Trng ngn xp c di 1-bit (trng S) xc nh y ca

ngn xp khi ngn xp c dng. S l "0" khi nhn khng phi y ca
ngn xp v l "1" khi n y ca ngn xp.

Trng thi gian sng di 8 bit (time-to-live: T) l mt sao

chp ca trng TTL trong tip u ca gi tin IP n c tng ln khi gi
tin i qua mi chng.

Phng n "Lp chm " nh nu phn trn c s dng cho cc cng ngh
lp 2 m cc cng ngh ny khng th a cc nhn vo trong phn tip u
ca mnh. Cc cng ngh lp 2 ny ch yu l ch kiu kt ni ngoi tr
i vi ATM v FrameRelay. i vi ATM v Frame Relay, cc nhn c
cha trong tip u lp lin kt ca chng. Trong ATM, nhn c th c
cha trong trng VCI (virtual circuit identifier) hoc trng VPI (virtual
path identifier). Cng nh th, i vi Frame Relay, nhn c th c cha
trong trng DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifiers) ca tip u Frame
Relay.
2.1.7. THC HIN MPLS TRN ATM

Chng ta s xem xt vic thc hin ca MPLS trn ATM, nhng trc ht
hy tm hiu s lc v ATM.
Cc t bo ATM bao gm mt tip u c di 5 bytes v ti c di 48
bytes. truyn mt thng tin c di ln hn 48 bytes c chuyn xung
t cc lp trn, IP chng hn, thng thng ATM chia cc thng tin ny thnh
cc phn nh hn, cng vic ny gi l phn mnh. Vic phn mnh thng tin
c thc hin bi lp AAL (ATM Adaptation Layer ), lp ny nm gia
lp 2 v lp 3. Tip u AAL bao gm cc thng tin cn thit ni n ca
cc gi tin c th lp rp li cc thng tin b phn mnh.

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Mt n v d liu theo giao thc AAL5 (PDU) s c chia ra thnh cc

phn c di 48 byte v cc on 48 bytes ny cng vi mt tip u ATM
to thnh mt t bo ATM. Khi tt c cc t bo ATM thuc v mt PDU
n ch hoc n im cui ca mng ATM th chng s hp li vi nhau
thnh mt PDU nh u vo.

Hnh 2-11: ng gi cc gi tinc gn nhn trn lin kt ATM

Khi mun s dng ng gi cc gi tin c gn nhn ca MPLS trn ATM,
ton b ngn xp nhn s c cha trong AAL5 v nhn mc trn cng s
c cha trong trng VCI/VPI ca tip u ATM (xem hnh 12). L do
ca vic cha cc nhn trong c AAL5 PDU v tip u ATM ch yu l do
su ty ca ngn xp. Khi cc t bo ATM n cui ca LSP chng s
c rp li. Nu c nhiu nhn hn trong ngn xp nhn th AAL5 PDU s
li c phn mnh v nhn m trn cng ca ngn xp nhn s c t
vo trong trng VCI/VPI ca tip u ATM.
Cho n thi im ny chng ta thng s dng thut ng bng nh tuyn v
bng chuyn tip (forwarding tables and routing tables) ch cc bng cha
cc thng tin tng ng cho vic nh tuyn v chuyn tip gi tin. Kin trc
MPLS s dng cc tn khc cho cc bng ny: C s thng tin chuyn tip
nhn (Label Forwarding Information Base- LFIB) v C s thng tin nhn
(Label Information Base-LIB). LIB bao gm tt c cc thng tin nhn m
LSR cn phi thu thp c t cc LSR ln cn ca n, theo kha cnh v
hng i ca cc khung th LFIB s dng mt tp con cc nhn cha trong
LIB cho chuyn tip gi tin hin ti.
L cn thit xc nh mt cch chnh xc cc gi tin no c nh x ti
mi LSP. iu ny c thc hin bi xc nh FEC (Forwarding
Equivalency Class) cho mi LSP. FEC ch ra tp cc gi tin IP m c nh
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x ti LSP . Mi mt FEC c xc nh bi mt tp ca mt hay nhiu

thnh phn FEC, trong mi thnh phn xc nh mt tp cc gi tin c th
c nh x ti LSP tng ng. C mt vi kiu FEC thnh phn c nh
ngha ; thnh phn FEC a ch tip u l tip u a ch c di t 0 ti
ton b di ca a ch. Mt a ch IP ph hp vi tip u a ch trong
FEC l a ch IP c phn u ging tip u . Mt FEC thnh phn khc l
a ch my ch (Host Address). Thnh phn ny l a ch y ca my
ch. Cc nhn s c gn cho FEC trn ton b LSP. Nhn ny khng n
thun ch ph thuc vo FEC m cn c th biu din cho t hp cc gi tin
FEC v cc gi tin th hng u tin hoc cp dch v (CoS).
2.1.8. THNH PHN IU KHIN

Thnh phn iu khin c nhim v phn phi cc thng tin nh tuyn gia
cc LSR v cc th tc m cc router ny s dng chuyn cc thng tin
ny thnh cc bn tin nh dng LFIB. Cc bn tin LFIB s c s dng bi
cc thnh phn chuyn tip khi tin hnh chuyn tip cc khung tin MPLS.
C mt s tng ng kh ln gia thnh phn iu khin ca kin trc
nh tuyn trc y v thnh phn iu khin ca chuyn mch nhn. Thnh
phn iu khin ca MPLS bao gm tt c cc tnh nng k tha t cc giao
thc nh tuyn c dng trong thnh phn iu khin trc y nh OSPF,
BGP v PIM. Theo ngha ny cc thnh phn iu khin ny to thnh mt
tp con ca thnh phn iu khin MPLS. thm vo cc th tc cn thit
cn thiu mt LSR c th :
o

To cc lin kt gia cc nhn v FEC.

Thng bo ti cc LSR khc v lin kt m m n to ra.

Tn dng c hai c ch trn xy dng v duy tr cc LFIB.

thc hin vic lin kt gia cc nhn v cc FEC c hai phng php.
Kiu lin kt th nht c bit n nh l phng php lin kt cc b v
ch xy ra khi router to ra lin kt cho nhn u vo (incoming label) mt
cch cc b. Kiu lin kt th hai l lin kt xa, khi router nhn c thng
tin lin kt nhn t mt LSR khc v lin kt nhn c to bi LSR .
Thnh phn iu khin chuyn mch nhn dng c hai phng php lin kt
cc b v lin kt xa nh v bng LFIB ca n vi cc nhn i vo v i
ra. thc hin c cng vic trn c hai cch tri ngc nhau:

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Cc nhn t lin kt cc b tr thnh nhn i vo (ingoing labels) v

cc nhn t lin kt xa c s dng nh cc nhn i ra - y l
lin kt nhn theo dng i xung (downstream label binding).
Cc nhn t lin kt xa tr thnh nhn i vo v cc nhn t lin kt
ni b c dng nh l cc nhn i ra - y l lin kt nhn theo
dng i ln (upstream label binding).

gii thch thm v cc lin kt ny, cn phi hiu r thut ng dng i

xung (downstream) v dng i ln (upstream) . Lung cc gi tin c gi t
LSR ti ln (upstream LSR) v pha LSR ti xung (downstream LSR) - Xem
hnh 2-12.

Hnh 2-12: Lin kt nhn dng i xung v i ln.

Hai phng php lin kt nhn khc nhau c gi tn tng ng vi cc
LSR thc hin cng vic ti ln hay ti xung. Mt s lin kt nhn l nh x
gia mt nhn cha trong gi tin v mt FEC c th m gi tin thuc v.
Hnh 2-12 c minh ho hai kiu lin kt nhn. Trong kiu lin kt nhn dng
ti xung, cc nhn u ra trong bng chuyn tip c to bi LSR ti
xung, vi kiu lin kt nhn th hai, vic lin k c thc hin bi LSR ti
ln v do gi l lin kt nhn theo dng ti ln, nhn ny tr thnh nhn
u vo trong bng chuyn tip.
Giao thc phn tn nhn (Label Distribution Protocol-LDP)l mt c ch
c bit n nhiu nht cho php cc LSR phn tn cc lin kt FEC ti
cc LDP ngang hng ca n. Nhng cng c mt s giao thc khc cho php
phn tn nhn nh BGP, PIM v RSVP. Trc khi hai LSR c th thc hin
mt kt ni LDP, chng cn phi thc hin vic xc nh cc LSR ln cn.
Vic ny c lm theo cch LSR s pht theo chu k mt tin pht dng :
Hello Message ti cng UDP ti tt c cc router trn subnet m thuc v
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nhm multicast. Tt c cc LSR nghe trn cng UDP ny v nh vic nhn

c tin pht Hello Message n nhn bit c cc LSR ln cn ca n. Khi
mt LSR bit c a ch ca mt LSR khc nh c ch ny, n thit lp
mt kt ni TCP ti LSR . Ti thi im ny mt phin lm vic LDP song
phng c thit lp gia hai LSR.
Trc khi c th trao i cc nhn, th c mt phin khi ti LDP m cc LSR
ngang hng tha thun mi nhau ch trao i no c dng. C mt s
ch cho vic trao i cc lin kt nhn FEC. Hai ch la chn ch yu
l ti xung theo nhu cu (downstream-on-demand) v i ngc li l ti
xung t nguyn. Ti xung theo yu cu l khi LSR pht tn mt lin kt
nhn FEC p ng li mt yu cu xc nh t mt LSR khc, trong khi
ti xung t nguyn l pht tn cc lin kt nhn m khng cn phi c yu
cu xc nh t bt k t mt LSR no.
Mt bn tin LR (Label Request Message) c s dng bi mt LSR ti ln
nh kt qu ca vic pht hin mt FEC mi, xc nh mt cch r rng n
yu cu LSR ti xung ch nh v bo li cho bit mt nhn cho FEC ny.
LSR ti xung lun lun phi thc hin vic lin kt ny cho cc kt ni ti
ln. FEC c truyn ti LSR ti xung trong LRM. LSR nhn c bn tin
LR phi p ng li vi bn tin LM (Label Mapping Message) vi mt nhn
x nh cho nhn c yu cu hoc vi mt bn tin thng bo xc nh rng
ti sao n khng th p ng c yu cu ny. Cc nhn ny ch c ngha
mt cch cc b, c ngha rng nhn ny ch c ch v c lin quan trn mt
lin kt n l, gia cc LSR lin k. LSR ngang hng ti lt mnh li gi
mt bn tin LR ti LSR ngang hng ca n nu n cha c mt nh x no
trong LIB ca n xc nh ng i ti chng k tip. Chng k tip (next
hop) l mt trng trong LFIB miu t router k tip chuyn tip cc gi
tin c gn nhn v pha LSR u ra (egress LSR). Cc router ny c
xc nh theo thuth ton tm ng i ngn nht hoc ng i c chi ph
thp nht . Bng cch nu trn LFIB c chuyn ti cc LSR trn mng.
Vic thit lp mt LSP m c trnh by phn trn hon ton c lp vi
vic thit lp iu khin LSP. Trong phng php th hai, thit lp mt
iu khin LSP, LSR u vo v u ra khi to vic ci t LSP. Vic ch
nh nhn c iu khin theo mt cch c th t t LSR u ra ti LSR u
vo ca LSP. l mt bn tin LR phi c gi ti mi LSR dc theo
ng i ca gi tin t LSR ti ln ca LSP . Khng c mt lin kt nhn
no c th c ch nh trc kh bn tin ny n c LSR u ra. Bn tin
LM by gi c th c gi theo ng c dnh sn v pha LSR u
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vo. Vi mi LSR trn ng i lin kt nhn c ch nh v c thm

vo LFIB ca n.
Sau y chng ta s tm hiu LIB c pht tn trn MPLS nh th no. Nh
nu trn LIB bao gm tt c cc thng tin nhn m LSR cn phi hc t
cc LSR ti xung ln cn ca n c theo yu cu v t nguyn . Thng tin
ny c th l tip u a ch FEC (FEC Address Prefix), Nhn dng LSR ln
cn (Neighbor LSR Identifier), a ch IP ca cc LSR ln cn v cc lin kt
cc FEC ti nhn. Bi v LIB cng bao gm thng tin khng bt buc, v vy
s c cc mc cha cc ng i khng phi l tt nht v s khng c
dng cho vic chuyn tip gi in. LIB khng c dng nh x nhn u
vo ti nhn u ra.
Cc phng php c trnh by trn y l cc thnh phn iu khin m
cho php s thit lp trng thi chuyn tip d liu gia cc LSR lin k ch
da trn thng tin trong bng nh tuyn hoc t mt h thng iu khin.
Nhng cc phng php ny khng c kh nng thit lp trng thi chuyn
tip d liu ti tt cc LSRs dc theo mt tuyn xc nh v kh nng d tr
ti nguyn dc theo mt tuyn. Cc iu ny v mt s tnh cht khc to
thnh nn tng ca nh tuyn cng bc. C hai phng php t c
cc LSP da trn cng bc l : RSVP xp t lu lng (RSVP Traffic
Engineering :RSVP-TE) v LDP nh tuyn cng bc (CR-LDP). Cc giao
thc bo hiu ny cho php MPLS iu khin ng i ca mt gi tin bng
cch xc nh r rng cc router trung gian v tuyn truyn c tnh ton ti
mt thi im ti mt im bin ca mng. Cc cng vic theo cch ny
c thc hin kh ging nhau trong c hai c ch v vy sau y s ch trnh
by thm v phng php CR-LDP.
CR-LDP s dng bn tin LR trong LDP thit lp vic nh tuyn cng
bc, trong LDP c m rng vi cc gi tr di kiu (Type-lengthvalues :TLVs) mi thm vo so vi cc LDP TLVs chung. TLV l mt bn
miu t i tng c dng trong mt vi giao thc. cc TLV cho LDP mi
ny c gi l cc TLV nh tuyn cng bc (Constrained-based Routing
TLVs :CR-TLV). Khi mt LSR mun to mt CR-LSP, bn tin LR phi cha
t nht l LSPID TLV v cng c th cha mt hoc nhiu CR-TLV trong
trng cc gi tr ty chn ca n. LSPID TLV cung cp cho CR-LDP mt
c tnh xc n m c th c s dng sa i LSP. Khi s dng CRLDP n c th xc nh mt cch r rng vic nh tuyn v ti nguyn no s
c cp khi LSP c thit lp.

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2.1.9. THNH PHN CHUYN TIP

Hnh 2-13: Cu trc ca LFIB

Thnh phn chuyn tip lit k cc mc ca LFIB tm ra cch lm sao
chuyn tip cc khung MPLS i vo ti LSR k tip. LFIB nh miu t
phn trn c pht tn b thnh phn iu khin.
LFIB ca mt LSR bao gm cc mc theo tun t, trong mi mc bao gm
mt nhn u vo v mt hoc nhiu mc con. Mi mc con bao gm mt
nhn u ra, mt giao din u ra v a ch chng k tip (xem hnh 2-14).
Cc mc con khc nhau trong mt mc chnh li c th c nhiu hn mt mc
con na iu khin vic chuyn tip ti nhiu a ch. Hn na i vi
thng tin iu khin gi tin s c chuyn tip ti u, mt mc trong
bng chuyn tip c th bao gm thng tin lin quan ti cc ti nguyn no
m gi tin c th c s dng. Thng tin ny v d nh l hng i u ra
c bit no m gi tin c xp vo.
Mt LSR c th ch duy tr mt bng chuyn tip n hay cho mi giao tip
ca mnh n li c mt bng chuyn tip ring. Vi kh nng th nht, vic
iu khin mt gi tin c xc nh n thun ch bi nhn c cha trong
gi tin . Trong khi vi la chn th hai, iu khin gi tin c xc nh
bi khng ch bi nhn cha trong gi tinm cn bi giao tip m trn gi
tin ti . Mt LSR c th s dng la chn mt hoc hai hoc mt t hp c
hai.
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca thut ton chuyn tip c dng bi chuyn
mch nhn l mt LSR c th nhn c tt c cc thng tin cn thit
chuyn tip gi tin cng nh quyt nh xemti nguyn no m gi tin c
th dng ch trong mt ln truy nhp b nh duy nht, bi v cc l do sau :
a) Mt mc d liu trong bng chuyn tip bao gm tt c cc thng tin

cn chuyn tip gi tin cng nh quyt nh ti nguyn no m gi

tin c dng.

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b) Nhn c cha trong gi tin cung cp ch mc tm mc d liu

tng ng trong bng chuyn tip s dng cho vic chuyn tip gi tin
ny.
Kh nng nhn c c thng tin chuyn tip v thng tin v ti nguyn
dnh cho gi tin trong mt ln truy nhp b nh lm cho chuyn mch
nhn tr thnh mt cng ngh c tc chuyn tip d liu cao so vi cc
cng ngh trc n.
2.1.10. V D V NH TUYN TRONG MPLS

Mt v d v nh tuyn d liu trong MPLS minh ha hot ng c bn ca

MPLS khi nh tuyn. Bng cch s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP quy
c v LDP cc LSR to nn cc bng nh tuyn c b xung thm vi cc
nhn c gi l cc LIBs . Trong hnh 2-14 cc nt mng A, B, C, v D l
cc my ch khng c cu hnh vi MPLS, LSR1 l LSR u vo, LSR2 l
LSR qu giang v LSR3 l LSR u ra.

Hnh 2-14: Tro i nhn v chuyn tip trong MPLS

LSR1 trong hnh 2-14 nhn mt gi tin IP t nt A trn giao tip 0,c xc
nh a ch gi n l nt C . LSR1 l LSR u vo v n thc hin vic tm
kim mc ph hp c di nht gia a ch ch trong gi tin Ip v cc tip
u trong trong LIB ca n. Cc th tc lin kt FEC ti nhn trong LIB ca
n cng c thc hin. Theo cch ny nhn ban u cho gi tin IP c tm
thy v tip u ca nhn c ng gi vo gi tin IP. Cc c tnh chuyn
tip khc nh router chng tip theo v giao tip i ra c tm trong LFIB
ca LSR1. Gi tin c gn nhn s wocj chuyn vi nhn 3 ti LSR
chng tip theo (l LSR2) trn giao tip
u ra s 2.
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Khi LSR2 nhn c gi tin n ch x l phn tip u nhn. N tch ly

nhn v s dng gi tr ly c tm kim ch mc theo ct nhn vo (label
IN column) trong LFIB ca n. N tm thy nhn u ra tng ng cho nhn
u vo 3 l "7" v n thc hin thay th nhn u vo ny bng gi tr ca
nhn u ra trong phn tip u nhn sau chuyn tip gi tin ti LSR3 trn
giao tip 2. y chnh l vic chuyn mch nhn .
LSR u ra cng ch thc hin vic x l i vi tip u nhn v tm kim
nhn u vo trong LFIB ca n. LSR3 pht hin rng n l u ra ca LSP
v router chng k tip li chnh l n v vy n b tip u nhn ra khi gi
tin n. Phn cn li ca gi tin chnh l gi tin u vo ca LSR1 nhn v
c chuyn tip nt C qua giao tip 2.

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CHNG 3

MT S CNG NGH QUN L MNG P

DNG TRONG MNG IP V MPLS
3.1. GII THIU
Trong chng ny chng ta s i su phn loi mt s chc nng v vn hnh
v bo dng (Operation And Management - OAM) c hoc c xut
cho IP v MPLS.
Trc ht, chng ta s m t v mt c ch qun l mng c th c s dng
cho c cc mng IP v MPLS. V nh ngha qun l mng l mt gii php
gim st v kim tra mng li pht hin li. Giao thc qun l mng
n gin (Simple Network Management Protocol - SNMP) c pht trin
cho mc ch ny . SNMP c dng nhn cc thng tin t cc Router
bng cch truy nhp vo cc MIB (Management Information Bases) khc
nhau ca chng cc nt trn mng.
Tip theo, mt s phn loi cc c ch OAM cho IP v MPLS s c trnh
by. Bn thn IP khng c mt c ch no kiu nh vy, nhng cc m rng
ca IP nh ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), Ping, Traceroute v
MIBs l cc chc nng chnh c s dng cho cng ngh ny. Ngc li
MPLS c cc phng n cho rt nhiu c ch OAM khc nhau.C ch xc
minh kt ni LSP cho php pht hin cc li khc nhau trn cc LSP v
xut mt s cc nh dng gi tin khc nhau. MPLS ping, Traceroute v pht
hin nt li - RSVP l cc phng php khc pht hin li. Chuyn mch
bo v v ti nh tuyn nhanh cho php vic truyn a gi tin qua mng
mt cc tin cy, trong khi x l lu lng MPLS v MPLS SNMP MIB l
cc c ch thay th khc cho php gim st mng mt cch hiu qu.
3.2. QUN L MNG
3.2.1. KIN TRC QUN L MNG
Trong mt h thng qun l mng c hai thnh phn chnh l my ch qun l
(Manager) v cc tc nhn (Agents). My ch qun l c hai chc nng
chnh: thu thp v hin th trc quan thng tin. N thu thp thng tin t cc
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tc nhn v s dng cc c ch khc nhau xp xp v nht ra cc d liu c

lin quan. Cc tc nhn c trch nhim truyn a thng tin v phn cng
hoc phn mm. Mt cch tng th, cc tc nhn c dng cho mc ch
lm tc v nh gim st s dng lu lng, tnh trng ca cc thnh phn
c ni vo mng v cc hot ng tng t.

Hnh 3.1. Kin trc mt h thng qun l mng

Nh hnh 3.1, h thng qun l mng NMS (Network Management System)
lin h vi cc thit b khc nhau trn mng v nhn cc thng tin MIB
(Management Information Bases) t cc tc nhn SNMP ca cc thit b ny.
3.2.2. SNMP
c pht trin t nm 1998, SNMP tr thnh phng n chung cho vic
gim st cc mng IP. SNMP c kh nng m rng, cho php cc nh cung
cp thit b khc nhau d dng thm cc chc nng qun l mng vo trong
cc thit b hin c ca h. SNMP chy trn cng ca giao thc UDP.
Chin lc ngm trong SNMP l gim st cc trng thi ca mng ti bt k
mt cp c ngha no v mt chi tit bng cch kim sot theo kiu xoay
vng tm kim cc thng tin ng ra c cc gii php qun l tt nht
c th. Mt s lng gii hn cc bn tin c pht i mt cch ch ng
(traps) xc nh thi im v tiu im ca vic kim sot xoay vng. Vic
gii hn s lng cc bn tin ch ng pht i nhm nht qun mc tiu lm
n gin v ti thiu ho lu lng truyn trn mng to ra bi cc chc nng
qun l mng.
Ni mt cch khc SNMP l mt tp cc cc quy tc m lm cho cc thit b
phn cng nh l my tnh v router c th d theo theo cc thng k khc
nhau cho php o cc c im quan trng nh s gi tin nhn trn mt
giao tip. Cc thng tin khc nhau m SNMP nhn c c lu trong cc
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c s d liu khc nhau, c gi l MIB (Management Information Base).

SNMP l mt giao thc lp ng dng v c dng gn nh ch dnh ring
cho cc mng TCP/IP.
3.2.2.1. Kin trc MIB
C tng i nhiu cc dng MIB khc nhau, cho rt nhiu cc kha cnh
khc nhau ca vic vn hnh mng cng nh th hin cc loi thit b khc
nhau. Khi s dng SNMP c th kt ni ti cc MIB ny, nh v cc bin ca
MIB v gi ra cc gi ny cng nh sa i chng. cc bin ca MIB c
nh ngha bi mt th xc nh i tng (Object Identifier-OID) m thc ra
l mt h thng a ch c cp bc, nh mt h thng dch v tn vng DNS
(Domain Name Service) . OID s dung mt h thng cc s, trong s u
tin l gc ca h thng cp bc v s th hai l nhnh, v..v.. . Hy xem v d
di y, a ch ca MIB sysDescr l 1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1. Din dch ra nh sau :
.iso(1).org(3).dod(6).internet(1).mgmt(2).mib(1).system(1).sysDescr(1).
Ta c th thy gc y l ISO v cc i tng con c xc nh theo
ng s ca n. Hnh 3.2 m t r hn v vn ny:

Hnh 3.2. Cy OID

Ngy nay SNMP trn cc thit b mng ang tr thnh mt yu cu gn nh
bt buc. Internet l mt trong nhng ng dng n l s dng SNMP. SNMP
qua UDP/IP c xc nh nh l mt giao thc ca tiu chun Internet
("Internet Standard" protocol). Do , c th c vn hnh qua Internet
v qun l c th mt thit b phi h tr SNMP qua UDP/IP.

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3.2.2.2. An ninh mng

truy nhp ti cc tc nhn SNMP, SNMP s dng phng thc Yu cu
ly (Get-Request) v s c chp nhn hoc b t chi ty theo mt khu
m n dng truy nhp ng hay sai. Mt khu ny c nh ngha nh l
mt chui nhm ch c (Read-only Community String). Thng thng, mt
khu mc nh l cng cng. Cc nh khai thc thng thay i mt khu mc
nh thnh chui nhm ch c gi cc thng tin ny ch ring cho cc nh
vn hnh mng. Ta cng c th nh ngha b lc IP, i vi mt s thit b,
cho kt ni SNM ci thin an ton cho mng.
Ngoi ra SNMP cng dng phng thc yu cu thit lp (Set-Request)
thit lp hoc thay th mt s bin ca MIB thnh mt gi tr xc nh. Cc
yu cu thit lp ny c bo v bi chui nhm ch vit (Write Community
String).
SNMP cng nh ngha by li SNMP, n l mt ngt t mt thit b ti mt
bn giao tip SNMP v trng thi ca thit b. Cc by li c th xc nh
ng lin kt tt/xu v thng bo v tnh trng ca ngun cung cp. Cc
by li ny ci thin kh nng thu nhn s liu ca SNMP, bi v mt s by
li khng c pht hin khi h thng NMS gi yu cu SNMP theo mt chu
k nht nh.
3.2.3. OAM TRN IP
cung cp chc nng OAM trn IP nh khai thc h thng c th s dng
cc phn mm khc nhau hoc cc kch bn dng sn gim st mng. Cc
gii php v phn mm yu cu thng tin t cc router v cc switch bng
cch s dng cc lnh ping, traceroute v SNMP. SNMP c th kt ni ti cc
loi MIB khc nhau m bao gm cc thng tin nh ti ca b x l, ti lu
lng, v..v...

Hnh 3.3. OAM trn IP

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My tnh trn hnh 3.3 thu thp cc thng tin v lu tr cc thng tin ny
theo mt chu k nht nh. Cc thng tin ny l u vo cho cc tin trnh x
l pht hin li hoc cc bt thng trn mng.
3.2.3.1. Ping v ICMP
Mt c ch ph dng nht c s dng xc nh xem cc router hoc cc
nt trn mng c th kt ni c khng l s dng lnh Ping. Ping o tr hai
chiu gia ngun v ch.Ta cng c th xc nh thi gian p ng ca cc
h thng khc nhau bng cch s dng chng trnh nh ny. N s dng cc
trng ICMP xc nh cc gi tr li tng ng:

Mt s trng ICMP
Kiu

Kiu

8 cho bn tin echo;

0 cho bn tin p ng echo.

0 = Mng khng ti c

1 = Host khng ti c;

2 = Giao thc khng ti c;

3 = Cng khng ti c;
5 = Tuyn ngun b li.
Bng 3.1: Bn tin ICMP khng ti c ch (type3) v bn tin ICMP Echo
(Reply Message)
ICMP l mt giao thc iu khin bn tin v bo co li m hot ng gia
thit b mng v cng vo. N s dng cc khung tin v thc t n l mt
phn ca gi tin IP (xem hnh 2.2). Cc bn tin c gi li my ch c yu
cu, v khng c iu chnh bi cc routers. l cch tt nht xem
liu cc thit b trn mng c on-line hay khng.
ICMP c rt nhiu cc bn tin li m c th xc nh c my ch l :
o

Khng th kt ni ti c(c th bi v kt ni b li).

Qu trnh ghp li cc gi tin b li.

Thi gian sng ca gi tin (TTL) t gi tr 0.

Tng kim tra tip u IP b li.

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.....

C mt s kiu bn tin ICMP l :

0

Echo Reply.

Destination Unreachable

Source Quench.

Redirect.

Echo

11

Time Exceeded

12

Parameter Problem

13

Timestamp)

14

Timestamp Reply

15

Information Request

16

Information Reply

Tt c chng u c chc nng xc nh xc nh cc li v s ln p ng.

3.2.3.2. IP MIB
Bi v cc nt mng m chng ta cn phi d theo xc nh trng thi c
phn tn, ty chn duy nht ca chng ta l s dng mng qun l mng.
iu ny c ngha l chng ta cn mt giao thc cho php chng ta c v c
vit cc thng tin trng thi trn cc nt mng khc nhau.
Cc bin MIB thng thng ch duy tr cc thng tin v phn cng xc nh
cho mt thit b theo yu cu. Cc hng sn xut c mt lat cc thng tin m
c th c gim st cho cc thit b ca h.
Mt s bin MIB tiu biu l:
o

sysUpTime : bin h thng cha thi gian k t ln h thng c

khi ng li ln cui cng.

ifNumber : bin giao tip cha s giao din mng.

ipDefaultTTL : bin IP cha gi tr thi gian sng mc nh .

ipInReceives: s gi tin nhn c.

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3.2.3.3. Cc chc nng OAM mi trong IPv6

Trong IPv6 h tr cho vic t ng cu hnh a ch cc my ch v cc
routers. C hai kiu t ng cu hnh a ch : phi trng thi (Stateless) and c
trng thi (stateful). Phng php phi trng thi c s dng khi mt site
khng quan h c bit vi chnh xc cc a ch cc my ch c dng, v
v vy chng l duy nht v c kh nng nh tuyn ng. Phng php nh
tuyn c trng thi c dng khi mt site yu cu s iu khin cht ch hn
thng qua cc s ch nh a ch chnh xc. c hai phng thc t ng cu
hnh a ch trn c th c s dng ng thi.
T ng cu hnh phi trng thi khng yu cu bt k mt s cu hnh nhn
cng cc my ch no, ti thiu (nu c) s cu hnh cc router. C ch phi
trng thi cho php my ch to ra cc a ch ca ring n bng cch s dng
mt t hp thng tin cc b v thng tin c cung cp bi cc router. Cc
router cung cp cc tip u xc nh cc subnet lin kt vi mt kt ni,
trong khi my ch to ra mt "Th nhn dng giao tip", th ny l nhn
dng duy nht cho mt giao tip trn mt. Mt a ch c to ra trn c s
t hp c hai. Nhng trc khi mt a ch cc b mi c s dng, my
ch phi m chc rng khng c my ch no khc ang s dng a ch
ny.
Trong m hnh t ng cu hnh c trng thi, cc my ch nhn cc a ch
ca cc giao tip v/hoc thng tin cu hnh v cc tham s t mt my phc
v khc . Cc my phc v duy tr mt c s d liu bm theo cc a ch
c cp cho cc my ch.
3.2.4. OAM TRN MPLS
3.2.4.1

Tng quan cc cng vic hin ti

Cng vic ang c trin khai v OAM trn MPLS mi ch dng ch yu

mc bn tho ch cha phi l cc khuyn ngh hoc cc tiu chun. ITU-T
xut bn bn d tho Cc yu cu v chc nng OAM cho cc mng MPLS
cung cp cc y nn tng chc nng OAM ngi dng trong mng MPLS.
Nn tng ngi dng tham chiu n tp cc thnh phn chuyn tip lu
lng qua cc dng lu lng. S thc y chnh cho cng vic ny l s
cn thit theo yu cu ca cc nh khai thcv chc nng ca OAM m
bo tin cy v hiu nng ca cc LSP MPLS.

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3.2.4.2. Kt ni LSP
MPLS a ra mt kin trc mng mi v do s c cc cch thc li mi
m ch lin quan ti lp MPLS. V v vy cc lp trn hoc di lp MPLS
s khng th s dng cc chc nng OAM ca MPLS.
Cc cng c OAM trn nn tng ngi dng c yu cu kim tra rng
cc LSP duy tr c kt ni mt cch hon ho, cn ngha l cho php truyn
a d liu ngi dng ti cc ch theo nh c m bo v sn sng v
QoS, theo nh ch nh trong cc SLA (Service Level Agreements).
Mt s yu cu phi c h tr b cc chc nng OAM MPLS l:

C hai s kim t: theo yu cu v lin tc i vi cc LSP khng

nh rng khng c li trn cc LSP ch.
Mt s kin li i vi mt lp no khng c gy ra nhiu
cnh bo ng thi hoc to ra cc hot ng sa li khng cn thit
cc lp khch. Lp khch l lp cao hn trong h thng cp bc
nhn m s dng lp hin ti nh lp phc v.
Kh nng o sn sng v hiu nng QoS ca mt LSP.
t nht cc li sau ca nn tng ngwofi dng MPLS c th c pht
hin:
o

Mt kt ni LSP v li ca lp phc v hoc li ca lp MPLS.

Cc du vt LSP b tro i.

Bn sao LSP khng theo yu cu ca mt lu lng LSP vo lu

lng ca mt LSP khc.
T sao chp khng theo nh.

16 gi tr ca mt trng nhn c rng 20 bit c dnh sn trong tip

u nhn cho cc chc nng c bit, nhng cha c dng ht. Mt trong
nhng chc nng ny l nhn cnh bo OAM (OAM Alert Label) v c
gn gi tr 14.

Hnh 3.4. Gi tin OAM MPLS

C cc kiu payload khc nhau ph thuc vo chc nng OAM no m gi tin
cha. Ti u mi gi tin u c mt trng Kiu chc nng OAM (OAM
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Function Type) ch nh chc nng ca OAM trong payload. Trong mi

gi tin cng c cc d liu kiu chc nng OAM xc nh v cui ca gi
tin c trng BIP16 (Bit Interleaved Parity) - l c ch pht hin li. Payload
c di ti thiu l 44 octet bi v iu ny lm cho thun tin trong vic x
l v h tr kch thc gi tin ti thiu c yu cu bi cc cng ngh x
l lp 2. Khi cn thit c th chn trng d liu kiu OAM vi cc gi
tr0.
Cc gi tin OAM c lm khc vi lu lng thng thng bng cch tng
thm mt trong su ca ngn xp nhn i vi LSP m cho c chn
vo. m bo rng cc gi tin OAM c mt PHB (Per Hop Behavior), cho
kh nng b rt mch l nh nht, ta phi m ha trngEXP theo cch nht
nh.
Hin ti c 6 kiu khc nhau ca chc nng OAM v chng c cc gi tr nh
trong bng 3.2.
Gi tr kiu chc nng OAM

Octet th 2 phn payload gi tin OAM

(HEX)

Kiu chc nng v mc ch

00

Dnh sn.

01

CV Kim tra kt ni.

02

P Hiu sut.

03

FDI B bo li chuyn xui.

04

BDI B bo li chuyn ngc.

05

LB-Req Yu cu loop vng.

06

LB-Rsp p ng loop vng.

07 FF

Dnh cho tng lai

Bng 3.2: Cc m kiu chc nng OAM

3.2.4.2. Kim tra kt ni (CV)

Chc nng kim tra kt ni c s dng pht hin v chn on tt c cc
kiu li kt ni LSP gy ra bi lp pha di hay lp MPLS. Dng CV c
to ra bi LSR u vo ca LSP v c truyn ti LSR u ra ca LSP. Cc
gi tin CV l trong sut i vi cc LSR qu giang. Gi tin CV bao gm th
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nhn dng mng duy nht TTSI (Trail Termination Source Identifier) v th
nh dng ny c dng pht hin cc li. iu ny c thc hin bi
LSR u ra khi n kim tra cc gi tin CV nhn c trn mi LSP. Mt LSP
b ri v trng th li khi c mt trong nhng gi tr nh hnh 21.
- Xc nh li chuyn xui (FDI)
FDI c to bi LSR u ra khi pht hin ta li. Khi LSR u ra pht hin ra
li ni to ra mt gi tin FDI , bm theo s chuyn tip ca n cng nh ln
trn bt k mt ngn xp LSP no.
- Xc nh li chuyn ngc (BDI)
Mc ch ca chc nng BDI l bo ti u ti ln cui cng ca mt LSP v
mt li ca dng ti xung.
3.2.4.3. MPLS ping
MPLS ping l mt c ch n gin v hiu qu c dng pht hin cc
li lp d liu tong cc LSP , m khng phi lun lun c pht hin bi cc
thnh phn iu khin ca MPLS.
3.2.4.4. Pht hin cc nt li RSVP
Phn m rng 'Hello' ca RSVP cho php cc nt RSVP pht hin khi no
mt nt ln cn b mt lin h. C ch ny cung cp mt s pht hin li nt
ti nt.
Pht hin li ca nt ln cn c lm bng cch thu thp v lu gi tr tc
thi ca ln cn . Nu c mt s thay i trong gi tr nhn c hoc nu
nt ln cn khng tr li ng cc gi ni b c thng bo, th nt ln
cn c coi nh l reset.
3.2.4.5. Chuyn mch c bo v
Chuyn mch c bo v l mt thut ng ca ITU-T. Chng c xc nhn
rng chc nng chuyn mch c bo v l quan trng nhm tng cng tnh
sn sng v tin cy ca mng MPLS. Chuyn mch c bo v ng l c
vic nh tuyn v cc ti nguyn c tnh ton trc v cp cho mt LSP
c bo v u tin i vi li.
3.2.4.6. Ti nh tuyn nhanh
p ng nhu cu ca cc ng dng thi gain thc nh hi ngh truyn hnh
v mt s dch v khc, IETF thy rng c mt yu cu rt cao c th
chuyn hng lu lng vo cc ng hn LSP d phng trong 10 phn
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triu giy. Khi mt li xut hin trn ng lin kt hoc trn mt nt m

lu lng i qua s nhanh chng chuyn lu lng vo phn on d phng
v ng thi thng bo cho LSR u vo. N s phi tnh ton mt ng i
thay th cho LSP chnh. Lu lng by gi s c chuyn vo LSP mi thay
v i vo phn on d phng.
C hai chin lc c bn cho vic thit lp cc ng hm d phng. l
d phng mt mt v d phng theo iu kin cho RSVP-TE v cho CR-LDP
theo tng ng l bo v ring bit v bo v chia s bng thng. Lu lng
s c chuyn sang phn on d phng khi c li xut hin trn LSP c
bo v v s chuyn li LSP c bo v khi li c khc phc.
3.2.4.7. MPLS v xp xp lu lng
Xp xp lu lng (Traffic Engineering-TE) c coi nh l vic ti u hiu
nng ca cc mng ang c vn hnh. Cc kha cnh c quan tm ca
MPLS l o cc thng s v iu khin. iu ny cho php cc nh khai thc
mt s linh hot nht nh trong vic iu khin cc ng i ca cc dng
lu lng qua cc mng ca h v cho php p dng cc bin php m lm ti
u hot ng ca mng. Nhng tt nhin l mt gii hn v s lng LSP
thc s cn thit v nu tng s LSP th cng lm tng lu lng iu khin
trn mng v lm tng phc tp ca mng.
Mt ng i t mt nt ny ti mt nt mng khc phi c tnh ton sao
cho ng i c th cung cp QoS theo yu cu cho lu lng IP v thc
hin c cc yu cu khc m lu lng c th c. Mi khi ng i
c tnh ton xong, vic xp xp lu lng, m n l mt tp con ca nh
tuyn cng bc, c trch nhim thit lp v duy tr trng thi chuyn tip
d liu dc theo ng .

Hnh 3.5. V d v vic xp xp lu lng

Trong hnh 3.5, c hai ng t router C ti router G. Nu router chn mt
trong cc ng ny, n s chuyn tt c lu lng c ch l G theo ng
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. Kt qu l c th gay nghn trn ng truyn ny, trong khi cc

ng khc li ang di mc ti cho php. tng ti a hiu nng ca
ca ton mng c th dch mt s phn mnh ca d liu sang cc lin kt
khc.

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CHNG 4

TNG QUAN H THNG QUN L MNG

4.1. TNG QUAN V TMN
4.1.1. TNG QUAN V TMN
Mng qun l vin thng (Telecommunications Management Network
(TMN)) c ITU-T gii thiu trong cc khuyn ngh M.3000 t nm 1985
nh l mt m hnh tham chiu ca h thng h tr vn hnh OSS. TMN l
kin trc h tng kt ni cc loi OSS khc nhau vi cc phn t mng. TMN
cng m t cc th tc v chun giao tip dng trao i thng tin gia cc
thnh phn ca OSS vi cc phn t mng cng nh cc chc nng cn thit
qun l mng.
M hnh TMN gm c 4 lp sau:
o

Lp qun l kinh doanh: thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n kinh
doanh, phn tch nhu cu v cht lng dch v, cc chc nng c
bn lin quan n tnh cc v k ton.
Lp qun l dch v: thc hin chc nng qun l dch v mng nh:
khi to, qun l, thay i dch v.
Lp qun l mng: thc hin chc nng phn b ti nguyn mng:
cu hnh, iu khin v gim st mng.
Lp qun l phn t mng: thc hin chc nng qun l tng phn t
mng bao gm: qun l cnh bo, qun l thng tin, sao lu, lu log,
bo dng phn cng v phn mm.

Mt khc m hnh TMN cn c th xem xt di quan im chc nng, bao

gm nm chc nng sau:
o
o

Qun l li (Fault): nhn dng, c lp, ghi chp v bo co li.

Qun l k ton (Accounting): thu thp, lu tr v phn phi cc
thng tin k ton.

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Qun l lu lng (Performance): thu thp, lu tr v phn phi cc

thng tin thng k v hot ng mng a ra cc k hoch v lu
lng v ti u ha knh thng tin.
Qun l cu hnh (Configuration): Ci t thit b mng, thit lp cc
tham s v trng thi, cu hnh dung lng mng.
Qun l bo mt: (Sercurity): Qun l cc chc nng v phn quyn
truyy nhp, qun l cc tin trnh ng thi ca mt OSS, bo v
chng li cc truy nhp tri php.

Nm chc nng trn l cc chc nng c bn trong tt c cc h thng qun l

mng bao gm c mng thoi v mng s liu.

Hnh 4.1. M hnh TMN

4.2. CC CHC NNG CA TMN
4.2.1. QUN L CU HNH:
Qun l cu hnh bao gm vic cung cp cc ngun tai nguyn mng (trin
khai cc ngun ti nguyn mng mt cch kp thi nhm tha mn cc nhu
cu dch v), v cung cp dch v (phn b cc tnh nng v dch v n
ngi dng cui). N xc nh, iu khin, thu thp s liu v cung cp s
liu cho mng chun b, khi to v bt u hot ng dch v cng nh
chm dt dch v. Qun l cu hnh cp n mng dch v, mng logic,
mng khch hng nh mng in thoi PSTN, cc mng dng ring.
4.2.2. QUN L LI:
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Bao gm qun l s c trong quan tm n vic sa cha v phc hi dch

v, pht hin li, ch ng bo dng to kh nng t phc hi. Qun l
s c thc hin so snh tng quan gia cnh bo vi cc dch v v ngun
ti nguyn mng, khi to o th kim tra, thc hin phn tch chn on
tch li vo b phn hay linh kin c th thay th c, khi phc li cc dch
v v thc hin cc cng vic cn thit khc c sa cha li c chn
on. Bo dng ch ng s cp n tnh trng gn s c m c th lm
suy giam tin cy ca h thng v gy nh hng n dch v. lm c
iu ny h thng c th phi thc hin cc hot ng bo dng nh k,
khi ta o th, kim tra v sa cha li trc khi xy ra cc s c dch v.
4.2.3. QUN L HIU NNG HOT NG
Bao gm cc tin trnh bo m cho vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn mng
mt cch hiu qu nht ng thi p ng cc mc tiu ca ngi s dng
mc dch v. N nh gi v bo co v cc ngun ti nguyn mng ng
thi m bo hiu nng hot ng cao nht trong vic chuyn pht cc dch
v mng, s liu hay video.
4.2.4. QUN L K TON
X l v s dng cc bn ghi v mc s dng dch v v cc ngun ti
nguyn mng ri a ra ha n dch v cho khc hng. Ha n ny ghi r
cc khon cc ph s dng dch v cng nh cc ngun ti nguyn mng.
4.2.4. QUN L AN NINH, AN TON
iu khin truy cp mng, bo v mng cng nh h thng qun l mng
khi cc truy nhp tri php hay mt lin lc. Cc c ch an ninh phi m
bo linh hot c th cho php mt phm vi iu khin rng cng nh cc
c quyn h tr nhm khch hng, nhm nh cung cp dch v, h thng
khai thc c nhu cu qun tr c lp.
4.2.5. CC CHC NNG KHC
o

Lp k hoch: bao gm mt tp hp cc tin trnh cho php lp t

cc ngun ti nguyn mng mt cch kp thi pht trin v trin
khai cc dch v mng ph hp vi d bo v yu cu ca khch
hng.
Qun l ngun nhn lc: lp k hoch v iu khin cc hot ng
ca lc lng nhn s khai thc. Quan l ngun nhn lc lin quan
n vic b tr nhn s, khi lng cng vic, cc cng c s dng
trong qun l mng. Vic ny cng bao gm: sa cha (qun l li),
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tch cp v lp t thit b mng (cung cp ti nguyn), cc nhn

vin k thut vn phng cng nh ngoi hin trng.
o

Qun l vt t: bao gm cc cng vic mua, phn phi v lu tr

thit b linh kin phc v cho vic lp t v sa cha mng. c
c vt t cn tin hnh cc bc: tm kim, la chn, cam kt
cung cp thit b t nh cung cp c uy tn.

4.3. CC THNH PHN CA H THNG QUN L MNG NMS

Trong mng ring k thut v cng ngh NMS cho php cc nh cung cp
dch v tng kh nng kim sot cc hot ng mng. Nh c h thng NMS,
cc nh cung cp dch v c th t ng thi hnh cc tc v theo kiu end-toend (u cui n u cui) trn mng ca h. V d qun l cc VLAN,
h thng NMS cung cp cc giao din ha v cc VLAN bao gm cc
thng tin v cc cng, a ch MAC, VLAN IDH thng NMS cng cho
php d dng thm bt, thay i cc cng cng nh cung cp kh nng qun
l li khi n xy ra. Trong trng hp s dng ATM hoc knh o FR
chuyn ti lu lng mng, h thng qun l mng cho php to, xa, thay
i hoc quan st tnh trng ca cc knh o (bao gm cc nt mng, cc kt
ni, cc giao tip). Ngoi ra cc cng ngh ng dng trong NMS cho php n
c kh nng qun l vic lu tr (bao gm c cc h thng SAN), qun l cc
thit b m thoi audio/video mng ring cc dch v mng tng ln
khng ngng v kh nng qun l ca cc h thng NMS cng phi tng theo.
V c bn, cc thnh phn ca mt h thng qun l mng nh sau:

Database

NMS
GET
Mng c qun l v
cc i tng c qun
l khc

SET
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Hnh 4.2. Cc thnh phn ca mt h thng NMS

Hnh 4.2 m t mt h thng qun l mng bao gm cc my ch trung tm,
h c s d liu quan h v mt s my trm.
Mng c qun l bao gm cc b nh tuyn, cc b chuyn mch (ATM.
IP, MPLS), cc b tp trung thu bao xDSL, cc u cui xDSL, IP phone.
NMS bao gm tp hp cc my ch vi cc chc nng khc nhau to thnh
tp hp cc chc nng ca h thng. NMS giao tip trc tip vi cc phn t
mng ly thng tin hoc thit lp chc nng cho cc phn t mng. H c
s d liu thng s dng c s d liu quan h lu tr thng tin v cu
hnh, t chc u ni, cnh bo
My trm truy cp thng tin cn qun l thng qua NMS, v d quan st li,
gim st, qun l truy cp

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CHNG 5

XY DNG H THNG QUN L MNG TH

H SAU CA CC BU IN
TRUNG NG
Nh trnh by cc chng trc, mng th h sau ca Cc Bu in
Trung ng c cc c im sau:
o

L mng ring.

Tri rng v mt a l (trn phm vi ton quc).

S lng thu bao gn nh c nh, t bin i vi khong 6000 cng

Ethernet v 20.000 cng thoi.

Vi cc c im trn, m hnh h thng qun l mng th h sau Cc Bu

in trung ng khng th hon ton ging vi m hnh h thng qun l
mng ca cc mng cng cng khc.
Mc ch ca ti l
o

a ra c m hnh ca h thng qun l mng th h sau ca Cc

Bu in Trung ng
Chc nng chi tit ca tng khi.

Cc mc tiu cn t c:
o

H thng qun l mng phi c kh nng qun l, gim st n tt c

cc nt mng.
H thng phi c xy dng tp trung vi mt trung tm t ti H
Ni v h thng cc my tnh trm c phn quyn t ti cc c s
tham gia vo h thng qun l.
Do tnh cht phn b rng (trn ton quc) ca mng, h thhng phi
an ton n nh gim ti a chi ph cho vic vn hnh, gim st,
bo dng h thng, c kh nng vn hnh t xa i vi nt mng
lp B, C.

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C kh nng qun l chng li cc truy cp tri php v phn quyn

truy cp cho tt c cc thit b mng.
C kh nng gim st v tnh cc theo lng thng tin s dng,
dch v s dng.

5.1. CU TRC M HNH NMS CA CC BU IN TRUNG

NG
Nh ta bit, mng TMN thng c quy m quc gia, i vi Cc Bu in
Trung ng c qui m nh do ta p dng m hnh NMS vi cc chc nng
c th. Hn na ta cng khng th p dng tt c cc chc nng ca mng
qun l TMN vo trng hp Cc Bu in Trung ng v nh vy gi thnh
ca mng qun l s rt cao. V c bn, cu trc m hnh NMS ca Cc Bu
in Trung ng ch cn p ng c cc nhu cu qun l mt s lng
khch hng khng ln v t thay i, nhu cu dch v khng c bin ng
nhiu nhng i hi phi c cht lng cao. Do , m hnh NMS ca Cc
Bu in Trung ng ch cn bao gm cc chc nng sau:
o

Qun l cu hnh thit b mng.

Qun l cnh bo thit b mng theo thi gian thc.

Qun l lu lng mng theo thi gian thc

Qun l an ninh mng.

Qun l cc v chm sc khch hng.

Qun l sao lu v khi phc s liu.

M hnh chc nng h thng NMS nh hnh 5.1

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Tnh cc v chm sc
khch hng

Sao lu v khi phc

s liu

Qun l cnh bo

Qun l cu hnh

NMS
Qun l lu lng

Qun l an ninh

Mng th h sau Cc
BT

Hnh 5.1. M hnh cu trc mng NMS

5.1.1. CC YU CU CA H THNG QUN L MNG
Vn mu cht vn l: Phi c mt h thng tch hp a trn cc khi nim
kin trc chung, n phi bao trm cc lnh vc qun l trong mt mi trng
hn hp. im ny c ngha l:
o

o
o

o
o

o
o

Tch hp ca cc kin trc truyn thng v dch v di mt kin

trc qun l.
Tch hp cc lnh vc chc nng qun l vo cc chc qun l cc h
thng tng qut.
Tch hp cc kha cnh t chc.
C khi nim chung cho qun l c s d liu hay ni cch khc c
mt m hnh thng tin c chp nhn rng ri cho vic din t cc
i tng cn qun l.
M hnh ng ngha cho cc h thng mng phc tp.
M rng cc khi nim chun ho cho vic qun l mng v h
thng.
H tr cc ng dng v h thng phn tn.
Thit k cc platform thch hp cung cp cc giao din ngi s
dng v lp trnh chung.

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Mt tin cho vic tch hp l kh nng ca cc h thng hoc thnh

phn cn qun l trong mi trng hn hp cung cp c thng tin trong
mt h c s cc kin trc qun l c chun ho. Mt yu cu th hai
l mt c s chung cho cc khi xy dng tng qut cho cc ng dng qun
l.
D p dng cc tiu chun hoc cng ngh no, th cc xu hng trong qun
l mng hin ny u nhm p ng nhng nhu cu sau y:
-

T ng: Mt s phn trong cng vic qun l cn n t ng v d nh

qu trnh theo di (tracking) li. Vic t ng s l mt trong nhng li
th trong cc dng sn phm. Mt vn cn thit cp bch l t ng
ton b cho vic qun l li v qun l thay i.

c lp ngn ng: Cc ng dng qun l hin ti phi vit trn nhng

ngn ng lp trnh c th. iu ny lm pht sinh nhu cu trong tng lai
vit cc ng dng trn mt loi ngn ng bt k hoc ngn ng hng i
tng.

c lp vi h iu hnh: Khi vit cc ng dng qun l, ngi lp trnh

khng phi b ct cht vo mt h iu hnh no . Bi h mun cc ng
dng lm vic trn nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau theo cng mt kiu.

C s d liu hng i tng: Mt c s d liu l rt quan trng

trong vic lu tr cc i tng, c bit cc thng tin d liu v cu
hnh, qun l li, qun l hiu sut thc hin... C s d liu cn phi c
thc hin tt v c kh nng qun l dng lng ln. Mt nh hng
cho vic lu tr cc d liu mi l cc c s d liu hng i tng v
hiu sut thc hin s l mt vn quan trng. D cc b x l l cng
ngy nhanh hn, nhng yu cu v lu tr v x l s liu s ngy cng
ln. Do vy, hiu sut thc hin ca c s d liu vn l mt vn quan
trng... vt qua nhng tr ngi ny cc vng lu tr tm thi (cache)
ln s c s dng.

Tch hp tnh ton, vin thng v truyn hnh: Hin nay nhiu quc
gia h thng truyn thoi s dng truyn dn s. Cc h thng my tnh
cn nhiu nhu cu bao gm cc chc nng nh ho, hnh nh, thoi v
d liu. Vn t ra l cn c s tch hp. Song song th thut ng tnh
ton bt u chuyn dch dn t cc mainframe hoc trung tm d liu
sang tnh ton client/server. Tnh ton client/server t mng LAN cng
m ra cho vic truyn dn d liu, thoi, hnh nh sang cng nghip vin
thng. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l thng tin d liu v vin thng s hi
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t m dn n vic tch hp cc h thng qun l ca tnh ton v thit b

vin thng.
-

Bo mt: Bo mt l mt yu t then cht trong cc mng m nh trong

cc tnh ton client/server. Nhng phng php bo mt c tng cng
bo mt cc d liu quan trng cc thng tin nhy cm nh s liu v
ti khon cn phi c bo mt. Nh vy vic cung cp cc c ch bo
mt s l mt vn rt quan trng.

5.1.2. M S M HNH XUT

5.1.2.1. M hnh 1
Theo m hnh ny, h thng NMS gm 3 trung tm t ti 3 thnh ph H
Ni, Nng, H Ch Minh tng ng vi 3 nt mng li. Ti cc tnh, thnh
ph khc c cc my trm truy cp vo trung tm qun l cc b ti mi
nt mng.

Hnh 5.2: M hnh th nht

a. Cc nhm chc nng:
H tr iu hnh: Cung cp cc chc nng h tr khai thc cho cc phn t
mng v phn tch cc li chi tit ca phn t mng. Nhm chc nng ny c
th cung cp cc kt ni vi nh cung cp thit b tin hnh nng cp, cp
nht phn mm, sa li.
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ng b s liu: cung cp kh nng cp nht s liu t cc OMC. Mi OMC

ch lu tr s liu ca ring OMC cn NMS s cp nht tt c cc s liu
ca cc OMC lu tr to kh nng c mt trung tm s liu thng nht.
Sao lu s liu: cung cp kh nng sao lu s liu thng xuyn theo nh k
hoc t xut cho ton mng.
Qun l mng: nhm ny t ti cc OMC thc hin cc chc nng:
- Gim st cht lng mng.
- Qun l lu lng mng.
- Qun l s c mng.
- H tr phn tch chi tit li.
Qun l lu lng mng:
Bo co cht lng mng: Bo co cht lng
ng truyn, chuyn mch, bo co s gin on mng li, bo co tnh
trng tc nghn mng, bo co ngun ti nguyn mng.
Phn tch tnh trng mng li : Phn tch li
trn mng, phn tch tnh trng tc nghn, phn tch t l thnh cng cuc
gi.
Qun l hon thin mng li: Qun l k
hoch ngng lin lc, qun l s mt lin lc, qun l s m rng ca
mng, qun l cc th tc v cch thc m rng.
b. nh gi
Theo m hnh ny, h thng qun l mng chia thnh 3 trung tm ng vi 3
nt mng li hnh thnh 3 OMC. Mi OMC qun l cc tnh pha di bao
gm cc chc nng: qun l li, qun l cu hnh, qun l lu lng v hiu
nng hot ng, qun l tnh cc v bo mt. Trung tm qun l mng ch
thc hin c mt phn cc trong s cc chc nng ca TMN tc l ch bao
gm ba chc nng u tin trong s nm chc nng trn.
Theo cch t chc trn, do c s d liu khng c tp trung nn vic hoch
nh chin lc pht trin trn ton mng s gp kh khn. Mt khc cng
gy tn km v nh th s phi xy dng gn nh 3 h thng NMS c lp tuy
rng vic trin khai tng h thng l d dng hn.
5.1.2.2. M hnh 2

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Theo m hnh ny h thng NMS gm duy nht mt trung tm t ti H Ni,

ti mi tnh u c mt my trm truy cp vo trung tm NMS qun l cc
b ti nt mng cp tnh, ring 3 trung tm ln mang thm chc nng OMC
t ti H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng. Ti trung tm NMS c tt c cc thit
b thc hin cc chc nng gim st, cu hnh, tnh cc, bo mtTi cc
OMC ch c cc my trm truy cp thng tin thng qua cc NMS server v
c gn thm quyn qun l cc nt mng cp di.

Hnh 5.3: M hnh th hai

a. Cc nhm chc nng:
Cc nhm chc nng khng khc g m hnh 1 m ch khc ch tt c cc
chc nng c tch hp trong mt trung tm NMS thng nht. H thng
NMS khi phi c kh nng phn quyn truy nhp cho cc OMC, mi OMC
ch thc hin mt s chc nng nht nh i vi mt s tnh nht nh.
b. nh gi
Theo m hnh ny, h thng qun l mng c tp trung theo cc tiu chun
ca h thng TMN. Vic qun l h thng nh th cng d dng hn. Tuy
nhin vic tch hp qun l mt s lng ln cc nt mng gp phi mt s

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kh khn nh nhn s qun l, nng lc ca cc h thng phn cng v

phn mm.
5.1.2.2. Kt lun:
Gii php th hai c la chn v nhng u im ca n so vi gii php
th nht. Vi m hnh th hai, ta s tip tc xy dng chi tit cc thnh phn
ca h thng qun l mng v cng nh la chn cc sn phm hp l xy
dng trung tm qun l mng th h sau Cc Bu in Trung ng.
5.2. CHI TIT H THNG QUN L MNG
Trn th trng hin c rt nhiu sn phm qun l mng nhm p ng cc
nhu cu khc nhau ca nh cung cp dch v v doanh nghip. Ni chung,
mi sn phm thng p ng c mt s hoc gn nh tt c cc chc nng
ca mt h thng TMN. Trong trng hp Cc Bu in Trung ng, ta
khng th s dng mt h thng t tin c gi thnh cao ca mt nh cung
cp c sn m c th s dng nhiu sn phm khc nhau ca nhiu nh cung
cp khc nhau. Vn l a c ra cc yu cu chc nng ca sn phm,
la chn v tch hp li xy dng c h thng qun l mng c tnh
thng nht cao.
5.2.1. QUN L THIT B
Hu ht cc h thng qun l thit b u phi p ng c cc chc nng
sau:
o

Qun l thit b trn ton mng. Chng loi thit b bao gm:
B nh tuyn.
B chuyn mch.
B tp trung thu bao DSLAM.
Thit b u cui modem xDSL.

Qun l cnh bo ca cc phn t mng theo thi gian thc.

Qun l truy nhp vo/ra mng theo thi gian thc.

Qun l lu lng mng theo thi gian thc.

Danh mc thit b qun l

Nh phn tch trn, h thng qun l ch bao gm 01 h thng NMS ti
H Ni (CP16), ti tt c cc tnh/thnh cn li ch s dng cc my trm kt
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ni vo trung tm NMS ti H Ni qun l cc b thit b ti nt mng ,

theo phn quyn ca NMS, danh mc cc thit b cn cho phn h qun l
nh sau :
STT
1
2
3
4
5

6
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
4
5
6
7
8

Tn thit b
I. My ch ( Phn cng )
Qun l thit b trn ton mng
Qun l truy nhp vo/ra mng theo thi gian thc
Qun l lu lng mng theo thi gian thc
H thng an ninh mng
H thng gim st phng t thit b t xa
- H thng x l, lu tr, cnh bo.
- Cc h thng hin th (mn hnh ln )
- ........
Qun l cc v chm sc khch hng
H thng sao lu d liu
Mt s ph kin mng km theo
II. Phn mm
H iu hnh
My ch s liu (Software)
Phn mm qun l thit b
Phn mm qun l truy nhp
Phn mm qun l lu lng
Phn mm an ninh mng
Phn mm qun l gim st t xa
Phn mm qun l cc
Phn mm sao lu d liu
III. Thit b qun l, gim st t xa cho tt c cc tnh
My tnh trm
Cp mng v ph kin mng
Camera
u bo nhit
u bo khi
u bo m

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SL
01
01
01
01
01

01
01
01
07
07
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
122
61
61
61
61

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CHNG 6

KT LUN V KHUYN NGH

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CC CH VIT TT
DCF

Data Communications Function: Chc nng truyn thng d

liu

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line: ng dy thu bao s

MIB

Management Information Base: H thng tin qun l

NMS

Network Management System: H thng qun l mng

OAM&P

Operation, Administration, Mainternance & Provisionning:

Khai thc, qun tr, bo dng v d phng

OSI

Open System Interconnection: Kt ni h thng m

OSS

Operation Support System: H thng h tr vn hnh

PSTN

Public Switching Telephone Network: Mng in thoi cng

cng

SAN

Storage Area Network: Mng lu tr s liu

SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol: Giao thc qun

l mng n gin

TMN

Telecommunication Management Network: Mng qun l

vin thng

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Cng ngh qun l mng hin i, CN. Nguyn Hi Yn bin dch, Nh
xut bn Bu in 2001.
[2]. Network Management, MIBs and MPLS: Principles, Design and
Implementation, Stephen B. Morris, Prentice Hall 2003.
[3]. ITU-T Recommendation M.3020 TMN interface speccification
methodology.
[4]. ITU-T Recommendation M.3200 TMN management services:
overview.
[5]. ITU-T Recommendation M.3400 TMN management funtions.
[6]. ITU-T Recommendation M.3180 Catalog of TMN management
funtions.
[7]. Qun l vin thng Cc khi nim c bn, Nguyn Th Minh Huyn
ch bin, Nh xut bn Bu in 2000.
[8]. Qun l mng trong xu th pht trin mng vin thng th h sau, TS.
Nguyn Qu Minh Hin, Nh xut bn Bu in 2003.
[9]. Qun l mng vin thng th k 21, ThS Trn Quang Cng, KS V Vn
Thng bin dch, Nh xut bn Bu in 2001.
[10]. Storage Networks: The Complete Reference, Robert Spalding,
McGraw-Hill 2003.

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PH LC
Cu trc phn lp ca mng Cc Bu in Trung ng

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Cu trc mng li

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Cu trc nt mng li ti H Ni

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Cu trc nt mng li ti H Ch Minh

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Cu trc nt mng li ti Nng

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Cu trc nt mng li ti cc tnh, thnh ph khc

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