Revised on 1/27/12 TRANSVERSE LOADING AND BENDING When a machine element is loaded transversely, the loads cause bending

of the element (referred to as a beam).

Real life example: Skateboard acts as a simply supported beam.

Unloaded skateboard No deformation

The transverse forces bend the skateboard (Grossly exaggerated) The bending produces deflection of the member. This deflection produces mechanical strain, which in turn produces mechanical stress (Hooks law). When the stress developed exceeds the elastic limit of the beam material, the beam fails. To understand this bending phenomenon and the stress developed within the beam, we need to compute the internal forces and moments developed along the lengt h the beam. These internal forces and moments are called shear forces and bending moments, respectively. The shear force and bending moment vary along the length of the beam, which are shown as shear force diagram and bending moment diagram, respectively.

SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT IN BEAM

Example1. Simply supported (rigid but weightless) beam is loaded as shown below. Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for the beam.

1. Free Body Diagram: Here simple supports are replaced with two vertically upward unknown forces, Ra & Rb.

2. Apply equilibrium conditions and find unknown forces: =0: 4000161000812+Ra*860004 = 0, or, Ra = (400016+1000812+60004)/8 = 23,000 # Fy=0: Rb = 4000+10008+600023000 = 5000# Check: x=0 :100084230008+600012(500016) =0

3. Load diagram of the beam

4. INTERNAL LOADS (BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCES) IN THE BEAM DUE TO TRANSVERSE LOADS ACTING ON IT Because in the load diagram above the beam is in static equilibrium, if we cut a section of the beam along the length, the cut sections should also be in equilibrium. This equilibrium is obviously due to the internal shear forces and bending moments that are developed along the length of the beam. For example let us cut the beam at an arbitrary section, x=2 ft. The internal shear force V and the internal moment M must be there to maintain equilibrium of the cut sections.

Convention for FBD: Upward force positive, clockwise moment positive For the left section: Fy=0: V 4000 -1000*2 =0, or V= 6000 # 2=0: M - 4000*2-1000*2*1, or M = 10,000 ft-lb For the right section: Fy=0: V+ 23,000 1000*6 6000 5000, or V = 6000 # 2=0: M + 1000*6*3 23,000*6 + 6000*10 + 5000*14, or M = 10,000 ft-lb

We can see that the calculated shear force and bending moment developed in the beam at a section has the same value, irrespective of which side of the beam we use to calculate them. Thus we can conclude that: (i) Internal shear force at any point along the length of the beam is vector sum of all external forces either to the left or to the right of the point. (ii) Similarly, internal bending moment at any point along the length of the beam is the vector sum of moments of all external forces either to the left or to the right of the point, about that point. You can use the above two rules to find the internal shear force (SF) and bending moment (BM) at any point along a beam.

5. Shear Fo rce and Bending Moment Diagrams Some times, Shear force diagram and bending moment diagram are drawn to show the internal SF and BM along the entire length of the beam. This may be necessary to find, where along the length of the beam, the shear force or the bending moment is maximizing or minimizing. Sign Convention for shear force: Upward force to the left is positive, or downward force to the right is positive. The reverse is negative.

Positive shear force

Negative shear force

Sign convention for bending moment: Clockwise moment to the left is positive, or counter clockwise moment to the right is positive. The reverse is negative. Also you may think that positive moment will cause compression of the upper layer of the beam (shown by --- sign) and negative moment will cause tension (shown by +++ sign) in the upper layer of the beam.
Compression in upper layer - ---- ---- ----- -+ + + + + + + ++ + + Tension in upper layer + + + + + + + ++ + + - ---- ---- ----- --

Positive bending moment

Negative bending moment

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM Since the internal shear force (SF) is the sum of external force to one side of the sectio n, the SF remains constant along the length of the beam as long as no new external force is added along the length of the beam. So starting from the right end x<16, SF = 5000 lb, up to length x>12. For the beam 8<x<12: SF= 5000+6000=11,000 lb; For the beam 0<x<8: SF = 5000+6000-23000+(8-x)*1000= -12000+(8-x)*1000 Thus at x=8- : SF = -12000 lb and x=0+: SF = -4000 lb

Load Diagram

SF: Sum of forces to the left x=0-: SF0- = 0 0<x<8: SF = -4000-1000x SF0 =-4000 SF8 =-4000-1000*8= -12000 8<x<12: SF8 = -12000+23000 = 11,000 12<x<16: SF12 =11,000-6000 = 5000 X=16: SF16 = 5000-5000 =0

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM

BM: Sum of moment of forces to the left of a section x=0-: BM = 0 0<x<8: BM = -4000x-1000x* x/2 BM0 =0 BM8 = -4000*8 - 1000*8*4= -64,000 8<x<12: BM= -4000x-8000(x-4)+23,000(x-8) BM12 =-4000*12-8000*8+23,000*4 = -20,000 12<x<16: BM= -4000x-8000(x4)+23,000(x-8)-6000(x-12) X=16: BM16 = -4000*128000*12+23,000*8-6000*4 =0

Bending Moment diagram