ThanWinHlaing Martyrs Day 2012

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY
tmZmenfaeY
(odrYk [kw)f
jrefrmhorkid ;f
rarhtyfaomaeYwpfaeY
oef;0if;vIdif
Martyrs Day: An Unforgetable

Day in Burmese History
v
Than Win Hlaing
*>.64<310 .@ )917-5- +-049 ! )>6=47104- A
jamesparr007@gmail.com
Ph : (66) 897 - 033 - 128
* > . 6 4 < 3 1 0 ! ( 4 < = ; 4 . > = 4 9 8

)917-5- +-049 ! )>6=47104? ? ? #7 9 1 7 - 5 -#/ 97
? ? ?# 7 9 1 7 - 5 - #. 6 9 2 < : 9 = #/ 9 7
*-21 " $
aus;Zl;wifvmT
pmtkyjf zpfajrmufa&;twGuf ulnyD yHh ;kd ay;aom a'gufwmat;
ausmf 'kOu|? trsdK;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyf (vGwaf jrmufe,fajr) xdik ;f Edik if H
rJaqmufNrdKU? udkarmif&pf rdk;rcbavmuf? pmtkyf'DZdkif; jyKvkyfay;aom
oD[armifarmif? twGi;f pmom;rsm;du
k Ef ydS af y;aom reDeD ESihf aus;Zl;wif
xdu
k o
f t
l m;vH;k udk aus;Zl;wifydS gaMumif; trSww
f & azmfjy tyfygonf/
oef;0if;vIdif
2012 Zlvdkif 19 &uf
a'gufwmat;ausmf\ trSmpum;
tmZmenfaeYonf jrefrmhordik ;f rarhEidk af omaeYwpfaeYjzpfonf/
1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufaeYwiG f xdpk Ofu jrefrmEdik if \
H txl;cRefq;kH
Edik if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm; vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfccH &hJ onf/ ,if;Ekid if aH wmfvyk Bf urH \
I
vufonftjzpf *VKefOD;apmtygt0if w&m;cH (9) OD;udk zrf;qD;ppfaq;
tjypfay;cJhonf/ odkYaomf wu,fhvufonfw&m;cHonf OD;apm[kwfyg
ovm;[laom ar;cGe;f onf ,aeYwikd t
f ajzr&ao;aom ar;cGe;f jzpfaeqJ
jzpfonf/ OD;apmonf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tay: yk*Kd vfa&;tmCmwjzifh
vkyBf urH BI u;D udk BupH nfvyk af qmifco
hJ nf[
l vnf;aumif;? OD;apmonf NAw
d d
oQe,fcsJUwd\
Yk qifuu
G x
f 0J ifomG ;NyD; vkyBf uHrBI uD;udk usL;vGecf o
hJ nf[
l
vnf;aumif; OD;apmonf NAdwo
d Qudv
k ekd eD ,fcsJUwd\
Yk qifuu
G x
f J 0ifomG ;
onft
h jyif rdr\
d yk*Kd vfa&;tmCmwjzifyh if vkyBf uHrBI uD;udk usL;vGef jzpf
oGm;onf[
l vnf;aumif; awG;qrItrsdK;rsdK;jzpfco
hJ nf/ OD;apmonf trSef
wu,fusL;vGeo
f jl zpfaomfvnf; Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH BI u;D udk avhvmqef;ppf
rIrsm;ESihf vkyBf urH BI u;D jzpfymG ;Ny;D ESpf (50) MumrS trsm;odEdS ikd &f ef xkwjf yefchJ
aom NAdwo
d Qtpd;k \ taxmuftxm;pmGupf mwrf;rsm;uvnf; jrefrm
Edik if u
H t
kd yk pf ;kd cJah om NAdwo
d QtmPmydik t
f csdKUwdUk \ yg0ifywfoufrrI sm;udk
7
TefjyvQufSdonf/ q&moef;0if;vIdifa&;om;cJhaom tmZmenfaeY odkY

r[kwf jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwaeY pmtky
f tjynft
h pHak &;om;
azmfjyxm;ygonf/ rnfodkYqdkap... vGwfvyfa&;&tHhqJqJwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESihf tmZmenfEikd if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm; usqH;k &onfrmS jrefrmEdik if H
twGuf tvGeBf u;D rm;aom qH;k I;H rIBu;D jzpfayonf/ jrefrmEdik if o
H nf xdpk Of
u avSavSmf&if;wufusdK;ovdkjzpfcJh&onf/ ,cktcg or,onf jrefrm
Edik if
H jyKjyifajymif;vJrrI sm;jzifh ppfreS af om Nidr;f csrf;a&;rSwqifh Ekid if \
H
zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk OD;wnfaqmifGufvsufSdaomumvjzpfonf/ ,ck
wpfBurd w
f iG v
f nf; Ekid if u
H kd OD;aqmifEidk rf nfh Ekid if ahH cgif;aqmifrsm; xyfrrH us
qH;k apcsifyg/ (19) Zlvikd f tmZmenfaeY\ cg;oD;aom oifcef;pmud&k ,l
jynfolvlxk\tusdK;pD;yGm; EkdifiH\tusdK;pD;yGm;udk OD;xdyfxm; tm;vHk;
yg0ifEdkifonfh EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOftwGif;wGif vufwGJnDnD yl;aygif;BudK;yrf;
aqmifu
G Mf u&ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f tyfygonf/
a'gufwmat;ausmf
'k-Ou|
trsdK;om;'Dru
kd a&pDtzGUJ csKyf
(vGwaf jrmufe,fajr)
xdik if EH ikd if ?H rJaqmufNrdKU
==...cifAsm;wdkY[m vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsif&if? vGwfvyf

a&;&EdkifavmufwJh pnf;urf;udk SdMuyg/ vGwfvyfa&;udk
vdkcsifvdkYSd&if vGwfvyfa&;&EdkifwJh nDGwfrIudk xdef;odrf;
xm;yg/ vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsif&if vGwfvyfa&;udk&EdkifwJh
xlaxmifrIudkvkyfMuyg/ tJ'DvdkvkyfNyD;wJhaemuf aSUudk
vGwfvyfa&;t&omudk cHpm;pHpm;csifw,fqdk&if? tvkyfvkyf
MuzdkY? pnf;urf;SdMuzdkY? ,ckuwnf;u cifAsm;wdkYudk,fudk
tusifq
h ;kd awG? tusifah [mif;awG? apmufusifah wGukd
jyifMuzdkYvdkNyDqdkwm usaemf uaeYajymcJhcsifw,f++
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
(1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 13 &uf? NrdKUawmfcef;rBuD;usif;yaom
vlxt
k pnf;ta0;BuD;wGif ajymMum;csuf/)
9
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; uefawmfr*Fvmyef;jc
H rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;aepOf
==ArmawGpw
d x
f ufoav;bmav;eJY wvGq
J yH ifaumif;ae
Muw,f/ ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&atmifvkyf&r,fh
wdu
k yf rJG sdK;rSm toH;k rcsbl;/ Armjynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;rSm
toHk;rcsbl;/ ArmArmcsif;cszdkYrSm vkyfcsifw,f/
'grsdK;awGvkyfcsifvdkY b,fawmhrS tusdK;rSdbl;++
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
(1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 13 &uf? NrdKUawmfcef;rvlxt
k pnf;ta0;ajymMum;csuf)
10
Murmqd;k 0ifaomaeYwpfaeY
(u)
1947ckESpf? Zlvdkifv19&uf paeaeY/
xdak eYeeH ufvif;uwnf;uyif &efuek yf wf0ef;usifwiG f rd;k onf wzGzJ JG
&Gmvdu
k ?f acwpo
J mG ;vdu
k ?f jyef&mG vdu
k Ef iS hf aea&mifrjrifEikd f waeYv;kH wdrrf if
zH;k vsuftUkH rIid ;f vsuf&o
dS nf/
rd;k zGzJ
JG rd;k rif;udk tHwu
k m um;eHygwftm&fat (R.A) 2874 teuf
a&mif 0lpvDum;uav;onf uefawmfBuD;ajrmufzuf wm0gvdef; (,ck
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jywdkuf) vrf;rS &efukefNrdKUwGif;odkY a&S;Iarmif;ESifvm
onf/ um;aemufyikd ;f wGif wpHw
k &mudk av;av;eufeuf tawG;e,fcsJUae
onfh toGijf zifh wnfNidrpf mG vdu
k yf gvmolrmS wyfrawmfzcifBuD;ESihf trsdK;
om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;jzpfonf/
xdkaeY 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYeHeuf 10 em&DwGif
twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H (aemif0efBuD;rsm;k;H ) 0efBuD;tpnf;ta0; usif;y&ef
&Sdayonf/ tpnf;ta0;udk twGif;0efrsm;kH;dS 0efBuD;csKyf tcef;yif
usif;y&ef ac:,lxm;\/ AdkvfcsKyfonf ,m,Dtpdk;&tzGJUacgif;aqmif
tjzpfjzifh 0efBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl tpnf;ta0;wGif rdrd\vkyfief;aqmifwm
rsm;? jynfov
l x
l &k ifqikd af e&aom pm;0wfaea&; tcuftcJrsm;? vGwv
f yf
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;pD;cJah om 0lpvDtrsdK;tpm; armfawmfum;
11
a&;BuKd ;yrf;aeqJumvBuKH awGUaeaom Edik if aH &;rl0g'rsm;? yk*Kd vfa&;uGv

J JG
csufjyemrsm;? wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfupd r sm;? zqyvtzGUJ csKyfupd r sm;?
jynfyESifhqufqHa&; (txl;ojzifh) NAdwdoQtpdk;&ESifh qufqHa&;udprsm;
odrYk sm;jym;vSaom udp& yfrsm;udk aqG;aEG;ndE iId ;f &ef jzpfonf/
,if;wdkYteuf jynfolvlxktm;uwday;xm;cJhonfhtwdkif; wpfESpf
twGi;f jrefrmhvw
T v
f yfa&; rvGrJ aoG &&Sad &;udpu
m; Adv
k cf sKy\
f acgif;xJ
t"du &Gufaqmif&rnfh ta&;BuD;udp[l rSwf,lxm;avonf/
1946 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 4 &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if b
H &k ifcH qm[l;bwf
&efYpfu bk&ifcH\ trIaqmifaumifpDtpnf;ta0;wGif NAdwdoQtpdk;&u
Adv
k cf sKyfO;D aqmifaom jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ udk NAw
d ed Ef ikd if H vef'efNrKd UodYk
vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef zdwaf c:aMumif; ajymjy&m trIaqmifaumifpu
D
vufccH o
hJ nf/ odjYk zifh 1947 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;onf ocifjr? OD;wifx#G f ponfwYkd yg0ifaom ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ 0if
tcsKd U t*Fvefjynfvef'efNrKd UodYk 'gudw
k mav,mOfjzifh xGucf mG cJo
h nf/ jrefrm
jynfrrS xGucf mG rD Adv
k cf sKyfonf vlxt
k m; ==taumif;qH;k udk arQmfvifx
h m;&ef
ESifh tqdk;qHk;twGufjyifqifxm;&ef++ rSmMum;cJhavonf/ bdvyftoGm;
tdE,
d jynf e,l;a'vDNrKd UwGijf yKvkyaf om owif;pmuGezf &ifw
h iG f tvm;wl
ajymMum;cJhavonf/ Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfOD;aqmifaom
jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUESifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&wdkY vef'efNrdKU a'gif;eif;vrf;
(Downing Street) trSwf (10) &Sd NAw
d o
d Qeef;&if;0ef;Hk tpnf; ta0;
usif;ycJhonf/ tqdkygtpnf;ta0;rwdkifrD 1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 20
&ufaeYu NAw
d o
d QygvDrefwiG f eef;&if;0ef rpwmtufwvDu jrefrmjynfol
wd\
Yk qEtwdik ;f vGwv
f yfa&;ay;ygrnf/ NAdwo
d Q "eo[m, twGi;f wGif
&So
d nfjzpfap? tjyifwiG &f o
dS nfjzpfap vGwv
f yfaomEdik if t
H jzpf todtrSwf
jyKygrnf/ jrefrmjynforl sm;\ oabmqEtwdik ;f jzpfygap&rnf[k uwdjyK
cJah vonf/
xdaYk emuf bdvyf (vef'ef) odYk vma&mufaqG;aEG;&ef zdwaf c:cJjh cif;
jzpfonf/ tpnf;ta0;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u==uREkyf o
f nf ppfom;pum;om ajymwwfygonf/ oHwrefo;kH pum;
rsdK; oG,fum0dkufum zGJYumEGJUum yvDyvmajymwmrsdK; rwwfuRrf;yg/
ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ \ud,
k pf m; uREkyf af jymMum;vdo
k nfrmS uREkyf w
f Ykd jrefrm
12
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; vef'efNrKd
Y awG&Y pOf
jynfwiG f ta&;rBu;D vSaom jynfwiG ;f a&;udp tenf;i,fwiG f oabmxm;

uGv
J rJG rI sm; &Sad eMuapumrl uREkyf w
f Ykd wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k onf tcsKyftjcm
uif;rJah om wif;jynfu
h syfjynfh vGwv
f yfa&;udk awmif;qd&k mum; woH
wnf;jzpfygonf/ uREkyf w
f o
Ykd nf xdv
k w
G v
f yfa&;udk tvsiftjrefvckd sifMu
ojzifh ,ckrS pwif jyifqifvdkygonf++
==jrefrmjynf[ak jym&m0,f uREkyf w
f o
Ykd nf wdik ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k tnD
13
tGwfjzpf vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynfudk &nfrSef;ajymjcif;jzpfygonf/

nDw
G rf &I &Sad &;twGuf ratmifjrifEidk af om tcuftcJ[
l r&Syd g/ wdik ;f
jynfwiG ;f &Sd wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsdK; tm;vH;k onf &mEIe;f jynfh vGwv
f yfa&;&
jynfyya,m*rygbJ tpHt
k nDawGUqH
k aqG;aEG;cGi&hf MuvQif nDw
G Mf uyg
vdrfhrnf/ tcsufonf vGwfvyfonfqdkaom u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGuf
vnf; rSeyf gonf/ ud;k uG,af ombmomtvdu
k f vnf;aumif;? vlrsdK;tvdu
k f
vnf;aumif; jrefrmjynf&dS wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vH;k onf vGwv
f yfa&;rqH;k I;H
oifh[k uREfkyfwdkY av;eufpGm ,HkMunfygonf++
==,aeYrSp wpfESpftwGif; jrefrmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&oifhonf[k
uREfyk w
f ,
Ykd q
l ygonf/ 0efBu;D csKyfu 'DZifbmv 20 &ufaeY ygvDrefatmuf
vTwaf wmfwiG af y;cJo
h nfu
h wdukd xyfavmif;aMunmonfukd Mum;&onfh
twGuf uREfyk w
f aYkd useyfygonf/ jrefrmjynftm; NAw
d o
d Q"eo[m,twGi;f
wGijf zpfap? tjyifwiG jf zpfap rdrw
d Ykd oabmtwdik ;f vGwv
f yfa&;udk a&G;cs,f
cGiahf y;&efvnf;aumif;? uREfyk w
f v
Ykd v
kd m;csufrsm;udk vsifjrefpmG &a&;twGuf
uln&D efvnf;aumif;? Bu&H ,
G af Mumif; ajymqdo
k nft
h wGuf bk&ifrif;jrwf\
tpd;k &udk uREkyf w
f u
Ykd aus;Zl;wifygonf/ tjrifjh rwfq;kH jzpfaom &nf&,
G f
csufrsm;ESihf us,fjyefaY omusifph Ofrsm;yif jzpfapumrl vufawGUtaumif
txnfazmf&mwGif wcgw&H ratmifjrifwwfonfukd &mZ0ifwiG f awGU&yg
onf/ uREkyf
f odYk ajym&jcif;onf jrefrmjynfwiG f uREkyf af wGUqHb
k ;l aom
tawGUtBuKH rsm;aMumifh jzpfygonf/ odaYk omfvnf; uREkyf w
f o
Ykd nf 0efBu;D csKyf
ESihf bk&ifrif;jrwftpd;k &\ apwemudk av;pm;ygonf/ uREfyk b
f ufrv
S nf;
apwemudk wHkUjyefrnfjzpfaMumif; uREfkyfuwday;Ekdifygonf++
==jrefrmjynfwiG f 1935ckEpS f tkyt
f csKyaf &;Oya'ESihf puLjzLpmwrf;udk
vlBudKufrrsm;yg/ uREfyk w
f u
Ykd ,
kd pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ onf uREkyf w
f \
Ykd udpt
00udk
aqmif&u
G Ef ikd
f vGwv
f yfa&;odYk ydaYk qmifay;rnfh pDru
H ed ;f topfukd bk&if
rif;jrwf\ tpd;k &xHrS &vmvdrrhf nf[k uREfyk w
f Ykd jynforl sm;onf arQmfvifh
aeMuygonf++ [l ajymMum;oGm;cJhonf/
xdaYk emuf 1947 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &uf wevFmaeYwiG f Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ESihf NAdwo
d Q0efBuD;csKyf tufwvDwo
Ykd nf jrefrmjynftm; vGwf
vyfa&;yef;wdik o
f Ykd ydaYk qmifrnfph mcsKyfukd vufrw
S af &;xd;k Muavonf/ xdk
pmcsKyfudk =atmifqef;tufwvD+ pmcsKyf[l ordkif;wGifcJhavonf/
14
vkyMf uHc&H NyD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;cef;rtm;awGjY rif&pOf
pmcsKyf\ oabmtusOf;csKyfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwf

awmftwGuf a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk usif;yawmifwef;a'orsm; tygt0if
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHzGJUpnf;a&;twGuf tajccHOya'a&;qGJ&efvnf;
aumif;? Mum;jzwfumvwGif bdvyftpd;k &u Adv
k cf sKyftpd;k &udk =tmPmydik f
'DreD ,
D t
H pd;k &+ tjzpf todtrSwjf yK&efvnf;aumif;? oabmwlMujcif;jzpf
ayonf/ pmcsKyft& jrefrmjynfov
l x
l k w&yfv;kH atmhEv
S ;kH emaeaom
NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &\ =puLjzLpmwrf;+ pDru
H ed ;f onf tvdt
k avsmuf ysufjym;
oGm;avonf/
tqdkyg pmcsKyfudk jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUwGif yg0ifcJhaom *VKef
OD;apmESio
hf cifApdew
f o
Ykd nf atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyft& vGwv
f yfa&;
r&Ekid [
f k taMumif;jy vufrw
S rf xd;k bJ uefu
Y u
G cf MhJ uonf/ trSepf ifppf
*VKefO;D apmESio
hf cifApdew
f o
Ykd nf rif;om;Bu;D rvky&f ojzifh ywfrBu;D udk xd;k
azmufjcif;omjzpfonf/
*VKefOD;apmESifhocifApdefwdkYonf &efukefodkY jyefa&mufaomtcg
azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if b
H &k ifc\
H trIaqmif aumifp0D if
o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;ESiv
hf rf;yef;qufo,
G af &;0efBu;D ocifApdeo
f nf 0efBu;D
15
twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H (aemif0efBuD;rsm;k;H )
16
tjzpfrES w
I x
f u
G cf o
hJ vd?k azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwiG f bk&ifct
H rIaqmif
aumifp0D if ynma&;ESit
hf rsdK;om;pDru
H ed ;f 0efBu;D OD;apmonf 0efBu;D tjzpfrS
EIwx
f u
G cf o
hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf *VKefO;D apmonf atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf
ESiyhf wfouf r[kww
f &m;ajymMum;um owif;jzefcY ahJ o;onf/ Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;um; odaYk om twdu
k t
f cHy*k Kd vfrsm;? twdu
k t
f cHvyk &f yfrsm;
udk *kpu
kd af e&ef tcsde&f o
dS rl [kwaf cs/ wpfEpS t
f wGi;f vGwv
f yfa&;&&S&d rnf
[laom jynfoaYl <u;aMumfoEH iS t
hf wl a&SUodYk 'vMurf; wufvrS ;f ae&oljzpf
onf/ aeY&o
dS aGU tcsde&f o
dS aGU tcsdev
f
k aqmif&u
G pf &m rsm;udk tajy;
tvTm;vH;k yrf;pDrv
H yk af qmifae&oljzpf\/
(c)
*VKefOD;apmonf tpdk;&tzGJUrS xGufoGm;NyD;aemuf tpdk;&ay;onfh
tapmift
h a&Smufrsm; kwo
f rd ;f oGm;ojzifh &efuek &f rJ if;Bu;D rpwm0Si;f pfciG hf
jyKcsufjzifh tapmifrh sm;udk 4if;\wynfrh sm;udk xm;Ekid cf o
hJ nf/ ,if;wdu
Yk ikd f
aqmifEikd &f eftwGuf aoewfrsm;udv
k nf; ar*sm&rf;xHrS aoewfrsm; &&Scd hJ
onf/
tcGifhta&;ay:wGif vuf&JZuf&Jt&,lwwfaom OD;apmonf xdk
tcsed t
f wGi;f olt
Y rd
f wynfrh sm;arG; vlpx
k m;Ny;D toif&h adS eonf/ xdpk Of
u olYtBuHrnfrQBuD;rm;onfudk rnfolrS rodEkdifacs/ 1947 ckESpf ZGefv
24 &ufaeYwiG f OD;apmonf ykvyd t
f zGUJ vufeuftBuHay; uywed af ';Apf
ADAD,ef; (Capt. David Vivian) \ tultnDjzifh ol\ wynfh bGefYudk
ykvyd t
f ifpyufwmbpdef trnfcaH pum &efuek Nf rdKU Adv
k w
f axmifNrdKUe,f&dS
NAdwdoQ vufatmufcHjrefrmppfwyfvufeufwkduf (B.O.D - Burma
Odiance Depot) rS b&if;aoewftvuf 200? ajymif;ydk 200? yGdKifh
303 b&if;usnfEiS hf dik zf ,fusnfqH wpfoed ;f ? pwif;*ef; usnfuyf 800
wdkYudk oHk;wefx&yfum;BuD;wpfpD;jzifh xkwf,lEkdifcJhonf/
,if;odkY *VKefOD;apmvufeufrsm;xkwf,lEdkifap&ef ulnDcJhaom
uywed af ';ApfAAD ,
D ef;onf 1932 ckEpS w
f iG f jyefwrf;0ift&m&Sd jzpfvmol
jzpfonf/ olonf tdEd,wyfrawmfrS jrefrmvufeufudkifykvdyfwyfzGJUodkY
ajymif;a&TU vufeufc,
J rf;rD;ausmuf tBuaH y; yk*Kd vftjzpf a&muf&cdS o
hJ l
jzpfonf/
17
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenfrsm; ywfcwfcahJ omaoewfrsm;
odYk vufeufrsm;xkw,
f Nl y;D aemuf 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 12 &ufaeY
wGiv
f nf; ydKG ifh 303 dik zf ,fusnf wpfoed ;f ? pwif;usnf 25600? vufypfA;kH
tvH;k 200 wdu
Yk kd ArmhppfO;D pD;XmecsKyf axmufvrS ;f a&;wyf wm0efxrf;
aqmifvQuf&adS om Adv
k rf LS ;yDwm tm;euf vefpY af vmh'ed ;f (Major Peter
Ernet Lancelot Daine) tultnDjzifh r*Fvm'Ha
k jrmufbuf&dS yifrcJ,rf;
rD;ausmufvufeufwu
dk rf S xyfrx
H w
k ,
f El idk cf o
hJ nf/ Adv
k rf LS ;'de;f onf tdE,
d
tcsufjyqufo,
G af &;wyft&m&Sw
d pfO;D jzpfNy;D 1947 ckEpS f ArmhppfO;D pD;Xme
csKyf axmufvSrf;a&;wyf ajymif;a&TUwm0efxrf;aqmifcJholjzpfonf/
OD;apmwynfrh sm; xkw,
f o
l mG ;aom vufeufrsm;ESiyhf wfouf aemifwiG f
*VKefO;D apmESihf ol\wynfrh sm;udk Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH jI zifh w&m;pGcJ &H csdet
f xd
olYtm; ar;jref;pHkprf;jcif;? zrf;qD;cH&jcif;r&SdcJhacs/
ADAD,ef; *VKefOD;apmwdkYtm; vufeuf (8) rsdK;xkwfay;vkdufonfh
vufeufrsm;teuf awmfrq
D yfr&Si;f *ef;ESpv
f ufrmS Adv
k cf sKyfwt
Ykd m; vkyBf uH
owfjzwf&ef toH;k jyKcJah om vufeufrsm;jzpfonfukd aemifwiG f ppfaq;
awGU&Scd o
hJ nf/
rQ rsm;jym;aom vufeufc,
J rf;rD;ausmufrsm;onf xdpk Ofu Armh
wyf&if; (6) &if;&S&d m wyf&if; (3) &if;pmrQ&Sad om ta&twGuyf ifjzpfonf/
tqdyk g vufeufc,
J rf;rD;acsmufwu
Ykd kd OD;apmonf &efuek Nf rKd U r&rf;uke;f NrKd U
e,f (7) &yfuu
G f at'Dvrf; (,ck arcvrf;) trSwf (4) &Sd ol\aetdrNf cH
18
twGif; tif;vsm;uefa&pyfwGif oHpnfrsm;jzifhxnfh jrKyfESHodk0Sufxm;

onf/ rsm;jym;vSaom vufeufwu
Ykd kd &&SEd ikd &f ef t*Fvyd pf pfwyfrS uywed f
ADAD,ef;? ar*sm,ef;ESifh AdkvfrSL;'def;qdkolwdkYu ulnDcJhMuavonf/
(*)
odv
Yk Qif
yk*dKvfwOD;u wdkif;jynftwGuf tpGrf;ukefBudK;yrf;
vkyaf qmifaepOf tjcm;yk*Kd vfwpfO;D u rdrt
d mPm&&Sad &;twGuf ==b,fol
aoao iawrmNyD;a&m++ pdwfxm;jzifh rD;ukef,rf;ukef ajcykef;ckwfvsuf
&Sad eavonf/
Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeY eHeuf 10em&DwGif twGif;0efrsm;kH;
usif;yrnfh 0efBu;D rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf 0efBu;D rsm;
onf *VKefO;D apm\ vufeufrsm; cd;k xkwaf ejcif;udpu
v
kd nf; aqG;aEG;&ef
tpDtpOf&Sdonf[k qdk\/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf rdrt
d m; NyKd ifbuf&efoo
l zG,f oabmxm;
Ny;D rD;uke,
f rf;ukew
f u
kd cf u
kd Nf zKd cG&J ef BuKd ;pm;aeaom OD;apm\ vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;
*VKefO;D apm? 1900-1948

19
udrk odr[kw/f oufqikd &f m axmufvrS ;f a&;wm0ef,&l olrsm;u owif;

ay;xm;Muygonf/ &efuek Nf rKd UxJrmS yif xdt
k csdew
f 0du
k
f aumv[vawG
ysHUESUH aeavonf/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk vkyBf uzH Ykd BupH nfaeMuowJ/h opm
azmufrsm;udk EkdifiHjcm;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;u ulnDaeonf ponfh owif;
pum;rsm; yvlysHaeonf/ odaYk omf Adv
k cf sKyfonf yk*Kd vfa&;t& tmCmw
rxm; wwf/ olonf tajymtqdk wdak wmif;jywfom;aomfvnf; yifu,
kd f
oabmxm;BuD;rm;ol jzpfaomaMumifh ol\ vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm; olt
Y m;
apmifah &SmufciG hf awmif;aomtcg olu jynfoaYl rwm\wefc;kd udk ,HMk unf
onf/ OD;apmvdv
k yl ifvQif onfavmuf rdu
k v
f ;kH BuD; vdrrhf nfr[kw[
f k qdck hJ
onf/
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;jzpfaom 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKuyifvQif Zlvdkifv 18
&ufaeY naeydkif;wGif jrefrmhtvif;? [Hom0wD? &efukef e,l;bm;rm;
owif;pmwkdufrsm;rS owif;pmq&mtcsdKUESifhawGUNyD; pum;pyf ajymcJh
ao;onf/ vufeufrsm;cd;k xkwpf ak qmif;aeolrmS *VKefO;D apmjzpfaMumif;
od&aomtcg owif;pmq&mrsm;u tHMh ooGm;NyD;=='Duo
kd v
d sufom;eJY q&mwdu
Yk ta&;r,lMubl;vm;/ Adv
k cf sKyfuaum
bmrS tumtuG,frvkyfbl;vm;/++ [k ar;jref;Muonf/ q&mcsdKu ==Adv
k cf sKyfu olu
Y kd ud,
k af &;ud,
k w
f mvHNk cKHru
I kd b,fwek ;f ursm; *kpu
kd f
bl;vdv
Yk AJ sm/ tckvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfu usKyfw[
Ykd m wkid ;f jynfaumif;pm;atmif
onfavmufBudK;pm;aewmyJ/ tJ'g olwdkYu rauseyfvdkY owfcsifvnf;
owfayghvYkd at;at;yJajymw,f/ 'Dupd a wGukd owif;pmxJrmS vnf; xnfh
ra&;MuygeJOY ;D / cifAsm;wdYk odxm;atmifom ajymwmyg++ [l ajymMum;
cJo
h nf/
owif;pmq&m pmaytEkynm&Sijf zpf pdwo
f abmxm; El;nHo
h rd f
arGUaom OD;bcsdKonfvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfEiS b
hf mrSrjcm; ud,
k t
hf vkyw
f m0efrsm;
taMumif;om xm0pOf awG; ud,
k u
hf kd xdcu
kd v
f mrnfh ab;&efukd wm;qD;
umuG,&f ef pdwrf ul;tm;&Smay/
Adv
k cf sKyfwYkd vkyaf qmifp&m wkid ;f a&;jynfa&;udpu
rsm;vSayonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom bk&ifc\
H trIaqmifaumifpD (0efBuD;
tzGUJ ) onf &ufowywfvQifwpfBurd f tpnf;ta0;usif;yonf/ txl;udp
&SdvQif vdktyfovdk tcsdefra&G; usif;yMuonf/ wpfywfwpfBudrf tpnf;
20
ta0;udv
k nf; Ak'[
;l aeYwikd ;f eHeuf10em&Dtcsdew
f iG f usif;yonf/ ,cif
umvu tpnf;ta0;udk trIaqmifaumifpDOu|jzpfaom bk&ifcH
aexdik &f m tpd;k &tdraf wmfwiG f usif;yNrJjzpfco
hJ nf/ odaYk omf =atmifqef;
-tufwvD+ pmcsKyfcsKyfqNkd yD;aemufyikd ;f rSp jrefrmEdik if aH &;wGif bk&ifcu
H
0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyKawmh[laom oabmxm;aMumifh trIaqmif
aumifpt
D pnf;ta0;udk 'kw,
d Ou|jzpfaom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;uom
obmywdtjzpf OD;aqmifusif;yawmhonf/ tpnf;ta0;usif;y&ef ae&m
udv
k nf; tpd;k &tdraf wmfrS twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H (aemif0efBuD;rsm;k;H ) odYk a&TU
ajymif;um AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ kH;cef;rSmyif usif;ycJhMuavonf/
jrefrmhordkif; aoG;pGef;aom rSwfwrf;wifusef&pfrnfh 0efBuD;
tpnf;ta0;udk pifppftm;jzifh 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 16 &uf Ak'[l;aeY
eHeuf 10 em&DwiG f usif;y&rnfjzpfonf/ xdt
k wdik ;f usif;y&efppD Ofxm;cJNh y;D
jzpfonf/ odaYk omf xdak eYwiG f vTwaf wmfaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;ESihf &ufcsif;?
tcsdefcsif; wkdufqdkifaeav&m 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;udk Zlvkdifv 19
&uf paeaeYeHeuf 10em&DodkY a&TUajymif;ay;vkdufjcif; jzpfavonf/
vHkUv 0D&d, ZGJBuD;rm; avmb&rufBuD;um tcGifhta&;udk uGuf
ausmfjrifwwfaom *VKefO;D apmonf Adv
k cf sKyfwYkd tpnf;ta0;usif;yrnfh
ae&mXmeESihf aeY&uftcsderf sm;udv
k nf;aumif; taocsmpHpk rf;od&x
dS m;Ny;D
jzpfonf/ jynfow
l \
Ykd apwem? arwmwdu
Yk kd t<uif;rJh ,HMk unfaomtm;jzifh
bmudrk S vQdKU0Suzf ;kH uG,rf xm;bJ rnfonfv
h NHk cKH a&;tapmift
h a&Smuf tum
tuG,rf S ,lrxm;bJ vlxx
k u
J vlwpfa,mufyo
D pGm vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;vm
vIy&f mS ;aewwfaom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udv
k nf; xdt
k csdeu
f cufcufccJ J
pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f aep&mrvdv
k yS gacs/
xdpk Ofu twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H BuD;rSmvnf; [mvm[if;vif;zGix
hf m;\/
vljzpfap? armfawmfum;jzpfap? vGwv
f yfpmG 0ifxu
G o
f mG ;vmEdik \
f / vlwidk ;f
vGwv
f yfpmG oGm;vmEdik cf iG u
hf kd tcGit
hf a&;,l rormolvo
l wform;wdYk
tvG,fwulvkyfBuHoGm;EkdifcJhonf[k qdk&ayrnf/
odkYvQif 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeY eHeuf 10 em&D
tcsdefwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf udk,fa&;twGif;0ef AdkvfxGef;vS
(wuov
kd af e0if;) ESit
hf wl ol\ um;uav;udpk ;D vsuf twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H odYk
a&muf&v
dS monf/ xdak eYu Adv
k cf sKyfonf jrefrmvd0k wfqifxm;onf/ awmf
21
vSeaf &;wavQmuf ppf0wfpw

kH pfxnfEpS x
f nfEiS ahf ecJah omAdv
k cf sKyf/ zqyv
wGiv
f nf; umuDtus abmif;bD0wf azmhO;D xkyaf qmif;cJah om Adv
k cf sKyf
onf a&Tzvm;a&mif befaumufvjkH cnf? rEav;yd;k wdu
k yf kH tjzLa&mifukd
0wfqifxm;onf/ qHyifrSmvnf; cgwdkif;uJhodkY pkwfzGm;zGm;BuD;r[kwfbJ
nyfNyD;pjzpf olYtoGifrSm ,Ofpp&Sdaeonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh AdkvfcsKyf
onf jzpfovdk uydu
k dk 0wfpm;wwfaomfvnf; vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;?
0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0; ponfwdkYwGifrl tvkyfwm0efudk av;pm;aom
tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? rdwfaqGrsm;u wdkufwGef;EId;aqmfvGef;vS vnf;
aumif; rdr\
d 0oDuakd zsmufum odYk oyf&yfpmG 0wfpm;qif,ifvmjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdt
Yk jyif ,cifuvdk rIeu
f yk u
f yk rf [kwb
f J oGuv
f ufaom tNyHK;
jzifh apmifBh uKd olrsm;udEk w
I q
f uf&if; twGi;f 0ef;Hk taemufbuf A[dak vScg;
BuD;twdkif;wufum ol\umuG,fa&;0efBuD;kH;cef;ESifh wqufwnf;jzpf
aom tpnf;ta0;aqmiftwGif;odkY 0ifcJh\/ tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJwGif
vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf 0efBuD;rsm; toifah pmifBh udK a&muf&adS eMuonf/
(*i,f) yHpk cH if;usif;xm;aom tpnf;ta0;pm;yGBJ u;D rsm;\ xdypf m;yGJ
tv,f AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;xdkif AdkvfcsKyf\pm;yGJ vuf0Jbuf
0efBuD;rsm;tzGJUtwGif;0ef OD;a&Tabmfxdkifonf/ xdkYaemuf (*i,f) yHkpH
vuf0b
J ufpm;yG&J n
S Bf u;D 0efBu;D tzGUJ 0ifrsm; jzpfMuaom OD;b*srf; (yk*)H ?
OD;atmifZaH 0? aysmfb,
G Of ;D jr? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;Bu;D p0fpx
H eG ;f wdYk tpnftwdik ;f
xdkifMuonf/ vuf,mbuf pm;yGJ&SnfBuD;wGif 0efBuD;ocifjr? OD;&mZwf?
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK? OD;b0if;ESifh ref;bcdkifwdkY tpOftwkdif; xkdifcJhMuonf/
AdkvfcsKyftygt0if tm;vHk; 0efBuD; 10 OD;jzpf\/ o,f,lydkYaqmifa&;ESifh
vrf;yrf;qufo,
G af &;0efBu;D OD;ausmfNird ;f rSm jynfyodYk c&D;xGuaf e vnf;
aumif;? b@ma&;ESifh tcGefawmfXme0efBuD; OD;wifxG#frSm 1947 ckESpf
Zlvdkifv 7 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynfqkdif&m aumfr&Sifemrif;BuD;tjzpf
ceft
Y yfc&H vef'efNrKd UodYk xGucf mG oGm;Ny;D jzpf vnf;aumif; tpnf;ta0;
rwufEikd Mf uawmhacs/
tpnf;ta0;qdik &f m rSww
f rf;? pm&Gupf mwrf;? zdik w
f JG ponfrsm;udk
vufaxmuftwGif;0ef OD;wiftkef;? kH;tkyfBuD; OD;cESifh AdkvfxGef;vSwdkYu
AdkvfcsKyfESifh 0efBuD;rsm;a&SUwGif toD;oD;ae&mcsxm;NyD;aemuf tpnf;
ta0;cef;rxJrS xGuo
f mG ;Muonf/ eHeuf 10 em&D 10 rdepfcefw
Y iG f 0efBuD;
22
tpnf;ta0; pwifcJhavonf/
(C)
xdak eYeeH uf 9 em&Domomcefu
Y yif tif;vsm;uefteD; r&rf;uke;f NrKd U
e,f at'D (arc) vrf; trSwf (4) &Sd OD;apm\ aetdrw
f iG f olw
Y ynfrh sm;jzpf
Muaom bGe?Yf cifarmif&if? armife?D rIBH u;D wdu
Yk zd'Yk q
f efx&yfum;wpfp;D jzifh
vnf;aumif;? okc? armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ? pdeBf uD;ESihf &efBuD;atmifwu
Ykd *spf
h nf;aumif;? wpfow
k pf cD
JG OD;apm
um;eHygwfwk tm&fpD (R.C) 1814 jzifv
tdrfrS &efukefNrdKUxJodkY xGufvmcJhMuonf/
*spfum;ay:&Sv
d rl sm;rSm tpdr;f &ifah &mif ppfwyf,el aD zmif;rsm; 0wf
qifxm;Ny;D ykc;kH ESpzf ufwiG f 12 eHygwfppfwyfjcaoFw
h q
H yd rf sm; wyfqifxm;
onf/ ppfO;D xkyu
f v
kd nf; ud,
k pf D aqmif;xm;Muonf/ xdaYk emuf ppfr;kd um
rsm;jzifh udk,fudk vTrf;NcHKxm;Muonf/ *spfum;ay:ygol ig;a,mufwGif
okcu um;udk armif;ESio
f nf/ armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ? pdeBf uD;? &efBuD;atmif
wdkYu awmfrDaoewfwpfvufpD udkifxm;Muonf/ um;xJwGif bGefY
twGuf pufaoewfwpfvuf tydk,laqmifvmcJhMuonf/
vlowform;tm;vH;k vkyaf qmif&rnfw
h m0eftoD;oD;udk *VKefO;D apm
u atmufygtwdkif; tpDtpOfa&;qGJay;vkdufonf/ okcwdkYtzGJUonf
*spfum;jzifh twGi;f 0ef;Hk xJtxd 0if&rnf/ ,mOfarmif;okcu *spfum;udk
pufv;kH 0r&yfbJ k;H atmufrS toifah pmifah e&rnf/ usefav;OD;u k;H ay:odYk
wuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG 0efBuD;rsm;tm;vHk; tNyD;tydkif
vkyBf uHowfjzwf&rnf/
bGefYwdkYtzGJUu x&yfum;udk twGif;0efkH;tjyifbuf vrf; 41
ESihf r[mAEKvvrf;axmif
h ae&m,lxm;&rnf/ usefo;kH OD;u tajctae
udk apmifMh unfah y;Ny;D bGeu
Yf twGi;f 0ef;Hk xJoYkd 0if&rnf/ ol\wm0efrmS
okcwdYk *spfum;ay:wif tyd,
k v
l maom pwif;wpfvufu,
kd Nl y;D twGi;f 0ef
k;H y&0PftwGi;f &Sd vTwaf wmftaqmuftOD;Hk cef;odo
Yk mG ; ocifEt
k m;
vkyBf uH&rnf/ NyD;vQif *spfum;&S&d modYk jyefvmNyD; tay:xyf0efBuD;rsm;udk
vkyBf u
H qif;vmaom armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f wdt
Yk zGUJ ESit
hf wl tdrjf yefc&hJ rnf/
k;H jyifbufwiG f apmifah eaom x&yfum;udk usefvrl sm;u *spfum;xGuo
f mG ;
onfESifh aErysuf tdrfokdY jyefarmif;vmcJh&rnf[l jzpfonf/ OD;apm
23
onf tpDtpOfukd tao;pdwaf &;qG

J olv
Y rl sm;udk ==yGrJ 0ifcif tjyifu
usif;y++qdo
k vdk txyfxyftcgcg oifMum;xm;NyD; jzpf\/ vkyBf uHrBI uD;
twGuf olYtdrfwGif olYvlrsm;onf aoewfypfavhusifhaecJhMuonfrSm
umvtwefMumcJNh yDjzpfonf/
(i)
Adv
k cf sKyfwYkd tpnf;ta0;um; 10 em&DccJG efw
Y iG f t&Sed &f pjyKvmayNy/D
0efBu;D XmewpfcNk y;D wpfck vkyif ef;aqmifwmrsm;udk wifjyaqG;aEG;pkaygif;qH;k
jzwfay;vsuf&o
dS nf/ xdt
k csdew
f iG f rdr\
d Xmevkyif ef;rsm;udk 0efBu;D tzGUJ odYk
wifjy&ef tpnf;ta0;cef;twGif; a&muf&Sdaeolum; 'kwd,twGif;0ef
OD;tke;f armifjzpfonf/ olonf o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;ESihf vrf;yef;qufo,
G f
a&;0efBu;D apmpHz;kd oif\ twGi;f 0efjzpfonf/ OD;tke;f armifonf o,f,yl Ykd
aqmifa&;pDru
H ed ;f taMumif; &Si;f vif;wifjy&ef pm&Gupf mwrf;zdik w
f rJG sm;ESihf
twl (Adv
k cf sKyfEiS o
hf cifjrwdt
Yk Mum;) vufsmbuf&dS pm;yG&J n
S Bf u;D xdyu
f v
k m;
xdik
f xdik v
f suf&o
dS nf/ pifppf ueOD; tpnf;ta0; tpDtpOft& qdv
k Qif
xdt
k csdeu
f OD;tke;f armif\ tvSnrhf usao;ay/ twGi;f 0efO;D Muif (aemif
oHtrwfBuD;) \ tvSnfhjzpfonf/ odkYaomf OD;tkef;armifonf olYwGif
tjcm;ta&;wBu;D aqmif&u
G &f rnfh udpw
pfck &Sad eaomaMumifh OD;MuifEiS hf
em;vnfrI,lNyD; tpnf;ta0;odkY OD;pGm a&muf&Sdjcif;jzpfonf/
xdt
k cdu
k t
f wGi;f rSmyif vlowform;wd\
Yk um;eHygwf tm&fpD 1814
wyfxm;aom *spfum;wpfpD;onf twGif;0efkH;odkY odrfjzLvrf;rS 0if
k;H Bu;D \ taemufawmifbuf axmif
h &yfvu
kd o
f nf/ um;eHygwf tm&fpD
1814 onf twkjzpfNy;D eHygwftppfrmS 9831 jzpfonf/ um;ay:rS armif
pd;k ? oufEiS ;f ? pdeBf u;D ? &efBu;D atmifwYkd (4) OD;onf vufeufrsm;udik af qmif
avSum;rS wufomG ;Muonf/ um;ay:wGif ,mOfarmif;okconf um;udk
pufr&yfbaJ pmifah eonf/ &nf&,
G cf sufrmS vlowform;rsm; qif;vmvQif
wcgwnf; wifomG ;&efjzpfonf/ armifp;kd onf a&SUrSO;D aqmif cyfou
G f
oGuf avQmufvmonf/ armifpdk;? oufESif;? pdefBuD;wdkYonf awmfrD*ef;
aoewfrsm;udkifaqmifxm;NyD; &efBuD;atmifwOD;omvQif qyfr&Sif;*ef;
(pufaoewf) udik x
f m;onf/ tay:xyftjyifbuf =aumf&pf'g+ (vlvrf;
pMu) wGif &Sdaeaom 0efxrf;ESpfOD;oHk;OD;ESifh kH;cef;xJrS 0efxrf;tcsdKUu
24
olwdkYudk vSrf;jrifvdkuf&onf/ vufeufudkifppfom;rsm;jzpf ,if;wdkYudk

xl;qef;ovdk wcsuf MunfhNyD; udk,fhtvkyfudk jyefvkyfaeMuonf/
olwo
Ykd nf [efrysufavQmufvmNy;D 0efBu;D tzGUJ tpnf;ta0;cef;a&SU
wGif pkNyHK&yfvu
dk Mf uavonf/ tcef;wHcg;aygufukd rif;ap armifaomif;
pdeu
f apmifv
h suf&o
dS nf/ oufEiS ;f u armifaomif;pdeu
f kd wHcg;twGi;f zGihf
cdik ;f onf/ armifaomif;pdeu
f 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;vkyaf e r0if&ef
wm;&m oufEiS ;f u aoewfEiS chf sde
f twif;wGe;f z,fypfNy;D ypfowfvu
dk &f
rvm;[k ajymaomaMumifh aomif;pdefonf tvdrmESifh a&Smifay;vkduf&
onf/ ra&SmifvQifvnf; xdkpOfuyif armifaomif;pdefonf toufESifh
td;k pm;uGo
J mG ;rnfjzpfonf/
xdaYk emuf aoewform;av;a,mufpvH;k tcef;xJoYkd vQifjrefpmG 0if
oGm;Muavonf/ tjzpftysufum; vGefpGmvQifjrefvSayonf/ a&SUqHk;rS
a&mufvmaom aoewform;u =ypf+[k trdeaYf y;vku
d v
f Qif av;OD;pvH;k
aoewfu,
kd pf jD zifh Adv
k cf sKyftm; pwifypfcwfMuawmh onf/ Adv
k cf sKyfonf
xdkif&mrS xvufumjyNyD;vQif wckckatmfajymao;onf/ odkYaomf
aoewfoHrsm;yGufyGufnHae AdkvfcsKyf\pum;udk rnfolrQrMum;&ay/
aoewform;rsm;onf Adv
k cf sKyfEiS w
hf uG vufsmbuf&dS ocifjrwdpYk m;yG&J n
S rf S
0efBu;D rsm;udk a&S;OD;pGm oJorJ rJ J pkNyKH ypfcwfvu
dk Mf uonf/ xdo
k yYkd pfcwfvu
kd f
onfhtwGuf AdkvfcsKyfESifh ocifjr? ref;bcdkif? OD;b0if;? OD;&mZwf? OD;tkef;
armifwYkd (6) OD;rSm ae&myif yGcJ si;f Ny;D aoqH;k oGm;Muonf/ 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsKd rmS
vlowform;rsm; tcef;xJrSxGufcGmoGm;onftxd toufraoao;bJ
touf&SLvQuf&Sdao;onf/ rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;rSmvnf; raoao;acs/
uHaumif;axmufrojzifh vGwaf jrmufomG ;olav;OD;rSm twGi;f 0ef OD;a&T
abmf? aysmfb,
G Of ;D jr (ab;aygufuxGuaf jy;oGm;ol)? OD;atmifZaH 0ESihf OD;
b*srf; (Murf;jyifay:odYk vScJ s aocsifa,mifaqmifco
hJ El pS Of ;D ) wdjYk zpfonf/
aoewform;wdo
Yk nf rwfwyf&yf vSnu
hf mywfum tm;&yg;& ypfcwfNy;D
aemuf 'l;axmufNy;D vQif pm;yGrJ sm;atmufMurf;jyifay:rS vlrsm;udk wpfcsuf
ESpfcsuf a0SU,rf;ypfcwfvkdufao;onf/ wGif usnfqHwpfckonf OD;
b*srf;\ vufol<u,fxdyfudk xdrSefcJhavonf/
vlowform;av;OD;onf tcsdefrjzKef;bJypfNyD; *spfum;&Sd&modkY
tvsifpvdx
k u
G o
f mG ;&m avSum;teD; pD;yGm;a&;owif;pmwku
d rf S owif;
25
axmufuo
kd ef;onf aoewform;rsm;ESihf 0ifw;kd awmhonf/ aoewform;
rsm;u ==a[h rajy;eJ+Y + [k vSr;f atmfvu
kd &f m udo
k ef;onf Murf;jyifay:odYk
tvQiftjref arSmuf 0yfaevku
d &f onf/ xdt
k cdu
k rf mS yif armifaxG;onf
aoewfoMH um;&modYk ol\ tcef;xJrS ajy;xGuv
f mcdu
k f &efBuD;atmifu
pwif;*ef;ESiyhf pfvu
dk &f m wcPtwGi;f rSmyif usnfqH (4) csufxu
d m yHu
k s
oGm;onf/ armifaxG;onf rGe;f vGJ 2 em&D 15 rdepfwiG f aq;k
H usqH;k oGm;
avonf/
xdaYk emuf aoewform;rsm;onf avSum;rSqif;um toifah pmifah e
aom *spfum;ay:odkY wuf twGif;0efkH;xJrS tjrefarmif;xGufvm&m
pywfvrf; (,ckAv
kd af tmifausmfvrf;) *dw0f armifeu
D akd wGUvku
d &f onf/
armifeo
D nf ueOD;tpDtpOfukd csdK;azmuf 4if;wdu
Yk m;ESit
hf wl vku
d &f ef
twif;ckew
f uf&efBuKd ;pm;aomfvnf; *spfum;onfr&yfbJ t&Sed jf zifah rmif;
xGuo
f mG ;ojzifh armifeo
D nf use&f pfcahJ vonf/ armifeo
D nf ajcmufv;kH jyL;
aoewfuikd af qmif twGi;f 0ef;Hk pywfvrf;bufxu
G af ygufukd rnforl Q
ydwfrxm;&efESifh ydwfxm;ol&Sdygu ypfowf&efwm0efay;cH&oljzpfonf/
xdpk Ofu bGeaYf cgif;aqmifaom x&yfum;tzGUJ onf bmrQ tvkyf
rjzpfcJhMuacs/ bGefYonf tpDtpOftwkdif; x&yfum;udk twGif;0efkH;
tjyifbuf&yfxm;cJNh y;D k;H Bu;D twGi;f 0if vTwaf wmftaqmuftOD k;H cef;
wGif vTwfawmfOu| ocifEkudk&SmcJhonf/ odkYaomf xdkaeYu ocifEk kH;
rwufaomaMumifh rvkyBf uHjzpfcahJ cs/ okcwd*Yk spfum;xGuo
f mG ;NyD; rMumrD
rSmyif bGefYwdkY tzGJUonf armifrIefudkxm;um? x&yfum;udk [efrysuf
armif;um OD;apmtdro
f Ykd jyefvmcJMh uonf/
xdkYaemuf okcwdkY *spfum;onf pywfvrf;rSwqifh 'gv[dkZDvrf;
axmift
h wGi;f odYk t&Sed jf zifh xk;d 0ifvu
dk &f m tqdyk gtcsif;t&mudk pywfvrf;
(Adv
k af tmifausmfvrf;) &Sd orm"dyEkH ydS w
f u
kd rf S pm&if;udik af rmifped o
f nf bPf
aiGoiG ;f pmtkyaf usmbuf vQyw
f jyuf BuKH awGUvku
d &f onft
h jzpftysuEf iS hf
um;eHygwfudk csufcsif;yif a&;rSwfxm;vkdufavonf/ rIefBuD;onf
vkyBf uHrjI zpfNyD; 1 em&DavmufMumrS bwfpu
f m;jzifh OD;apmtdro
f Ykd jyefvm
aMumif; od&onf/ okcwdu
Yk m;onf 'gv[dZk v
D rf;rSwqifh ta&SUbufoYkd
qufvufarmif;ESio
f mG ;cJo
h nf/ odaYk omf armifped o
f nf okcarmif;aeonf
udk aES;auG;vGe;f onf[k pdwrf &Snu
f m um;udk olu,
kd w
f idk v
f aJT jymif; armif;
26
ESiaf wmhonf/
okdYuvdk w&Murf; jynfvrf;wavQmufarmif;ESifcJhNyD;aemuf rMum
rDrSmyif OD;apmtdrf&Sd at'Dvrf;xJodkY csdK;0ifvkdufavonf/
tdr\
f t0ifta&SUwGif tjzLa&mif&yS t
f us? rd;k jyma&mifabmif;bDwkd
udk 0wf toifah pmifBh uKd aeonfh OD;apmtm; tcefo
Y ifh awGUvku
d &f onf/
vlowform;rsm; *spfum;ay:rS qif;onft
h cg OD;apmu ==igBuv
H Qif cHEikd f ;dk
vm;++ [efjzifh ig;clNyHK;NyHK;aeavonf/ 4if;\ wynfah oewform;rsm;u
vnf; vufo;D vufarmif;wef;vsuf ==atmifNyD? atmifNyD++ [k a<u;aMumf
vku
d Mf uonf/ ,if;wdYk tm;vH;k onf tpm;taomuf ,rumrsm;jzifh aysmfyJG
cHrnfq
h q
J
J yif? bGe?Yf cifarmif&ifEiS hf armifew
D w
Ykd odu
k f olw\
Ykd um;eH
ygwf 3123 wyfxm;aom zd'Yk q
f ef x&yfum;jzifh jyefvnfa&muf&v
dS m&m
tm;vH;k u 0dik ;f ==atmifNyD? atmifNyD++ [k xyfraH <u;aMumfvu
dk Mf uonf/
bGefYuvnf; 0ifh<um;onfhavoHjzifh t*Fvdyf New Calendar (acwf
opfay:NyD) [l =tmar!dwo
f +H [pfa<u;vku
d o
f nf/ xdpk Ofyif *VKefO;D
apmu bGet
Yf m; t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh What about Thakin Nu? (ocifEk
aum b,fvdktajctae&SdovJ) [k ar;vkduf&m bGefYu Armvdkyif
==ocifEkudk b,frSmrQ &SmrawGUcJhojzifh rypfowfcJh&aMumif;++ jyefajym
jyvku
d o
f nf/ OD;apmonf acgif;wcsufnw
d Nf yD; bGe&Yf iS ;f jyrIukd apm'u
rwufawmhacs/ olonf ocifEkESifhywfouf acgif;xJxnfhrxm;ay/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkom z,f&Sm;a&;onfom olYtwGuf t"duOD;wnf
csufjzpf\/ usefudprsm; odyftav;teufrxm;/ trsdK;om;acgif;
aqmifBu;D Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk tjywf&iS ;f xm;Ny;D jzpfojzifh NAw
d o
d Qbk&ifcH
qm[lb&efpY f [Sir Hubert Rance-GCBG., GBE., CB. (1898-1974)]
olt
Y m; qifah c:rnft
h csdeu
f o
kd m apmifah rQmfaeawmhonf/ bk&ifcu
H olY
tm; w,fvDzkef;jzifh zdwfac:rnfvm;/ vlvTwfyif yifhzdwfrnfav/
wckckudk tydkifwGufxm;[ef &Sdonf/ tb,faMumifhqdkaomf OD;apmonf
ajc&mvnf;razsmuf? olv
Y rl sm; udk rwdr;f a&Smifcikd ;f ? oufaocHypn;f rsm;udk
tprazsmufbJ aetdr
f omaE& & apmifph m;aecJo
h nf/
ajy;vQifvnf; a0;a0;a&mufrnfr[kw/f olv
Y al wGukd jzefx
Y m;vQif
vnf; vGwfrnfr[kwf/ ajymifajymifwif;wif;&ufaygif;rsm;pGm rjrifcsif
tqH;k ? rMum;csiftqH;k ppfwyfaoewfypfavhusifu
h iG ;f yrm ypfMucwfMu?
27
avhusifch MhJ uonf/ vufeufrsm;udk um;Bu;D ? um;i,ftzkzH jkH zifh o,faqmif

Mu? od0k u
S Mf uESihf tvkyf yI cf MhJ uonf/ x&yfum;? *spfum; wdjYk zifh teD;tem;
0ef;usifrsufaphpyg;arT; pl;csifp&m 0ifMuxGuMf u? wGt
G vkyrf sm;cJo
h nfh
OD;apm\tdrEf iS hf 0if;NcHum; trde&Yf t&ufqikd yf rm pnfum;aeonf/ xdk
vkyBf uHr\
I A[dXk meodYk xifxif&mS ;&Sm; oufaojyaeonfh ajc&mrsm;um;
==acG;avS;ysm;awmtESHUjyefY++ qdkovdk ae&mwdkif; usef&pfcJhavonf/
xdkYaMumifh zHk;uG,fvnf; rxl;awmhNyD/ jzpfcsifwmjzpf vmrnfhab;udk
wnfwnfNird Nf ird f &ifqikd af wmhrnf[k OD;apmqH;k jzwfcahJ voavm/ xkpd Ofu
OD;apm\ pdwful;BuHpnfxm;rIudk OD;apmom todqHk;yifjzpfayvdrfhrnf/
tBuyH ufpufvaS om vkyBf urH BI u;D udk *VKefeOD ;D apmonf e,fcsJo
Y rm;
wd\
Yk tultnDjzifh tuGuu
f sus axmifah phaph vkyu
f ikd f Edik cf ahJ omfvnf;
wdik ;f jynfacgif;aqmif vkyv
f adk om ol\ tmomqErmS rlum;rjynf0h cJah cs/
Adv
k cf sKyfwt
Ykd m; vkyBf uHNyD;aemuf xdak eY aeYvnf 3 em&DwiG f pHak xmufbuf
&mZ0wf0ef rpwm*syf? pHak xmuf&mZ0wf0efaxmuf OD;pd;k &ifEiS hf aomif;
usef;rI ESrd ef if;a&;wyf&if; (1) rS &Jabmfrsm;jzifzh UJG pnf;xm;aom ==jrefrmjynf
vufeufuikd w
f u
dk cf u
kd af &;&JwyfzUJG ++ (Burma Army Police Force) wdu
Yk
*VKefO;D apm\ tdrEf iS Nhf cu
H 0kd ikd ;f *VKefO;D apmESihf vkyBf urH w
I &m;cHrsm;jzpfMu
onfh okc? cifarmif&if? armifped f ac: pdeBf u;D ac: vSatmif? armifeaD c:
bdkeD ac: *eD? armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmif ac: vSxGef;? rIefBuD;
ac: armifreI w
f t
Ykd ygt0if NcH0if;twGi;f aevl 30 udk zrf;qD;cJah vonf/
odkYaomf *VKefOD;apmtdrfudk 0ifa&mufpD;eifpOf jrefrmjynfvufeufudkif
wk d u f c d k u f a &;wyf z G J U rS acgif ; aqmif & J w yf M uyf r if ; Ek d i f u d k rI e f B uD ; u
aoewfEiS chf sde&f ,
G yf pfcwf&ef BudK;yrf;cJo
h nft
h wGuf rif;Edik u
f rIeBf uD;tm;
jyefvnfypfcwfrIaMumifh rIefBuD;onf vufsmbuf vufwzuf jzwfypf
vku
d &f onf/
OD;apmonf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY naeydkif;rSmyif tif;pdefA[dkpHjy
tusOf;axmifoYkd a&muf&cdS NhJ yD; OD;apm;tm; vufeufrsm; xkwaf y;cJah om
uywdefADAD,ef;onf Zlvdkifv 20 &ufaeYwGif bm;vrf;tcsKyfrS tif;pdef
axmifodkY a&muf&SdvmcJhonf/ vkyfBuHrIrjzpfrD wpfvavmufuyif Adkvf
waxmifvufeufwkdufrS b&if;aoewf 200 xkwfoGm;rIESifhywfouf
tif;pderf cI if;wyfzUJG (C.I.D) ESihf &efuek f &JwyfzUJG rS pHpk rf;cJMh uonf/ xdt
k cg
28
&Jrif;BuD;OD;atmifcsdefu rIcif;&J0efaxmuf OD;odef;tkef;udk oJvGefp&&ef

pHpk rf;cdik ;f &m OD;apmtm; aoewfEiS u
hf snfqrH sm; xkwaf y;cJo
h nfh uywed Af AD D
,ef;udk rouFmojzifh ADA,
D ef;aexdik o
f nfh tcef;udk 0ifa&muf&mS azGcMhJ u
onf/ xdkpOfu ADAD,ef;onf orwtdrfawmf0if;udk rsufESmjyKxm;onfh
zdkufcsfvrf; (,ck&Srf;vrf;) &Sd Fytche Flats wdkufcef;wGJwpfckwGif aexdkif
vsuf&o
dS nf/ uywed Af AD ,
D ef;tcef;odYk tjcm;tcef;rS t*Fvyd v
f rl sdK;ESpOf ;D
tm; oufaotjzpf ac:,lNy;D &SmazG&m vkid pf if&EdS iS hf vkid pf ifrhJ aoewfrsdK;pHk
*spfum;wpfp;D wku
d pf mawGU&S&d onf/ usnfqefrsm;udk wdu
k cf ef;Murf;jyifay:
wGif awGU&aom bGwzf ed yft&SnBf u;D rsm;xJwiG f aocsmpGm od0k u
S x
f m;onf/
xdt
Yk jyif acsmfwiG ;f uke;f wGif wku
d w
f pfv;kH iSm;&rf;xm;NyD; 4if;\ r,m;i,f
&Sr;f trsdK;orD;wpfO;D ESihf aexdik af om taxmuftxm;"mwfyrkH sm;? pmrsm;
awGU&S&d onf/ xdt
Yk jyif tjcm;yk*Kd vrf sm;ESiq
hf ufo,
G o
f nfh pmrsm;? q,fwef?
ig;usyfwefaiGpuLtxkyv
f u
dk Ef iS hf pdev
f ;kH ajrmufjrm;pGmudk awGU&So
d rd ;f qnf;
NyD; ADA,
D ef;udyk g zrf;qD; bm;vrf;tcsKyf csKyfaESmifum vdik pf ifrv
hJ uf
eufrsm;od0k u
S x
f m;rIjzifh k;H wifco
hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf bm;vrf;tcsKyfrw
S qifh
tif;pdefaxmifodkY ydkYcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
OD;apmonf ADAD,ef;tif;pdefaxmifwGif;odkY a&muf&Sdaeonfudk
vHk;0rodcJhacs/ xdkYaMumifh ADAD,ef;qD pma&;qufoG,fcJhonf/
odYk qufo,
G Ef ikd &f efvnf; jynfxaJ &;0efBuD; OD;ausmfNidr;f \ vSnhf
uGufjzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyfwdkY vkyfBuHcH&pOfu OD;ausmfNidrf; (1915-1985)
onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGifr&Sd/ ,l*dkpvm;AD;,m;odkY a&mufaeonf/ vkyfBuHrI
owif;Mum; c&D;pOfzsufum &efuek o
f Ykd tjrefjyefco
hJ nf/ *sLAvDa[m&Sd
tmZmenfrsm;kyu
f vmyfxm;&S&d modYk jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; oGm;a&mufum
Adv
k cf sKyf\kyu
f vmyfteD;wGif rsuf&nfusNy;D ==usaemfom&S&d if Adv
k cf sKyf'v
D kd
jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;++[k 0rf;enf;aMuuGJoHjzifh ajymMum;cJhonf/ jynfxJa&;
0efBuD;wm0efukd aysmfb,
G Of ;D jrxHrS jyef,Nl yD; vkyBf uHrw
I &m;cHrsm;udk udik cf hJ
onf/
OD;ausmfNidrf;onf uGufausmfjrifoljzpfonf/ ol\,HkMunfpdwfcs&
aom &Jabmfrsm;udk tusOf;om;tjzpf ta,mifaqmifapum *VKefO;D apm?
ar*sm,ef;? ADA,
D ef;wdYk wku
d cf ef;teD;0ef;usifwiG f tapmifch sxm;cJo
h nf/
olonfawmfw
Hk efv
Hk u
l kd r,HMk unfay/ vufa&G;pif&aJ bmfrsm;udo
k m csxm;
29
cJhonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;\ vufa&G;pif&Jabmfrsm;u axmifustusOf;om;

tjzpf vnf;aumif;? ta&;BuD;tusOf;om;rsm;\ wdu
k v
f NkH cHKa&;wm0efukd
apmifah &Smuf&aom tusOf;0efxrf;rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u
G cf &hJ
onf/
OD;apmonf olYvGwf&mvGwfaMumif;twGuf uywdefADAD,ef;udk
olYtm;ulnDEdkifrnfvm;[k tm;udkwBuD;jzifh tapmifhudk vmbfxdk;um
uywdefADAD,ef;xH pmwpfapmifay;cJhonf/ OD;apm odkY uywdef
ADAD,ef;tm; qufoG,fvkdufonfhowif;tpteudk OD;ausmfNidrf;\
vufa&G;pif&aJ bmf OD;pHwifu&&Scd NhJ y;D pDtikd 'f t
D Bu;D tuJu OD;xGe;f vSatmif
xH wifjycJo
h nf/ OD;pHwifonf OD;&mZwf\ wljzpfonf/ axmifrLS ;BuD;u
OD;pHwifhtm; owif;ydkrdkEIdufxkwf&ef owif;o,fydkYoltjzpf OD;pHwiftm;
aqmif&Gufaponf/ OD;pHwifonf OD;apmxHjyefoGm;NyD; ADAD,ef; b,frSm
aeonfukd oload Mumif;ajymvku
d o
f nf/ OD;apmud,
k w
f ikd f a&;om;xm;aom
pmudk ADA,
D ef;xH ta&mufyaYkd y;rnfjzpfaMumif; uwday;vku
d o
f nf/ OD;apm
pm==ajcqGUH aewJh raumif;qd;k 0g;Bu;D ? iSuaf ysmfo;D pdr;f eJY {nfch ?H oHy&k m&nf
rSm a';Apf\ tcspfqHk;++ [ljzpfonf/ xdkpum;0Suf pmuav;udk OD;pH
wifo
h nf ADA,
D ef;&S&d modYk oGm;a&mufyaYkd y;cJo
h nf/ ADA,
D ef;u OD;apmxHo-Ykd
==uRefawmf 'DvBl u;D vlaumif;udk rSwrf w
d ,f++ [l pmjyefvu
dk o
f nf/
OD;apmonf pm&Ny;D aemuf 'kw,
d pmudk jyefay;&m ydrk kd ya[Vdqefvmonf/
OD;apmpm ==uRefawmfuawmh yefcsmyD++ [k a&;xm;onf/
xdpk um;0Supf mwdu
k av;rsm;udk pHak xmufrsm;u oufqikd &f modYk rydrYk D
rdwL ul;,lxm; t"dyg ,fazmfMunf&h m wjznf;jznf; oabmaygufvmcJMh u
onf/ OD;apmonf olwdkYESpfa,mufvHk; wufa&mufcJhonfh {nfhcHyGJwckudk
&nfeT ;f jcif;jzpfNyD; olEiS t
hf quftoG,f vkyaf eolrmS ADA,
D ef;jzpfaMumif;
vHk;0aocsmap&ef jyKvkyfaejcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaemuf pHkaxmufrsm;onf
OD;apmxHodkY ADAD,ef;u jyefMum;av[ef pmtwkudk a&; ay;ydkYcJhonf/
pm ==t&yfjrifhjrifheJY vlBuD;vlaumif;udk wkdufdkufqufoG,f&ef++ a&;
om;xm;avonf/ t&yfjrifjh rifyh *k Kd vfrmS &efuek f NAw
d o
d QaumifprD S =rpwm
*RefpwsL;0yfbif*av+ ( John Stewart Bingley) qdo
k jl zpfonf/ pm&NyD;
aemuf em&Dyikd ;f twGi;f rSmyif OD;apmonf bif*avxH pmESpaf pmifa&;ay;
30
vku
d o
f nf/ OD;apm\ axmifwiG ;f rSay;pmonf bif*avvufxo
J Ykd a&muf
oGm;aomfvnf; bif*avonf tifrwefyg;eyfoyl yD D pma&muf&v
dS monfh
tajctaeESihf pmygta&;tom;udk rouFm pmrjyefcahJ y/ tm;udw
k Bu;D
jzifh bif*avxHa&;cJah om OD;apmonf jyefpmr&ojzifh pdw"f mwfusqif;
oGm;avonf/ NAdwdoQwdkYu olYudk ypfxm;MuNyD[k olcHpm;oGm;onf/
xdkpOftwGif;rSmyif OD;xGef;vSatmifonf NAdwdoQt&m&Sd ESpfOD;jzpf
onfh tdE,
d Munf;wyf\ar*sma*satrd;k (Major J.A.Moore) ESihf tdE,
d
Munf;wyf\ vQyfppfEiS hf pufrt
I if*sife,
D mtvkyf w
Hk yfc\
JG wyfrLS ;tjzpf
xrf;aqmifaeol ar*smpD[ife&D,ef; (Major C.Henery Young) udk
vdrm yg;eyfpmG yd&pd mG zrf;qD;vdu
k af vonf/
xdt
k csdet
f xd OD;apmonf jyifywGif jzpfysufaeonfukd vH;k 0rod&cdS hJ
acs/ tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;&Sd olYtcef;av;ESifh teD;&Sd w&m;kH;tcef;wdkY
onfom olu
Y rm olaY vmuav;jzpfaeavonf/ zrf;qD;cHae&pOfumv
rSmyif OD;apm\ pdw"f mwftiftm;onf odoo
d mom qkw,
f w
k v
f monf/
odaYk omf OD;apmonf axmifEiS phf rd ;f olawmhr[kwaf y/ jrefrmEdik if u
H kd *syef
0ifa&muford ;f xm;pOfumvwckv;kH ,l*ef'gwGif (4) ESpw
f mrQ tusOf;us
cHc&hJ onf/ urmppfBu;D Ny;D oGm;Ny;D aemufwiG v
f nf; wkid ;f jynfqyl t
l <kH uap&ef
vHUI aqmfrjI zifh axmiftwGi;f acwtem;,lc&hJ ao;onf/ OD;apm rdcif\
armif (9) a,mufonf vlowfru
I ,
kd pf jD zifh w&m;pGq
J ckd &H aomfvnf; w&m;
vTwaf wmfw&m;k;H t,lc0H ifNy;D tm;vH;k vGwaf jrmufco
hJ nfuv
kd nf; OD;apm
onf olw
Y &m;yGw
J idk ;f *kP,
f 0l <hH um;pGm ajymavh&o
dS nf/ odaYk omf OD;apm\
OD;av; (9) a,mufonf vlb,fESpfa,mufowfjzwfcJhonf twdtus
rajymcJah omfvnf; tenf;qH;k wpfO;D vQif wpfa,mufEeI ;f xm;vQifyif ol
wd\
Yk wlawmfarmifO;D apmu Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
tygt0if vl (9) OD;udk olwpfOD;wnf; &ufpufpGm owfjzwfapcJhonfh
olYpHEIef;u olYOD;av;rsm;xuf pHcsdefcsdK;vsuf&Sdonf/
,cktcsdew
f iG v
f nf; OD;apmonf ol\rdu
k jf ypfukd ausat;cGiv
hf w
T &f ef
aomfvnf;aumif;? oem;MuifempGm tjypfukd avQmhaygh pOf;pm;&efaomf
vnf;aumif; arQmfvifv
h suf&o
dS nf/
xdkYaemuf OD;apmonf uywdefADAD,ef;xH xyfrHpma&;cJhjyefonf/
tBurd w
f iG rf l yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif;yif a&;cJo
h nf/ pmwpfapmif ADA,
D ef;udk
31
olt
Y aejzifh jynfywGif rnfonfah e&mwGif cdv
k EHI idk rf nfenf;[k ar;jref;xm;
onf/ ADA,
D ef;u tdE,
d urf;d;k wef; &Sd ay:wl*yD ikd f =*dt
k m+e,f[k ra&r&m
ajymcJo
h nf/ tjcm;pmwpfapmifrmS ya[Vdqefvo
S nf/ ==tifvsm;uefxrJ mS
ig;r&S+d + [l a&;xm;onf/ axmifrLS ;Bu;D OD;pHwifonf 4if;pmudk &efuek jf rpf
wbufurf; 'vNrKd U&Sd vufzuf&nfqidk yf ikd &f iS f jrefrmukvm;ujym;xH ay;ydcYk hJ
onf/ ukvm;ujym;u pmudzk wfNy;D OD;apmvdak om ajcmufv;kH jyL;aoewfukd
olt
Y aejzifh &atmif&mS azGay;Edik v
f rd rhf nfr[kw[
f k jyefMum;vku
d o
f nf/
vkyBf uHrrI jzpfymG ;pOfumvrS OD;apmtif;pdeaf xmifwiG ;f &So
d nftxd
pHkaxmufbufu pm&Gufpmwrf;aygif; 288 ckudk ppfaq;um OD;apmESifh
ADAD,ef;? bif*avwdkY qufET,frIudk ajc&mcHEkdifcJhonf/
vkyBf uHrw
I &m;cHrsm;udk ykvyd rf sm;u ppfaq; &&Sad om taxmuf
txm;rsm;? ADA,
D ef;? bif*av? OD;apmwdYk oH;k yGiq
hf ikd f Zmwfvrf;udk pGu
J ikd Nf y;D
jynfxaJ &;0efBu;D OD;ausmfNird ;f onf pDtikd 'f 'D &k cJ sKyf OD;xGe;f vSatmifuakd c:
bk&ifc&H efpY u
f kd oGm;a&mufawGUqHck o
hJ nf/ &&Sx
d m;aom taxmuftxm;
rsm;wifjy bif*avudk zrf;qD;cGihf bk&ifcx
H H awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ bk&ifcu
H
bif*avudk zrf;qD; csKyfaESmifjcif;rjyKbJ ola&mufwikd ;f wnf;cdak vh&o
dS nfh
&efuek Nf rdKU urf;em;vrf;&Sd px&if;[dw
k ,fyif ppfaq;ar;jref;cGihf ay;cJh
onf/
OD;ausmfNidr;f ESihf OD;xGe;f vSatmifwu
Ykd bif*avudk px&if;[dw
k ,f
tcef;yif ppfaq;cJ&h onf/ odaYk omf bk&ifc\
H pnf;urf;csuftwkid ;f om
aqmif&u
G cf &hJ ojzifh OD;xGe;f vSatmif\ ppfaq;ar;jref;csufrsm;onf bif
*avudk ta&;,l&ef cdkifvHkaom taxmuftxm;opfrsm;r&&SdcJhacs/
bk&ifcu
H vnf; bif*avudk ac:,lar;jref;cJah o;onf/ bif*avu olu
Y kd
ADA,
D ef;u OD;apm\aetdrf odYk ac:aqmifomG ;yH/k rouFmp&mrsm;rygbJ
OD;apmESihf tvmyovmypum;ajymqdMk uyH?k tjcm;taMumif; ajymcJah om
taMumif;tcsufrsm;udk rrSwrf ad wmhyrkH sm;udk ajymjycJo
h nf[q
k o
kd nf/ bif
*avu OD;apm\ ay;pmESiyhf wfouf 4if;pmudk naeydik ;f wGif zwfMunfh
rdcJh onf/ t*Fvdyfpmta&;tom;nHhzsif;vSojzifh ouFmruif;jzpfum
pmudk qGJqkwfypfcJhonf[kvnf;qdkonf/ ppfaq;ar;jref;NyD;aom tcg
bif*avudk vef'efoYkd jyefciG jhf yK&ef OD;ausmfNird ;f tm; bk&ifcu
H ajymcJo
h nf/
OD;ausmNf ird ;f onf bif*avudk jyefrvTwv
f akd omfvnf; aemufq;kH zqyv
32
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &efrD;qufrarT;vdkawmhjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;udk

tqifajyacsmarGUpGm aqmvsifpGm&,lvkdjcif;wdkYaMumifh bif*avudk
jyefciG jhf yKcJ&h onf/
xdkYaemuf 1947 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 30 &ufaeYwGif bk&ifcH AdkvfcsKyf
qm[l;bwf&efYcf (Major General Sir Hubert Rance) vkyfBuHrIudk
ppfaq;&ef txl;cHkkH;udk zGJUpnf;onfh Oya'udk xkwfjyefcJhonf/ 1947
ckEpS f pufwifbmv20&ufaeYwiG f txl;cHk ;Hk udk zGpYJ nf; w&m;vTwaf wmf
w&m;0efBuD;csKyf qma'gufwmbOD;u txl;cHkkH;twGuf em,utjzpf
OD;ausmfjrif?h tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf OD;atmifausmfEiS hf OD;pDb;l wdu
Yk kd a&G;cs,fay;
cJo
h nf/ txl;cHk ;Hk Ou| (em,u) OD;ausmfjrifh (1898-1988) onf xif&mS ;
aom 0wfvakH wmfbUJG & w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyf w&m;olBu;D jzpfonf/ xif&mS ;
onfh nDtpfuakd v;OD;jzpfonfh Adv
k rf LS ;csKyfwifx#G f w&m;olBuD;OD;jrifo
h ed ;f ?
a'gufwmxifatmifwt
Ykd euf 'kw,
d ajrmufjzpfonf/
txl;cHkkH;udk vHkNcHKa&;twGuf tif;pdeftusOf;axmiftwGif;yif
zGifhvSpfppfaq;cJhonf/ txl;cHkkH;onf 1947 ckESpf pufwifbmv 24
&ufaeYwGif pwifkH;xdkifppfaq;cJhonf/ trItwGuf w&m;vdkjyoufao
71 a,mufESifh w&m;cHjyoufao 30 wdkYudk ppfaq;cJhonf/ cHkkH;w&m;
olBuD; OD;ausmfjrifh? OD;atmifomausmfESifh OD;pDbl;wdkYonf aeY&ufrjywf
&ufysufr&Sd 37 Burd rf Q k;H xdik pf pfaq;cJMh uonf/ w&m;vdt
k pd;k &a&SUaetjzpf
a&SUaecsKyf OD;xGe;f jzL? tpd;k &a&SUaeBuD; rpwmcGeaf zmif? txl;0w&m;ESihf
ulnDol 0wfvHkOD;jrodef; wdkYonfvnf; &ufysufr&Sd kH;wufcJhMuonf/
cHk ;Hk wGif w&m;cHrsm;tm; (3) veD;yg; ppfaq; a&SUaecsKyf OD;xGe;f
jzLu 1947 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 23 &ufaeYwiG f tNy;D owf avQmufvcJ o
hJ nf/
xdaYk emuf vkyBf urH w
I &m;cHrsm;tm; 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYwiG f (pmrsufEmS
84 rsufEmS &S)d pD&ifcsufBu;D udk eHeuf 10 em&D rdepf 40 wGif pwifzwfMum;
cJh&m aevnf 12 em&D 55 rdepfwGifrS NyD;pD;awmhonf/
pD&ifcsuftpyxrydik ;f wGif vkyBf urH BI u;D \ w&m;vdEk iS w
hf &m;cHtm;vH;k
\ xGuq
f ckd sufrsm;udk jyefvnfZmwfaMumif;jyefjcif;rsm;yifjzpfonf/ pD&if
csuu
f kd w&m;olBu;D OD;ausmjf rifu
h zwfMum;&m jref jywfom;\/ toHrmS
yHrk eS jf zpfonf/ pD&ifcsufzwfaepOf twGi;f OD;apmonf txl;yif tdaEy suf
avmufatmif rsufEmS romr,mjzpfaeaomfvnf; rMumcPyif olonf
33
bmyJjzpfjzpf igvH;k 0*krpdu

k yf gbl;[laom [efyefrsdK;jzifh okyaf qmifvsuf&dS
onf/ olonf olYvnfyif;udk rMumcP prf;prf;NyD; Munfhaewwfonf/
wpfBudrw
f iG f olv
Y nfyif;udk vufjzifu
h ikd Nf yD;rS zspfnp u
f m a&SUodq
Yk v
JG u
dk &f m
touft&G,af xmufvmNyjD zpfojzifh aysmhtNd y;D GUw
H pG jyKaeaom vnfyif;
ay: ta&jym;Bu;D rSm wGev
Yf rd af eaMumif; txif;om;ay:aeonf/ uJo
h Ykd
oljyKrlaeonfrmS trSww
f rJyh ifvyk rf ad vovm;/ odrYk [kwf BudK;ay;vku
d f
vQif 'Dvdkrsm;aersm;aervm;[k awG;awmpOf;pm;&if; prf;oyfMunfhav
ovm;rodEikd af y/ olonf rsufreS pf rd ;f BuD;udk wyfxm;aomfvnf; tvGef
pdwfrcsrf;romonfh t&dyfta,mifrsm;oef;ae\/ pD&ifcsufed*Hk;ydkif;odkY
a&mufaomtcg OD;apm\rsufEmS rSm ndK&mrSe?D eD&mrS rIid ;f vmum &Gmawmh
rdk;uJhodkY jzpfaeayonf/
,if;aemuf cHkkH;w&m;olBuD;Ou|OD;ausmfjrifhonf armifpdk; yk'fr
302-34 t& jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh vnfyif;wGif BudK;uGif;wyfcg rao
rcsif;owfap/
oufESif;... yk'fr 302 - 120 (c)? 4if;tjyif 302-34 t&
jypfrIxif&Sm;ojzifh vnfyif;wGif BudK;uGif;wyfcg raorcsif; owfap/
armifped Ef iS hf &efBuD;atmifwu
Ykd v
kd nf; yk'rf 302-34 t& txufyg
twdkif;yif owfap/
OD;apm... [kkqdkonfESifh wNydKifeuf *VKefOD;apmonf aoG;rsm;yGuf
xvmouJo
h Ykd &JueJ tom;rsm;eDjref;vmavonf/ rnfoyYdk ifjzpfap *VKef
OD;apmonf rrIygbl;[laom tNyKH;udk twif;NyHK;vkdufao;onf/ OD;apm
onf yk'rf 302-109t& jypfrx
I if&mS ;ojzifh BuKd ;uGi;f wyfvQuf raorcsif;
owfap/
,if;aemuf okc? cifarmif&if? armifeD? rIefBuD; w&m;cHtm;vHk;wdkY
onfvnf; yk'rf 302-209t& jypfrx
I if&mS ;ojzifh raorcsif; owfap[k
trdecYf srSwv
f suf pD&ifcsufonf Ny;D qH;k oGm;avonf/ azmfaumifbnGerYf mS
tpd;k &oufaojzpfomG ;ojzifh trIrS vGwaf jrmufomG ;avonf/pD&ifcsuf
zwfNyD;aemuf armifp;kd u ==aumif;w,fu?G tukeBf udK;csnf;yJ++ [k qdv
k u
dk f
avonf/
txl;cHk ;Hk u jypf'Pfrsm;pD&ifcsufcsrSwNf yD;aemuf jypfrx
I if&mS ;pD&if
jcif;cH&olrsm;onf 1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYrSp ckepf&uf
34
twGif; t,lcH0ifEkdifaMumif; trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/

OD;apmtwGuf t,lcv
H mT udk 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 3 &uf paeaeY
aeYvnf 12 em&Dtcsderf u &efuek Nf rdKU a&SUaersm;tzGUJ rS 0wfvkH wpfO;D jzpf
aom puf&Sifrif;BuD;a[mif; rpwmtufa*sqmvpfbm&D[m;azmufu
[du
k u
f w
k t
f ,lcXH meodYk rpwmAmwmepfEiS hf twl vma&mufwifoiG ;f av
onf/
armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ? &efBuD;atmifEiS hf rIeBf uD;wd\
Yk t,lcv
H mT rsm;rSm
Zefe0g&Dv (6) &ufaeY eHeufu tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;rS qdkif&m vTwf
awmfoYkd wifyv
Ykd u
dk o
f nf/ vTwaf wmfwiG f Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH BI u;D ESihf ywfouf
ao'PftrdecYf srSwjf cif;cH&aom OD;apmESihf taygif;ygw&m;cH 8 OD;wd\
Yk
t,lcv
H mT toD;oD;wifoiG ;f a&muf&NdS y;D jzpf 4if;wdt
Yk ,lcv
H mT udk vTwaf wmf
w&m;0efBuD;tzGJUu vufcHMum;em qHk;jzwf&efom &Sdawmhojzifh OD;apm?
armifp;kd ? oufEiS ;f ? &efBuD;atmifEiS hf rIeBf uD;wdu
Yk kd tif;pdeaf xmif BudK;wku
d f
twGi;f xm;&SNd yD; cifarmif&if? okc? armifeED iS hf armifped f ac: pdeBf uD;wdu
Yk kd
&efuek Af [dak xmif (,ckoel mjyKwuov
kd )f BuKd ;wdu
k t
f wGi;f wpfa,mufpD
oD;jcm;xm;cJo
h nf/
tif;pdefaxmifBudK;wkduftwGif;odkY a&muf&Sdaeaom yxrw&m;cH
OD;apmu Zefe0g&Dv 9 &uf aomMumaeYpGJjzifh jrefrmjynf tpdk;&qdkif&m
tmPmydik rf sm;rSwqifh bdvyf&dS 4if;\ nDawmfol OD;armifarmifBuD;xHoYkd
aMu;eef;pm wpfapmifyv
Ykd u
dk o
f nf/ aMu;eef;pmwGif Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf uHrEI iS hf
ywfouf 4if;rSm qdik &f mtmPmydik f cHw
k &m;olBu;D \ ao'PftrdecYf srSwf
xm;jcif;udkcH&NyD;jzpf xdktrdefYESifh pyfvsOf; rdrdpdwfwGif aemufxyf
rnfodkYrQ qufvufBudK;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef rvdkawmh[k ,wdjywfqHk;jzwf
xm;NyD;jzpfaMumif;? bdvyfrS rdrt
d wGurf mS Mum;xm;aom t0wfwpfpEkH iS hf
&SL;zdeyf 2 &Hudk nDjzpfol armifarmifBuD;yif toHk;jyK&ef ay;tyfvkduf
aMumif;/ ,ckjrefrmEkdifiHawmf w&m;vTwfawmfwGif rdrdtwGuf ao'Pf
trdet
Yf ,lc0H ifxm;jcif;rSmvnf; rdr\
d qEt&r[kwb
f J ZeD;ESihf orD;wd\
Yk
qEuv
kd u
dk af vsmonft
h aejzifo
h m BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G jf cif;rQomjzpfaMumif;
yg&Sad vonf/
,if;aemuf vkyBf uHrI w&m;cH OD;apmESihf taygif;ygwd\
Yk t,lcv
H mT
rsm;udk w&m;vTwfawmfu 1948 ckESpf rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif pmrsufESm
35
57 rsufESm&Sdaom pD&ifcsufjzifh t,lcHrsm; y,fcsvkdufavonf/

OD;apm? armifpdk;? oufESif;? &efBuD;atmif? rIefBuD;wdkYu tcGifhxl;
t,lc0H if&ef avQmufxm;Mujyefonf/ OD;apmtwGuf rpwm [ufaAmhEiS hf
usefavQmufxm;olwt
Ykd wGuf OD;Mumcdik u
f yif vku
d yf gaqmif&u
G Mf uonf/
a&SUaecsKyf OD;csefxGef;u tpdk;&twGuf aqmif&Gufonf/ w&m;vTwf
awmfcsKyf? w&m;0efBu;D csKyfqma'gufwmbOD; (aemiforw)? w&m;0efBu;D
OD;at;armifESifh w&m;vTwfawmf w&m;0efBuD;csKyf OD;odef;armifwdkYu
avQmufvcJ sufrsm;udk Mum;emMuonf/
xkaYd emuf 1948 ckEpS f {Nyv
D 27 &ufaeYwiG f w&m;vTwaf wmfcsKyfu
OD;apmwd\
Yk avQmufvmT rsm;udk y,fcahJ vonf/ tjcm;w&m;cHrsm; w&m;
vTwaf wmfcsKyfoYkd avQmufxm;jcif; rjyKawmhbJ Ekid if aH wmforwxH toem;
cHMuonf/
orwwGif jypf'PfavQmhayghEikd o
f nfh tmPm? vGwNf idr;f csrf;omcGihf
ay;Edik o
f nfh tmPm&Sad vonf/ ao'Pfukd w&m;k;H u owfrw
S
f aemuf
qHk; t,lcHkH;rsm;u twnfjyKNyD;vQif trIrsm;udk orwxH toem;cH
wifjy trdecYf ,
H al om vkyx
f ;kH &So
d nf/ xdv
k yk x
f ;kH t& OD;apmESihf 4 OD;wd\
Yk
trIrsm;udv
k nf;aumif;? toem;cHpmwifMuaom w&m;cHrsm;\ trIrsm;udk
vnf;aumif; w&m;a&;Xmeu pDppf orxHwifjycJhavonf/
odkYjzifh arv 5 &ufaeYpGJyg w&m;a&;XmetwGif;0ef OD;pHGefYu
cifarmif&iftay: csrSwx
f m;aom ao'Pfukd woufwuRef; odYk orw
BuD;u avQmhayghay;aomtrdefYwpf&yfudk xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ arv 6
&ufaeYwGifvnf; okcESifh armifeDwdkYonfvnf; ao'PfrS vGwf wpf
oufwpfuRef;'Pfuo
kd m uscHap&rnf[k orwu qH;k jzwfvu
dk af vonf/
36
OD;apmESihf taygif;ygwd\
Yk aemufq;kH aeY
1948 ckEpS f {Nyv
D 28 &ufaeY rGe;f vGyJ ikd ;f wGif tif;pdet
f usOf;axmif
wGi;f OD;apmonf ZeD;a':oef;cif? orD;abbDapmwdEYk iS hf twl rd;k ni;f
od*a usmif;wku
d ?f a&vJO;D y@dpq
&mawmfxrH S vuPma&;oH;k yg; w&m;
emcJo
h nf/
BudK;ay;&ef eD;uyfvmNyDjzpf &efukefA[dktusOf;axmifBudK;wkduf
twGif;&Sd pdefBuD;ESifh&efBuD;atmifwdkYtwGuf bkef;BuD;rsm;yifhzdwf w&m;
emaponf/ o&P*Hw
k ifay;onf/ pdeBf u;D ac: armifped u
f rxl;Ny[
D q
k
kd
o&P*Ht
k wifrcH[k okcu aemifwiG f jyefajymjyonf/ okcESiahf rmifew
D Ykd
onf ao'PfrS vGwaf jrmuf wpfuRef;jypf'PfuscHap&ef pma&mufvm
NyD;aemuf ,if;wdkYudk BudK;wkdufrS tjcm;taqmifodkY ajymif;ay;vkdufMu
avonf/
*VKefO;D apmtm; BudK;'PftwnfjyKNyD;aemuf OD;apm\ZeD;a':oef;
cifu 1948 ckEpS f {NyDv 27 &ufaeY &ufpjJG zifh jrefrmEdik if H tpd;k &tzGUJ ESihf
0efBuD;rsm;xHodkY OD;apmtm; BudK;'Pfay;NyD;aemuf 4if;\kyfuvmyfudk
aetdrfokdY o,ff,loN*K[fvdkaMumif; cGifhjyK&ef avQmufxm;cJhonf/
odaYk omf tpd;k &u OD;apm\kyu
f vmyfukd axmifocsKif;rSv
JG tjcm;
rnfonfh ocsKif;wGirf S jrK yfEcHS iG rhf &S[
d q
k o
kd nf/ o&P*Hw
k ifciG u
hf u
kd m; tpd;k &
OD;apm 4if;\a&SYae OD;odef;ausmfESifh wD;wdk;wdkifyifaepOf? 23-10-1947

37
cGijhf yKay;cJo
h nf/
BuKd ;wku
d
f BuKd ;ay;rnfah eY&ufukd apmifah rQmfaeaom OD;apmuvnf;
ZeD;a':oef;ciftm; y&da'0rD; rawmufavmifap&ef atmufygtwdik ;f
pmwpfapmifukd {NyDv 30 &ufaeY ay;ydv
Yk u
dk o
f nf/ pmygtaMumif;t&m
rSmrmrDcifuRefawmft
h avmif;udk tdru
f rkd ,lygESi/hf b,furkd v
S nf; r,lygESi/hf
aoNyD;aom tykyfaumifBuD;[lom w&m;ESifhajzyg/ owdoHa0*&yg/
tedpw
&m;ESit
hf eww&m;rsm;udo
k m yGm;rsm;yg/ avmurSm b,ft&mrS
rNrJyg/ rNrJaom w&m;omvQif NrJonfukd owd&yg/ aoNyD;jzpf rxl;yg/
xkaYd Mumifh rmrDcif (a':oef;cif) wdYk 'ku r&SmygESiahf wmh/ aoolukd &nf&,
G f
yif;cHjcif;? &SifjyKjcif;? qGrf;auR;jcif;paom ukodkvfaumif;rIrsm;udk
jyKvkyyf gu rmrDwrYkd mS ukov
kd f &Edik yf gonf/ trQtwef;a0ygu ukov
kd &f
Edkifygonf/ odkYaom ukodkvfa&;rsm;udkom *kpdkufyg rmrDcif/
(yH)k armifapm
Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf uHrw

I &m;cHrsm;jzpfMuaom cifarmif&if? okc? pdeBf uD;? &efBuD;atmif
38
OD;apmtm; ao'Pfay;
vkdufonfhudpESifhywfouf
jrefrmjynf bk&ifcaH [mif; qm
a':refprpf (Sir Reginald
Hugh Dorman Smith
[1899-1977]) u jrefrmEdi
k if H
EdkifiHawmforwBuD; p0fa&T
odkufodkY OD;apmtm; ao'Pf
ay;xm;onfu
h pd u
kd oufnm
EdkiforQ oufnmpOf;pm;
y,fzsufyg&ef oHBudK;pmwpf
apmif ay;ydv
Yk u
dk o
f nf[k Mum;
od&onf/
xdkuJhodkYyif OD;apm\
toufcsrf;om&m&a&;
twGuf vef'efNrdKU&Sd Ak'bm
om toif;Bu;D ESpo
f if;rSvnf;
okctm;k;H xkwv
f mpOf
Edik if aH wmf0efBu;D csKyf ocifEx
k H
taMumif;jycsufo;kH &yfjzifh arwm&yfcaH om aMu;eef;pmESpaf pmif ay;ydcYk hJ
avonf/
taMumif;jycsuf (3)ckwiG f azmfjyxm;onfrmS (1) OD;apmuJhodkY ,cifu jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rIorkdif;
BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf ahJ om acgif;aqmifwpfO;D tm; toufcsrf;omrIay;Edik f
cJhvQif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;orkdif;wGif 0efBuD;csKyfocifEk\ jrifhjrwfaom
apwemrSm &mZ0ifwGif urnf;wif&pfvdrfhrnfjzpfaMumif;/
(2) t*FvdyfjynfwGif xdkao'PfpD&ifjcif;udk y,fzsuf&ef&Sdae&m
t*Fvyd f - jrefrm cspfMunfa&;udk vH;k yrf;vsuf&adS om Ak'b
mom toif;Bu;D
\ arwm&yfccH sufukd vufcrH nfqykd gu cspfMunfa&;ajzmifjh zL;&ef vrf;&Sd
ygonf/ xdu
k o
hJ Ykd rjzpfajrmufygu t*Fvyd -f jrefrm cspfMunfa&;rSm ysufjym;
zG,&f ydS gaMumif;/
(3) ao'Pfay;onfupd r mS Ak'b
momw&m;a[mESihf qefu
Y sifonf
39
jzpfaMumif;/
ponfjzifh arwm&yfcHcsufwGif yg0ifcJhonf/ xdkYaemuf EkdifiHawmf
orwBuD;onf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&tzGJUESifhwkdifyifaqG;aEG; arwm&yfcH
csufudk y,fcsvdkufavonf/
xdaYk emuf ao'Pfrsm;udk twnfjyKNyD;aemuf 1948 ckEpS f arv 8
&uf paeaeYeeH uf tkPw
f uf 5 em&D 30 rdepfwiG f *VKefO;D apm? armifp;kd ?
oufESif;ESifh rIefBuD;wdkYudk tif;pdeftusOf;axmiftwGif;&Sd (1) aqmif
taemufbufteD;wGi&f adS om BudK;pif BudK;ay;cJo
h nf/ xdak eYu OD;apm
onf olt
Y m;aomuf&efay;xm;aom eHeufvufzuf&nfukd tcef; bk&m;
qGr;f uyfco
hJ nf/ za,mif;wkid o
f ;kH wkid u
f v
kd nf; tcef;xGe;f n
d ylaZmfchJ
ao;onf/ Ny;D rS tjyifwiG af pmifah eMuaom tusOf;Xmerif;Bu;D OD;barmif?
OD;oef;EGUJ (OD;barmif\ om;? ,cktNidr;f pm;tusOf;Xmerif;BuD;)? axmif
q&m0ef? w&m;olBu;D ponfwu
Ykd kd NyKH ;Tipf mG EIwq
f ufco
hJ nf/ xdak eYu OD;apm
onf rmrDBuD;tBudKuf &Sr;f abmifbt
D 0ga&mifukd oyfoyf&yf&yf 0wfpm;
xm;onf/ BuKd ;pif&&dS modYk xGucf mG vmMu&m bk&m;kyyf mG ;awmfwpfql wnf
xm;ud;k uG,&f mudv
k eG v
f mojzifh jyefvn
S
hf 'l;wky0f yfcsuefawmhco
hJ nf/
,if;aemuf BuKd ;pifbufoYkd qufvufxu
G cf mG vm&mwGif jriforQvlukd EIwf
qufomG ;cJo
h nf/ rjrif&olukd ar; EIwq
f ufcahJ Mumif; rSmMum;oGm;onf/
tcsdKUu OD;apmtm; jyefvnfEw
I q
f ufpum; qdak e&aomfvnf; pdwx
f u
J
raumif;Muacs/ txl;cHk ;Hk em,u OD;ausmfjrifEh iS w
hf uG olt
Y ay:wm0eft&
aqmif&u
G &f onfh olrsm;tm; rke;f xm;rIr&Syd g[k rSmMum;cJo
h nf/ xdaYk emuf
wnfwnfNidrfNidrfyif BudK;pifay:odkY wufoGm;avonf/
BudK;pifay:wGif OD;apmonf ol\vnfyif;udk olu,
kd w
f ikd f BudK;uGi;f
pGyfvkdaMumif; ajymqdkcJhao;onf/ odkY&mwGif BudK;pifrS wm0efus0efxrf;
wdu
Yk olww
Ykd iG o
f m wm0ef&ydS gonf[
l jyefajymcJah omaMumifh OD;apmonf
apm'u rwufawmhacs/
OD;apm\aemufqHk;tcsdefudk om,m0wDOD;oef;jrifhu 1971 ckESpf
Zlvikd v
f 15 &ufaeYxw
k f td;k a0*sme,fwiG f ==*VKefO;D apm\ aemufq;kH aeY++
acgif;pOfjzifh atmufygtwkid ;f a&;om;xm;avonf==xdkaeYum; 1948 ckESpf arv 8 &ufaeY tkPfOD;yifjzpfonf/
eHeufcif;\ ylaEG;aom tkPOf ;D \a&mifjcnfonf cyfqikd ;f qdik ;f cyfridI ;f rIid ;f
40
jzpfaeonf/ tif;pdeaf xmifBuD;\ Al;0wGif w&m;a&;XmetwGi;f 0ef OD;pH

GefY? tusOf;rif;BuD; OD;barmif? &JcsKyf? &Jrif;BuD;rsm;? w&m;olBuD;rsm;?
q&m0efrsm;ESifh cGifhjyKcsufjzifh a&muf&SdvmMuaom ppfbufe,fbufrS
t&m&Srd sm;onf pka0;a&muf&adS eMuavNyD/
tif;pdeaf xmifBu;D rs axmifyikd Bf u;D OD;wifarmifonf a&muf&v
dS mMu
aom Xmeqdik &f mrsm;tm; c&D;OD;BuKd jyKvsuf axmifBu;D twGi;f odYk 4if;uyif
a&SUaqmifac:,lomG ;Ny;D ,aeYeeH ufaerxGurf D tNy;D aqmif&u
G &f rnfjzpf
aom vkyif ef;wpfct
k wGuf ydy&d &d d trSm;t,Gi;f twdr;f tapmif;r&Sad tmif
aqmif&u
G x
f m;Ny;D om;udpr sm;udk xyfavmif;ppfaq;Ekid &f ef &Si;f vif;wifjy
aeonf/ ,if;udpum; tjcm;r[kwf/ vkyfBuHrIw&m;cH OD;apmwdkYtm;
tcsdefrD BudK;rdefYjypf'Pfay;&ef tpDtpOfyifjzpfayonf/
OD;apmonf 4if;\vGwfajrmufa&;udk enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh BudK;pm;cJhao;
onf/ odkYaomf ol\BudK;yrf;rIrSeforQ t&mrxifcJh/ txrajrmufcJhay/
arQmfvifch sufuek q
f ;kH onfEiS hf OD;apmonf olvckd sifaom tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk
wef;pDum wpfcNk y;D wpfck awmif;awmhonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS olt
Y wGuaf o'Pf
twnfjzpfvQif vufxyd rf cwfbJ BuKd ;pifoaYkd c:&ef? olwpfO;D wnf;udk OD;qH;k
BudK;'Pfay;&ef? 4if;\ b0 ul;aumif;&ef olt
Y m;bmrQrajymMuawmhbJ
qdwfNidrfpGmaecGifhjyK&efESifh v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD; a&;om;jyKpkxm;
aom w&m; pmtkyfrsm;? 'DyeDrsm;udk 0,f,lzwfIcGifhay;&ef arwm&yfcH
awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/
wpfaeY OD;apmESihf 4if;twGuf txl;wm0efcsxm;ol axmift&m&Sd
i,f ('kaxmifrLS ;) wpfO;D wdYk pum;pyfrMd uonf/ OD;apmu w&m;oHa0*oH
ygygESihf oG,0f u
kd af jzmifch sufay;ouJo
h Ykd ajymcJo
h nfrmS ==usKyf[m wpfoufv;kH Ak'b
momvdaYk jymcJw
h myJ/ 'gayr,fh wu,f
awmh rnfumrwA'k b
mom0ifrQom jzpfcw
hJ mudk ckvkd w&m;pmtkyaf wG
avhvmrdrS ydkNyD;od&w,f/ usKyf[m avmurSm&SdwJh raumif;rIrSeforQ
rvkycf b
hJ ;l wmvnf;r&Sb
d ;l / avmu&JU cHpm;&r,fh taumif;qH;k awGuv
kd nf;
usKyfrawGYcJhbl;wmvnf; r&Sdbl;/ 'gayr,fh.... ckawGYcJh odcJhwJh w&m;
awmf&UJ tqDtESpaf wGukd usKyfwpfcgrS rawGUcJzh ;l bl;++ [k zGi[
hf 0efcv
H suf==usKyfrSm tmPm&SdwJh tcsdefwkef;uvnf; bmoma&;udk tav;
teufrjyKrdbl;/ bmoma&;[m usKyftwGuf [efjytaqmif ta,mif
41
wpfcak vmufom &Scd w

hJ ,f/ usKyfqErmS &Sw
d mu usKyftmPmwnfNrJa&;?
Bu;D yGm;a&;eJU wkid ;f jynfukd usKyfBuKd ufwyhJ pkH o
H iG ;f csifwmyJ usKyfrmS t"dujzpfchJ
w,f/ tJ't
D csdeu
f om ckawGU&wJh w&m;awmfuakd wGUvQif ckvv
kd nf;jzpfr,f
rxifrdbl;++ [k zGifhtHcJhonf/
rQomruao; OD;apmwGif BuD;rm;aom tpGt
J vef;wpfcak Mumifh
olYwGif pdwftxdcdkufqHk;jzpfcJh&ao;onf/
=='Dwek ;f u usKyf[m eef;&if;0efBuD;b0eJY a&Tbekd ,fuakd &mufcw
hJ ,f/
'Dtcsed u
f a&Tbekd ,frmS tawmfxif&mS ;ausmMf um;aewJh tavmif;rif;w&m;
OD;atmifaZ,sud;k uG,cf w
hJ hJ ouFe;f eufom;eJx
Y x
k m;wJh bk&m;rwf&yfqif;
wkawmf[m wefcdk;BuD;w,f/ qkawmif;jynfhw,f/ vdkw&w,f/ &efudk
atmifEikd w
f ,fqw
kd o
hJ wif;aMumifh 'Db&k m;udk r&t& &wJeh nf;eJY usKyf,cl hJ
rdw,f/ 'gayr,fh ud;k uG,v
f v
kd ?Ykd MunfnKd o'geJY yifch w
hJ mr[kwb
f ;l / usKyf
tusdK;twtwGuo
f mMunfNh yD; ,lcw
hJ myJ/ 'Dawmh qif;wkawmfukd omref
rQom ud;k uG,rf t
I qifw
h iG rf [kwb
f J usKyf&UJ taqmifoabmrsdK;yJ xm;cJrh d
w,f/ tJ'g usKyf&UJ r[mtrSm;BuD;ygyJ/ aemufro
S &d mwmu tJ'D qif;wk
awmfBuD;[m wefcdk;BuD;oavmuf tvGefcdkufw,fqdkwmod&awmh
aemufus oGm;Ny/D 'Dawmh usKyf[m t*Fvyd t
f usO;fom;jzpfvu
dk ?f aoewf
ajcmif;ajrmif;ypf cHvkduf&eJY aemufqHk; cktajctxd jzpfcJhwmyJ/ aemuf
usKyf'x
D aJ &mufrS tJ'q
D if;wkawmfBu;D udk a&Tw*d akH pwDawmf paeaxmifrh mS
ausmif;aqmifwpfckeJY vSL'gef;vkduf&w,f++ [k 0rf;enf;pGm ajymjycJhav
onf/ 4if;bk&m;tm; OD;apmudk o&P*HkwifpOfrS a&pufcsoGm;cJhonf/
tqdkyg bk&m;qif;wkawmfonf xl;qef;pGmaysmufqHk;oGm;avonf/
(pma&;ol)
odkYjzifhyif ,aeYonf (arv 8 &uf) OD;apmtwGuf aemufqHk;&uf?
aemufq;kH tcsdeo
f Ykd qku
d af &mufcNhJ y/D tpDtpOfrsm;t& uRefawmfwt
Ykd m;vH;k
onf toifjh zpfaeMuNy/D w&m;a&;XmetwGi;f 0ef ESihf tusOf;Xmerif;Bu;D
wdYk a&SUaqmifvQuf uRefawmfwo
Ykd nf OD;apmxm;&m BuKd ;wku
d o
f Ykd qdwNf ird pf mG
avQmufvmMuonf/
OD;apm\ BuKd ;wdu
k u
f av;onf "mwfr;D a&mif? qDr;D a&mifrsm;aMumifh
vif;oa,mif&Sdaeavonf/ BudK;wkdufa&SUodkY uRefawmfta&mufwGif OD;
apmonf tNyHK;jzifh qD;BudKEIwfqufonf/ BudK;wkduftwGif;&SdOD;apm\
42
qif;wkawmfuav;wGif qDr;D ywfvnf? aumfzq

D rG ;f ? rkeq
Yf rG ;f rsm;jzifh yef;?
a&csrf;rsm;yg a0a0qmqm uyfxm;onfukd awGU&onf/
OD;apm\ tpm;taomufwm0efudk wm0ef,l&aom tusOf;om;
uav; armifpifumylrSm 4if;\ q&mtwGuf eHeufpmudk eHeuf 3 em&D
uyif toifhjyifay;xm;aomfvnf; OD;apmonf pm;roGm;cJhay/
OD;apmonf 4if;\ ud,
k w
f iG f ol\ZeD;a':oef;cif (rmrDBu;D ) tBuKd uf
[k ajymavh&adS om yd;k &Sr;f abmif;bDt0g? yd;k &Syv
f ufwkd tjymEka&mif? a&nd
a&mif armfvNrdKifa&SUxd;k zdeyfrsm;jzifh oyf&yfpmG 0wfqifvsuf toif&h adS e
onf/ usefcahJ om olyikd yf pn;f uav;rsm;udk olay;vdo
k rl sm;\ trnfjzifh
,SOfvQuf olYckwifay:wGif wef;pDwifxm;cJhNyD; 4if;ESifh twl&Sdaeaom
t&m&Sdi,f wpfOD;tm; vTJtyfcJhao;onf/
axmifrLS ;BuD;OD;pHwifonf BudK;usw&m;cHrsm;0wfqif&pNrJjzpfonfh
tustjzLausmuGJ (0wfkHjzL) udk vufwpfzufwGif wifvsuf usefvuf
wpfzufrS OD;apm\ BudK;wkdufoHwHcg;aomhudk zGifhrnfjyKpOf=='D[mBu;D udk [dt
k ay:a&mufrS 0wfay; rjzpfb;l vm;++ [k OD;apmu
ajymvkduf&m axmifrSL;BuD;\ wHcg;zGifhaeaom vufonfwefYoGm;NyD;
oufqikd &f mt&m&SBd uD;rsm;\ rsufEmS udk qifu
h q
J ifu
h J Munfv
h u
dk Mf uonf/
NyD;rS trde&Yf onft
h vm; BudK;wdu
k f oHwcH g;udk zGiv
hf u
dk o
f nfEiS hf axmifyikd f
BuD;ESifh axmifrSL;BuD;wdkYonf OD;apmtm; 0J,mnyfvsufwGJNyD;om;jzpfae
awmhonf/ OD;apmum; vufxyd rf yg 0wfjHk zLAvmjzifh 4if;\ aemufq;kH
c&D;jzpfaom BudK;pif&Sd&modkY nifomwdwfqdwfpGmjzifh vkdufygvmcJhonf/
uRefawmfwdkYonf qdwfNidrfav;vHaom ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh OD;apm\
aemufru
S yfvsuf ygvmMuaomfvnf; cHpm;csufum; jyif;xefonf[k qd&k
ygrnf/ touf&q
dS J usef;rm0NzKd ;vsuf&o
dS w
l pfO;D tm; tokbtjzpf vdu
k v
f H
ydaYk qmifouJo
h Ykd &Sad eonfrmS uRefawmfwt
Ykd wGuv
f nf; pdwrf oufomvS
ay/
BudK;piftm; ta0;rS vSrf;jrifae&avNyD/ BudK;pifa&SUa&mufvkeD;eD;
OD;apmrSmum; ajcvSr;f rsm;wjznf;jznf;av;vmonf/ ajc'&Gwq
f v
JG monf/
odaYk omf owdum;rvGwaf y/ vrf;awGUaom ol\ oda[mif;uRr;f a[mif;
rsm;udk tNyKH;jzifh EIwfqufvsuf&Sdjyefonf/ BudK;pifajc&if;odkYta&muf
axmifrSL;BuD;\ owday;rIjzifh toifh&Sdaeaom qif;wkuav;tm;
43
OD;Gwf0wfjyKvsuf OD;apmrSm zdeyfrygawmhbJ axmifrSL;BuD;OD;pHwif\

wGJac:&m BudK;pifodkYom wef;wef;rwfrwf wufoGm;awmhonf/
BudK;pifrSm (2) a,muf wpfNydKifwnf;ay;Ekdifaom ESpfckwGJjzpfaomf
vnf; tcGit
hf a&;udak wmif;wwfaom OD;apm\qEt& olt
Y m; aemufq;kH
tcGifhta&;jzifh olwpfOD;wnf;udkom yxrBudK;rdefYjypf'Pfudk cH,lapcJh
onf/
tkPOf ;D \eHeufcif; aea&mifjcnfonf OD;apmESiNhf yKd ifwl BuKd ;pifay:
odYk a&mufcNhJ y/D OD;apmonf 4if;tvdrk &Sad om ausmuGJ tusjzL t&SnBf u;D udk
0wf&ef vufvQdKay;aepOf BuKd ;pifywf0ef;usifwiG f &SMd uaom trIxrf;t&m
xrf;rsm;tm; vlaphrwwfMunfv
h suf aemufq;kH aom tNyHK;jzifh EIwq
f uf
jyefonf/ rMumygav OD;apm\ ajcpkv
H ufpw
kH w
Ykd iG f BuKd ;wkwaf y;vsuf&&dS m
OD;apmonf rsupf u
d kd pHrk w
dS v
f u
dk af vonf/ xdpk OfaxmifrLS ;Bu;D u OD;apmtm;
Death Cap ac: acgif;pGyt
f w
d t
f jzLudk pGyaf y;vsuf BuKd ;uGi;f wyftNy;D wGif
OD;apm &yfvsuf&adS om atmufco
H jH ym;Bu;D ESpcf syfrmS *sdKif;ueJ jrnf[;D vsuf
yGifhusoGm;oHESifhtwl OD;apmvnf; vkyfBuHrIBuD;\ acgif;aqmifw&m;cH
tjzpfrS b0topfodkYul;ajymif;&ef NidrfoufvQuf&Sdavonf/
OD;apmudpt
NyD; axmifrLS ;axmifMuyfwYkd NcH&v
H Quf rIeBf uD;tm; BudK;
wku
d rf S qGx
J w
k v
f mMujyefonf/ olaecJah om BudK;wdu
k ef &H
H rIeBf uD;onf
==owf&J&if ao&J&rnf -1947++ [l urnf;xdk;xm;cJhonf/ onfrSm
*VKefO;D apm\ aqmify'k jf zpfonf/ olonf olaY cgif;aqmifBu;D udk aemufq;kH
tcsdet
f xd av;pm;oGm;yH&k onf/ olu
Y v
kd nf; 0wfjHk zLausmuGBJ u;D 0wfvQuf
',D;',dik f vufxyd rf yg BudK;pifay:odYk a&muf&v
dS monf/ vufxyd rf cwf
onft
h aMumif;rSm OD;apmtdro
f Ykd 0ifa&mufp;D eif;pOfu olu aoewfcck yH pf
cwf &Jwyf zGJU0ifwpfOD;\ usnfoifh vufsmbufvufjzwfxm;aom
aMumifh jzpfonf/
BuKd ;pifay: ol,OS v
f Qu&f adS om BuKd ;rdeUf csNy;D aom OD;apmudk iHUk Munfh
onf/ NyD;rS 'gOD;apmvm;[k rIefBuD;uar;&m axmifrSL;BuD; OD;pHwifu
acgif;ndwt
f ajzay;&if; rIeBf u;D tm; acgif;pGyt
f w
d jf zLudk pGyaf y;vku
d o
f nf/
rIeBf u;D um; acgif;pGyrf cHbJ acgif;a&Smif&if; ==uRefawmfajymp&m&Sad o;w,f++
[kpum;pvm&maxmifrLS ;Bu;D uajymomajymyg/ tcsed af wGuseyf gao;w,f
[kEpS o
f rd &hf if; acgif;pGyx
f u
J ajymEdik yf gw,f[k acgif;pGyu
f pkd yG v
f u
dk o
f nf/
44
rIefBuD;onf acgif;pGyfxJrSmyif ol\rjywfao;aom ajymvufp

pum;udk usefb,fvufwpfukd ajrmuf&if; ==uRefawmfwYkd acgif;aqmifBuD;
[m++ [l tpcsDaepOfrSmtyif oleif;xm;aom oHjym;BuD;rSm a'guf
jzKwfvkdufaomaMumifh yGifhusoGm;NyD; *sdKif;[laom toHESifhtwl olYq&m
acgif;aqmifBuD;ESifhtwl ab;csif;,SOfvQuf 4if;\b0udk ed*Hk;csKyfvkduf
&&Smavonf++ [l a&;om;xm;avonf/
xdaYk emuf BuKd ;rdejYf ypf'Pf cH,Nl y;D aom OD;apmESihf rIeBf u;D wdt
Yk m; em&D
0uftMumwGif axmifq&m0efrsm;jzpfMuaom a'gufwm atmifoed ;f ESihf
a'gufwmxGe;f 0if;wdrYk S vma&mufppfaq;vQuf 4if;wdw
Yk iG f toufr&Sad wmh
aMumif; rSwcf sufay;Muonf/ Ny;D rS OD;apmESihf rIeBf u;D wd\
Yk tavmif;rsm;udk
BudK;pifrSjzKwf toifh&Sdaeaom acgif;rsm;xJodkY pepfwusxnfhay;
cJMh uonf/
wwd,tokwfarmifpdk;ESifhoufESif;wdkY a&muf&Sdvmjyefonf/ olwdkY
um; yxrtokwfuJhodkY wnfNidrfrIr&Sday/ wkefvIyfajcmufcsm;vsuf &SdMu
onf/ armifp;kd onf rif;vSNrdKUrS *VKefwyfzUJG 0if wpfO;D jzpfonf/ OD;apm\
aemufvu
kd jf zpf OD;apmNcH apmpD;pGmyif aexkifd cf o
hJ jl zpfonf/ rdbrsm;
onf rsdK;cspfygwDukd vdv
k m;olrsm;jzpfonf/ oufEiS ;f onf usdKufvwfom;
jzpfNyD; usdKufvwfNrdKU *VKefwyfzUJG 0ifa[mif;jzpfonf/ xdt
Yk jyif ,if;NrdKU
rsdK;cspfygwD\ twGif;a&;rSL;vnf;jzpfonf/ OD;apmudk txl;MunfndKNyD;
OD;apm\ vHk;0OHk ,HkMunfudk;pm;cH&oljzpfonf/
4if;wdt
Yk m; BudK;wku
d rf S tjyifoYkd a&muf&ef cJ,Of;pGm xkwcf &hJ onf/
tcsdKUBudK;w&m;cHrsm; ,ckuJhodkY 4if;wdkY\ aemufqHk;tcsdefuav;wGif
aMumufuefuefvsuf tpGr;f ukecf ck w
H wfMuaomaMumifh BudK;wku
d w
f &m;
cHrsm;tm; xkw,
f &l mwGif vGepf mG owdxm;cJ&h onf/
odjYk zifh trIxrf;t&mxrf;rsm;\ yg;eyfvrd m pGm aqmif&u
G rf jI zifh
armifp;kd ESio
hf ufEiS ;f wkrYd mS BuKd ;pifojH ym;ay:wGif a&muf&v
dS mMuonf/ tp
wkev
f yI af jcmufcsm;vGe;f aom ESpaf ,mufpvH;k rSm BudK;pifojH ym;rsm;eif;NyD;
onfEiS hf rwkerf vIyaf usmufyk yf rm oHjym;rsm;yGix
hf u
G o
f mG ;csdet
f xd Nidrf
oufpGmjzifhyif ,if;wdkY\ q&macgif;aqmifBuD;ESifhtwl b0ed*Hk; tqHk;
owfomG ;Muonf/
xdkaeYrSmyif pdefBuD;ESifh&efBuD;atmifwdkYudkvnf; &efukefA[dktusOf;
45
axmif (,ckolemjyKwuodkvf) twGif;&Sd BudK;pifwGif wcsdefwnf;vdk BudK;

ay;cJah vonf/ pdeBf u;D onf nuwnf;u ==aemufaeYus&if wdcYk &D;&Sno
f mG ;
&awmhr,f++ [k aemufajymifaeonf/ xdkpOfu pdefBuD;onf touf 21
ESp&f NdS y;D BuKd UyifaumufNrKd Uom;jzpfonf/ 4if;onf rif;wkid yf iftrwfa[mif;
ESihf jrLeDpy,f pDt;D tdk (trIaqmift&m&S)d vlBu;D vkycf ahJ om OD;armifBu;D \
om;jzpfonf/ BudKUyifaumufNrdKU t*Fvyd jf refrm pmoifausmif;rS 7 wef;
atmifjrifcNhJ yD; 1942 ckEpS f *syefacwf ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf (bD'D
at) wGif Adkvfuav;tjzpf ppfrIxrf;cJhonf/ ,if;aemuf usef;rma&;
raumif;ojzifh wyfrSEIwfxGufvkduf&onf/
BudK;ray;rD tcsdew
f iG f pdeBf uD;ac: armifped u
f rdrEd iS hf taygif;ygwdYk
OD;apm\pum;udk em;axmifrd vkyfBuHrdMuaMumif;? 4if;taeESifh b0
qufwidk ;f OD;apmvdv
k rl sdK;ESihf rawGUqH&k ygapESi[
hf k wkid w
f nfomG ;Ny;D ==vky&f J
&ifccH &hJ rnf++ rdrw
d Ykd Adv
k cf sKyfwt
Ykd m; owfonfrmS rSeaf Mumif;ESihf xdo
k Ykd owf&
jcif;rSm OD;apmapcdik ;f csuft& owf&aMumif;++ udk oufqikd &f m yk*Kd vfrsm;udk
ajymjyNy;D aemuf ==toufa& igajymxm;wJt
h wkid ;f vkyx
f m;a[h? igvmcJNh y+D +
[k atmf[pfomG ;avonf/
pdeBf uD;ac: armifped \
f vkyBf uHrt
I aMumif;ajymoGm;onfu
h pd u
kd vl
wkdif;em;vnfEkdifMuaomfvnf; ==toufa& igajymxm;wJhtwkdif; vkyf
xm;a[h? igvmcJNh yD++ [laom
pum;\ t"dyg,fwdkYudk vl
trsm; em;vnfcsifem;vnf
ayvdrfhrnf/ vdyfywfvnf
atmif&Sif;jy&tHk;rnf/ odkYrS
om Zmwf&nfvnfayvdrfh
rnf/
armifped af c: pdeBf uD;
ac: vSatmif\zcifrmS yJc;l
wkid ;f BuKd UyifaumufNrKd UwGif vl
odxif&mS ;aom OD;armifBu;D \
pdeBf uD;ac: armifped f
46
wpfOD;wnf;aomom;jzpfonf/ OD;armifBuD;ESifhOD;apmonf tvGef&if;ESD;

onfh rdwaf qGrsm;jzpfMuonf/ OD;armifBu;D towfc&H Ny;D aemuf rdcifjzpfol
a':ESi;f onf om;jzpfopl ed Bf uD;udk wcsdeu
f aus;Zl;&Scd zhJ ;l aomaMumifh om;
jzpfot
l m; tppt&m&m vdrm a&;jcm;&Sad p&efEiS hf vdt
k yfovkd cdik ;f ap&ef
OD;apmxHtyfEcHS o
hJ nf/ OD;apmtdro
f Ykd a&mufvQiaf &mufcsi;f OD;apmu pdeBf u;D
tm; opma&aomufcikd ;f onf/ odjYk zifh pdeBf u;D onf OD;apmapcdik ;f csuft&
vkyBf uHrw
I iG yf g0ifvmjcif;jzpfonf/
vli,fb0 pdeBf u;D rSm rdrZd mwdBuKd UyifaumufNrKd U i,f&nf;pm;&So
d nf/
pdeBf u;D onf t,lcyH ,fcsc&H Ny;D aemuf BuKd ;ay;&ef&ufe;D vmcgeD; oufqikd f
&m tusOf;OD;pD;0efxrf;rsm;udk 4if;\ i,f&nf;pm;ESihf awGUvdak Mumif; tcGihf
ta&;awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/ xdt
k cg oufqikd &f mu txuftmPmydik rf sm;xH
cGiyhf ef 4if;&nf;pm;udk &efuek af xmiftwGi;f odYk ac:,lum axmifyikd Bf uD;
ESihf tusOf;0efxrf;rsm; a&SUwGif 4if;wdYk ESpOf ;D tm; arv 7 &uf aomMumaeY
wGif awGUqHck iG ahf y;cJo
h nf/ xdpk Ofu axmifyikd Bf uD;ESihf 0efxrf;rsm; a&SUwGif
pdefBuD;u 4if;\ i,f&nf;pm;tm; vifa,mufsm;r&SdvQif vlapmfum;cH&
vdrrhf nf/ 4if;BuKd ;ay;cH&Ny;D aemuf oifah wmfonfh a,mufsm;wpfa,mufukd
tjrefqHk; vufxyf,l&efajym&m 4if;&nf;pm;u 4if;\wpfoufwmwGif
a,mufsm;r,lvakd wmhaMumif; pdeBf u;D uvnf; 4if;\ pum;udk em;axmif&ef
wGiw
f iG rf mS Mum;aeavonf/
xdaYk emuf pdeBf u;D u rdr&d nf;pm;udk orD;&nf;pm;jzpfcchJ sderf S ,aeYwikd f
wpfcgrQrerf;zl;aMumif;ESihf ao&cgeD; wpfBudrw
f pfcg yg;udk erf;oGm;vdk
aMumif;ajym&m oufqkdif&myk*dKvfwdkYu rdef;uav;u cGifhjyKvQif erf;Edkif
aMumif; ajymjyonf/ cGijhf yKvQif pdeBf u;D u yg;ESpzf ufpvH;k udk rerf;bJ opm
&Spd mG 1500 arwmjzifh wzufomerf;NyD; usefyg;wpfzufukd 4if;ud,
k rl nfh
cifyGef;avmif;twGuf oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;xm;cJhaMumif; tm;vHk;a&SUwGif
oufaoxlomG ;cJah vonf/ 4if;aemuf BuKd ;pifwufonfah eY BuKd ;ay;onfh
tcsdefavmufwGif 4if;\&nf;pm;jzpfolonf tif;pdefaxmiftwGif;&Sd 0ef
xrf;tdrw
f pfae&m t&ufwpfcu
G Ef iS hf rD;nNd yD;aom pD;u&ufwpfvyd u
f kd
pdeBf uD;rSmxm;onft
h wkid ;f jyKvkyx
f m;&m BudK;pifay: a'gufrjzKwfcif
twGif;rSmyif pdefBuD;u ==toufa& igajymxm;wJt
h wkid ;f vkyx
f m;a[h? igvmcJNh y+D + [laom
47
atmf[pfoEH iS t
hf wl 5 em&Dww
d w
d iG f toufaysmufomG ;csde
f yif pdeBf uD;
twGuf iSUJ xm;aomt&ufcu
G x
f rJ S t&ufrsm; vIid ;f xouJo
h Ukd odoo
d mom
vIyv
f mNyD; pD;u&ufrmS vnf; vlwpfa,muf aomufaeonft
h vm; rD;cd;k
rsm; waxmif;axmif;xaeonfukd awGU&onf/ pdeBf u;D ud,
k w
f idk f t&ufEiS hf
pD;u&ufudk aomufaeouJhodkY xl;qef;pGm jrifawGU&avonf/
pdefBuD;ac: armifpdefonf t&ufudkvnf;BudKuf? pD;u&ufudk
vufxu
J rcs wvdyNf y;D wvdyf rD;cd;k rjywfatmif aomufwwfaom Chain
Smoker wpfOD;jzpfavonf/ pdefBuD;\ tqdkyg i,f&nf;pm;qdkolrSm
aemifwGif e0w? etztpdk;&acwfrS ,aeYwkdif bDvD,sHESifhcsD csrf;om
<u,f0aeaom tmPm&SifAdkvfcsKyfrSL;BuD;oef;a&TESifh tvGef&if;ESD;onfh
acwfysufola|;BuD;? vufeufyGJpm;awZ\ a,mur (Parents in law)
a':xl;jzpfaeavonf/ a':xl;\cifyeG ;f rSm xl;axmufyahH &; OD;aZmfneG Yf
jzpfonf/ OD;aZmfneG Yf a':xl;\orD;jzpfol oDwmaZmfukd awZu vufxyf
cJjh cif;jzpfonf/ awZ\ =xl;+ ukrP
o
D nf a,mur\emrnfukd *kPjf yKrSnhf
ac:xm;jcif;jzpfonf[q
k o
kd nf/
pdeBf uD;ESit
hf wl wBudK;pifxBJ udK;'Pfay;cH&aom &efBuD;atmifonf
tkwfzdkom;jzpfNyD; BudK;'PfcH&pOfu touf 18 ESpfom &Sdao;onf/
toufti,fq;kH aoewform;jzpfonf/ OD;apm\ w0rf;uGn
J D OD;vSxeG ;f
ac: OD;armifxeG ;f \om;jzpfonf/ vdt
k yfonfh aemufq;kH tcsdeu
f srS OD;apm
u olu
Y kd acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm;vkyBf uH&ef a&G;cs,fcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ ol\
waZmufuef; tusihaf Mumifh aoewform;tjzpf tH0ifciG u
f s jzpfco
hJ nf/
OD;apmonf &efBu;D atmiftm; om;tjzpf 4if;tdr
f ac:,larG;pm;
xm;onf/ &efBu;D atmifrmS e*du
k vl;kd vlat;jzpfonf/ ESpv
f ;kH jyL;aoewf
udk ypfzdkYa0;pG udkifyifrMunfhbl;acs/ odkYaomf OD;apmudk,fwkdif &efBuD;
atmifukd tif;vsm;uefx&J dS vlot
l a&muf taygufenf;vSonfh uRef;wpf
uRef;ay:wGif aoewfrsdK;pHyk pfenf;udk vufxyfoifMum;ay;cJo
h nf/ vkyBf uH
rIwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhwuG usqHk;cJhaom 0efBuD;wdkYtm; pwif
aoewfudk vufoHajymifpGmypfcJhonfhtjyif twGif;0efkH;atmufxyf
tqif; twGif;avSum;xdyfwGif q&mBuD;OD;&mZwf\oufawmfapmifh
&Jabmfuakd xG;udk pwif;aoewfjzifh usnfav;awmifh ypfcwfomG ;onftxd
aoewfypf uRrf;usifomG ;avonf/
48
1947 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 29 &ufaeY aeYvnf 1 em&D 25

rdepfwGif txl;cHkkH; &efBuD;atmifu atmufygtwdkif; ajzmifhcsufay;
cJhonf==rdro
d nf OD;apmESihf wlt&D;awmfaMumif;? tkwzf Nkd rKd UodYk OD;apmvmpOf
rdro
d nf OD;apmtdr
f tjcm;vlrsm;awGU& twlae&onf/ &efBuD;Edik u
f kd
rdrdac:vm OD;apmtdrf0if;xJrSmyif aexdkifygonf/ uRefawmfwdkYtm;
okcuwkid af y;aomopmudk vku
d q
f &kd ygonf/ uRefawmft
h m; OD;apmud,
k f
wkdif aoewfypfoifay;ygonf/ udkbGefYumuD ykvdyft0wftpm;ESifh
avmf&Dum;wpfpD;pm pwif;*ef;rsm;,lvmygonf/ uRefawmfu trJqD
okwfNyD; aowmwGifxnfhNyD; tdrfrSmxm;&ygonf/ aemuf ,rf;awmifh
aowm 18 vHk; udkbGefYwdkY,lvm OD;apmtdrf0if;xJu a&uefxJodkY
csxm;vku
d &f ygonf/
Zlvdkif 19 &uf eHeufapmapm OD;apmu uRefawmfhudk vmEId;NyD; ppf
0wfppfpm;ay;ygonf/ udkpdk;u uRefawmf\tusykcHk;rSm jcaoFh wHqdyf
wyfay;ygonf/ udpk ;kd ? udo
k ufEiS ;f ? udrk eI ?f udo
k ck wkv
Yd nf; ppf0wfppfpm;eJY
awGU&ygonf/ udkpdk;? udkoufESif;? udkrIefwdkY rSm awmfrD*ef;wpfvufpDeJY
awGUygonf/ uRefawmfu
h akd c: igypfcidk ;f &if ypf&rnf[ak jymNyD; *spfum;
ESihf Zlvidk v
f 19 &uf eHeuf 10 em&DwiG f OD;apm\tdrrf S xGuv
f mcJyh gonf/
OD;apmu t*Fvyd f Good Luck vdYk ajymygonf/ twGi;f 0ef;Hk a&mufawmh
AdkvfcsKyftcef;twGif;odkY udkpdk;ESifh udkpdefwdkYu t&if0ifNyD; 0efBuD;rsm;udk
'l;axmufNy;D ypfygonf/ tcef;xJrS xGuv
f maomtcg avSum;Bu;D em;wGif
ajcmufvHk;jyL;ESifh vlwpfa,mufudkawGU aoewfwpfcsufqGJvkduf&m 2
csuf 3 csuf xGuo
f mG ;ygonf/ xdreS rf rSef *krxm;awmhbJ qif;vmMuNy;D
*spfum;ESifh tdrfodkY jyefygonf/ vrf;rSm tusrsm;cRwfMuygonf/ tdrf
a&mufawmh OD;apmu ae&mus&JUvm;[k ar;? udkpdk;u tm;vHk;tdkau[k
jyefajymygonf++
odaYk omf &efBu;D atmifrmS vkyBf urH BI u;D ESihf ywfouf yxrwGif txuf
ygtwkid ;f [kww
f ikd ;f rSe&f mrsm;udk ajzmifch sufay;Ny;D rS aemufyikd ;f bl;uG,f
ypfcahJ vonf/
4if;wdYk BuKd ;ray;rD &efuek af xmifBu;D BuKd ;wku
d
f armifped f (c) pdeBf u;D
ESifhtwl tcef;csif;uyf xm;cJhonf/ pdefBuD;rSm BudK;ay;rcHrD r*Zif;
49
pmtkyrf sm;awmif;? pD;u&ufrsm;awmif;? aemufq;kH 4if;&nf;pm;a[mif;ESihf

awGUoGm;vkdaMumif; tcGifhta&;rsdK;pHk awmif;qdkoGm;aomfvnf; &efBuD;
atmifrmS bmrQrawmif;onft
h jyif at;aq;pGm bk&m;tmkjH yKum ykw;D pdyf
bm0emyGm;rsm;aecJhonf/ aemufqHk; BudK;ay;rnfh eHeufa0vDa0vif; 5
em&Dtcsde
f yif 4if;tdyaf om oHuw
k ifxyd af bmifay:wGif bk&m;qDr;D rsm;
ylaZmfxeG ;f n
d BuKH UBuKH Uuav; bk&m;0wfjyKaeonfukd 0efxrf;rsm;awGU&S&d
onf/ BudK;ay;&efeD;vm 4if;tm;ac:xkwfonfhtcgvnf; Nidrfouf
at;aq;pGm vku
d yf goGm;cJo
h nf/ axmif0efxrf;ESihf axmifrLS ;wdt
Yk m; 4if;
pdyfcJhaom pdyfykwD;ESifh pmuav;wpfapmifudk ay;tyfum 4if;aemufqHk;
0wfxm;onfh &Syt
f usESiv
hf cHk snfuav;udk zcifjzpfox
l H qufqufyaYkd y;&ef
rSmMum;oGm;avonf/
4if;onf vkyBf urH BI u;D wGif yg0ifusL;vGeaf Mumif; aemufq;kH aeYrS 0efcH
oGm;avonf/ BuKd ;ay;Ny;D aemuf 0efxrf;rsm;u 4if;aexdik cf ahJ om BuKd ;wku
d f
teD;rS jzwfomG ;pOf 4if;tcef; xGe;f nx
d m;aom bk&m;qDr;D rsm;rSm tcsdKU
Nidrf; tcsdKUNidrf;vkNidrf;cif rSdwfwkwf rSdwfwkwf jzpfaeonfudk awGU&av
onf/ qDr;D rsm;tm;vH;k rNird ;f ciftcsdeu
f av;rSm &efBu;D atmif\ ZD0ed u
f m;
csKyfNidr;f oGm;onfrmS ocFg&w&m;oabmt& avmujzpfpOf[o
l rQonf
rsOf;ajzmift
h oGijf zpfMuonfr[kwf puf0ef;toGijf zifh jzpfMujcif; jzpf\/
xdkYaMumifh ==udk,fjyKaomuHyJhwifoHudk,fhxHjyefvmrnf++ [laom ed,mr
twkid ;f &efBuD;atmifonf oljyKaomuHtwkid ;f oljyefcH oGm;cJ&h avonf/
&efBuD;atmif olYzcifxH ay;cJhaompmrSm==taza&.... tazhtaeeJYawmh om;twGuf rcsdrqefY y#da'0rD;
awG awmufavmifaerSmtrSeyf /J uReaf wmfBuKd ;rdeUf csc&H Ny;D t,lcyH ,fvu
dk f
Nyq
D w
kd hJ owif;Mum;&uwnf;u aeYpOf ykw;D pdyf w&m;xdik cf &hJ m ,ckw&m;&
cJhygNyDtaz/ aojcif;w&m;udk vlwdkif;BuHK&r,fqdkayr,fh 'DvdktjzpfrsdK;eJY
awmh om;raocsifwmuawmh trSefygyJtaz/ 'gayr,fh udk,fjyKcJhwJh
trItwGuf wpfaeYudk,fjyefcH&r,fqdkwmudk om;... w&m;&cJhygNyD/ om;
udk,fhtjypfaMumifh ao&rSmudk wpufrSraMumufygbl;/ usaemfaeYwkdif;
pdycf w
hJ hJ ykw;D av;? raocif0wfxm;wJh tuseJv
Y ckH snfav;awGukd ,ckpmeJY
twl tazhxH om;tyfEcHS yhJ gw,f/ nDav;awGBu;D vmwJw
h pfaeY usaemfay;
cJhwJh ykwD;? t0wftpm;eJYpmudkjyNyD; usaemfhvdk rrdkuf&ef qHk;ray;ygvdkY
50
*VKefOD;apmtm; 1948 arv (8) &uf eHeuf 5 em&D 35 rdepfwGif

tif;pdeAf [dt
k usOf;axmifBuD;twGi;f &Sd (1) aqmifteD;&Sd BudK;pif BudK;ay;&ef
jyifqifaepOf
om;dak oav;jrwfpmG uefawmhcyhJ gw,ftaz/

om;
&efBuD;atmif
&efBuD;atmif\pmudk aoaocsmcsmzwfMunfyh gu aphaphawG;vQif
a&;a&;ay:qdkovdk oHa0*w&m;rsm;&NyD;&if;&cJhMurnf xifygonf/
avmu vkyo
f ifv
h yk x
f u
dk o
f nfu
h pd r sm;udk rvkycf ahJ omf odrYk [kwf rvkyf
oifhrvkyfxkdufonfudk jyKvkyfcJhrdygu aemufwcsdefwGif ylyefae&rnfrSm
rvGyJ if/ ,if;udyk if =aemifw w&m;+ [k ac:a0:cJMh uonf/ aemifrS =w+
&aom aemifwonfum; awmifw
h oltzdYk tcgaESmif;cJNh yDr[kwyf gavm/
rnfodkYqdkap... 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf paeaeYwGif
vkyfBuHowf jzwfcJhaom vkyfBuHrIw&m;cHrsm;onf 1948 ckESpf arv 8
&uf paeaeYwiG yf if Zmwford ;f oGm;cJ&h onf/ paeom; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
onfvnf; paeaeYrmS yif usqH;k cJ&h ojzifh jrefrmhEikd if aH &;uHMurmwpfcv
k ;kH
onf paeN*dK[farT oGm;cJah voavm[k awG;xifaerdygawmhonf/
51
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ tavmif;tm; aetdrw
f iG f
awG&Y &dS pOf
52
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; usqHk;cJhpOfu
1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 19 &uf paeaeYeeH uf 10 em&D 35 rdepftcsdef
wGif vlowform;wd\
Yk vufcsufjzifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm; usqH;k cJ&h onf/ usqH;k onfrS 2012 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufaeYqkd
vQif 65 ESpw
f idk cf NhJ yDjzpfonf/ usqH;k pOfu Adv
k cf sKyf atmifqef;\touf
onf 32 ESpfausmfom &Sdao;onf/ tu,f toufxif&Sm;&SdaevQif
,cktcsdefwGif 97 ESpft&G,fcefY &Sdayrnf/
Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;b0odYk a&mufrvmrD ocifatmifqef;b0&Spd Of
ewfarmufNrdKU w&m;yGw
J pfc
k Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ==usKyft&m&SBd u;D vnf;rvkycf sif? armfawmfum;Bu;D vnf;rpD;csif? usKyf
vdck sifwmu Armhajrudk ArmawGjyef&a&;eJY vlwikd ;f vlwikd ;f vlwef;aph aeEdik f
xdik Ef ikd af &;yJvckd sifw,f++
[l zGifh[ajymqdkcJhonf/ ,if;odkYajymonfhtwkdif;yif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf ud,
k u
f sdK;pGev
Yf Quf wdik ;f jynftwGuf tepftemcHum tpOf
wpdkuf BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufvmcJhonfudk jynfolvlxku aumif;pGmcHpm;
od&MdS uonf/ xdaYk Mumifv
h nf; Adv
k cf sKyfukd av;pm;cspfcifMuonf/ ,HMk unf
ud;k pm;Muonf/ jrwfE;dk Muonf/ ,if;od&Yk q
dS w
J iG f Adv
k cf sKyfwu
Ykd sqH;k oGm;cJ&h m
awma&mNrKd Uygrusef jynfrawmifwef;tESUH tm;vH;k aomjynfov
l x
l Bk u;D rSm
Burd rf ;D tH;k yrm 0rf;enf;aMuuGrJ qH;k &Scd MhJ uonf/ ESajrmowrqH;k &SMd uonf/
,lusHK;r&jzpfc&hJ onf/ wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif e,fcsJUvufyg;ap *VKefO;D apmESihf
olw
Y ynfv
h o
l wform;tay: trsufa'go aygufucJG MhJ uonf/
53
1945 rwf 27&ufaeYu awmfvSefa&;wyfrsm;tm; a&SYwef;ppfrsufESmodkYrydkYrD

vdu
k v
f pH pfaq;Munfh aI epOf
54
q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f ESihf
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ vef'ef
NrKd UrS &efuek o
f Ykd jyefa&mufvmaomtcgwGif ==atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyf++
udk twnfjyK&ef cufcufccJ BJ uKd ;pm;&avonf/ NAw
d ed \
f vdu
k af vsmfcsufrmS
zqyv tzGUJ csKyf\ rlvawmif;qdck suf rsm;xuf rsm;pGaJ vsmhenf;aeav
55
onf/ tcsdew
f iG f uGejf rLepfygwDEiS hf jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwrYkd mS tBuD;tus,f
tHk<uaeNyDjzpf 4if;wdkYu ,if;wdkY\t,ltqudk vG,fvG,fESifhrpGefYvTwf
vdMk uay/
q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmfridI ;f rSm Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wdYk bdvyfomG ;
aqG;aEG;onfu
h pd u
kd rlvuvnf;oabmruscJah y/ *sDpb
D aD t acwfuvdk
jzpfO;D rSmyJ[k pdwx
f w
J iG pf aJG eavonf/ wpfcgwpf&w
H iG f q&mBuD;u wpfpkH
wpfO;D tm;rauseyfwmwpfcsuf xkwaf jymvdu
k v
f Qif xdt
k csdeu
f owif;pm
rsm;wGif q&mBu;D emrnfEiS hf zqyvudk wdu
k cf u
kd af ompum;rsm; ygvmwwf
avonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf bdvyfrjS yefvmcgp wpfaeYwiG f q&mBuD;
ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;tdrfodkY kwfw&ufa&mufvmavonf/ q&mwynfh
tmvmy ovmy pum;rsm;ajymqdkNyD;aemuf AkdvfcsKyfu q&mBuD;tm;
zqyvudk wdu
k cf u
kd af ompum;rsm;rajym&ef awmif;yefavonf/
==q&mBuD;arQmfrSef;vmcJhwJhvGwfvyfa&;udk wpfESpftwGif;&atmif
uRefawmfwYkd ud;k pm;aeygw,f q&mBu;D / wpfEpS af vmufawmh apmifMh unfh
ygOD;/ 'DtwGif; q&mBuD;bmrSrvkyfygeJYOD;++
==a[h atmifqef;rif;uq&mvm;/ iguq&mvm;++ [k jyefar;vdu
k f
avonf/ q&mBu;D rSm tawmfpw
d q
f ;kd oGm;avonf/ Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;rSm
vnf; td;k wd;k tef;wef;jzpfomG ;avonf/ xdak emuf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u
xyfajymjyefonf/
==q&mBuD; tjcm;vlbmajymajym uRefawmfwrYkd xdcu
kd yf gbl;/ q&m
BuD;u uRefawmfwdkYudk qefYusifwJhpum;wpfcGef;ajym&if wpfcGef;xdckduf
ygw,f/ uRefawmfuwday;wJt
h wdik ;f wpfEpS jf ynfv
h b
Ykd mrSjzpfrvmbl;qd&k if
q&mBu;D vkycf sifwmvkyyf g/ uRefawmfvnf; Edik if aH &;rvkyaf wmhygbl;/ at;
at;yJaeyg awmhr,f/ tckajymwJph um; q&mBu;D rSwx
f m;yg/ 'DaeYbmaeY
vJ OD;a,m/ tJ rSwfxm;ygq&mBuD;++ [k AdkvfcsKyfu xdktcsdefu teD;
wGif&Sdaom OD;a,m (q&maZ,s) bufvSnfhajymvdkufavonf/
uJo
h Ykd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u ZGwaf wmif;yefawmhrS q&mBu;D vnf;
tenf;i,fpw
d af jyoGm;um ==at;pdwcf syg igbmrSrajymbl;++ [k uwday;
vdu
k af vawmhonf/
um; q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmfridI ;f tdrrf S Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;jyef
56
oGm;NyD;aemuf vydik ;f twGi;f 1947 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v

f 19 &ufaeY paeaeYn
7 em&D 15 rdepftcsdew
f iG f jrefrmjynfb&k ifcu
H ,
kd w
f ikd f jrefrmEdik if t
H oHviT hf
XmerS txl;owif;wpf&yfaMunmvdu
k af vawmhonf/
==1947 Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufaeYeeH uf 10 em&D 30 rdepf trIaqmif
aumifpt
D zGUJ 0if 0efBu;D tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf 0efBu;D rsm;tm; owfjzwf
vkyMf uMH u onft
h aMumif;udk jrefrmjynfojl ynfom;wdt
Yk m; uREfyk u
f txl;
0rf;enf;pGmjzifh ajymMum;&ygaMumif;? eHeuf 10 em&Dco
JG momavmufwiG f
pufaoewfrsm;udk udkifaqmifolwdkYonf tpnf;ta0;tcef;xJodkY 0if
a&mufvm twGi;f &Sv
d rl sm;udyk pfcwfaMumif;? 'kw,
d OuX OD;atmifqef;
ESifhwuG ocifjr? ref;bcdkif? OD;bcsdK? ty'l&mZwf? OD;b0if;? p0fpHxGef;?
twGi;f 0if OD;tke;f armifEiS hf oufawmfapmifh udak xG;wdYk aoqH;k MuaMumif;++
Adv
k cf sKyfwv
Ykd yk Mf ucH &H Ny[
D al om owif;qd;k Bu;D onf wpfjynfv;kH odw
Yk if
r[kwf csif;yHsUESo
YH mG ;avawmhonf/ &efuek w
f iG f vkyMf uHrBI uD;ay:aygufNyD;
em&Dydkif;twGif; odMu&avonf/
q&mBu;D ocifu,
kd af wmfridI ;f rSmvnf; owif;udk Mum;&aomtcg
tvGepf w
d x
f cd u
kd o
f mG ;avonf/ atmif;qef; raeYwpfaeYuyJ tdrv
f moGm;
57
ao; onf[kvnf; q&mBuD;u atmufarhrdavonf/

Adv
k cf sKyfwu
Ykd sqH;k Ny;D aemuf Adv
k cf sKyf\tdu
k t
f &mudq
k ufcaH om ocif
Ekonf wpfaeYwGif ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;xHvma&muf tusdK;taMumif;
ajymjy avonf/ xdktcg q&mBuD;u ...
==atmifqef;romtwGuf igaiGawmhrwwfEdkifbl;uGm/ 'DuAsm
wpfyk'feJY pmtkyfom,loGm;ayawmh++ [k qdkum rdrda&;om;xm;aom
==tmZmenfAdrmefuAsm++ ESifh pmtkyfudk ocifEkvufodkYay;tyfvdkufav
onf/
tmZmenfArd meft"dXmefuo
k v
kd af wmfBu;D [k q&mBu;D u trnfwyf
xm;aom ,if;pmtkyaf &mif;&aomtjrwfaiGukd tmZmenfArd meftwGuf
q&mBuD;u vSL'gef;ygonf[k azmfjyxm;onf/ tqdkygpmtkyfudk jrefrmh
tvif;yHEk ydS w
f u
kd
f du
k Ef ydS Nf y;D wpftyk v
f Qif 1 usyfEeI ;f jzifh jzefcY sdcahJ vonf/
tmZmenfAdrmefav;csdK;uAsmwGif wwd,tcsdK;rygjzpfaeojzifh
aemiftcgwGif q&maZmf*sDu q&mBuD;ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f tm;jyefar;&m
q&mBuD;u ==a[.. [kwfvm;/ q&mvJ tJ'Dtcgu a&;oma&;& pdwfu
w,fraumif;ygbl;uGm++ [kajym wwd,tcsdK;udk jyefvnfa&;ay;
vdu
k yf gonf/
odkYuvdkY 1947 Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYwGif *VKefOD;apm\ aemuf
vdu
k w
f ynfrh sm;\vufcsufjzifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;
usqHk;cJhav&m q&mBuD;onf tvGefaMuuGJ0rf;enf;onfhtavsmuf
==tmZmenfAdrmef#Dum++ udka&; atmufygtwdkif; rSwfwrf;wifcJh
avonf/
(1)
aMomf ... taqmifaqmifeef;awG
MuiSmef;awGEiS ahf ESm
tacgifrjref;cifu
atmifpmwrf;csdKUapzd?Yk atmifyef;ndKU&&SmwJh
awmifwref;wdAYk rmrSm ta[mif;oHo&m
tikwaf wGEiS hf
atmifqef;wdrYk omr,m[m4if;uHMurmtvkyaf yxifh
aomif;jref;r&Pprkwrf mS awmh
58
csKyfoeJ,
Y if;tvdw
k iG f
a'gif;tvHy0gtkyyf gvdYk usKyfjzifh
oN*K[fcsif/ /
(2)
aMomf ... wynfht&if;awGrdkY
u0drwif;EdkifbkuJGU
owduif;um rsuf&nfususNyD;
cufuNyDvufqnfvdkYr&Edkifbk
aomubavmifqal wmh
awmifZrLyk*aH cwfqu
D
,acgifr,
l refoepfawGaygh
&eftjzpfruGrYJ aES;oaemf waomif;'DZrL&rf;aeMu
usef&pfwahJ jr;awmftavmif;pnfo&l ehJ ef;udjk zifh
vlMurf;"g;jyawGMurf;vm&rf;vmwJt
h a&;wGirf S
ab;taygif;BuD;pGaJ 0'emtpHek YJ
aoG;acsmif;pD;um ao&SmyH&k jhJ yif
a&TjrefrmbHkrSm trif;rif;orwawGeJY
owif;vScJhwJhtif;0&mZm trGefomvGefrif;udkrS
om;&if;&Siw
f kwu
f ,fu
&Sib
f &k ifvyk rf ,ftus,fZ,m;wGijf zifh
'0,fom;awGAv
kd 0f ifcv
H rYkd Ykd
[dt
k &if,refeef;awmfp;D pOfu
tysufBuD;ysufum toufcEmawGq;kH yHek YJ
wxH;k aemufweJrmS awmh
rif;&JeErw
d cf rsmrSm nDoeif;ayayhg
jynfrif;*kPfcHvdkY
rIefrIefqefqefykefuefwJhtwdkif;&Jhjyif
wvdik ;f e,fa&TjynfwcGirf awmh
"rapwDbk&ifvufxufwkef;qDu
vufek ;f &nfwode;f vQrf;aywJh
ordeAf &rf;qdo
k pl pfAv
kd cf sKyfujkd zifh
59
r[kww
f kwaf umifawavwap?udu
k w
f meJY
aMomf.. azGazG&Sm&Sm rausp&mayayghaESm
ra&r&mao&Gmqdu
k o
f vdyk gh
tcdu
k t
f cgwlvrYkd Ykd
q&mwrlrMumrMumvGr;f &ygwJh
br&mtqlqMl umMuiSmef;awGEiS hf
jrefrmZrLtnmref;awGjzifh
igwvligo&rf;a&mhr[Jv
h Ykd
omcef;yvin
f eG ;f NyD;
jrifuGef;ydkifolykefxpOfu
MuHK&olromawmfEiS hf
yrmaomfwlw,fvdkY EdIif;rdw,f
dik ;f oeJt
Y wdw,
f cifvakd emfu,
G f
pudkif;wyJh*dkPf;tzGJUawGeJY rIdif;&Jhpdwfxif/
(3)
rif;pdwrf if;rmeftMuHtzefwif;vdu
k yf u
kH
t*Fvyd ,
f if;*syefEpS w
f ef&iS ;f ygvdYk
&efcyif;udw
k ahJ rmif;umESif
a'gif;jrefrmwpfciG rf mS jzifh txuf,cifoabm
(tdk;uG,f) waumif;&mZ0ifudkwJh qufcsifoabm/
(4)
eef;NrdKUwnf&ef
rSe;f vd&Yk nfumoefwhJ
nDvmcHAv
kd f yI w
JG iG rf S
xdx
k v
kd cl yJurkd MunfnKd wJ
0oDtvdk wajz;ajz;l;r[JhvdkY
waEGaEGr;l rl;NyD; acG;bD;vl;vdt
k aumifru
kd af wGu
aMomf ... tarSmifpdkufu,fESifh
60
ajymifajymifyNJ rdKufrayghvYkd
ajAmifuu
kd o
f [mrSm ,m,D,Mwmtcsdeef ZYJ mwmrSed v
f rYkd Ykd
*PmrNidrw
f m0wH ,
d eG ;f Muaygh
ajzrMunfae&DawmhvrG ;f apbdYk
jrefrmhjynfay:udk "rpnfawmf&rG ;f csderf Ykd
tpGr;f ukeo
f nfwpfcgjzifh
jynf&mG nDnmbdt
Yk vkyaf yaygh
okefwcH eG af pmif;&&SmwJh
kyt
f usefcEk pS af vmif;&,fEiS hf
tvGeaf umif;pGmurmwnfrnfh
tmZmenfArd mefyx
k ;kd udjk zifh
yg&rDt"d|mefwpfrsdK;&,fEiS hf
&Spcf ;kd umq&muefawmhcsif&hJ
jrefrmrawmhypl &mbdYk
wAsL[matmifcref;wGirf S
vlrormtarSmifoef;csderf Ykd
aomifurf;rdrYk q
Ykd u
D
.
azmifeef;ul;wdEYk iS hf taMu'*kew
f nf;[laom
a&pkeaf jrmav&Jh
aMomf ... awmifeef;ajrmufeef;taqmifaqmifMuiSmef;eJY
tacgif;rjref;&cifu atmifyef;ndK&h &SmwJh
atmifqef;wdkYaoyHk ESajrm / /
ppfNy;D acwfwiG f q&mBu;D onf touft&G,v
f nf; 70 ausmfNyjD zpf
tdkrif;rpGrf;jzpfvmonfhtavsmuf pma&;rIuAsmzGJUrI enf;yg;vmonf/
1950 jynfEh pS w
f iG f ==tem*wfZmwfct
kH rd rf uf'|d #H u
D m++ onf q&mBuD;a&;
om;cJah om aemufq;kH pmtkyjf zpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif q&mBuD;onf jynfwiG ;f
Nidr;f csrf;a&;twGuv
f nf;aumif;? urmNh idr;f csrf;a&;twGuv
f nf;aumif;
touft&G,Ef iS rhf rQ tyifyef;cHum vSnv
hf nfaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ wpfzuf
rSvnf; zufqpf#u
D mr[med'gef; urmNh ird ;f csrf;a&;uAsm? ocifu,
kd af wmf
61
rIid ;f \ arwmywemuAsm ponfwu

Ykd o
kd m BuKd Mum;BuKd Mum; zGUJ qdak &;om;cJh
onf/
xdaYk emuf 1955 rwfv 22 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rdKUawmfcef;ra&SU
pwmvifNird ;f csrf;a&;qkay;yGo
J bifusif;y&m tjynfjynfqikd &f m pwmvif
Nidrf;csrf;a&;qkay;a&; aumfrwDOuXrpwmeDudkavwDcdkaemhAfu
q&mBu;D tm; Nird ;f csrf;a&;qkvufrw
S Ef iS hf a&Twq
H yd q
f k tyfEiS chf sD;jriS chf o
hJ nf/
Nird ;f csrf;a&;qk wHqyd Ef iS t
hf wl q&mBu;D onf qkawmfaiGb
l v
J af iGwpfoed ;f
(jrefrmaiG wpfodef;ESpfaomif; ig;axmifusyfcefY) &&Sdonf/
xdkYjyif q&mBuD;tm; 1960 Mo*kwfv 10 &ufaeYwGif *smreD 'Drdk
u&ufwpforwEdkifiH (ta&SU*smreD) [rf;bdkY'f (Humboldt) *kPfxl;
aqmif ynma&;yg&*l (a'gufwmbGJU) udk tyfESif;cJhjyefonf/
,if;aemuf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;zcifBuD;? rsdK;cspfpmqdk
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;onf 1964 ckESpf Zlvdkif 23 &uf Mum
oyaw;aeYeeH uf 1 em&Dcw
JG iG f vlBuD;a&m*gjzihf uG,v
f eG ef pd a &mufonf/
uG,fvGefcsdef om;orD;ESpfa,muf? ajr; 15 a,muf? jrpf 61 a,muf
usef&pfco
hJ nf/ q&mBu;D \ <uif;usefaomkyu
f vyfukd a&Tw*d b
kH &k m;vrf;&Sd
uefawmfr*Fvmyef;jcH (rdbk&m;acgifBuD; pkbk&m;vwf*lAdrmefteD;)
*loiG ;f oN*K[fxm;avonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY vkyfBuHcH&pOfu xdkaeYjrifuGif;udk '*kefwm
&mu ==OD;atmifqef;\ aemufqHk;aeY++ acgif;pOfjzifh twGJ1? trSwf 6
(1947 ckESpf Mo*kwfv) xkwf wm&mr*Zif;wGif atmufygtwkdif;
a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf/
==Zlvdkifv 19&uf? paeaeY 10em&DcGJ++
rdk;vif;uwnf;uyif aumif;uifonf tHkU
rIdif;ndKrIdif;vsuf&Sdonf/ wdrfwkduf[l Munf
vifpmG rjrif&/ rd;k udMk unf&h onfrmS jrLoef;aeaom
yifv,fBuD;vdk 0dk;0dk;0g;0g;aeonf/ rdk;onf uif;
uif;vGwfvGwfpJonf[l r&SdbJ wzGJzGJ&Gmvkduf?
wNzdKifNzdKif&GmcsvkdufESifh aemufapG aeavonf/
'DuaeYtwGi;f 0efrsm;k;H odYk oGm;p&m&So
d nf/ wkid ;f jyKjynf
62
jyK vTwfawmf txl;t&m&Sd OD;odef;[ef (aZmf*sD)u paeaeYaeYvnfwGif

aqmif;yg;vm,l &efcsde;f xm;onf/ Adv
k cf sKyftyg;awmfNrJ Adv
k x
f eG ;f vSxrH S
vnf; c&D;oGm; aqmif;yg;udk vrf;BuKH vQif,o
l mG ;yg[k rSmxm;vsuf&o
dS nf/
odjYk zpf Adv
k x
f eG ;f vS (wuov
kd af e0if;) xH aqmif;yg;0if,&l ef cPwjzKwf
pum; pjrnfajymNy;D aemuf q&maZmf*sDxo
H Ykd oGm;rnf[k pdwu
f ;l xm;onf/
10 em&Davmufuwnf;u t0wftpm;vJNyD; rdk;twdwfudkapmifh
vsuf&o
dS nf/ rd;k um;rpJEidk af y/ odEYk iS hf pm;yGw
J iG x
f idk u
f m tNyD; rowfao;
aom uAsmwpfy'k u
f kd pyf&if; 11 em&Dx;kd oGm;avNy/D rd;k um; rwdwaf o;ay/
aemufq;kH wGif rd;k pJvrd rhf nfr[kw[
f k pdwcf svdu
k Nf y;D tay:tus xyf
0wfum vrf;rBuD;odYk xGucf o
hJ nf/ tqifoifah wGUaom a'gif;wHqyd f wm
arGbwfpu
f m;udk wufp;D onf/ um;xJwiG f Munfjh rifwidk rf S vku
d yf gvmonf
xif&aom awmom;oH;k a,mufEiS hf wkwrf ESpaf ,mufuakd wGU&onf/ um;
jywif;wHcg;rsm;rSm ydwx
f m;onf/ c&D;onfwu
Ykd m; wdwq
f w
d pf mG vku
d yf gvm
Muonf/ tjyifbufwiG u
f m; rd;k onf&mG vsufyif/ TUH AGucf sdKif0h rS ;f wdjYk zifh >yrf;
aom&efuek v
f rf;um; pdpk w
G v
f o
S nf/
um;onf odrfBuD;aps;wGifacw&yfNyD; qufvufw[kefwnf;
armif;vmonf/ c&D;onftqif;twufodyfr&SdvS/ odkYESifh pywf
(Adv
k af tmifausmf) vrf;a&mufvQif uREfyk o
f nf qif;vku
d o
f nf/ uREfyk o
f nf
'gv[kZd D (r[mAEKv) vrf;bufrS pywfvrf;bufukd jzwfu;l vku
d o
f nf/
vrf;ab;wGif armfawmfum;rsm;onf [dw
k pfp?k onfwpfpk &yfvQuf/
rd;k um0wfvQufvrl sm;onf oGm;MuvmMuESihf Iy,
f u
S f cwfaeonf/ ol&,
d
wku
d af &SUt0ifwcH g;raygufBu;D wGiu
f m; vlrsm;onf &yfumtwGi;f odYk arQmf
Munfv
h u
dk ?f pum;ajymvku
d Ef iS hf aeMuonfuakd wGUjrif&onf/ uRefawmfum;
k;H qif;csderf Ykd vlawGyI af ewmxifyg&JU[kom omrmefatmufarhro
d nf/
uRefawmfonf tifrweft&dyt
f ajctaeudk rodwwf/ rjrifwwf
oljzpfacsonf/ cgwdik ;f uJo
h yYkd if &J&w
J if;wif; wHcg;aygufrS twGi;f odYk 0if
oGm;onf/ vrf;tul;wGi;f um; vufeufuikd pf pfom;rsm; apmifMh uyfvQuf&dS
onfudk awGU&onf/
cgwdkif;vnf; apmifhaeusyJ[k xifvkdufygonf/ uRefawmfonf
twGif;0efkH;odkY oGm;cJvSayonf/
ndK;avsmfaeaomrsufESmESifh vkHcsnftjyma&mif0wfxm;aom
63
pma&;rESpfOD;onf okwfokwfokwfokwfESifh kH;xJrSxGufvmonf/ odkYESifh

tv,fqif0ifatmuf um;qdu
k o
f nfah e&modaYk &mufvmonf/ cgwdik ;f vdk
k;H rif;aprsm;? csy&mpDrsm; &yfjyKaeonfukd tvsOf;rawGU&/ wdwq
f w
d Nf ird f
oufaeonf/
AdkvfxGef;vStcef;odkYwuf&ef avSum; wpfxpf ESpfxpf wufrdNyD;rS
wdwq
f w
d Nf ird cf sufom;aumif;vSonfukd pdwx
f ifo
h mG ;&m Adv
k x
f eG ;f vS acw
k;H qif;csdef vufzuf&nfaomufomG ;aevdrrhf nf[k awG;rdum rwufawmh
bJ aZmf*sDxrH S tjyefryS 0J ifawmhrnf[ak wG; wzuf&dS wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwf
awmf;Hk cef;odYk vmcJah vonf/
vTwaf wmf;Hk 0if0ifcsif; ocifEk ;Hk cef;wHcg;0rSm ydwx
f m;onfukd awGU
&onf/ ouvwfcef;qD;tpdr;f ykyBf u;D rSmvnf; qGyJ w
d
f xm;onf/ ocifEk
k;H cef;udak usmf q&maZmf*sD\ tcef;odYk a&mufavNyD/ olt
Y cef;rSmvnf;
wHcg;ydwfxm;NyD; cef;qD;tpdrf;ykyfBuD;onf qGJaphxm;onf/ kH;apokH;
a,mufrSm eH&HudkrSDum &yfaeMuonf/ cgwdkif;vdk pum;ajymraeMu/
olwo
Ykd nf ai;rIid af wGa0 wrsdK;Bu;D jzpfaeonf[k atmufarhvu
dk o
f nf/
uRefawmfu idkifwdkifwkdifaeaom kH;apwpfOD;tm; ==OD;odef;[ef&Sd
ovm;++ [k ar;vkdufonf/
==&Syd gw,fcifAs++ [k cyfw;dk wd;k om cyfat;at;ajymonf/ onfawmh
rS rsufEmS ysufaeaMumif; taotcsmodvu
dk af wmhonf/ pdwx
f w
J iG u
f m;
r&Si;f /
wHcg;aphxm;ojzifh twGi;f odYk kww
f &ufr0ifao;bJ &yfum k;H ap
bufodkY wzefvSnfh==txJrSm tpnf;ta0;vkyfaeovm;++ [k ar;&onf/
k;H aponf bmrQrajymbJ tomt,maphxm;aom wHcg;udk zGiahf y;
onf/ vSr;f Munfv
h u
kd &f m ol\pm;yGw
J iG f xkid af eaom q&maZmf*sDukd awGUrS
xD;udkaxmifNyD; twGif;odkY 0ifvkdufonf/
k;H cef;um; wdwq
f w
d Nf ird o
f ufvQuf&o
dS nf/ aphxm;aom jywif;wHcg;
rS jympdr;f pdr;f rSeaf &mifonf du
k [
f yfojzifh tcef;onf pdr;f jymjymjzpfae
onf/ tcef;xdy&f dS pm;yGBJ uD;wGif wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmftBuHay;t&m&Sd
0wfvHkawmf& OD;csefxGef;onf acgif;idkufum ai;rIdifaevQuf&Sdonf/
q&maZmf*sDonf uRefawmf0ifvmonfukd jrifaomtcg qdwq
f w
d f
64
yif/ pum;r>ruf[bJ xdkif&ef ukvm;xkdifudkom vufjzifh Tefjyonf/

olonf ai;ikdifaeonf/ twefMumwdwfqdwfvQuf&Sdonf/ uRefawmf
um; cgwdik ;f vIy&f mS ;qln
H aewwfaom twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H onf bmaMumifh
,ckvdk tHkUrIdif;&Da0aeonf qdwfNidrfaeonfudk thHMovQuf&Sdonf/
twefMumqdwfae&mrS ==tm;vHk;awmh 'kujzpfukefNyD++ [k q&m
aZmf*sDu wdk;wdk;nnf;avonf/ uRefawmfum; bmrSef;rodao;ojzifh
aMumifae&m olu tuJcwfrd ae&mrSxum vufjy tjyifodkYac:cJh
onf/ uRefawmfonf xdwfceJjzpfoGm;onf/
==vufzuf&nfqidk o
f mG ;&atmif++
rdk;wzGJzGJwGif kH;cef;tjyifbuf ajreDvrf;uav;ay:a&mufrS uRef
awmfu raeEkdif==bmjzpfvdkYvJq&m++ [k ar;rdonf/
==rif; rMum;ao;bl;vm;++ [k q&maZmf*sDu tHhMoaeonf/
==[ift
h if;? uRefawmftckyJ bwfpu
f m;ay:uqif;NyD; k;H udw
k ef;vm
wm++
'DawmhrS q&maZmf*sDu jzpfyu
kH kd ajymjyawmhonf/ jcaoFw
h q
H yd w
f yf
ppf,el aD zmif;udk 0wfqifxm;aom vufeufuikd f vlav;a,mufonf uRef
awmfjzwfvmcJah om tv,fqif0ifatmufrS wufvmum OD;atmifqef;\
kH;cef;twGif;odkY twif;wGef;0if tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfvQuf&Sdaom trI
aqmif0efBuD;rsm;tm; pwif;*ef;jzifh ypfcwfMuNyD; rnforl Q zrf;qD;jcif;rcH
&bJ *spfum;jzifh xGuaf jy;vGwaf jrmufomG ;onf/ uRefawmfra&mufrD wpf
em&Dausmfausmfcefu
Y jzpfonf/
uRefawmfonf onfowif;udk Mum;&aomtcg xdwv
f efw
Y ek v
f yI
f
oGm;onf/ tom;rsm;wqwfqwfwek
f vmonf/
twGif;0efrsm;kH; vufzuf&nfqdkifxJwGifum; pma&;pmcsDpaom
kH;om;wdkYonf ndK;i,faomrsufESmjzifh qdwfNidrfpGm pm;aomuf aeMu
onfuakd wGUjrif&onf/ wpfpm;yGaJ b;&Sd Edik if aH &;&mtwGi;f 0ef udak usmfjrifh
uav;u vSr;f EIwq
f ufvu
dk o
f nf/ olonf cyfat;at; cyfawGawGyif
vufzuf&nfuakd omufaeonf/
==tifrwef ESajrmzdaYk umif;w,fAsm++
==odyNf y;D &ufpufMurf;MuKwfwhJ Ekid if aH &;vkyBf urH yI +J + ponfjh zifh vltcsdKU
65
onf nnf;wGm;vQuf&SdMuonf/
q&maZmf*sDu==trsdK;om;a&;ysufpD;jcif;wpf&yfyJ++ [k woo ajymonf/
==uRefawmf;Hk 0if;xJ0ifvmawmh vufeufuikd yf v
k yd af wGukd awGUw,f/
'gayr,fh uRefawmf0ifvmwm rwm;Muygbl;/ qif0ifatmufrmS awmif
todpma&;wa,mufeaYJ wGUom;yJ/ oluvnf; bmrSrajymbl;++
==vlawG[m rajym&ufMubl;++ [k q&maZmf*sDu qdkavonf/
vufzuf&nfaomufaeMupOf ckwifyJ aq;krH jS yefvmaom k;H om;wpfO;D
tyg;uyfvm==b,fE,
S v
hf +J + [k uRefawmfwu
Ykd 0dik ;f ar;jref;Muonf/ olu rdik ;f yGef
apmfbmG ;BuD;rSwyg; tm;vH;k qH;k &SmNyD[k ajymonf/ olonf toHwek af e
rsufEmS rSm jzLzyfjzLa&mfjzpfaeavonf/
==AdkvfcsKyfaum++ [k wpfa,mufuwdk;wdk;ar;onf/
==rsufESmudk t0wfeJYzHk;xm;w,f++
uRefawmfvnf; MumMumraeEdkifbJ *sL'gtDpu,f (odrfjzL) vrf;
wHcg;aygufrS jzwftjyifbufvrf;odkYxGufcJhonf/ rdk;onf wpdrfhpdrfh&Gm
vQufyif&Sdonf/ vlwa,mufonf rdk;&GmxJwGif xD;aqmif;? wcsdKUu
xD;rygbJ? wcsdKUu yvufazmif;ay:wGif&yfum twGif;0efkH;bufodkY
arQmfMunfah eMuonf/ vlwa,mufu uRefawmfv
h ufarmif;udk qGu
J ikd
f =='Dr,f ckeu 0efBuD;awG aoewfeJYypfcH&w,fMum;w,f/ [kwf
ovm;cifAsm++ [k ar;onf/ olum; taMumif;rsdK;pHkudk odcsif aeayvdrhf
rnf/
==[kwfuJh++ [lom ajzMum;NyD; wzufodkY jzwful; toifhawGU&
aom a'gif;wHqdyfum;udk wufpD;vkdufonf/ um;onf vrf;rawmfodkY
ajy;vQuf&o
dS nf/
um;xJwiG f vlrenf;vSay/ c&D;onftm;vH;k rsufprd sufEmS raumif;
Muay/ cyf&G,f&G,frdef;rysdKwpfOD;u==jzpfrSjzpf&avaemf? jzpfrSjzpfavaemf++ [k jrnfwrf;vQuf&Sdonf/
aps;onf[x
k if&aom cyftt
kd rkd ed ;f rBuD;ESpaf ,mufum;==Adv
k cf sKyftouf&iS yf gapawmf? Adv
k cf sKyftouf&iS yf gapawmf++ [k qk
awmif; aeMuonf/
66
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ kyu
f vmyfrsm;udk *sLZvDa[mwGiaf wG&Y pOf
,ckrSyif od&aom rdef;rwpfa,mufar;jref;onfudk==rajymMueJ/Y rajymMueJ+Y + [k tomvufuw

k
f wD;wd;k wm;jrpfonf/
olwo
Ykd nf rajym&ufMu/
oefYjyefYpGm 0wfpm;xm;aom wkwfwpfOD;u==tm;uD;&ufpufwmyJ++ [k uRefawmfb
h ufoYkd vSn
hf a&wGuv
f Quf&dS
onf/ rsufESmxm;wif;wif;ESifh bwfpfum;'dkifbmonf awmufacguf
vku
d o
f nf/
odrBf u;D aps;odaYk &mufaomtcg vlomG ;vlvmuif;&Si;f aeNy;D aps;qkid f
rsm;rSm ydwx
f m;avNy/D owif;onf wpfr[
k w
k cf sif; ysHUESUH oGm;avonf/
armfawmfum;? vefcsm;wdu
Yk m; cyfjrefjrefomG ;vmMuonf/
um;ay:rSqif;S vrf;xJoYkd 0ifvmaomtcg tdr0f wGif vlwo
Ykd nf
rIid w
f ikd w
f ikd Ef iS hf &yfum Munfah eonfukd awGUjrif&onf/ vlwo
Ykd nf tNidrf
raeEdkifMu/ rdk;onf rpJbJ &GmvQufyif/
vlwdkYonf==jzpfrSjzpf&av? jzpfrSjzpf&av++ [k wwGwfwGwf jrnfwrf;&if;yif
naeapmif;vmawmhonf/ Adv
k cf sKyfq;kH aMumif;um; naeowif;pmrsm;rS
67
Mum;&avNy/D rnforYl sufEmS MunfMh unfh rsufEmS nKd ;i,fErG ;f vspGmESi/hf vrf;r
ay:rS pufjyq&mwpfOD;\ rdef;ryg;pyfrS==usKyfwaYkd wmh xrif;vnf;rcsufawmhb;l / pm;csifpw
d v
f nf; r&Sad wmh
ygbl;&Si+f + [laomtoHonf oJo
h rhJ Qay:xGuv
f mavonf/
ae0ifr;D Nidr;f trdex
Yf w
k x
f m;ojzifh nOfUOD;onf wdwq
f w
d u
f m arSmif
vSonf/ tdro
f m;rsm;qHw
k ikd ;f naecif;u taMumif;udo
k m ajymMuonf/
IdufoH? wrf;woH? nnf;nLoH? wooH/
wdwq
f w
d af rSmifrnf;ojzifh apmapmtdyrf aysmfEidk Mf u/ aeYcif;u tdyf
rufyjJ zpfMuygapawmh[k rde;f rrsm;qkawmif;Muonf/ nOfeh ufaomfvnf;
acsmif;[efo
Y ?H vl;vGeo
Yf w
H o
Ykd nf qufaeonf/ &ScJ eJr;D jcpf aemufaz;
xMujyefonf/ wa&;Edk;qHkvQif==b,fawmhrsm;rS arhaysmufyghrvJaemf++ [k tdycf sifoEH iS hf qdMk uonf/
wa&;Ek;d wkid ;f owd&vQuf&o
dS nf/ rMumcP tdyrf ufNy;D Ek;d onf/ odEYk iS yhf if
watmufarharh wooESifh xdknudk vGefajrmuf&avonf++
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;usqH;k pOfu Adv
k cf sKyf\rdciftarpkajymjycJah om
pum;rsm;onf om;wdkY\cspfjcif;jzifh rdcif\&ifxJrS xGuf ay:vmaom
pum;&yfrsm;omjzpfonf/ tarpku om;aoonf[k Mum;&aomtcg
0rf;enf;krH Qomru tHv
h nf;tHMh oonf[q
k o
kd nf/ tcsufonf tvGef
*k"rjyKzG,faumif;aom tcsufjzpf\/ tarpktHhMo&onfrSm tjcm;
taMumif;aMumifh r[kw/f wpfEidk if v
H ;kH u av;pm;MunfnKd arwm*kPm
xm;aom yk*Kd vfwpfO;D udk uJo
h Ykd a&wdrw
f iG f epf&jcif;twGuf tHMh o&jcif;
jzpfonf/ tarpku==usKyfom;jzpfwhJ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m 'Dvo
kd wad jymifwhJ trIrsdK;udk
i,fi,f&G,f&G,fuwnf;uyif IwfcscJhwJh oljzpfygw,f/ vGefcJhwJhESpfu
rsdK;cspfacgif;aqmifBuD;OD;apmudk rormolwYkd acsmif;ajrmif;NyD; aoewfeYJ
ypfpOfu Adv
k cf sKyfu,
kd w
f ikd f trsm;BuD; uJ&h UJ Iwcf swJh pum;awGukd ajymcJyh g
ao;w,f/ [dw
k ek ;f u Adv
k cf sKyf[m e,fvn
S &hf if; usKyfx0H ifNy;D uefawmhomG ;
w,f/ tJ'Dwkef;u usKyfuawmh pdk;&drfvGef;vdkY==om;&,f vlqw
kd m txufa&muf&if olwyg;u remvdv
k Ykd raumif;
BuHpnfwmrsdK; cH&wwfw,f/ tppt&m&m owdxm;yguG,+f +vdYk ajymrdyg
w,f/ tJ'Dawmh usKyfom;u68
==[mAsm? 'guawmh bk&m;awmifrS twku

d t
f cH&adS o;wmyJ/ ud,
k u
f
omvrf;rSeu
f aeNyD; rSew
f t
hJ vkyu
f kd vufuikd x
f m;&if bmrS aMumufp&m
rvdkygbl;tar&,f rpdk;&drfygeJY/ ppfwkdufwkef;uawmif raocJhao;wm/
tck wkid ;f jynfev
YJ x
l [
k m t&ifvkd r[kwaf wmhygbl;/ taumif;tqd;k a0zef
wwfygNyD++ vdYk tm;&yg;& &,f&,farmarmeJY ajymoGm;cJyh gao;w,f/ tck
awmh usKyfom;atmifqef;[m oltvGerf ek ;f wD;G&H mS wJh vlowf0g'vkyBf uH
enf;eJY uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJ&h &SmNy/D usKyfrmS csifwmuawmh olu
Y akd v;pm;Muovdk
acgif;aqmifrsm;&JU TefMum;csufudk jynfolvlxku ,Hk,HkMunfMunf
av;av;pm;pm;eJY vku
d ef mNy;D rdrw
d v
Ykd v
kd m;wJh c&D;udk a&mufatmif aqmif
&GuMf uzdyYk gyJ/ tJ'v
D kd aqmif&u
G v
f Ykd &nf&,
G cf sufukd a&mufNyq
D &dk if ta':hrmS
cHpm;&wJh om;ESpaf ,mufq;kH &wJh tylr;D [m Nidr;f wefoavmuf Nidr;f ygvdrhf
r,f++ [l ajymjycJhavonf/
tarpkonf wu,ft
h mZmenfrcd ifBuD;jzpfavonf/ tmZmenfqkd
onfrmS taMumif;[kwrf [kwu
f kd aumif;pGmod omrmefxuf vuf;Hk &nf
ESvHk;&nf xl;uJomvGefum trsm;tusdK;twGuf oufpGefYBudK;yrf;aqmif
&Gucf o
hJ u
l ykd if ac:qko
d nfr[kwyf gavm/ tarpk\ olwpfyg;xufx;l aom
tcsufrmS tmZmenfom;aumif;&wemESpaf ,mufukd qH;k I;H vku
d &f jcif;yif
jzpfonf/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESit
hf wl vkyBf uHc&H olrmS tpfukd OD;b0if;jzpf
onf/ OD;b0if;onf nD\trIaqmifaumifpx
D w
J iG f 0efBu;D wpfO;D tjzpfjzifh
wkid ;f jynfwm0efukd k;d om;ajzmifrh wfpmG xrf;aqmifcahJ om tmZmenfy*k Kd vf
yif jzpfavonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfonf rusqH;k rD 5 &uftvdk Zlvidk v
f 13 &uf we*FaEGaeYwiG f
NrdKUawmfcef;raqmifxufrS r[mAEKvyef;NcHwGif pka0;aeMuaom
jynfov
l x
l t
k m; rSmMum;p&mawG rsm;pGm rSmMum;oGm;avonf==ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wJhtcgrSm jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;pDrHudef;
rsm;udk trsdK;rsdK;aomenf;jzifh vkyfrS? cyfdkif;dkif; Armpum;ajym&vQif
tawmfu
h kd NyaJ tmifBuKd ;pm;vkyu
f ikd rf S tESpf 20 avmuf MumrS Armjynf[m
awmfaHk &mufr,f/ rvkyv
f &Ykd &dS if ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) udk awmif rSrD mS r[kwb
f ;l /
tjcm;vGwv
f yfaom wkid ;f jynfrsm; ajcwpfvrS ;f vSr;f vQif ud,
k u
f ajc 45 vSrf; vSrf;EdkifrS awmfkH&r,f/ tJ'Dvdk rvkyfvQif [dkvlvmvnf;
rsufEmS csKdaoG;&? 'Dvv
l mvnf; rsufEmS csdKaoG;& zmo,fvkd Edik if jH zpfaerSmyJ/
69
udk,fvdkcsifwJh yef;wkdifa&mufatmif vHkUv0D&d,jzifh BudK;pm;tm;

xkwv
f yk u
f ikd zf v
Ykd w
kd ,f/ Arm&JU pdw"f mwf[m uRefwikd ;f jynf jzpfonft
h wkid ;f
[k ykord zf ufavSNydKifyw
JG pfyrJG mS jrif&ovdk avSwpfpif;udk tenf;i,f Ekid f
vdu
k
f yef;odYk r0if&ao;cif avSmw
f ufukd ajrm ufovk?d Armhpw
d "f mwf[m
atmifjrifjcif;odrYk a&mufao;cif pdw"f mwfavsmhayghwwfr&I w
dS ,f/
t&iftpdk;&awGwkef;u usKyftwdtvif;yJajymr,f/ vmbfpm;wJh
vlawG&w
dS ,f/ cifAsm;wdYk bmajymOD;rvJ/ tJ'v
D kd vlawGu ,ckaetcgr,f
wkdif;jynfudk rdrdwdkYygwDjyeftmPm&atmif ajcxdk;MuwJhudprSm a,mif
a,mifrSm;rSm;jzpfwJh vlawG[m apwemygonfjzpfap? rygonfjzpfap
wkdif;jynfopmazmufwJhudprSm &efoleHygwf 1 awGjzpfw,f/ tJ'D&efol
eHygwf 1 awGudk cifAsm;wdkY axmufcHcsifw,fqdk&if cifAsm;wdkY vnfyif;
cifAsm;wdkY BudK;wyfMuwmyJ/ usKyfwdkY[m 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm tpdk;&jzpfatmif
twif;t"rvkyfvmvdkY tpdk;&jzpfwmr[kwfbl;/ wkdif;jynfvlxk&JU
axmufcHrIeJY usKyfwdkYtpdk;&jzpfaewm/ wkdif;jynfu rMunfndKbl;qdkwm
usKyfwo
Ykd w
d w
hJ pfaeYrmS usKyfwv
Ykd nf; raebl;/ wG,rf aeygbl;/ xGurf mS ygyJ/
odaYk omfvnf;yJ wpfEpS af vmuf usKyfwu
Ydk kd apmifMh unfw
h t
hJ cgrSm usKyfw[
Ykd m
b,fvv
kd pl m;awGv/J &mZ0ifrmS ta&;cHr,fv
h pl m;rsdK;awGvm;/ &mZ0ifrmS
tqJcH&r,fh vlpm;rsdK;awGvm;qdkwm cifAsm;wdkYudk,fwkdif odygvdrfhr,f/
ArmawG[mpdw"f mwfxufw,f bmnmeJY wvGq
J yH ifaumif;aew,f
qdw
k meJY twlwyl /J 'Dpum;[m 'Dae&mrSm oH;k zd[
Yk mawGy/J ArmawGpw
d "f mwf
u r[kwfwJhae&mrSm oGm;NyD;aumif;aew,f/ wu,fhae&mawGuawmh
toH;k rusbl;/ Armjynfvw
G v
f yfa&;&atmif qdw
k mrsdK;rSm toH;k rcswwf
bl;/ Armjynfjyefvnfxal xmifa&;vkyw
f ahJ e&mrsdK;rSm toH;k rcswwfb;l /
ArmArmcsi;f cszrYkd mS vkycf siw
f ,f/ tJ'grsKd ;awG vkycf siv
f Ykd b,fawmhrS tusKd ;
r&Sb
d ;l / 'Dwikd ;f jynfb,fawmhrS jyefvnfrxlaxmifEidk b
f ;l / 'Dwikd ;f jynfb,f
awmhrS rvGwv
f yfEidk b
f ;l / vGwv
f yf&ifvnf; b,fawmhrS ususeevGwv
f yf
a&;rjzpfygbl;/
tJ'aD wmhum cifAsm;wd[
Yk m vGwv
f yfa&;udv
k ckd sif&if vGwv
f yfa&;
&EkdifavmufwJh pnf;urf;udk&SdMuyg/ vGwfvyfa&;udkvdkcsifvdkY &Sd&if vGwf
vyfa&;ud&k Ekid w
f hJ nDw
G rf u
I kd xde;f odr;f xm;yg/ vGwv
f yfa&;udk vdck sif&if
vGwfvyfa&;udk&EkdifwJh xlaxmifrIudkvkyfMuyg/ tJ'DvdkvkyfNyD;wJhaemuf
70
a&SUudk vGwfvyfa&;t&omudk cHpm;pHpm;csifw,fqdk&if tvkyfvkyfMuzdkY?

pnf;urf;&SdMuzdkY? ,ckuwnf;u cifAsm;wdkY udk,fhudktusifhqdk;awG tusihf
a[mif;awG? apmufusifah wGukd jyifMuzdv
Yk Nkd yD qdw
k m uRefawmfuaeY ajymcJh
csifw,f++ [l rdeMYf um;cJ&h m olusqH;k rnfukd BudKwifo&d o
dS mG ;onft
h vm;
edrw
d x
f ifaeygawmhonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;vkyBf ucH &H onf[al om owif;udMk um;vQif Mum;
csif; yxrqHk; ==aomurD;++ awmufavmifjcif;cH&olrSm AdkvfcsKyfuawmf
a':cifMunfyifjzpfonf/ a':cifMunfonf Adv
k cf sKyfxuf touf 3 ESpBf u;D
um 1912 ckEpS f {NyDv 16 &uf t*FgaeYwiG f {&m0wDwidk ;f ajrmif;jrNrdKU
tz jynfov
Yl yk if ef;Xme0efxrf;OD;zd;k ni;f ? trda':zGm;pkwrYkd S zGm;jrifco
hJ nfh
arG;csif; (9) OD;teuf owrajrmuf jzpfonf/
71
a':cifMunfonf i,fpOfu ajrmif;jrNrKd UwGif owrwef;txd ynm

oifco
hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf &efuek Nf rdKU Munfjh rifwidk af tbD trf (tar&duef
omoemjyKausmif;) rde;f uav;ausmif;wGif ynmqnf;yl;cJNh y;D aemuf armf
vNrdKifNrdKU armfwifved ;f q&mtwwfoif ausmif;odYk wufa&mufoifMum;
onf/ xdaYk emuf ajrmif;jrNrKd U trsdK;om;ausmif; apwemh0efxrf;ausmif;
q&mrtjzpfEiS hf ESpt
f enf;i,fMumtrIxrf;cJNh y;D rdr\
d ADZyg&rDEiS hf udu
k n
f D
aom olemjyKq&mr tvkyu
f kd vkyu
f ikd Ef idk &f ef &efuek t
f axGaxGa&m*guk
aq;kBH uD;ESihf 'yfz&ifaq;kH (A[dt
k rsdK;orD;aq;k)H wdw
Yk iG f olemjyKq&mr
oifwef;udk wufa&mufoifMum;cJo
h nf/
olemjyKoifwef;qif;Ny;D aemuf a&S;OD;pGm &efuek af q;kBH u;D olemjyK
q&mrtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifco
hJ nf/ xdpk OftwGi;f 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;
jzpfymG ;cJ&h m umvuwm;odYk vlemtcsdKUtm; ajymif;a&TUay;aomtzGUJ ap
wemh0efxrf;tjzpf yg0ifNy;D ppfBu;D rNy;D rD tdE,
d Edik if rH S aemufq;Hk oabFmjzifh
jyefvnfvu
dk yf gvmcJo
h nf/
a':cifMunfonf 1942 ckEpS f ppfBu;D twGi;f &efuek Nf rKd U a*:&muke;f
'dik t
f pkd ZD ifred ;f uav;ausmif; a'gufwmboef;OD;aqmif *syefacwf
yxrqH;k aq;ku
H kd zGiv
hf pS cf ahJ om bD'aD taq;kBH u;D tpfrjzpfol rcifBu;D
(ocifoef;xGe;f \ZeD;) ESit
hf wl olemjyKtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf
*syefacwf bD'Dataq;kH (aemif ppfkH;csKyf? ,ckEdkifiHawmf umuG,fa&;
wuov
kd )f wGif olemjyKcsKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f vlem
tjzpf aq;kv
H mwufaom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESiahf wGUqHak rwmrQcJo
h nf/
xdkYaemuf 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &uf we*FaEGaeYwGif *syefacwf
bD'Dataq;kHBuD;ta&SUbufpGefqHk;cef;raqmifwGif vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJh
onf/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf om; atmifqef;OD;? atmifqef;vif;? orD;
atmifqef;pkMunf xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/ 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f taxG;qH;k orD;uav;
wpfa,muf xyfrx
H eG ;f um;cJo
h nf/ arG;NyD;ig;&ufajrmufaeYwiG f uG,v
f eG f
oGm;cJah vonf/
a':cifMunfonf rdrdcifyGef;tavmif;udk aetdrfodkY ,laqmifvm
aomtcg cifyeG ;f onftm; jrefrmh*g&0w&m;twkid ;f OD;oH;k Burd cf savonf/
ol\rsufpdwGif rsuf&nfprsm; trsm;enf;wlawGUaumif;awGU&vdrfhrnf/
odaYk omf a':cifMunfonf pdwrf mefukd wif; rdru
d ,
kd u
f kd rdrd csKyfwnf;Ekid f
72
aom trsdK;orD;jzpfcahJ vonf/ Adv

k cf sKyf\ kyu
f vmyf tdro
f Ykd a&mufa&muf
csif; a':cifMunfonf==usr&JU cifyeG ;f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m wkid ;f jynfev
YJ rl sdK;twGuf BuKd ;
yrf; vrf;ckvwfrSm usqHk;cJh&ygNyD++ [l xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf/
a':cifMunfonf rdrd\cifyGef;ESifhtwl oufqHk;wkdif b0c&D;udk
twlwlavQmufvSrf;&vdrfhrnf[k xifrSwfcJhayonf/ xdkYaMumifh rdrd\
vifom; ,ckuo
hJ Ykd rormolw\
Ykd vufcsufjzifh usqH;k oGm;aomtcg ==om;
udo
k cif vifub
kd &k m;++ yrm ,Hrk w
S x
f m; olrYkd rnfrQavmuf xdcu
dk af MuuGJ
0rf;enf;ylaqG; rnfudk udk,fcsif;pmw&m;&Sdolwdkif; csifhcsdefEdkifavonf/
odaYk omf olonf ZeD;r,m;aumif;yDyD Adv
k cf sKyf\qE? Adv
k cf sKyf\ oabm
xm;? Adv
k cf sKyf\vrf;pOf? Adv
k cf sKyf\tvkyu
f kd aumif;pGm oabmaygufol
jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh olu vlxktm;==vlxu
k kd uRefrajymvdw
k muawmh rdrw
d t
Ykd m; ,HMk unfav;pm;aom
acgif;aqmifBu;D udk &uf&ufpufpufvyk Bf uMH uwJt
h wGuaf Mumifh a'goxGuf
pdwq
f ;kd pdwv
f u
dk rf mefyg vkyrf u
I ikd rf u
I akd &SmifMuOf olcscJah om vrf;pOf
twkid ;f woa0rwdr;f vku
d ef musifah qmifMuyg/ olysdK;cJah om vGwv
f yfa&;
udk r&raeBudK;yrf;Muyg++ [l yefMum;cJhonf/
73
Adv
k cf sKyfwt
Ykd m; vkyBf uHaom Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf uHrBI uD;onf jrefrmhjynf
wGi;f a&;omjzpfaomfvnf; tjzpfonf urmtESUH *,uf du
k cf ahJ vonf/
xdpk Ofu vGwv
f yfa&;&zd&Yk m vufwpfurf;omvdak wmhonf/ odaYk omf NAdwd
oQwdkYESifh tqufjywfMuao;onfr[kwf/ pifppfrSm uREkfyfwdkYEdkifiHonf
NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &ESihf qufo,
G
f jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;wnfaqmuf&eftvdiYk mS
pDpOfp&mvkyif ef;rsm; rsm;pGm usefaeao;onf/
xdaYk Mumifh xdt
k csdeu
f jrefrmEkid if o
H nf NAdwo
d Qtifyg,m\ tpdwf
tydik ;f wpfco
k m jzpfaeao;onf/
uJo
h Ykd NAw
d o
d Qtifyg,m\ tpdwt
f ydik ;f wpfcjk zpfaeonfrmS jrefrm
Edik if w
H pfEikd if o
H mr[kwf jrefrmEkid if H tdref ;D csif;jzpfaeaom tdE,
d Edik if v
H nf;
yg0ifonf/ xdaYk Mumifh tdE,
d acgif;aqmifBuD; r[wr*ED (1869-1948)
u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;onfh owif;udk Mum;od&aomtcg==jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;udk wku
d Nf y;D vQif jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;udk jrefrmwd\
Yk
tdrw
f ikd ,
f ma&mufyaYkd y;cJah om tmZmenfy*k Kd vfrsm;udk ,ckuo
hJ Ykd aoG;at;
at;jzifh vkyBf uHowfjzwfonfqo
kd nfrmS ,HMk unfp&myifr&Sad cs/ uREkyf w
f Ykd
onf vG e f a vNyD ; aom
acgif;aqmifrsm;\ aqG
rsdK;nmwdrsm;udk vnf;
aumif;? jrefrmEdik if t
H pd;k &
udv
k nf;aumif;? ukPm
oufyg\/ ,ckjzpf&onf
rS m omrnvl o wf r I
wpfcrk [kwyf g/ trI\
aemuf w G i f Ed k i f i H a &;
avmbaZm &S d a evd r f h
rnf / ,ck t cg ur m
t&yf&yf EkdifiHa&;NydKif
qdkifrIwdkYwGif avmb
aZmx<uaeaom tcsuf
rsdK;udk awGUjrifae&onf/
tcsufonf
74
rEkvlom;wd\
Yk aemifa&;twGuf twdwef rd w
d af umif;r[kwaf cs/ xdYk
aMumifh 0rf;enf;zG,f&mtjzpftysufudkrlwnf tdEd,EdkifiHonf
oifcef;pm,lwwf&rnf/ tjzpfysufonf jrefrmEdik if t
H wGuf omvQif
0rf;enf;aMuuGpJ &mr[kw/f tm&Sa'owckv;kH twGuv
f nf; 0rf; enf;aMu
uGpJ &mjzpfaeygonf/ urmwckv;kH twGuf pdwrf csrf;ajrzh ,
G f 0rf;enf;aMu
uGJp&m jzpfaeygawmhonf++ [l ajymMum;cJhonf/
r[wr*Eo
D nf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wd\
Yk tjzpfq;kd udk Mum;od&aom
tcg tdE,
d Edik if \
H ta&;udk awG;ylro
d nf[k xifjrifp&m &So
d nf/ olawG;rd
onft
h wdik ;f vnf; rSeaf eayonf/ tb,fah Mumifq
h akd omf Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;ESifhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfBuHcH&NyD; aemuf 6 vcefYtMum 1948
ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 30 &ufaeYwiG f tdE,
d Edik if \
H ESv;kH onf;yGwEf iS w
hf al om
r[wr*EBD u;D onf rvdrk ek ;f xm; olw\
Ykd vkyBf urH aI Mumifh toufZ0D ed af <u
cJ&h avonf/
75
vlowform;rsm; OD;apmaetdrrf S twGi;f 0ef;Hk odYk vmonfv

h rf;aMumif;jyajrykH
76
tmZmenf (9) OD;
vlowform;wd\
Yk vufcsufaMumifh usqH;k oGm;Mu&Smaom Ekid if aH wmf
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;&&So
d nfh 'Pf&mrsm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonfAdv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf vuf,mbufaemufaph aoewf&mwpf
csuf? vuf&mbufem;xifaemuf aoewf&mwpfc/k vuf0yJ g;d;k rS NyaJ e
aom 'Pf&mwpfc?k yxr'Pf&mu usnfq0H ifaygufjzpfNy;D 'kw,
d 'Pf&m
rSm usnfxGufaygufjzpfonf/ vuf0Jvufarmif;txufrS NyJaeaom
'Pf&mwpfc?k 4if;'Pf&mw0du
k
f rD;avmif&mrsm;awGU&Ny;D vufarmif;d;k
vnf; usdK;aeonf/ vuf0Jbuf eHdk;ESpfacsmif;Mum; aoewf'Pf&m
wpfcsuf? vufsmausmbufEiS hf vuf0b
J uf aoewf'Pf&mwpfcsufpED iS hf
vufsmbuf csKd i;f atmuf aoewf'Pf&m wpfcsut
f ygt0if aoewf'Pf
77
&m pkpkaygif; 13 csuf xdrSefcJhonf/ cGJpdwfq&m0efrsm;\aq;rSwfwrf;

tqdt
k & Adv
k cf sKyf\ ESv;kH tdrrf mS 2 vufrrQ vGaJ eonf[q
k o
kd nf/ Adv
k cf sKyf
onf ESv;kH ? tonf;? tqkwEf iS hf tpmtdrrf sm;udk xdcu
dk af om 'Pf&mrsm;
jzifh aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfaMumif;ESihf vlowform; (4) OD;pvH;k u Adv
k cf sKyfuo
kd m
rJ raorcsif; ypfcwfcJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; rSwfwrf;wifcJhMuonf/
0efBu;D ocifjr\ tavmif;udk ppfaq;Munfh aI omtcg &ifacgif;ESihf
tqkwfudk usnfqH 2 csufxdrSefum aoG;vGef aoqHk;&jcif;jzpfonf[k
qdo
k nf/
0efBuD;OD;b0if;\ tavmif;udk ppfaq;aomtcg usnf 8 csuf
xdreS
f usnfqEH pS cf u
k kd ud,
k w
f iG ;f rS&&Scd o
hJ nf/ tonf;? tpmtdr?f tlord f
wdkYudk xdrSefaomaMumifh aoqHk;&onf[k qdkonf/
0efBuD;ref;bcdkif\tavmif;udk ppfaq;aomtcg usnf 15 csuf
xdreS Nf y;D ? OD;acgif;udk xdreS af om 'Pf&mrsm;rSm OD;aESmufxu
G af eonftxd
jyif;xefaomaMumifh aoqH;k &jcif;jzpfonf[k rSww
f rf;wifxm;onf/
0efBuD;OD;&mZwfonf usnf 6 csuf xdrSefum udk,fwGif;rS usnfqH
(2) ck &&SdcJhonf/ aoqHk;&jcif;rSm ESvHk;? tonf;? tpmtdrf? tlwdkYudk
xdrSefjzpfonf[kqdkonf/
twGi;f 0efO;D tH;k armifonf usnf 5 csufxrd eS u
f m 0rf;Adu
k x
f rJ S usnf
1 awmifh &&SdcJhonf/ tqkwf? tpmtdrf? ESvHk; xdrSef aoqHk;cJh&onf/
0efBu;D 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKonf OD;tke;f armifuo
hJ yYkd if usnf 5 csufxrd eS Nf y;D
OD;aESmufxJrS usnfqHwpfck&&SdcJhonf/ OD;aESmufxdaom 'Pf&mjzifhyif
vkyBf ucH &H onfah eY rGe;f vGJ 2 em&D 15 rdepfwiG f aq;k
H usqH;k oGm;cJ&h onf/
oufawmfapmifh armifaxG;onf usnf 4 csuf xdrSef tpmtdrf?
ausmufuyf? tlrBuD;? o&uf&Guf xdrSefum vkyfBuHcH&onfhaeY rGef;vGJ 2
em&D 15 rdepfwiG f aq;k
H uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/
rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;Bu;D onf usnf 2 csufxrd eS u
f m ar;d;k usdK; vQmudk
xdrSefaomaMumifh toufr&SLEdkifbJ 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 20 &ufaeY
rGef;vGJ 12 em&DcefYwGif usqHk;oGm;cJhavonf/
xkdYaemuf aq;kHtkyfBuD;ume,frif;pdef? cGJpdyfukyg&*l q&m0ef
a'gufwmboef;? 'kaq;kt
H yk q
f &m0efBuD; a'gufwmbaomif;ESihf aq;kH
&ifcJG t
Hk rIxrf;rsm;onf tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;\ kyt
f avmif;rsm;
78
tpnf;ta0;cef;rykMH urf;
rykyfrodk;teHUrxGufap&efESifh Mum&SnfpGmcHEkdif&eftwGuf azmfrvifESifh

t&ufysHrsm; xdk;ay;Muonf/ &&Sdaom 'Pf&m'Pfcsufrsm;udkvnf; e*dk
rlvtwdkif;jzpfap&ef yvmpwmESifh rsufESm OD;acgif;wdkYwGif kyfvHk;azmf
ay;jcif; ponfh jyKzG,fudprsm;udk jyKvkyfay;cJhMuonf/
xdt
Yk jyif usqH;k oGm;aom acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;\ usqH;k pOfu 0wfpm;
xm;aom tus? vHck snf? abmif;bDpaom t0wftxnfrsm;udk rIcif;ouf
qkdif&m t&m&Sdrsm;u odyHenf;usus "mwkaA'enf;jzifh MunfhIppfaq;
Muonf/ &mZ0wfrq
I ikd &f m q&m0efBu;D \ trIppfaq;csufrsm;ESihf tif;pdef
pDtidk 'f XD merS ppfaq;awGU&S&d aom tcsuftvuftaxmuftxm;rsm;udk
jyefvnfppd pfcMhJ uonf/
,if;aemuf usqH;k oGm;cJ&h aom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;\ kyf
uvmyfrsm;udk Zlvidk v
f 21 &ufaeY aeYvnf 2 em&DwiG f a&Tw*d b
kH &k m;vrf;&Sd
*sLAvDcef;rodYk ajymif;a&TUcJMh uonf/ xdt
k cg psmyeaumfrwDu 6 v xm;
&ef qHk;jzwf jynfolwdkYtm;jyo&ef pDpOf&avonf/
odjYk zifh cef;raqmifx&J dS wdik rf sm; txufe&H rH sm;udk a&Ta&mif ,d;k
',m;yef;cufrsm;jzifh qif,ifavonf/ pifjrifah y:wGif Adv
k cf sKyfwYkd vGwf
vyfa&;odYk OD;aqmifaeyHjk y yef;csu
D m; zqyvtvHawmfatmufwiG f ucsi?f
u&if? u,m;? rGe?f jrefrm? &cdik ?f &Sr;f paom wkid ;f &if;om;aygif;pHk pnf;vH;k
79
aeyHkjy yef;csDum;tjynfh csdwfqGJxm;onf/ xdkum;csyfBuD;rsm;a&SUwGif

zqyvtvHBuD; (2) ckudk vnf; tvsm;vkdufcsxm;avonf/
wzefpifjrifha&SU 3 cef;udk kyfuvmyfrsm;twGufoHk; usef 2 cef;
udkum; y&dowfrsm;tav;jyK&ef owfrSwfxm;avonf/ pifjrifh a&SUqHk;
tv,fwiG f Adv
k cf sKyf\ kyu
f vmyfukd a&TcsovGeaf y:wif xD;jzL 2 vuf
rd;k ay;xm;avonf/ ajc&if;wGiu
f m; 0efBuD; 5 OD;\ kyu
f vmyfukd xD;jzL
wpfvufpD rdk;xm;avonf/
wzef pifjrifh\vuf0JbufwGif twGif;0efOD;tkef;armifESifh udkaxG;
wd\
Yk kyu
f vmyfukd xD;jzLwpfvufprD ;kd ay;xm; pifjrif\
h vuf,mbuf
wGif rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;\ kyu
f vmyfukd apmfbmG ;d;k &mtwkid ;f oHusif;ay:wGif
ovGew
f if? xD;jzLrsm;rd;k ay;xm;avonf/ xdak eYrmS yif 0efBu;D OD;&mZwfEiS hf
4if;\oufawmfapmif&h aJ bmfuakd xG;\ kyt
f avmif;ESpaf vmif;udk *sLAvD
a[mcef;rrS wmarGuif;bJvv
f rf; (,ckig;xyfBuD;bk&m;vrf;) &Sd rlqvif
ocsKif;odYk o,faqmifomG ;Ny;D tpvmrfbmomxH;k pHtwkid ;f jrK yfEo
HS N*K [fchJ
avonf/
*sLAvDa[m&Sd acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;\ kyfuvmyfudk vlxky&dowf
ajrmufjrm;pGm tqufrjywfvma&muftdt
k aojyKcJMh u onf/ xdak eYnae
4 em&DcGJwGif psmyeaumfrwDrS tpnf;ta0;w&yfusif;y 1947 ckESpf
Zlvikd v
f 26 &ufaeYukd wrsdK;om;vH;k 0rf;enf; aMuuGo
J nfah eYtjzpf owf
rSwv
f u
dk af Mumif; xkwjf yefaMunmcJo
h nf/ xdak eYwiG f &efuek Nf rKd U ajcmuf
aoGUvsuf&SdNyD; wjynfvHk;&Sd tpdk;& kH;rsm;? kyf&SifkHpaom aysmfyGJ&TifyGJ
rsm;ydwu
f m tpd;k &taqmuftODrsm;wGif Edik if aH wmftvHtm; wpf0ufviT hf
xlxm;Muonf/ NrdKUe,f &yfuu
G f toD;oD;wGiv
f nf; oufqidk &f m bmom
tavsmuf acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;tm; qGr;f oGw
f trSstwef;ay;a0Mujcif;?
0rf;enf;jcif;t"d|mefjyKjcif;wku
Yd kd jyKvkycf MhJ uonf/
&efuek Nf rUkd wGi;f wGif ajcmufaoGUaeoavmuf *sLAvDa[mcef;rw0du
k f
wGif usqH;k oGm;aom trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm; tdt
k aojyK&ef
&yfuGuftvkduf NrdKUe,ftvkduf toif;tzGJUtvkduf csDwufvmMuaom
vlxBk uD;rSm wd;k raygufatmif rsm;jym;pnfum;vsuf&adS vonf/
xdak eYeeH uf8em&DwiG f bk&ifcEH iS hf twGi;f 0efrsm;? jrefrmjynfyv
k yd rf if;
Bu;D ? jrefrmEdik if &H dS oH;Hk rsm;rS oHu,
kd pf m;vS,af wmfBu;D wdYk onf *sLAvDcef;r
80
odv
Yk ma&muf usqH;k oGm;aom acgif;aqmifrsm;udk tav;jyKMuonf/
,if;aemuf usqHk;oGm;cJhaom 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYrS
2 vwdwd jynfah om pufwifbmv 15 &uf wevFmaeY eHeuf 10 em&DcJG
wGif wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfa&SU Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;trSL;jyKonfh tmZm
enfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ armfueG ;f ausmufwikd zf iG yhf u
JG kd Edik if aH wmftcrf;tem;
jzifh usif;ycJhMuavonf/
xdkYaemuftmZmenfacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;NyD; 8 vtMum 1948
ckESpf {NyDv 11 &uf we*FaEGaeY eHeuf 6 em&DcGJwGif usqHk;oGm;cJhaom
EdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm; &nfpl; oHCmawmftyg; 100 udk
qGrf;cJzG,fabmZOfwdkYjzifh *sLAvDa[mcef;rwGif uyfvSLcJhNyD; 9 em&DwGif
o&P*Hkwifum trSsay;a0Mu\/ xdkaeY aeYvnf 1 em&D 15 rdepfwGif
acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;\ kyu
f vmyfrsm;udk *sLAvDcef;rrS oN*K [frnfh tmZm
enfukef;awmfodkY ta&muf tcrf;tem;jzifh o,faqmifMuNyD; nae 4
em&D 35 rdepfwiG f tmZmenfuek ;f awmf toifjh yKvyk x
f m;aom t*Faw*l
rsm;twGi;f odYk aemufq;kH tav;jyKonft
h aejzifh =aemufq;kH tcsde+f oDcsif;udk
ppfc&moH rIwNf y;D aemuf *loiG ;f oN*K [fvu
kd af vonf/ xdt
k csdef aumif;uif
rS jrefrmhwyfrawmfavwyfrS av,mOfysHrsm;uvnf; yef;rsm;BuJcsum
tav;jyKcJ h o nf / uk e f ; ay:wG i f jref r mh M unf ; wyf ? a&wyf r sm;u
aoewfrsm;ypfazmuf tav;jyKcJMh uonf/ odYk *loiG ;f NyD;aemuf Ekid if H
50 rS oHudk,fpm;vS,fawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh wyfzGJUtpnf;tkH;toD;oD;wdkYrS
vGr;f olyY ef;acGwpfzUJG vQif (9) ckuspDjzifh *lArd mefrsm;ay:wGif csum tav;
jyKcJMh uayonf/
*VKefOD;apm\ apcdkif;csuft& pdefBuD;? oufESif;? armifpdk;? &efBuD;
atmifw\
Ykd vufcsufjzifh usqH;k oGm;cJ&h aom tmZmenf 9 OD;\ ud,
k af &;
twKywt
d usOf;udk tvsOf;oif
h ae&m azmfjyvdyk gonf/
1/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
(1915-1947)
2/ ocifjr
(1897-1947)
3/ 'D;'kwfOD;bcsdK
(1894-1947)
4/ OD;&mZwf
(1903-1947)
5/ ref;bcdkif
(1903-1947)
6/ OD;b0if;
(1901-1947)
81
7/ rdkfif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;p0fpHxGef; (1907-1947)
8/ twGif;0efOD;tkef;armif
(1913-1947)
9/ oufawmfapmif&h aJ bmfuakd xG; (1929-1947)
82
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;
Akv
d cf sKyfatmifqef;
(1915 - 1947)
jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&; Adou
k mBu;D ESihf wyfrawmfzcifBu;D Akv
d cf sKyfatmif
qef;tm; jrefrmEdik if H rauG;wdik ;f &Sd ajrvwfa'o ewfarmufNrKd Uuav;wGif
jrefrmou&mZf 1276? waygif;vqef; 1 &uf (c&pf 1915? azazmf0g&Dv
13 &uf) paeaeY eHeuf 5 em&D? 35 rdepfwGif OD;zm (wwd,wef;a&SUae)
a':pkwrYkd S zGm;jrifco
hJ nf/
83
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ i,fZmwmtrnfrSmarmifxdefvif;jzpfonf/
od&Yk mwGif olt
Y m; rnfonft
h cgurQ xde;f vif;[k rac:[kq\
kd / aemufwiG f
tudak tmifoef;ESihf emrnfvu
kd af tmif armifatmifqef;[k ac: wGiaf v
onf/ rdcifa':pk\ om;orD;udk;a,mufteuf armifatmifqef;onf
taxG;qHk;jzpfonf/ AdkvfcsKyf\arG;csif;rsm;rSm (1) rcifnGefY (v,f0ef
uawmf)? (2) r0uf (tdraf xmifrjyK) (3) armifb0if; (bDat? bDtufppf ?D
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkYESifhtwl usqHk;cJh&ol)? ra&TrSef (i,fpOfuG,fvGef)?
(5) armifaeatmif (trdeaYf wmf&a&SUae)? (6) armifnKd armif (i,fpOfu
uG,v
f eG )f ? (7) armifxeG ;f vif;? (8) armifatmifoef; (bDat)? (9) armif
atmifqef;wdjYk zpfMuonf/
udkatmifqef;onf &SpfESpfom;t&G,frS ausmif;ae&aomfvnf;
Pfaumif;oljzpfaomaMumifh touf 12 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f jrefrm av;wef;
odYk wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ xkpd Ofu t*Fvyd f - jrefrm pmoifausmif;wGif pm
oifaeMujyjD zpfaom tpfurkd sm;udk tm;usvmaomaMumifh udak tmifqef;
tm; t*Fvdyf-jrefrm pmoifausmif;odkY ydkYay;&avonf/ xdkYaemuf a&eH
acsmif;NrdKU trsdK;om;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&mtjzpf trIxrf;ae
aom tpfudkjzpfol OD;b0if;ESifhtwlvdkufaeum a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om;
ausmif;wGif qufvufynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ udak tmifqef;onf ynmvdk
vm;oljzpfaomaMumifh twef;wdkif;wGif xl;cRefonf/ ckepfwef;pmar;yGJ
wGif trSwt
f rsm;qH;k &ojzifh OD;a&Tckd a&Twq
H yd cf sD;jrifjh cif;cH&avonf/ xdjYk yif
wpfv (10) usyf oHk;ESpftwGif; paumvm;&Spf&onf/
1932 wGif a&eHacsmif; trsdK;om;ausmif;rS q,fwef;pmar;yGaJ tmif
&efukefwuodkvfwGif qufvuf ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ wuodkvf
ausmif;wGif udak tmifqef;onf ausmif;pmoufoufuo
kd m avhusufrw
S f
aeolr[kwf/ tjyifA[kokw trsm;tjym;udkvnf; avhvmzwfIoljzpf
onf/ txl;ojzifh olYtcef;xJwGif EdkifiHa&;ESifhywfoufaom pme,f
Zif;rsm;pGm awGUjrifEikd af vonf/ udak tmifqef;onf wuov
kd af &mufonf
ESpw
f iG f &efuek w
f uov
kd w
f iG &f adS om rauG;toif;0ifjzpfco
hJ nf/ toif;0if
jzpfaomfvnf; rauG;toif;rS Bu;D rSL;usif;yonfh rdwq
f uf{nfch yH rJG sm;usif;
yjcif;? tjidrchf jH cif;rsm;udk rBudKufEpS o
f ufacs/ 1932 -33 twGuf rauG;
toif;Ou|jzpfvmaomtcg tjird cfh jH cif; yumoezufaom rdwq
f ufcyH JG
84
&efuek w
f uov
kd f
ausmif;om;rsm;or*Ou|
udak tmifqef;
85
rsm; rjyKvkyo
f nfomru olOu|jzpfaom ESpw
f iG yf if rauG;toif;udyk if
zsuford ;f ypfvu
kd o
f nf/
udkatmifqef;onf 1934 wGif Oypm0dZm 'kwd,ESpfpmar;yGJudk
(cHktrSwf 231) jzifh atmifjrifNyD;aemuf 0dZmyxrESpf (bDat*sLeD,m)
wGif wufa&mufoif,o
l nf/ wuov
kd af usmif;om;or* (wuo) trI
aqmif a&G;aumufyGJ0if&mwGif &HI;edrfhcJhonf/ odkYaomf 1935-36 wGif
wuodkvfor* trIaqmifvlBuD;rsm;twGuf a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&m
udkatmifqef;onf trIaqmiftjzpf ta&G;cH&avonf/ ,if;aemuf
wuodkvfor*\ r*Zif;jzpfaom tdk;a0r*Zif;wGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwm
tjzpf aqmif&Guf&avonf/ r*Zif;t,f'Dwmb0wGif rdrdtESpfESpf
tvvu avhvmrSwo
f m;zwfcI &hJ aom Edik if aH &; A[kow
k rsm;udk aqmif;
yg;tjzpf td;k a0r*Zif;wGiaf &;om;cJo
h nf/
wm0efcH t,f'w
D mtjzpf udak tmifqef;ud,
k w
f ikd f wnf;jzwfxw
k af 0
aeaom tdk;a0r*Zif; (twGJ - 5? trSwf - 1) wGif t*Fvdyfu@ydkif;
OD;ndKjronf ,rrif;uavmiftrnfjzifh The Hell Hound At Large
(i&JacG;BuD; vGwaf jy;aeonf) trnf&dS t,f'w
D mxHay;pmwdak v;aMumifh
&efuek w
f uov
kd f ausmif;tkyBf uD; 'Da*spavmhpf (D.J.Sloss) u xdak y;pm
onf wuodkvftmPmydkifwpfOD; tm;xd yg;ykwfcwfonf[k ,lqonf/
xdkYaMumifh ay;pma&;oltrnfudk azmfxkwfay;&ef t,f'Dwmudkatmif
qef;tm; awmif;qdv
k u
kd o
f nf/ odaYk omf t,f'w
D mudak tmifqef;u t,f'D
wmusif0h wf0w&m;t& uavmiftrnfukd zGi[
hf xkwaf zmfajymqd&k ef jiif;
y,fvu
kd o
f nf/ xdt
k cg t,f'w
D mudak tmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxw
k yf pf&ef
wuov
kd t
f mPmydik rf sm; MuH&,
G af eaMumif; owif;xGuaf y:vmonf/
jzpf&yfrwdik rf D wuov
kd o
f r*OuX udEk t
k m; trsdK;om;aeY rdecYf eG ;f
ESifhywfouf 1936 azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;rS xkwfy,f
cHc&hJ onf/ odYk or*EiS hf td;k a0r*Zif;t,f'w
D mudk ausmif;rS xkwyf pf
vdkufjcif;onf ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfvHk;udkapmfum;jcif;[k or*u,lq
on/f xdkYaMumifh 1936 ck? azazmf0g&Dv25 &ufaeYwGif 'kwd,tBudrf
ausmif;om;oydwu
f kd or*uOD;aqmif ausmif;om;rsm; wnDwnGwf
wnf; qifEcJT MhJ uonf/ oydww
f u
kd yf NJG y;D aomtcg wuov
kd t
f mPmydik rf sm;
u udkatmifqef;udk ausmif;jyefaecGifhay;&onf/ udkatmifqef;onf
86
tdk;a0r*Zif; wm0efcHt,f'Dwm udkatmifqef;
1936-37 wGif bDatpDe,

D mwef;udk jyefwuf&m yJc;l aqmif tcef;trSwf
113 wGif qufvufaexdkifonf/ xdkESpfwGif yJcl;aqmif o[m,toif;
wGif atmifqef;onf trIaqmiftjzpf NydKifbufr&Sd ta&G;cH&onf/ ,if;
aemuf yJcl;o[m,toif;ESifh pmzwftoif;wdkYwGif udkatmifqef;onf
Ou|tjzpfaqmif&Gufonf/ xdkYjyif 1936-37 wuodkvfor*wGif
udkatmifqef;onf 'kwd,Ou|tjzpf ta&G;cH&onf/ 1937 wGif
udak tmifqef;onf t*Fvyd pf may? Oa&my&mZ0if? Edik if aH &;odyb
H mom&yf
rsm;jzifh 0dZm wef;udk cHt
k rSwf 56 jzifh atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ udak tmifqef;onf
xdEk pS f arv 9 rS 10 &ufaeYtxd rEav;NrKd UwGiu
f sif; yaom 'kw,
d tjurd f
ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f mnDvmcHow
Ykd ufa&mufNyD; rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;onf/
xdaYk emuf udak tmifqef;onf 1937-38 wGif Oya'ynmudk qnf;yl;
87
(0JrS,m) udkwifvwf? udkatmifqef;? udkndKjr? udkbquf?

(aemufwef;) udkwifatmif? udkwiftkH;? armifudkudk
vdak omaMumifh bDt,fvw

f ef;udk wufa&mufoifMum;onf/ xdEk pS w
f iG yf if
wuov
kd o
f r*wiG f t&HtrIaqmiftzGUJ 0iftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ArmEdik if v
H ;kH
qdik &f mausmif;om;or*wiG f OuXtjzpfvnf;aumif; ta&G;cHc&hJ onf/
udak tmifqef;onf ykord ?f armfwifpeG ;f ? ZD;csdKif&mG bke;f BuD;ausmif;
tvSLwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf aus; &Gm vlxu
k kd jrefrmjynfvw
G v
f yfa&;
&&Sd&eftwGufvnf; vufeufudkifwdkufyGJqifETJrSom &&SdrnfjzpfaMumif;
yGiyhf iG v
hf if;vif; &Si;f vif;ajymMum;cJah vonf/
xdkYaemuf 1938 - 39 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf ArmEdkifiHvHk;
qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*Ou|ESifh &efukefwuodkvf or*Ou|tjzpf
ta&G;cH&aomfvnf; ESpfqHk;atmifaqmif&GufcJhjcif; r&SdcJhacs/ EdkifiHa&;
udkaZmufcsvkyf&ef &nfoefaejyDjzpff&um; wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;odkY 1938
atmufwb
kd mv 1 &ufwiG f 0ifa&mufco
hJ nf/ xdt
k csderf pS Ny;D ocifatmif
qef;trnfwiG v
f mcJo
h nf/ tpnf;tk;H 0ifNy;D rsm;rMumrDrmS yif atmufwkd
bmvukefwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tHk; trIaqmiftzGJU0if\cefYxm;aom
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;jzpfvmonf/
ocifatmifqef;onf 1938? Edk0ifbm 3 &ufaeYwGif &efukef
wuov
kd o
f r*OuXtjzpfrv
S nf;aumif;? jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;
om;or*OuXtjzpfrf v
S nf;aumif; EIwx
f u
G cf NhJ y;D ol\wm0efrsm;udk udv
k S
88
a&T? udkA[def;? udkAaqGwdkYtm; vTJtyfay;cJhonf/

ocifatmifqef;onf wdkYArmtpnf;tHk;XmecsKyf taxGtaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpf trsdK;om;a&;vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;wGif wuf<upGmyg0if vkyf
aqmif \cJrh aI Mumifh jAdwo
d Qtpd;k &u &efuek f ta&;wBuD; vHjk cHKa&;tuf
Oya't& 1939 ck? Zefe0g&D 23 &ufaeYwGif tzrf;cH&um axmif'Pf
15 &uf uscHcJh&onf/ xdkYaemuf axmifrS zazmf0g&D 8 &ufaeYwGif vGwf
ajrmufNyD;aemuf azazmf0g&Dv25? noef;acgif ausmf2 em&Dct
JG csdew
f iG f
NrKd Urausmif;wGiu
f sif;yonfh ArmEdik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
rsm; (ausmif;om;oydwfta&;ESifhpyfvsOf;NyD;) awGUqHkaqG;aEG;onfh
tpnf;ta0;odkY wufa&mufcJhonf/
xdEk pS {f jyDv 6 &ufrS 9 &ufaeYtxdusif;yaom wdAYk rmtpnf;tH;k
armfvjrdKifnv
D mcHwiG f tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpff wm0efcaH qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
xdkYaemuf 1939? {jyD 30 rS arv 5 &ufaeYtxdusif;yaom wdkYArm
tpnf;tk;H \XmecsKyf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;wGif taxGaxG
twGi;f ta&;rSL;tjzpf a&G;aumufccH &hJ onf/
xdkESpf{jyDv 6 &ufaeYrS 9 &ufaeYtxdusif;yaom wdkYArmtpnf;
tHk; armfvjrdKifnDvmcHwGif tcrf;tem;rSL;tjzpff aqmif&GufcJhonf/
xdkYaemuf 1939? {jyD 30 rS arv 5 &ufaeYtxdusif;yaom wdkYArm
tpnf;tH;k \XmecsKyf tvkyt
f rIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;wGif taxGaxG
twGi;f a&;rSL;tjzpfa&G;aumufc&H onf/
xdkESpf Mo*kwf 13 &ufwGif &efukefNrdKU? a&ausmf&yf wdkYArmtpnf;
tH;k wnf&mae&mwGif ocifatmifqef;? ocifvaS z? udAk [de;f ?udo
k ed ;f az?
rpwm*d&k ,
S ?f rpwm'wm;wdo
Yk nf wdAYk rmtpnf;tH;k twGi;f wGif uGejf rLepf
(uvmyfpnf;) tzGJUtpnf;uav;w&yfudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ Mo*kwfv 15
&ufwGif &efukefNrdKUta&SUydkif; 49 vrf;? tdrftrSwf 188 wGif Armjynf
uGejf rLepfygwDukd vQdKU0Supf mG wnfaxmifNyD; ocifatmifqef;onf taxG
axGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpff wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/ (ocifp;kd u prf;acsmif;&yf? ajrEk
vrf;? trSwf 14? udkA[def;tdrfwGif ajratmufuGefjrLepfygwDudk pwif
zGJUpnf;onf[k qdkonf/)
1939 pufwifbmv 3 &ufaeYwiG f Oa&mywGif 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;
pwifjzpfyGm;cJhavonf/ xdkppfBuD; rjzpfrD 2 &uftvdkrSmyif wkdhArm
89
tpnf;tkH;rS jynfvHk;qdkif&mtvkyfrIaqmiftzGJU\ txl;tpnf;ta0;

w&yfukd a'gufwmbarmftrd w
f iG f usif;yum wdAYk rmtpnf;tH;k tzGUJ 0if
rsm;? qif;&Jom;0HomEktzGUJ 0ifrsm;? aejynfawmftzGUJ 0ifrsm;? u&iftrsdK;
om;tzGJU0ifrsm;? ig;yGifhqdkiftzGJU0ifrsm;yl;aygif;NyD; ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf;
(Burma Freedom Bloc) udk pufwifbmv (1) &ufwi
G f zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/
tqdyk gtzGUJ wGif a'gufwmbarmfukd tzGUJ acgif;aqmiftjzpfv
f nf;aumif;?
ocifatmifqef;tm; taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&u
G &f ef wm0ef
ay;Muonf/
Armhxu
G &f yf*P
kd ;f udw
k nfaxmifvu
kd Nf yD;aemuf Edik if aH &;vIy&f mS ;rsm;
t&Sdeft[kefjyif;pGmjzifh wpfckNyD;wck qifhumqifhum ay:xGufvmum
oydwaf rSmufr?I pDwef;vrf;avQmufNy;D tiftm;jyrI tp&So
d nfh awmf vSeaf &;
vdiI ;f wHy;kd wdYk ay:aygufco
hJ nf/ ,if;Edik if aH &; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;udk e,fcsJUtpd;k &
onf trsdK;rsdK;ESdyfuGyfcJhonf/ uHaumif;axmufraomaMumifhom ocif
atmifqef;onf e,fcsJUtpdk;&uypfvdkufaom ydkufuGeftwGif;odkY rouf
qif;cJ&h ay/
ocifatmifqef;onf armfvjrKd ifNrKd UwGiu
f sif;yaom wdAYk rmtpnf;
tH;k nDvmcHwiG f 'kw,
d urmppfwiG f jAdwo
d Qe,fcsJUtm; jrefrf mwdu
Yk tul
tnDray;oifah Mumif; w&m;a[mcJah vonf/
,if;aemuf 1940? rwfv 12 &ufwiG f tdE,
d &rf;*g;NrKd UwGif usif;y
rnfh tdE,
d ttrsdK;om;uGe*f &uf nDvmcHoYkd ocifatmifqef;onf ocif
oef;xGef;? ocifcifatmif? ocifwifarmif (yef;waemf)? udkxGef;&Sdef?
udAk [de;f ? ociftek ;f az? ociftek ;f jrif(h wd;k wufa&;) wdEYk iS t
hf wlwufa&muf
NyD; arv 1 &ufaeYwiG f &efuek Nf rdKUodjYk yefvnfa&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ 1940? ZGef
5 wGif ocifatmifqef;onf &efuek w
f uov
kd f tkycf sKyfa&;tzGUJ wGif yxr
qHk; &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;rsm;udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fwif
ajrmufc&H onf/
odkYESifh 1940? ZGef 17 wGif [omFwcdkif? ZvGefNrdKUwGifusif;yaom
wdAYk rmtpnf;tH;k w&m;yGw
J ckwiG f ocifatmifqef;onf csif;awmifwef;
taMumif; a[majymaomaMumifh ocifatmifqef;ESihf usHKrai; ocifwif
armifwt
Ykd m; umuG,af &;Oya'ESizhf rf;qD;&ef [oFmw&mZ0wf0ef rpwm
aZAD;,m; (Mr.Xavier) u 0&rf;xkwfvdkufonf/ uHtm;avsmfpGm Arm
90
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;rdom;pk
ykvyd t
f &m&Sw
d OD;\ tultnDjzifh [oFmwcdik rf S vGwaf jrmufum &efuek f
NrdKUwGif;wGif ykef;vQdK;EdkifcJhonf/ xdktawmtwGif; e,fcsJUtpdk;&\ tvdk
awmf&d aZAD;,m;uyif ==ocifatmifqef;tm; zrf;qD;ay;EdkifvQif qkaiG
5 usyfay;rnf++ [k aMunmvdkufonf/ ,if;qkaiG 5 usyf xkwfjyefonfh
owif;ukd Zlvikd v
f 2 &ufaeYxw
k f owif;pmrsm;wGif toD;oD;yg&Sv
d m&m
ocifatmifqef;udkomru jrefrmwrsdK;om;vHk;udkyif apmfum;vdkuf
aomaMumifh wpfjynfvHk;uIHUcscJhonf/ xdkaMumifh ,if;qkaiGudk 1940?
Mo*kwf 20 wGif jyefvnfkyfodrf;ay;cJh&onf/
ocifatmifqef;onf jAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &\ tzrf;rcHvykd J jynfywGix
f u
G f
Ny;D Edik if jH cm;tultnD&mS &ef qH;k jzwfco
hJ nf/ wkwu
f eG jf rLepfygwDEiS hf quf
oG,&f ef ocifatmifqef;onf wefveG af &Smif[al om wkwt
f rnfc,
H Nl y;D
vnf;aumif;? ocifvjS rKd ifonf wefqal wmif[al om wkwt
f rnfc,
H Nl y;D
vnf;aumif; 1940jynfhESpf Mo*kwf 8 &ufaeYwGif aemfa0;ydkif ==[dkifvD++
(Hai Lee) oabmFjzifh&efukefrSxGufcGmvmcJh&m 1940? Mo*kwf 24 wGif
trdKG if&dS ulvefpu
k Ref; (Kulangsu Island) odaYk &muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ ocifatmif
91
qef; wdo
Yk nf trdKG ifNrdKUwGif wkwu
f eG jf rLepfygwDEiS hf tquftoG,rf &bJ
aomifwifaepOf jrefrmEdik if &H dS &Jabmfrsm;\BuKd ;yrf;csuft& *syefEiS hf quf
oG,rf cd o
hJ nf/
Adv
k rf LS ;BuD; plZu
l ;D (aemifAv
kd rf ;kd BudK;) onf ocifatmifqef;wdt
Yk m;
trdKG ifrS *syefoq
Ykd ufo,
G af c:,lc&hJ m 1940? Ed0k ifbm 12 wGif *syefEikd if o
H Ykd
a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ ocifatmifqef;onf *syefEikd if w
H iG f jrefrf mhvw
G v
f yfa&;
vkyif ef;pOfrsm; ndE idI ;f aqmif&u
G Nf y;D aemuf jrefrmjynfwiG ;f &Sd &Jabmf&b
J uf
rsm;ESiw
hf ikd yf if&ef jrefrmEdik if o
H Ykd &Te;f wif;rm;l;oabFmjzifah &muf&NdS yD; jynf
olt
Y a&;awmfyykH gwD0ifrsm;ESihf jrefrf mhvw
G v
f yfa&;vkyif ef;pOfrsm;udk wdik yf if
aqG;aEG;cJo
h nf/
ocifatmifqef;onf 1941? rwf 10 wGif &Te;f wif;rml;oabFmjzifh
*syefEikd if o
H t
Ykd jyefwiG f &Jabmf oH;k usdyf yxrtokwjf zpfo
f nfh ocifvaS z
(Adv
k v
f usmF)? ocifA*srf; (Adv
k v
f a&mif)? ocifat;armif (Adv
k rf ;kd )? udx
k eG ;f
&Sed f (Adv
k &f efEikd )f wdu
Yk akd c:aqmifomG ;cJ&h m 1941? rwf 27 wGif wdu
k sdKNrKd UodYk
a&muf&cdS o
hJ nf/ xdrk w
S qifh ppfynmoif&ef 1941? {jyw
D iG f [dik ef efuRef;odYk
oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/ [dik ef efuRef;ESihf xdik 0f rfuRef;wGif ppfynmrsm; oifMum;
cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf xdkif;EdkifiH? befaumufNrdKUwGif 1941? 'DZifbm 26
orD;i,fav; atmifqef;pkMunfESifhtwl
92
ewfarmufNrdKaY etdrw
f iG f rdcifBuD;a':pkEiS t
hf wl Adv
k cf sKyfro
d m;pk
wGif vufarmif;aoG;azmufNyD; opmjyKum ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf

(bDtdkifat) udk 1941? 'DZifbm 27 wGifzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmfppfXmecsKyfEiS hf armfvjrKd ifppfaMumif;wGif
'kw,
d ppfaoemywdtjzpfjf zifh jrefrf mEdik if H twGi;f csDwufum jAdwo
d Qwku
Yd kd
wdu
k cf u
kd cf o
hJ nf/
1942? Zlvikd f 27 wGif *syefwu
Ykd bDtikd af tudzk suford ;f NyD; Armhum
uG,af &;wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGUJ pnf;aomtcg Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D tqifjh zifh bD'D
at\ ppfaoemywdtjzpfaf qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1943 rwfwiG f Adv
k cf sKyf&m
xl;wd;k jriahf y;jcif;cH&onf/
*syeftpdk;&\zdwfMum;csuft& 1943? rwf 11 wGif a'gufwm
barmf? a'gufwmodr;f armif? ocifjrwdEYk iS hf twl*syefEikd if o
H Ydk oGm; a&mufchJ
onf/ xdEk pS f rwf22 wGif wdu
k sdKNrdKUwGif *syefb&k if[D [
kd w
D \
kd wufae0ef;
93
wHqdyf (wwd,tqifh) ESifh pvG,fvwf (Third Class Order of Rising Sun With Middle Class) udk csD;jrifhcHcJhonf/ 1943? Mo*kwf 1
*syefacwfwiG f jrefrf mEdik if t
H pd;k &zGUJ pnf;aomtcg umuG,af &;0efBuD;Xme
0efBuD; (ppf0efBuD;) tjzpff wm0ef,lcJhonf/
zufqpf*syefwo
Ydk nf jrefrf mjynfow
l t
Ydk m; zdEydS t
f yk cf sKyfco
hJ nft
h wGuf
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifNyD; zufqpf*syefwu
Ydk kd awmfveS f &efjyifqifchJ
onf/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1944? Mo*kwf 4 rS 7 &ufaeYtxd yJc;l NrKd U?
pHjywyf&ifwiG f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwDu,
kd pf m;vS,f ocifp;kd ? ocifoef;
xGe;f ? ocifA[de;f wkEYd iS ahf wGUqHak qG;aEG;um zufqpfwu
kd zf sufa&; tzGUJ zGUJ
pnf;a&;twGuf tpnf;ta0;ac: ,lco
hJ nf/ xdpk OftwGi;f Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;tm; 1944? pufwifbm 4 wGi&f efuek Nf rdKUwGif *syefb&k if[D [
kd w
D \
kd
rGefjrwfaom&wem (yxrtqifh) bGJUwHqdyfudk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/
1945? rwf1 rS 3 txd &efuek Nf rKd UrS uefawmfBu;D ywfvrf;ESihf OD;xGe;f
jrwfvrf;axmifh&Sd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;aetdrfwGif zufqpf*syef wkdYudk
awmfveS w
f u
kd cf u
kd &f ef tpDtpOfrsm;csrSwcf o
hJ nf/
1945? rwf 27 wGif zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;pwifaomtcg
94
a&SUwef;ppfXmecsKyfwGif wm0ef,lum zufqpf*syefwkdYudk awmfvSef

wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ 1945? ar 16 wGif rdwDvmNrdKUwGif jAdwdoQ AdkvfcsKyf
qm0DvsHpvif; (aemifzD;rm&S,f) ESifh awGUqHkaqG;aEG;cJhonf/
1945 ar 19 wGif rdwv
D mrS &efuek o
f Ykd av,mOfjzifah &muf&cdS o
hJ nf/
1945? ar 19 wGifusif;yaom aeol&defnDvmcHwGif obmywdtjzpff
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ xdak eYrmS yif zufqpfwu
kd zf sufa&; tzGUJ csKyf OuXtjzpff
a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif;cH&onf/
Armhwyfrawmfta&;ESifhywfoufNyD; 1945? pufwifbm 7 wGif
uEDo
abmwlncD sufukd vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJo
h nf/ ta&SUawmiftm&S r[m
rdwfppfaoemywdcsKyf avmh'farmifhbufwefu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm;
ArmhwyfrawmfwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyf&mxl;jzifh 'kwd,ppfaq;a&;t&m&SdcsKyf
(Deputy Inspector-General) tjzpff cefYtyfrnf[k urf;vSrf;cJhonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmfom;b0udv
k kd vm;aomfvnf; ordik ;f
ay;wm0efjzpfonfh rNyD;qH;k ao;aom jrefrf mhvw
G v
f yfa&;vkyif ef;udk quf
vufa qmif&u
G &f ef 1945? atmufwb
kd m 27 wGif rsdK;cspfArmhwyfrawmf
(Patriotic Burmese Forces) \ Adv
k cf sKyf&mxl;rSEw
k x
f u
G cf NhJ yD; Edik if aH &;
e,f y,fodkYjyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf/
jrefrmEdik if b
H &k ifcH qma':refprpfuzqyvtm; trIaqmifaumif
pD (0efBu;D tzGUJ ) wGif yg0if&ef zdwaf c:cJah omfvnf; Adv
k cf sKyf atmifqef;OD;
aqmifonfh zqyvtzGUJ csKyfu rdrw
d aYdk wmif;qdck sufrsm; r&aomaMumifh
trIaqmifaumifpo
D rYkd 0ifcahJ y/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh zqyvtzGUJ onf jrefrf mjynfol
vlx\
k tiftm;jzifh jrefrf mh vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k yf u
JG kd qufvufqifEcJT o
hJ nf/
1945? 'DZifbm 1 wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfaoemywdtjzpff
wm0ef,lNyD; jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJUudk zGJUpnf;cJhonf/
1946? Zefe0g&DwGifusif;yaom zqyv yxrqHk;jynfvHk;uRwf
nDvmcHwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zqyvOuXtjzpf jyefvnf a&G;
aumufwifajrSmufc&H onf/
jrefrf mEdik if b
H &k ifcH qma':refprpf\tkycf sKyfa&;umvwGif jrefrf m
jynfow
l \
Ykd rauseyfrI ydrk Bkd uD;xGm;vmum Edik if aH &;rjidrrf oufjzpff vmcJh
onf/ xdt
k cg jAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &u qma':refprpfukd t*FvefEikd if H odjYk yefac:
95
um jreffrmEdkifiHbk&ifcHopf qm[l;bwf&efYpfudk apvTwfcJhonf/

qm[l;bwf&efYpfonf trIaqmifaumifpDwGifyg0if&ef zqyvudk
zdwfac:cJhonf/ 1946? pufwifbm 26 wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
trIaqmifaumifpD (trsdK;om;,m,Dtpd;k &) wGif 'kw,
d obmywd (0efBu;D
csKyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhNyD; umuG,fa&;XmeESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;Xmersm;udkyg
wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/
zqyvtzGJUcsKyfonf trIaqmifaumifpDwGifyg0ifvmNyD;aemuf
1946? Edk0ifbm 8 wGif jAdwdoQtpdk;& xH jreffrmEdkifiHudk wpfESpftwGif;
vGwv
f yfa&;ay;&ef awmif;qdck o
hJ nf/
96
(0JrS,m) OD;baz? ocifjr? tufwvD? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;? OD;wifxG#f?

avmh'yf ufopfavmf&if?h (aemufwef;) *VKefO;D apm (rsufreS t
f eufwyfxm;ol)?
rpwmtvufZEm? AdkvfpMum? OD;b&if? ocifcspf? OD;ausmfNidrf;? 1947 Zefe0g&D
zqyv\awmif;qdck sufuw
kd jYkH yefonft
h aejzifh t*Fvyd ef ef;&if;0ef
rpwm tufwvD (C.R.Attlee, P.C. ., O.M.., C..H..) u 1946? 'DZif
bm20 wGijf Aw
d o
d QygvDrefatmufvw
T af wmfwiG f jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ
udk t*Fvefjynf? vef'efNrdKUodkYzdwfac:aqG; aEG;rnf[kaMujimcJhonf/
jAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &\zdwMf um;csuft& Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifonfh jrefrm
ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ onf t*Fvefjynfoo
Ykd mG ;a&mufNyD; jAdwd oQtpd;k &ud,
k f
pm;vS,rf sm;ESihf awGUqHak qG;aEG;um 1947? Zefe0g&D 27 wGif ==atmifqef;tufwvDpmcsKyf++udk csKyfqckd o
hJ nf/
xdkYaemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jynfrESifhawmifwef;a'orsm;
tygt0if aygif;pnf;Ny;D jrefrf mhvw
G f vyfa&;&,lEikd &f ef 1947? azazmf0g&D
12 wGif&Srf;jynfe,fajrmufydkif;? awmifydkif;ESifhta&SUydkif;wdkY\ vrf;qHk&m
97
vJcsm;apmfbmG ;\e,fajrtwGi;f &Sd yifvNkH rdKUuav;wGif wdik ;f &if;om;ud,

k f
pm;vS,f 23 OD;wkUd ESit
hf wl ordik ;f 0if ==yifvpkH mcsKyf++ udk csKyfqckd ahJ yonf/
1947? {jyD 9 wGif usif;yaomwdkif;jynfjyK vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJwGif
zqyvtrwfavmif;tjzpff &efuek Nf rdKUr (vrf;rawmf) rJqEe,fajrrS 0if
a&mufta&G;cHNyD; vTwfawmftrwftjzpff NydKifbufr&Sda&G;aumufwif
ajrmufccH &hJ onf/
xdkYaemuf 1947? ar 19 rS 23 xdusif;yaom zqyv yPmr
jyifqifrInDvmcHodkY wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1947? ZGef 16 wGif wdkif;jynfjyK
vTwaf wmfnv
D mcHwiG f jynfaxmifpjk refrf mEdik if aH wmfzUJG pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH
Oya'a&;qGJ&mwGif yg0if&rnfhtajccHrlrsm;udk wifoGif;cJhonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf 1942? pufwifbm 6 wGif ajrmif;jr NrKd Uae
OD;zd;k ni;f ? a':zGmpkw\
Ydk om;orD; 10 OD;teuf t|rajrmuf orD;jzpfo
f l
olemjyKq&mr rcifMunf (aemif r[moD&o
d "k rbUJG &? tdE,
d Edik if v
H ;kH qdik f
&mESihf eDaygEdik if q
H ikd &f m jrefrf moHtrwfBuD;)ESihf xdr;f jrm;vufxyfNyD; om;
(2) OD;? orD; (2) OD;? atmifqef;OD;? atmifqef;vif;? atmifqef;pkMunf?
orD;axG; (i,fpOfuuG,fvGef) xGef;um;cJhonf/
xdaYk emuf 1947? Zlvikd f 19 &uf? eHeuf 10;35 em&DwiG f twGi;f 0ef
rsm;H;k (aemif0efBuD;rsm;H;k ) wGif 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf rsdK;
cspfygwDacgif;aqmifESifh eef;&if;0efa[mif; *VKefOD;apm\ aemufvdkuf
vlowform;wk\
Yd vkyMf uHowfjzwfraI Mumifh usqH;k cJ&h onf/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\kyu
f vmyfukd 1948? {jyD 11 wGif tjcm;0efBu;D
rsm;ESit
hf wl *sLAvDa[mrS tmZm enfuek ;f okyhd aYkd qmif*o
l iG ;f oj*K [fco
hJ nf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;NyD; 11 ESpftMum 1959? rwf 27 wGif jrefrmh
vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rIaemufq;kH u@txd ud,
k u
f sdKriJb
h J wdik ;f jynfEiS v
hf rl sdK;
vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf oufpeG q
Yf zH sm; BuKd ;yrf;aqmif&u
G cf rhJ aI Mumifh Edik if aH wmf
u aus;Zl;qyfjcif;txdrf;trSwftjzpf vGwfvyfa&;armfuGef;0if (yxr
qifh) (Star of the Revolution) wHqdyfrsm;csD;jrifh*kPfjyKjcif;cHcJh&onf/
98
99
100
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D ocifjr
(1897-1947)
tmZmenf t rsd K ;om;
acgif;aqmifBuD; ocifjrudk
c&pfou&mZf 1897 ckESpf
atmufwdkbmv7&uf Mumo
yaw;aehwGif jynfNrdKUe,f xkH;
bdk&Gm tzOD;bdk;cRef? trd a':
oufv,fwrYkd S zGm;jrifonfh arG;
csif;ESpfa,mufteuf tBuD;
qHk;jzpfonf/ arG;csif;ESrrSm
rjraiG (oDv&Sif racrm0wD)
jzpfonf/ ocifjr\ i,frnf
rSm armifjra&TjzpfNy;D aemifwiG f
armifjr[k wGicf o
hJ nf/ armifjr oH;k ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f rdcifBu;D uG,v
f eG cf o
hJ nf/
i,fpOfu 1903 ckESpfwGif jynfNrdKUe,f xHk;bdkNrdKUq&mBuD; OD;bdk;p
\ wdkif;&if;jrefrm rlvwef;ausmif;wGif pwifynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 4
wef;atmifonfhtcg om,m0wDNrdKU ABM tv,fwef;ausmif;odkh
ajymif;a&TUynmoifcJh&onf? zcif OD;bdk;cRef\ ESr0rf;uGJ a':tkef;&Sifu
om,m0wDNrKd UodUk ac:,l ausmif;xm;ay;&m tqdyk gausmif; 3 wef;rS
pwifoifc&hJ onf/ 1912 ckEpS f wGif 7 wef;pmar;yGu
J kd paumvm;&Spjf zifh
atmifonf/ xdkYaemuf &efukefNrdKU bwfywpftxufwef;ausmif;wGif
8wef; ynmoifonf/ 1915 ckESpfwGif 10 wef; pmar;yGJudk xl;cRefpGm
atmifjrifco
hJ nf/
1915-16 wGif &efuek af umvdyf odyOH ypmwef; ynmoifonf/
aumvdyfausmif;om;b0wGif oli,fcsif;rsm;pkaygif; =Munfhjrifwdkif
ausmif;om;uvyf+ (Students Union Club,1916) udk wnf
axmifcJhonf/ uvyfwGif naeydkif; tcrJh t*Fvdyfpmoifwef;q&m?
1918-19 wGif uvyftwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efrsm; aqmif&Guf vlrIa&;?
Edik if aH &; vIy&f mS ;rIrsm;wGif yg0ifco
hJ nf/ 1919 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek af umvdyf
101
a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr? a'gufwmodr;f armif? Adv

k cf sKyfatmifqef; (0Jr,
S m)
bDtufppf D *kPx
f ;l wef;pmar;yGJ usI;H cJo
h nf/ 1920jynfEh pS f *kPx
f ;l wef;
jyefvnfwua&mufaepOf &efuek w
f uov
kd f tufOya'udk qefu
Y sifaom
ausmif;om;oydww
f iG f acgif;aqmifwpfO;D tjzpf OD;aqmifco
hJ nf/ oydwf
arSmufaumifpw
D iG v
f nf; 'kw,
d Ou|tjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ A[ef;trsdK;
om;aumvdyfrS B.Sc., (Nat) bGJU &&SdcJhonf/
1920-21ckESpfwGif A[ef;oydwfpcef; pHjytrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m?
trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; pDrt
H yk cf sKyfraI umfrwDwzJG uf tusdK;aqmif? 192123 wGif MunfhjrifwkdiftrsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif; txufwef;jyq&m
tjzpfwm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1923 wGif &efukefwuodkvfOya'wef; wuf
a&muf 1927 wGif B.L Oya'bGJU &&SdcJhonf/
1926 ckESpf rwfv (7) &uf we*FaEGaeUwGif om,m0wDcdkif
tkwzf Nkd rKd UrS ajrydik &f iS f trdeaYf wmf&a&SUae OD;bausmf? a':a':pdew
f \
Ykd orD;
rcifGefYESifh vufxyfcJhonf/ om;orD; rxGef;um;cJhay/
102
1927 ckEpS w
f iG f Oya'bGUJ &Ny;D aemuf om,m0wDNrKd UodYk ajymif;a&TU
0wfvakH wmf&tjzpf vkyu
f ikd cf o
hJ nf/ xdo
k Ykd aqmif&u
G af epOf om,m0wDNrKd U
Ak'bmom trsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJU0if? om,m0wDcdkif
paumufaumfr&Sief mtjzpf vlraI &;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ 1931
ckEpS w
f iG f q&mpHEiS hf awmifov
l ,form;ta&;awmfykH acgif;aqmifrsm;udk
om,m0wDNrKd U txl;cHk ;Hk wGif trIppfaq;&mwGif w&m;cHrsm;bufrS tpd;k &
a&SUaetjzpf vdkufygaqmif&Gufay;cJhonf/ tpdk;&xH &&Sdaom a&SUaec
tm;vH;k udk om,m0wDNrdKU aq;kBH uD;odYk a&pufcsvSL'gef;cJo
h nf/
1934 ckESpf{NyDvwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;|mecsKyfacgif;aqmif?
ocifApdef? ocifav;armif? &Sifol&d, (OD;Owr\nD) wdkY\ wdkYArm
0g'jzefcY sda&;twGuf om,m0wDNrKd UodYk a&muf&v
dS m&m? uln{D nfch
H wdAYk rm
tpnf;tkH;0ifjzpfvmonf/ xdktcsdefrSp ocifjrtrnfwGifcJhonf/
1935 ckESpfwGif om,m0wDpD&ifpk? wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;\ 'kwd,Ou|?
1936 ckEpS f 'kw,
d tBudrf wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H nDvmcHwiG f Edik if v
H ;kH qkid &f m
trIaqmiftzGJU0if? |mecsKyftvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
1936 ckESpf a&G;aumufyGJ wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;\ udk,fyGm;tzGJU udk,fhrif;
ud,
k chf sif;tzGUJ rS 0ifa&muf,OS Nf yKd if&m om,m0wDawmifyikd ;f Oya'jyK vTwf
awmftrwftjzpf tEdik &f &Scd o
hJ nf/ vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf vpmr,lcahJ cs/
1938 ckEpS f wwd,tBurd f wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H nDvmcHrS |mecsKyftvkyt
f rI
aqmif? a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;ta&;awmfykH pHpk rf;a&;aumfr&Sit
f zGUJ 0iftjzpf
wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1938 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f wGif wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H
2 jcrf;uGJ&m q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrIdif; em,utjzpfaqmif&Gufaom
wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H |mecsKyftvkyt
f rIaqmif? pm&if;ppftjzpf wm0ef,l
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;rsm;\ epfemrI? rw&m;
zdEydS cf &H rIrsm;udk vTwaf wmfwiG f jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;qdw
k ifjycJNh yD;? uefY
uGuaf omtm;jzifh vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf ociftBhH uD;ESit
hf wl EIwx
f u
G f
cJo
h nf/
xdaYk emuf a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;oydwu
f kd |mecsKyftvkyt
f rIaqmif
tjzpf OD;aqmifcJhonf/ tvkyform;oydwfudk vTwfawmftzGJU0iftjzpf
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1939 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufaeYwiG f a&Tw*d akH pwDawmf
103
tv,fyp,w
H iG f yxrOD;qH;k zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nfh jrefrmEdik if H awmifov
l ,form;
tpnf;tkH; (A? w? v? p) \ Ou|tjzpf a&G;aumufwifajrmufcH&
onf/ ocifjronf NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;wGif awmifov
l ,form;tpnf;tk;H
rsm; zGUJ pnf;cJo
h nf/ awmifov
l ,form;acgif; aqmif (au'g) oifwef;rsm;
zGifhvSpf v,foD;pm;cjyemESifh awmifolv,form;a&;&mrsm;udk ydkY
cscJo
h nf/ ocifjrwdZYk eD;armifEo
HS nf tvGecf srf;omaom v,fyikd &f iS rf sm;
jzpfaomfvnf; v,fo;D pm;crsm;udk tpnf;tk;H twGuo
f m toH;k jyKcJo
h nf/
pdwo
f abmxm;El;nHo
h rd af rGU tvGet
f m;emwwfojl zpfonf/
1939 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufaeYwGif om,m0wDawmifydkif;
Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufy
JG ocifxeG ;f ? ocifApdew
f Ykd OD;aqmifaom wdAYk rm
tpnf;tk;H rS ocifnD (Adv
k cf sKyfBuD;ae0if;\ OD;av;) ESihf ,SONf ydKifta&G;cH
&m tEkdif&&Sdonf/ vTwfawmftrwftjzpf qufvufaqmif&Gufonf/
vTwfawmfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;topfudk uefYuGufaomtm;jzifh vTwfawmf
tpnf;ta0;cef;rodYk bk&ifc0H ifa&mufvmcsde
f xdik o
f ydwaf rSmufjcif;?
vTwfawmfwGif jrefrmpum;jzihfom ajymqdkjcif;? tvkyform;? awmifol
v,form;ta&;udk &J&J0Hh0Hhwifjyjcif;? 1938 ckESpf vlrsdK;a&;t"dukPf;
pHpk rf;a&;tpD&ifcpH mudk jyif;jyif;xefxefa0zefjcif;rsm; jyKvkycf ahJ omfvnf;
1938 ckESpf rwfv 1 &uf t*FgaeYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif jynfxJ
a&;0efBu;D csKyf qmay:xGe;f u =ocifjronf tvGet
f usdK;taMumif;rQwpGm
qufqw
H wfonfh yk*Kd vf? ocifjrvdk ocifrsdK;udak wmh usaemfwu
Ykd uefawmh
yGEJ iS ahf wmif xm;csifygw,f+ [k jrefrmjynfOya'jyKvTwaf wmfrw
S w
f rf; twGJ
3 (1936) pmrsufESm 1636 wGif rSwfwrf;wifcJhonf/
1939 ckESpf pwkwtBudrfajrmuf wdkYArmtpnf;tkH;nDvmcHrS
|mecsKyftvkyftrIaqmiftjzpf wm0efay;tyfcH&onf/ 1939 ckESpf
pufwifbmvwGif jynfolYta&;awmfyHkygwDudk OD;aqmifzGJUpnf;cJhonf/
1939 ckESpf pufwifbmv1&ufaeYwGif ArmhxGuf&yf*dkPf; (Burma
Freedom Bloc) wnfaxmif&mwGif OD;pD;tzGJU0iftjzpf yg0ifaqmif
&Gucf o
hJ nf/ 1941 ckEpS f rwfvwGif jynfot
Yl a&;awmfyykH gwD\ jynfwiG ;f
tzGUJ ocifjrtm; Ou|tjzpf wifajrmufco
hJ nf/ xdt
Yk jyif 1941 ckEpS f
rwfv 10 &ufaeYwiG f yJc;l NrKd UwGiu
f sif;yaom Edik if v
H ;kH qdik &f m wdAYk rmtpnf;
tk;H \ Ou|tjzpfwm0efay;tyfc&H onf/ ygvDreftrwfwOD;tm; wdAYk rm
104
tpnf;tk;H \ Ou|tjzpf rceft

Y yf&[laom pnf;rsOf;udck sdK;zsuf Edik if H
a&;tajctaet& wm0efay;tyfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ ocifjronf &Jabmf
oH;k usdyf *syefEikd if o
H Ykd ppfynmoifomG ;Edik af &;twGuf pDpOfaqmif&u
G af y;
cJo
h nf/ 1941 ckEpS f arvwGif &cdik jf ynfe,fausmufawmfNrKd U &cdik w
f idk ;f &if;
om;tzGUJ csKyfueG *f &ufoYkd ZeD;onf ocifr rcifeG Uf ESit
hf wl wufa&mufchJ
onf/ 1941ckESpf 'DZifbmv9&ufaeYwGif wdkYArmtpnf;tkH; rw&m;
toif; aMunmcH&NyD; aemuf armfvNrdKifNrdKUodYk vQdKU0Suw
f rd ;f a&Smifco
hJ nf/
1942 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 28 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif
udv
k aS rmif (aemufAv
kd af Z,s) ESit
hf wl ,d;k ',m;Edik if H (xdik ;f ) befaumuf
NrKd Uodo
Yk mG ;a&muf jrefrm-*syef qufo,
G af &;t&m&Scd sKyf Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D [D&m
tdkumESifh jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;cJhonf/ 1942 ckESpfwGif
jrefrmjynfA[dt
k yk cf sKyfa&;pDpOfrt
I zGUJ wGif ocifjrtm; tzGUJ 0iftjzpf jrefrm
jynf&Sd *syefppfaoemywd 'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; tD;'g;u cefYtyfcJhonf/
*syefacwf 1942 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 17 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynf
acwfopftpd;k &tzGUJ wGzJ uf0efBu;D ocifjrtm; jynfxaJ &; 0efBu;D tjzpf
cefYtyfcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpf rwfv11&ufaeYwGif a'gufwmbarmf?
a'gufwmodef;armif? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;ausmfNidrf;wdkYESifhtwl *syef
EdkifiHodkY oGm;a&mufcJhonf/ 1943 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif *syef
acwfvGwfvyfa&;ay;aomtcg ocifjronf 'kwd,0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvm
onf/ zufqpfawmfveS af &;twGuf zwyvudk zGUJ aomtcg jynfot
Yl a&;
awmfyHkudk udk,fpm;jyK yg0ifcJhonf/ 1945 ckESpf {NyDv 23 &ufaeYwGif
*syefwyfrsm; &efuek rf S qkwcf mG &m t"dywda'gufwmbarmf? ocifEw
k EYkd iS hf
twl tus,fcsKyfoabmrsdK;jzifh vdu
k yf goGm;cJ&h rk'w
Hk iG f usef&pfco
hJ nf/
1945 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDudk OD;
aqmifwnfaxmif Ou|tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhonf/ 1946-47 ckESpfwGif
zqyv|mecsKyf A[dktvkyftrIaqmiftzGJU0if? 1946 ckESpf pufwifbm
v28 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;pD;aom Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJU
b@ma&;ESifh tcGefawmf|me0efBuD;? 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif
atmifqef; - tufwvDpmcsKyf csKyfq&kd ef vef'efomG ;jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,f
tzGUJ 0ifEiS hf wkid ;f jynfjyKvTwaf wmf,m,Dobmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
105
1947 ckEpS f {Nyv

D wGif usi;f ycJah om wdik ;f jyKjynfjyKvw
T af wmfa&G;aumufy
JG
ocifjronf om,m0wDawmifyikd ;f rS ta&G;cH&onf/ 1947 ckEpS f {NyDv
30 &ufaeYwiG f NAw
d o
d Qtpd;k &ESihf b@ma&;jyemt&yf&yfukd ajz&Si;f &ef
bk&ifcH\trIaqmifaumifpD0if0efBuD;ocifjrESifh NAdwdoQtpdk;&udk,fpm;
f D b@ma&;
vS,f *sdr;f uGeb
f D (James i.c.Crombie) wdYk =jr-uGeb
oabmwlncD suf+ udk vufrw
S af &;xd;k cJMh uonf/ ocifjronf =v,fo;D pm;
Oya'#Dum+ pmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonf/ ocifjrtm; 1947 ckESpf
ZGev
f 10 &ufaeYwiG f wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmftpnf;ta0; Ou|tjzpf
aqmif&u
G &f ef Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;utqdw
k ifoiG ;f ref;bcdik u
f axmufcH
um tm;vHk;u wnDwGwfwnf; a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/
xdkYaemuf 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY eHeuf 10 em&D 30
rdepfwiG f &efuek Nf rKd UtwGi;f 0efrsm;k;H 0efBu;D tpnf;ta0; wufa&mufae
pOf *VKefO;D apm\aemufvu
dk rf sm;\ vufcsufjzifh usnf 2 csufxrd eS u
f m
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtjcm;0efBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl usqHk;cJhonf/ usqHk;pOf
touf 50 &SdNyDjzpfonf/
Muif;usefaom kyfuvmyfudk tmZmenfukef; tmZmenfacgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;ESit
hf wl *loiG ;f oN*K[fxm;onf/
106
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdK

udv
k ekd aD cwf? *syefacwf? jrefrmh
vGwv
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;umvwd
Yk xif
&Sm;cJah omyk*K v
d rf mS aemifwiG f tmZm
enfacgif;aqmifBuD; wOD;jzpfvm
onfh 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKyifjzpfonf/ q&m
csKd onf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;? pmayavmu?
*Dw avmuwdkYwGif a&SUaqmifwOD;
jzpfovdk avmuDynm tif;tdkif pr
aA'if euwfESifh aq;ynmwdkYwGif
xJxJ0if0if wwfodem;vnfonfh
pG,pf &kH yk*K v
d x
f ;l yifjzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh OD;oefY (aemifuv
k or*taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;csKyf) u
q&m'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKtm; ==t*Fvyd v
f rl sdK;xJrmS awmh tJv'f pf [wfpaf vqdw
k hJ
yk*Kdvfwa,muf&Sdygw,f/ b,fbufuprf;prf;&wJhyk*KdvfygyJ/ 'gayr,fh
... OD;bcsdKavmufawmh pHkr,frxifygbl;++ [k BuD;yGm;a&;r*Zif; (Edk0if
bm? 1937) rSww
f rf;wifcahJ vonf/
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKudk 1893 ckEpS ?f {NyDv 24
&uf wevFmaeY jrpf0uRe;f ay:a'o ajrmif;jrNrKd UzGm;jrifco
hJ nf/ rdbrsm;
rSm tzOD;bd;k pm? trda':jrpfwjYkd zpfonf/ zcifrmS ajrmif;jrNrKd U =arcvm+
aq;wdu
k zf iG
hf jrefrmorm;awmftjzpf toufarG;cJo
h nf/ rdcif\trsdK;
tEG,rf mS rGerf LS ;rwfrsdK;jzpfonf/ trnf;&if; armifbcsdKjzpf arG;csif;av;
a,mufwGif ti,fqHk;jzpfonf/
i,fpOfu 1900 rS 1907 ckEpS t
f xd ajrmif;jrNrKd U q&mOD;armifarmif
ausmif;? 1907 rS 1909 ckESpftxd &efukefpdefaygvfausmif; (txu 6
Adv
k w
f axmif) wd
Yk ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ i,fpOfuyif Pfynmxuf
jruf pmay? *DwESifh tm;upm;wdkYudk vnf;vdkufpm;cJhonf/ touf
14 ESpt
f &G,w
f iG f owrwef;udk OD;armifarmifausmif;rSatmif paum
vm;&Spf (tpdk;&ynmoifqk) &&SdcJhonf/ 16 ESpft&G,fwGif q,fwef;
107
pmar;yGJudk pdefaygvfausmif;rS xl;xl;cRefcRefatmifjrif ynmoifqk

qufvuf&&Scd o
hJ nf/
xdaYk emuf 1909 wGif &efuek af umvdy
f qufvufynmoifMum;&m
bDattxufwef;wGifynmoifaepOf rsufpda&m*g& 1913 ckESpfwGif
ausmif;xGucf &hJ onf/
1913 rS 1914 ckEpS t
f xd aygif;wnfNrKd U tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;?
1914 rS 21 ckEpS t
f xd [oFmwNrKd Utpd;k &ausmif;wd
Yk ygVd q&mESihf ynm
tkyt
f jzpftrIxrf;cJo
h nf/
xdkodkYtrIxrf;aepOf ae&yf[oFmwo&JacsmifudkrSD ==aemufpG,f
acsmifu awmufwahJ rmif++ uavmiftrnfjzifh pme,fZif;rsm;wGif uAsm
vuFmESifh jrefrmrIwdkYudka&;om;cJhonf/ vlrIa&;vkyfief;tjzpf [oFmw
NrdKUokp&dw,k0toif; pu&Daw&Dtjzpfaqmif &GufcJhonf/
ynmtkyftjzpfaqmif&GufaepOf 1920 jynfESpf? arv 25 &uf
aeYwGif &efukefNrdKU armif*dkrm&D (AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;) vrf; tdrftrSwf
70 ae vSn;f vkyif ef;&Sif OD;oJ? a':rrBu;D wd\
Yk orD; jrefrmrde;f rrsm; toif;
wGzJ uf pu&aD w&DrvSarESiv
hf ufxyfco
hJ nf/ rvSarrSm udv
k ekd aD cwf trsdK;
orD; 0HomEkvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;wGif xif&mS ;cJah om trsdK;orD;acgif;aqmifwOD;
jzpfonf/
Edik if t
H ESYH trsdK;om;aeY0o
H mEkpw
d "f mwfrsm;jyefyY mG ;vm&m OD;bcsdKonf
uAsmvuFm jrefrmrIrsm;udak &;om;ae&mrS ==ESpyf g;Munf++ *sme,f vlraI &;?
Edik if aH &;jyKjyifajymif;vJ&ef vIaYH qmfonfh =='D;'kw\
f yp&vuwu
f srf;++ udk
=='D;'kwf++ uavmiftrnfjzifh a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkodkYuavmifjzifh trsdK;
om;a&; wm0efxrf;aqmifae&mrS aumvdyfausmif;ae zuf',fvD*dwf
OD;xGef;&Sdef\ wdkufwGef;csufjzifh ynmtkyf&mxl;rSEkwfxGuf A[ef;&yf
trsdK;om;aumvdyfwGif 1921 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 14 &ufaeY 0ifa&muf
xrf;&GufcJhonf/ A[ef;aumvdyf jrefrmpmayESifh &mZ0ifygarmu
ya&mfzufqm q&mvGe;f \jrefrmbmomvufaxmuftjzpf A[ef;aum
vdyfysufonftxd tqif;&JtcsdKUwJhcHum aqmif&GufcJhonf/ trsdK;om;
aumvdyaf usmif;q&m b0wGif 0rf;a&;twGuf wzufwvSr;f rS ==bcsdK\
tom;vSuwDyga&++? ==yef;NrdKifv,fa&arT;++ wdkYudk xkwfvkyfa&mif;cscJh&
onf/
108
1924 ckEpS w
f iG f A[ef;trsdK;om;aumvdyyf sufp;D oGm;&m jrefrm&DAsL;
*sme,ftuf'w
D mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvyk u
f ikd o
f nf/ xdo
k v
Ykd yk u
f ikd af epOf *sm
e,frS cGihf 6 v,lum tpd;k &taxmuftyHrh cHaom o&ufawmtrsdK;om;
ausmif; trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mtjzpf 0ifa&mufvyk u
f ikd o
f nf/ o&uf
awmausmif;wdu
k f trsdK;om;aumif;ysufjyefaomtcg 1925 ckEpS f {NyDv
wGif 'D;'kwf*sme,fudk udk,fwdkifOD;pD; udk,fydkifxkwfa0cJhonf/
xdpk Ofu 'D;'kw*f sme,fwu
kd rf mS &efuek Nf rKd U ykZeG af wmfNrKd Ue,f a&ausmf
vrf;teD; 49 vrf;ESihf 50 xdyaf rmif*rkd m&Dvrf;rBuD; (Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
vrf;) ay:wGif wnf&o
dS nf/ wdu
k t
f xufxyf q&mOD;bcsdKESihf rdom;pkwYkd
aexdik Mf uNyD; atmufxyfwiG f tvkyw
f u
kd x
f m;&Sad vonf/ ud,
k yhf EkH ydS pf uf
ESiu
hf ,
kd f du
k Ef ydS x
f w
k af 0onf/ 'D;'kw*f sme,fwu
dk rf mS pD;yGm;a&;rqefvaS cs/
olYpm&if;ESifhol? olY tIH;tjrwfESifholxm;NyD; ususeepD;yGm;a&;qefqef
vkyfudkifEdkifjcif;r&Sdacs/ ydkif&Sifvnf;jzpf? xkwfa0olvnf;jzpf? t,f'Dwm
vnf; jzpf? yifwdkifaqmif;yg;&Sifvnf;jzpfom OD;'csdKonf owfrSwfxm;
aom vcESifh tcaMu;aiGrsm;udk xkwf,lonfr[kwf/ vG,fovdk? acsmif
ovdk? vdkovdkxkwf,loHk;pJGjcif;jzpfaomaMumifh wcgw&H*sme,fvkyfief;
twGufaiGvdkvQif tdrfupdkufxkwfxnfh&onf/ aiGr&Sdu &Sdaomypnf;
aygifESHa&mif;cs? odkYr[kwf acs;iSm; vdkaiGudkpdkufxkwf&onf/
q&mOD;bcsdKudk,fwdkifuvnf; tay;turf;&ufa&m taygif;
toif;tay: vufzGmaomaMumihf vpOftukeftusrsm;vSonf/ xdkY
aMumifh olEdkifaomvkyfief;&Sifrsm;xHrS aMumfjimcrsm;udk wESpftwGuf
BuKd ,lxm;Ny;D tvkyw
f u
kd \
f pm&if;wGif aiGr0ifbJ aMumfjimrsm;xnfah y;ae
&jcif;vnf;&Sdonf/ xdkYaMumifh *sme,fvkyfief;onf aiGt0iftxGuf
pm&if;a&maxG;aeNyD; pD;yGm;a&;tm;jzifh vk;H vnfvu
kd af eonf/
odkYaomf 'D;'kwf*sme,fudk vlBudKufrsm;onf/ apmif&nHhonfhtcg
enf;NyD; apmifa&aumif;onfhtcgu rsm;ayonf/ xdkpOfu apmifa&
trsm;qHk; xkwfa0&aom*sme,frsm; wcktygt0ifjzpfonf/ 'D;'kwf
*sme,fwiG f q&mcsdKonf jrefrmhEikd if aH &;? vlraI &;? pmay? *Dw? euwaf A'if?
avmuDynm&yf rsdK;pHkudk 'dkifcHa&;om;cJhonf/
xdkodkYaqmif&GufaepOf 1925 ckESpfEdkif0ifbmv 24 &ufaeYwGif
&efuek Nf rKd UA[ef;NrKd Ue,f csmcsDvrf; (ud,
k rhf if;ud,
k chf sif;vrf;) pHtrd
f rdb&k m;
109
acgifBuD;pkb&k m;vwfewf&mG pH&m? rdb&k m;acgif;BuD;\tErd psmyetwGuf

jrefrmpme,fZif;rsm;yg0ifaqmif&u
G &f ef OD;aqmifvaYHI qmfco
hJ nf/
OD;bcsdKonf t*Fvefjynf pm;a&;q&mBu;D bm;eyfa&SmvufcaH e
aom azbD,q
H &dk ,
S v
f pf0g'udk BudKufEpS o
f ufojzifh OD;bcdik f (jrefrmhEikd if H
a&;ordik ;f pmtkyaf &;ol)? udEk w
k EYkd iS t
hf wl azbD,t
H oif;udw
k nfaxmif
OuXtjzpfaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
1923 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifcJh&monf
'D;'kwf*sme,frS OD;wkwfBuD;\ ==o&mZ++ ygwDudk axmufcHcJhonf/ 1925
ckESpfwGif o&mZygwDOuX OD;wkwfBuD;uG,fvGefaomtcg OD;ay:xGef;
(aemifqmbGJU&) OuXjzpfvmonf/ tdEd,EdkifiHrS ==qG&m*sf++ toif;ukd
twk,
l zGUJ onfyh gwDjzpfonf/ ygwD\rl0g'rSm Oya'jyKaumifpD twGi;f
0if vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdk&efESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk wkdufzsuf&ef
jzpfonf/
1930 jynfhESpfMo*kwfvwGif cGJa&;wGJa&;ay:aygufvm&m OD;bcsdK
onf OD;ausmjf rif?h a'gufwmbarmfwEYkd iS yhf ;l aygif; wGaJ &;bufrS aqmif&u
G f
cJo
h nf/
OD;bcsdKonf tjcm;ygwDtzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;
udk raxmufcb
H J vGwv
f yfpaJG 0zefa&;om;aeaomfvnf; ud,
k w
f ikd u
f a&G;
aumufyGJudprsm;? &mxl;vkaomudprsm;ESifh tvkt,ufNydKifqdkifpnf;kH;
aomudpr sm;wGif ryg0ifrywfoufojzifh olt
Y ay:wGif tjcm;Edik if aH &;tzGUJ
tpnf;rsm;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;u tmCmw rxm;Muacs/ xdkY
aMumifh tcsif;csif;rdwrf ysufqufqMH uonfomrsm;\/
'D;'kwfOD;bcsdKonf EdkifiHa&;ESifh pmayaqmif&GufkHrQru jrefrmh
tEkynmwd;k wufa&;twGuv
f nf; bufaygif;pHrk OS ;D aqmifco
hJ nf/ q&m
bcsdKonf uAsm*DwzufwGifvnf; q&mwqlozG,fjzpfae&m *Dworm;
trsm;tjym; 'D;'kww
f u
kd o
f v
Ykd mMuonf/ 1929 ckEpS w
f iG f r[m'kuf yk &f iS f
ukrP
rD S xkwv
f yk f onfh ==jrm;ewf&iS +f + Zmwfum; Zmwfvu
kd \
f taztcef;
rS yg0ifokyfaqmif jrefrmhkyf&Sifjrihfwifa&;udk tm;ay;csD;jrifhcJhonf/
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKonf pHy,fuavmiftrnfjzifh abGow
D m0wKudak &;om;cJ&h m
pEmky&f iS rf S 0if;OD;u ky&f iS t
f jzpfu
kd u
f ;l cJah omfvnf; Zmwfum;ay: xGuf
vmjcif;r&Sdacs/ 1930 jynfhESpfwGif bdvyfrS jyefa&mufvmaom jrefrm
110
yef;csDausmf OD;bPfudk jrefrmpme,fZif;rsm;ESifhrdwfquf&ef udk,fwdkif

uruxjyKvkycf o
hJ nf/
1934 wGif ol,MkH unfaom ynm&yftwGuf &SiOf wroD&rd ax&f\
prusrf;tzGifh ==uygvuFm&0Pemusrf;++ udk wnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJhonf/
xdjYk yif 'D;'kw*f sme,fwiG f ==tDaemifZwfawmfBuD;++ udk wnf;jzwfyEkH ydS af z:jy
cJo
h nf/ 1935 ckEpS w
f iG f *Dwokawoetoif;udk OD;aqmifzUJG pnf; apmif;
q&mausmfukd OuX? ywvm;OD;odu
k u
f kd twGi;f a&;rSL;wif jrefrmh*w
D wd;k
wufa&;twGuf vrf;nTerf aI y;cJo
h nf/ *Dwynm&Sif apmif;OD;armifarmif
vwf? tqdkawmf a':a'vDnGefYwdkYudk jrefrmhtpOftvmoDcsif;BuD; rl&if;
qd[
k efEiS hf wD;uGurf sm;udk raysmufysufap&ef oDqw
kd ;D rIwaf pcJo
h nf/ q&m
csdKuk,
d w
f ikd f uGr;f bd;k xdr;f BuD;ayrl? bm;emh'af yrl? oH,w
k q
f &mawmf\ yk&
ydu
k rf sm;ESifh ndE iId ;f um oDcsif;Bu;D yk'af & (570) ygaom a'0Emrl ==*Dw0d
aom"eDusrf;++ udk wnf;jzwf xkwfa0cJhonf/
q&mcsdKonf 'D;'kwf*sme,frS 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk uavmifjzifh
wdu
k zf sufrHk Qru jrefrmhtvif;OD;cspfarmif (aemif*sme,fausmf)? bm;rm;
*sme,f OD;xGef;oef;? &Jowif;pmOD;b&Sdef (r[maqG)? wdkYArmowif;pOf
ocifwifarmifwEYkd iS w
hf
JG jrefrmhEikd if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;\ 91 Xmetkyf
csKyfa&;wGif &mxl;r,l&ef pkaygif;BuKd ;pm;cJah o;onf/ e*g;eDpmtkyt
f oif;rS
awmif;cHaom tultnDrsm;udv
k nf; wwftm;oa&GU ulncD o
hJ nf/ q&mcsdK
onf 1300 jynfhta&;awmfyHktwGif; 1939 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif ocif
xdyw
f ifu,
kd af wmfBuD;? ocifE?k wufbek ;f BuD;ode;f az (ode;f azjrif)h wdEYk iS hf
twl t*Fvdyftpdk;&\ acwzrf;qDta&;,ljcif;cHcJh&onf/
xdkpOftwGif; 1939 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 29 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynf
vGwv
f yfa&;trsKd ;orD;tzGUJ udk &efuek Nf rKd UzGUJ pnf;wnfaxmif&m tzGUJ OuX
tjzpf q&mcsdK\ZeD;a':vSar aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ twGi;f a&;rSL;rSm a':cif
rsdK;cspfjzpfonf/ 1939 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 12 &ufaeYwGif NrdKUrOD;bvGif?
ocifE?k a':jrpdef (trfat? bDvpf) wdEYk iS t
hf wl OD;bcsdKonf wkwEf ikd if o
H Ykd
rdwq
f uftzGUJ 0iftjzpf oGm;a&mufco
hJ nf/
xdkYaemuf t*Fvdyfpma&;q&mBuD; tdyfcsf*sD0Jvf (H.G. Wells)
jrefrmjynfoaYkd &mufaepOf 1939 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv 2 &ufaeYwiG f jrefrm
pma&;q&m 46 OD;u tdycf s*f s0D v
J t
f m; &efuek w
f uov
kd af vSavSmt
f oif;
111
awGq
Y {kH nfch cH &hJ mrS pma&;q&mrsm;pkpnf;rdonf/ ,if;aemuf 1940 jynfEh pS f
Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufaeYwiG f pma&;q&mBu;D yDr;kd eif;uG,v
f eG af omtcg pma&;
q&mrsm;&efuek t
f a&SUydik ;f u&dvrf; (Adv
k jf rwfxeG ;f vrf;) rufo'pfausmif;
xyfrq
H akH wGcY &hJ mrS pma&;q&mtoif;pwif;wnfaxmifc&hJ m 'D;'kwf OD;bcsdK
tm; OuXtjzpfwifajrm ufcMhJ uonf/ trIaqmifrsm;rSm r[maqG? *sme,f
ausmfOD;cspfarmif? NrdKUrarmif? ocFg? &JxGwf? Z0e? &JordefESifh &efatmif
wdjYk zpfonf/
xdEk pS rf mS yif &efuek w
f uov
kd pf mMunfw
h u
kd rf LS ; *Dwokawoeynm&Sif
OD;cifaZmf (q&mau) \ jrefrmoDcsif;BuD;oDcsif;cH? ywfysdK;? ,dk;',m;?
abmv,f? &wk? &uef? vl;wm;? {csif;? armifueG ;f wdu
Yk kd rlreS t
f oHoiG ;f Edik f
a&;twGuf OD;aqmifcJhonf/ OD;bcsdK\ ODaqmifrIjzifh ta0;a&mufrif;
OD;atmifBu;D ? a':apmjrat;Munf? oDayge&nfawmftzGUJ om;rsm;u ulnD
cJMh uonf/
1941 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 23 &ufwiG f 'kw,
d urmppfBu;D jrefrmjynfoYkd
ul;pufvm&m 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKonf ta0;a&mufrif; OD;atmifBu;D &S&d m a&Tbkd
odpYk pfa&Smifco
hJ nf/ a&Tbw
kd iG f *syefqefu
Y sifa&;pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm; a&;om;
jzefaY 0cJo
h nf/ rEav;axmifwiG ;f &Sd ocifE?k ocifp;kd ? ocifA[de;f wdYk wkwf
jynfodkYoGm;Edkif&ef wkwftpdk;&udk,fpm;vS,f *sife&,f0rf;ESifh qufoG,f
ay;cJo
h nf/ *syefacwfwiG f OD;bcsdKonf *syefzufqpfqefu
Y sifa&;ESihf em
rnfxGufae&m toufab;vHkjcHKa&;twGuf wGHaw;bufwGif cdkvIHaecJh&
onf/ OD;bcsdK\vHjk cHKa&;twGuf ocifE?k Adv
k v
f ufsmwdu
Yk pDpOfay;cJo
h nf/
*syefacwfwiG f xkwaf 0aompma&;q&mr*Zif;wGif *Dwaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;
om;cJo
h nf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpfZGefv 4 &ufaeYwGif
zwyvac: zufqpfwu
kd zf sufa&; jynfov
Yl w
G v
f yfa&;tzGUJ udk wd;k csJUzGUJ pnf;
&m A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU0if 16 OD;wGif tzGJU0iftjzpfyg0ifcJhonf/ ppfNyD;aemuf
'D;'kw*f sme,fukd jyefvnfxw
k af 0 zqyvudk axmufct
H m;ay;cJo
h nf/
Adv
k cf sKyf atmifqef;ODaqmifaom Mum;jzwftpd;k &tzGUJ jyefMum;a&;0efBu;D
tjzpf 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmv 16 &ufaeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmif
cJo
h nf/
,if;aemuf zqyvtzGJUcsKyfrS BuD;rSL;aom csif;ArmcspfMunfa&;
112
nDvmcHukd 1947 ckEpS rf wfv 4 &ufrS 6&ufaeYtxd rauG;wdik ;f xD;vif;

NrdKUwGif usif;y&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk,fpm; jrefrmtzGJUudkOD;aqmif
wufa&mufco
hJ nf/ rwfv 6 &ufaeYnae 5 em&DwiG f csif;-Arm cspfMunf
a&; txdrf;trSwfausmufwdkifudk OD;0rf;olarmif? OD;Z[l;wdkYESifhtwl
tkwjf rpfcscJo
h nf/ 1947 ckEpS f ZGev
f (16) &ufaeYwiG f usif;yonfh wdik ;f jyK
jynfjyK vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;wGif tajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &;aumfrwD
yg0if tvH? oDcsif;? wHqyd f aumfrwDobmywdtjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
xdaYk emuf 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufaeYeeH uf 10 ; 30 em&DwiG f
&efuek Nf rKd UtwGi;f 0ef;Hk (aemif0efBu;D rsm;k;H ) Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;OD;aqmif
aom0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf *VKefO;D apm\apcdik ;f csuft&
vlowform;rormolw\
Ykd vkyMf uHowfjzwfraI Mumifh jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;
'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdKonf usnfqef 5 csufxrd eS u
f m usqH;k oGm;cJ&h onf/ <uif;usef
aom kyfuvyfudk 1948 ckESpf? {NyDv 11 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;tygt0if tjcm;0efBu;D rsm;ESit
hf wl *sLAvDa[mrS tmZmenfuek ;f odYk
ydaYk qmif*o
l iG ;f oN*K[fco
hJ nf/
usqHk;pOfu ZeD;a':vSarESifh orD;rcifyk? rcifpkwdkYusef&pfcJhonf/
113
r*Fvm'kH Adv
k o
f ifwef;ausmif;qif;yG
J rdecYf eG ;f >rufMum;aepOf
114
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; OD;&mZwf
(1891-1947)
rormolrsm;\vkyfBuHrIaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhtwl
usqHk;cJh&onfh tmZmenftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; OD;&mZwfudk 1989
ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 20 &uf wevFmaeYwiG f rdwv
D mNrKd UzGm;jrifco
hJ nf/ tz
&J0efxrf; wkdufydkiftufpfyufawmf (Circle Inspector of Police)
rpwmat&mref? trd a':Nird ;f vSwjYkd zpfonf/ zcifrmS tpvmrfbmom0if?
rdcifrSm Ak'bmom0ifjzpf arG;csif; 13 a,mufwGif wwd,ajrmufjzpf
115
onf/ aqGrsdK;om;csif;rsm;u =bmblBu;D +? =udu

k akd v;+ [k ac:a0:Muonf/
i,fpOfuyif rdcifxrH S Ak'b
mom,Ofaus;rIrsm;udk vufc&H &So
d nf/
rEav;eef;a&SU a&Tausmif;q&mawmf OD;oDv0HoxH ynmqnf;yl;cJo
h nf/
touf 6 ESpt
f &G,f 1904 ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;NrdKU 0ufpvD,ef rde;f uav;
ausmif; pwifynmoifMum;onf/ 4 wef;atmifvQif 0ufpvD,ef
a,mufsm;uav;txufwef;ausmif;odYk ajymif;a&TUynmoif&m 8 wef;wGif
ynmxl;cRef 9 wef;udk ausmfum wuov
kd 0f ifwef;ajzqdck &hJ onf/ 1914
ckEpS w
f iG f wuov
kd 0f ifwef;udk ygVd? t*Fvyd pf m*kPx
f ;l jzifh atmifjrifco
hJ nf/
&efuek w
f uov
kd w
f iG f ynmoifMum;aepOf 'kw,
d ESp
f t*Fvyd pf mpDpmuH;k
NydKifyGJwGif yxr& =bdkifrQm;+ a&TwHqdyfqk&&SdcJhonf/ 1916 ckESpf 0dZm
yxrESpw
f iG f pmar;yGaJ jzaeonfh tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;udk tajzulnaD &;
ay;&mrS oli,fcsif; cifarmifvwf (aemif jzefjY zL;a&;rif;BuD; OD;cifarmif
vwf) ESifhtwl pmar;yGJajzcGifh 2 ESpftydwfcH&onf/ 1919 ckESpfwGif
ausmif;jyefwuf&m bDat (B.A) aemufq;kH ESp
f ausmif;om;oydww
f iG f
yg0ifco
hJ nf/ 1922 ckEpS w
f iG f A[ef;trsdK;om;aumvdyrf S B.A (Nat) bGUJ &
cJo
h nf/ bGUJ &Ny;D aemuf rEav;NrKd U A[dt
k rsdK;om;txufwef;ausmif; (,ck
txu-2 rE a v;) wG i f
ausmif ; tk y f q &mBuD ; tjzpf
1942 ckESpf txd xrf;&GufcJh
onf / q&mBuD ; onf 4if ;
ausmif;rS vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyGJ
0if rsdK;cspfvil ,frsm;pGmudk arG;
xkwfay;cJholtjzpf xif&Sm;cJh
onf/ q&mBu;D OD;&mZwf\ OD;
aqmifrIaMumifh rEav;A[dk
trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;
onf &efukefNrdKUr txufwef;
ausmif;Ny;D vQif tatmifjrifq;kH
pHjytrsdK;om; ausmif;Bu;D tjzpf
owfrw
S cf &H onf/ ausmif;wGif
wlnD0wfpHkrsm; pepfwus 0wf
116
qifapjcif;? ausmif;om;rsm;
t*Fvdyfpum; ajymuRrf;usif
a&;twG u f Lock-keeper
System owf r S w f a y;jcif ; ?
ausmif;om;rsm; tm;upm; xl;
cRefa&;twGuf vufa0SUoif
wef;rsm; zGiv
hf pS af y;jcif;? jrefrm
pmayESihf r[m*Dwem; vnfEidk f
a&;twGuf q&mBu;D a&TjynfO;D
bwiftm; oifwef;zGiahf y;jcif;?
wln0D wfprkH sm;ESihf &Jwyf? &JeG Yf
wyf? bifc&mwD;0dik ;f rsm; zGUJ pnf;
ay;jcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Gufay;cJh
onf/ ynma&;ESifhywfouf
ygVdEiS hf t*Fvyd b
f momudk ud,
k f
wkdifoifMum;ay;cJhonf/ udkvdkeDacwftwGif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm;
vufkH;&nf? ESvHk;&nfbufpHk? tm;upm; *Dw tpp wwfajrmufapkHrQ
omru vGwv
f yfa&;wku
d yf 0JG ifau'grsm;tjzpf jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJo
h nf/
q&mBuD;onf 1930-31 ckEpS f rEav;Oypmaumvdy?f 1936 ckEpS f
'kw,
d wuov
kd af usmif;om;oydw?f 1938 ckEpS f wwd,&efuek w
f uov
kd f
oydwEf iS hf 1300 jynft
h a&;awmfyw
kH w
Ykd iG f aemufu,
G rf S tBuHay; tm;
ay;ulnDcJhonf/ 1936 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*
'kw,
d tBurd n
f v
D mcHukd 4if;\ausmif;wGif usif;ycGiahf y;cJo
h nf/ xdn
k v
D mcH
odYk ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifqef;ESit
hf wl tdE,
d uGe*f &ufygwD
acgif;aqmif yPp*f s0g[vmael;ESihf orD;tif'&D m*ED (aemif0efBu;D csKyf)
wdkY wufa&mufcJhMuonf/
q&mBu;D OD;&mZwfonf t*Fvyd pf mta&;tom;aumif;rGe
f pme,f
Zif;rsm; t*Fvyd b
f momjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;cJo
h nf/ ppfrjzpfrD
rEav;ol&,
d owif;pmwGif arm&pfaumvpfa&;aom xdik &f ,f tifbm;
rm; (Trials in Burma) pmtkyrf S tcef;wpfcef;udk =uifr&Ge;f wyfrS ppfAv
kd f
uav;+trnfjzifh bmomjyefco
hJ nf/ tqdyk gpmtkyu
f kd tptqH;k wynfh
117
jzpfol rtrm (vlxak ':trm) tm; bmomjyefqakd pcJ&h m vlxak ':trmu

=ArmjynfwiG pf pfaq;cJah omtrItcif;rsm;+ trnfjzifh 1938 ckEpS w
f iG f jyef
qdx
k w
k af 0cJo
h nf/
xdkYtjyif 1929 ckESpfwGif vef'efNrdKUrS tvrfwifeDbif*sufqD a&;
om;cJah om =Lacqure Lady+ (,Ge;f cifcif) 0wKwGif oDaygrif;ESihf pkb&k m;
vwfwdkYtm; *kPfoa&ysufap&ef&nf&G,f t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfjzpf&jcif;
onf jrefrmwdkYtjypf[k a&;om;xm;&m xdk0wKudk acsyonfhtaejzihf
rEav;ol&d,owif;pmwGif =a&Teef;awmfBuD;\ twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;
(odrYk [kw)f vufxufawmfBuD;tcsdeu
f ta&;tcif;rsm;+ [laom pmwrf;
udk a&;om;cJah vonf/
1938 ckESpfwGif a&Tbdkol a':cifcifESifhvufxyf om;orD; (3)
OD; (udw
k ifjrif?h rcifped ?f udv
k MS unf) xGe;f um;cJo
h nf/ q&mBu;D onf rsdK;cspf
pdwf"mwftvGefxufoef rEav;A[dktrsdK;om;ausmif;BuD;udk tvGef
oHa,mZOfBu;D oljzpfaomaMumifh vufxyfaomaeYu ZeD;jzpfoal ':cifcif
tm; =usKyftareJu
Y sKyfausmif;udak wmh rykwcf wfe?YJ wjcm;bmrqdv
k yk Ef ikd f
w,f+ [k ajymcJhonf/
1942 ckESpf 'kwd,urmppfrD;ul;pufvmcsdefwGif rif;uGef;tv,f
awm&acsmifodkY rdom;pkESifhtwl ppfajy;cdkvIHcJhonf/ 1942 ckESpf arv
1 &ufaeYwiG f rEav;NrKd Uudk *syefwo
Ykd rd ;f ydu
k Nf y;D aemuf rEav;NrKd U jyefvnf
xlaxmifa&; cs,f,mriftjzpf ceft
Y yfc&H onf/ AH;k 'PfaMumifh rif;uGe;f
wGif jyefvnfaexkid cf &hJ m Adv
k rf LS ;zd;k uGe;f rSwqifh wyfrawmfynma&;Xme
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&ef Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ zdwaf c:csuf&&Scd o
hJ nf/
zdwaf c:csufukd vufcNH yD;aemufwaeY 1944 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f 31 &ufwiG f
*syefw\
Ykd zrf;qD;ppfaq;jcif;cH&onf/ ppfuikd ;f NrKd U tcsKyfcef;wGif ppfaq;Ny;D
a&Tbakd xmif? rEav;axmifww
Ykd iG f tusOf;csxm;onf/ a&Tbkd axmifwiG f
tusOf;cscHae&pOf q&mBuD;\ wynfjh zpfol Adv
k Bf uD;cifnKd ? wynfah [mif;
udck spfaqG (aemifq&mBuD;\ tyg;awmfNrJ OD;cspfaqG) wdu
Yk axmifrLS ;ESihf
nd cdk;xkwf&efpDpOfonfudk vufrcHbJ twltzrf;cH&olrsm;udk cGJ
rxm;&uf jiif;y,fco
hJ nf/ rEav;eef;wGi;f axmifukd r[mrdwrf sm;Ak;H BuJ
NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpf rwfv 9 &ufaeYwGif rEav;axmifrS tusOf;
om;rsm; vTwfay;&mrS vGwfajrmufcJhonf/ zufqpftusOf;om;tjzpf
118
&ufaygif; 191 &ufwdwd cHpm;cJh&onf/

zufqpfawmfvSefa&;NyD;aemuf 1945 ckESpfwGif zGJUpnf;aom
txufjrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m zwyv (zqyv) tzGJUBuD;\ Ou|tjzpf
a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ 1945 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 24 &ufrS 26 &uftxd
ysOf;rem;NrdKUwGiu
f sif;yaom jrefrmEdik if v
H ;kH qkid &f m jrefrmrGwq
f vif uGef
*&uf\Ou|tjzpf a&G;cs,fc&H jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;wku
d yf u
JG kd axmufcH
cJo
h nf/
1946 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYwGif &efukefNrdKU usif;yaom
a&Tw*d kH bk&m;tv,fyp,zH qyvnDvmcHoYkd rEav;cdik f zqyvOu|
tjzpf wufa&mufcJhonf/ 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmv 1 &ufaeYwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJUwGif ynma&;ESifh
trsdK;om;pDrHudef;0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcH&onf/ 1947 ckESpf
{NyDvwGif usif;yaom wkid ;f jyKjynfjyKvTwaf wmfa&G;aumufyw
JG iG f rEav;
ta&SUydkif;rS udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
ynma&;0efBu;D tjzpf rEav;NrKd UwGif Oypmaumvdyjf yefvnfziG v
hf pS f
a&;ESifh txufjrefrmjynfoD;jcm;wuodkvftjzpf wdk;wufap&ef &efukef
wuodkvfwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom OD;udkav; (aemif rEav;
wuov
kd f 'kw,
d t"dywd? pma&;q&m aZ,smarmif) tm; a&G;cs,fwm0ef
ay;tyfco
hJ nf/ rEav;wuov
kd \
f yxrqH;k aqmufvyk cf ahJ om taqmif
udk aemiftcg q&mBu;D OD;&mZwfukd *kPjf yKaomtm;jzifh &mZwfcef;raqmif
(Razak Hall) [k trnfay;cJhonf/
ynma&;0efBuD;tjzpf aqmif&GufaepOf 1947 ckESpf ZGefvwGif
tdE,
d Edik if rH '&yfNrdKUusif;yaom tm&Snv
D mcHoYkd wufa&mufco
hJ nf/
q&mBu;D onf &efuek Nf rKd UtwGi;f 0ef;Hk Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmif
aom tpd;k &tzGUJ 0efBu;D rsm;tpnf;ta0; usif;yaepOf 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f
19 &uf eHeuf10em&D30rdepfwiG f rormolw\
Ykd vkyBf uHraI Mumifh usnfqH
(6) csufxrd eS u
f m <uif;usefaom kyu
f vmyfukd wmarGrq
l vifo
k ef
q&mBuD;\ oufawmfapmif&h aJ bmfuakd xG;ESit
hf wl ,SO
f *loiG ;f oN*K[f
xm;onf/
119
ausmif;om;b0u udak tmifqef;
120
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; ref;bcdik f
(1903-1947)
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif q ef ; acgif ;
aqmifaom Mum;jzwftpd;k &tzGUJ wGif
pufrIvufrIESifh tvkyform;0efBuD;
Xme 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0ef,lcJhaom
u&iftrsdK; om;tmZmenfacgif;
aqmifBu;D ref;bcdik u
f kd [oFmwcdik ?f
,kefwvif;aus;&Gm tb ,kef
wvif;&GmolBuD; ref;ayuke;f ESihf trd
a':ykwrYkd S 1903 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd m
v 26 &uf wevFmaeYwiG f zGm;jrifchJ
onfh om;orD; (10) OD;teuf pwkwa jrmufom;jzpfonf/ nDjzpfol ref;
bqdik f (1906-1985) onf [oFmwcdik f rJqEe,fajrrS trwfwpfO;D jzpf
onf/
ref;bcdik o
f nf i,fpOfu [oFmwNrKd U atbDtrf (A.B.M) ausmif;
wGif ynmoifMum;cJjh y;D 1920 jynfEh pS w
f iG f (7) wef;pmar;yGu
J kd atmifjrifchJ
onf/ xdaYk emuf bm;rm;dik zf ,fwyfoYkd 0goemtavsmuf0ifc&hJ m rdbrsm;
uoabmrwlojzifh aemufq;kH wyfxrJ S xGuv
f u
kd &f onf/ xdaYk emuf &ef
ukeNf rdKU&Sd atpaumhurk P
w
D iG f 0ifa&mufvyk u
f ikd o
f nf/ 1926 ckEpS w
f iG f
rdrv
d ufatmufrS u&iftrsdK;om;pma&;wpfO;D udpE iS hf pyfvsOf; ukrP
D
refae*smESifh oabmrwdkufqdkifjzpfum tvkyfrS xGufvkdufonf/
vcpm;tvkyrf S xGujf yD;aemuf ref;bcdik o
f nf ,keo
f vif;&GmodjYk yef
um nDtpfudkrsm;pk ==atmifcifESifhnDrsm;++ ukrPDwnfaxmif
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkifcJhonf/ ,if;odkYpD;yGm;a&;vkyfudkif&if; uav;oli,f
rsm;tm; u&ifbmomoifausmif;wpfausmif;udk OD;pD;zGifhvSpfcJhonf/
ta&mif;t0,fudp? ausmif;udprsm;twGuf &efukefNrdKUodkY rMumcP
a&muf&cdS &hJ m u&ifacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;jzpfMuaom qpf'eD OD;vle?D q&mBu;D
ref;a&Tb (o&ma&Tb) wdEYk iS hf awGUqHak qG;aEG;rd&mrS u&ifvil ,frsm; tpnf;
121
tk;H udv
k nf; pwifzUJG pnf;cJo
h nf/ u&ifvil ,frsm;tpnf;tk;H Ou|tjzpf
a&G;cs,fwifajrmufc&H onf/
1936 ckEpS f Ed0k ifbmv 10 rS 14 txdusif;yaom yxrqH;k tMurd f
atmufvw
T af wmftrwf a&G;aumufyw
JG iG f ref;bcdik o
f nf rtlyifajrmuf
ydik ;f rS vTwaf wmftrwftjzpf 0ifa&mufta&G;cHc&hJ m Edik if aH &;tawGUtMuHK
r&ifhusufaomaMumifh IH;edrfhcJh&onf/ odkY&mwGif 1937 ckESpf rwfvwGif
ykord af jrmufyikd ;f trwfwae&mtwGuf Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyu
JG sif;y&m?
ref;bcdik o
f nf ta&G;cH&onf/ 1938 ckEpS f rwfv 23 &ufaeYwiG f yJc;l NrdKU
olaX; OD;tazmuf\orD;axG; a':cifeED iS hf vufxyfco
hJ nf/ 1941 ckEpS f
wGif ref;bcdkifonf w&m;a&;0efBuD; apmazom\ twGif;0eftjzpf cefY
xm;jcif;cH&onf/
1945 ckESpf rwfv zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;wGif [oFmwckdifrS
&Gy&f yG cf RHcRHyg0ifaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ vk?d u&if-ArmcspfMunfa&;udk tav;xm;
aqmif&GufcJholjzpfonf/ ppfjyD;acwfwGif zqyvA[dktrIaqmifvlBuD;
wpfOD;jzpfvmonf/ 1946 ckESpf pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;OD;aqmifaom bk&ifcHtrIaqmifaumifpD ref;bcdkifonf
tvkyo
f rm;ESiphf ufrv
I ufrXI me0efBu;D tjzpf ceft
Y yfc&H onf/ 1947 ckEpS f
azazmf0g&Dv 23 &ufaeYwiG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifaom Mum;jzwf
tpd;k &tzGUJ pufrv
I ufrEI iS hf tvkyo
f rm;0efBu;D Xme0efBu;D tjzpf aqmif
&Guaf epOftwGi;f 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f 19 &ufaeY eHeuf 10;37 em&DwiG f
vlowform;wdkY\ usnfqef 15 csuf xdrSefum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
twl rormolvlowform;wdkY vkyfMuHowfjzwfrIaMumifh usqHk;cJh&ay
onf/ <uif;usefaom kyfuvmyfudk 1948 ckESpf {jyDv 11 &ufaeYwGif
tmZmenfuek ;f Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;ESihf
twl *loGif;oj*K[fxm;onf/
122
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; OD;b0if;
(1901-1947)
trsd K ;om;tmZmenf acgif ;
aqmifBuD; OD;b0if;rSm ewfarmufNrdKU a&SU
aeOD;zmESifha':pkwdkY\ om;orD; (9) OD;
teuf tBuD;qH;k jzpfonf/ arG; ou&mZf
rSm 1901 ckEpS f ZGev
f 11 &uf t*FgaeYjzpf
jyD; trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\tpfudkBuD;jzpfonf/ OD;b
0if;\ Zmwm trnfrSm armifpHwifjzpf
onf/
1914 ckESpfwGif ewfarmuftv,fwef;ausmif;rS owrwef;
atmifjrifonf/ OD;b0if;onf i,fpOfuyif ynmudk tvGev
f v
kd m;onf/
rdru
d ,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf; tvGeBf udK;pm;jyD;vQif nDi,frsm;tm;vnf; tvGew
f wf
apcsifonf/ jrefrmvdk ud;k wef;atmifjrifjyD;aemuf tv,fwef;q&mjzpf
pmar;yGu
J v
kd nf; atmifjrifaomtcg ewfarmufNrKd Uyif ausmif;tkyaf cw
vkycf o
hJ nf/ xdaYk emuf a&eHacsmif; ausmif;q&m? bDtpkd pD ma&;b0jzifh
usifvnf&if; t*FvdyfpmtvGwfynmoifausmif;rS q,fwef;udk oHk;
bmom *kPfxl;jzifh atmifkHru yxrvnf; &cJhonf/ 1925 ckESpfwGif
rEav; Oypmaumvdy
f qufvufoifMum;&m 1927 wGif L.Sc (odyH
Oypmwef;) wGif ocFsmbmom*kPx
f ;l jzifh atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ ,if;aemuf
&efuek ,
f el AD m pwDaumvdyo
f Ykd qufvufoif,&l m 1929 ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek f
wuodkvfrS ocFsm*kPfxl;wef;atmif bDtufpf (B.Sc) bGJU&onf/
yxrqHk;wuodkvfbGJU& ewfarmufom;vnf;jzpfonf/ bGJU&jyD;aemuf
a&eHacsmif;trsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif txufwef;jyq&m tjzpf
vnf;aumif;? jzL;NrKd UtrsdK;om; txufwef;ausmif;wGif twef;ausmif;tkyf
tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
1935 ckEpS w
f iG f awmifwiG ;f BuD;NrdKUrS OD;tHBh uD;? a':a&Tarwd\
Yk orD;
a':cifapmESifh vufxyfcJh om;orD; 6 OD; (rwifvS0if;? udkapm0if;?
123
udak t;0if;? rcifjr0if;? udpk ed 0f if; (,ckjynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if H trsdK;om;

nGefYaygif;tpdk;& NCGUB \ 0efBuD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;)? udkaxG;0if;
wdkY xGef;um;cJhonf/
ppfjyD;acwfwGif a&eHacsmif;NrdKUe,f zqyvOu|jzpfvmonf/ xdkY
aemuf rauG;NrdKUe,f? taemufajrmufvw
T af wmftrwfavmif; wae&m
wGif 0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJh&m a&G;cs,fcH&onf/
,if;aemuf 1947 ckESpfarv 27 &ufaeYwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
OD;pD;aom zqyvMum;jzwftpdk;&tzGJU0ifwGif axmufyHha&;ESifh ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&;0efBu;D jzpfco
hJ nf/ zGUJ pnf;yHt
k ajccHOya'a&;qGaJ &; aumfrwD
tzGJU0ifvnf; jzpfonf/
1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 9 &uf paeaeYeHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif
vlowform;wd\
Yk usnfqef 8 csufxrd eS u
f m nDjzpfol Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ESifh tjcm;0efBuD;rsm;ESifhtwl vkyfMuHcH&jyD; usqHk;cJhonf/ OD;b0if;onf
ynmawmf\/ pm&dwaumif;\/ olwyg;tm; ulnDvdk\/ vdrfjcif;?
aumufjcif;udk tvGepf ufqyk
f aiGrufo?l &mxl;rufo?l azmfvzH m;olrsm;
udk tvGef pufqkyf\[l trsm;u rSwfcsufcsJUonf/
1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 22 &ufaeYwGif vkyfMuHowfjzwfjcif;cH&aom
acgif;aqmifrsm;twGuf trSwf
w&0rf;enf;pum;udk toHvTifh
ajymMum;&mwGif OD;Eku ==OD;b
0if;onf usaemfEiS ahf umvdy
f
twlwlwufa&mufcJhol wpfOD;
jzpfygonf/ olonf EdkifiHa&;
e,fxo
J Ykd aemufusrS 0ifa&muf
cJholwpfOD; jzpfaomfvnf; ol\
ud,
k yf ikd f ud,
k &f nfu,
kd af oG;rsm;
ESifh tusifhrysufrIu ol,ck
xrf;aqmifaeaomae&mESifh
xd k u f w ef o l j zpf j cif ; aMumif h
OD;b0if;\om; a'gufwmpde0f if;
124
trIaqmif aumifppD m&if;wGif olt

Y m;xnfo
h iG ;f &ef usaemfpw
d u
f ;l &cJjh yD;
Adv
k cf sKyfEiS hf arNrKd U (jyifO;D vGiNf rKd U) awGUMupOfu usaemfu,
kd w
f ikd f tMujH yK
cJhjcif;jzpfonf++ [k xkwfazmfajymqdkcJhonf/
OD;b0if;onf raoqHk;rD 14 &ufavmufrSmyif a&eHacsmif;NrdKUrS
&efukefNrdKUodkY ajymif;a&TUvmjyD; ,ckvuf&Sd a':atmifqef;pkMunfae
xdik af om A[ef;NrdKUe,f wuov
kd &f yd o
f mvrf; trSwf 54 ESihf rsufEmS csif;
qkdif vrf;wbufjcrf;&Sd trSwf 51 aetdrfwGif aexdkifcJhonf/
OD;b0if;\ <uif;usefaomkyfuvmyfudk &efukefjynfolYaq;kHBuD;
&ifcJG rHk w
S qifh ==*sLAvDa[m++ odYk ajymif;a&TU Edik if aH wmfpsmyETzJ pf xm;&Sd
cJjh y;D ? 1948 ckEpS f {jyv
D wGif tmZmenfArd mef *loiG ;f oj*K [fcahJ vonf/
tmZmenfO;D b0if;\ ZeD;jzpfol a':cifapmonf touf (101) ESpt
f &G,f
2007 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f 1 &ufaeY eHeuf 2 em&DwiG f trSwf 51? wuov
kd f
&dyo
f mvrf; A[ef;NrKd Ue,f uG,v
f eG cf ahJ vonf/
125
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; yifvpHk mcsKyfvufrw
S af &;xd;k aepOf (1202-1947)
126
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;
rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fpHxGef;
(1907-1947)
tmZmenf rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD;
p0fpHxGef;udk rdkif;yGefapmfbGm;BuD; p0fcGef
xD;ESihf ajrmufeef;aqmifr[ma'0D eef;
pdefOwdkYrS 1907 ckESpf arv 31 &ufaeY
aomMumaeYwiG f zGm;jrifco
hJ nf/
awmifBu;D NrKd U &Sr;f apmfbmG ;om;rsm;
txuf w ef ; ausmif ; rS 'rwef ;
atmifjrifco
hJ nf/ rEav;ykvyd t
f wwf
oifausmif;vnf; wufcJhzl;onf/ xdkY
aemuf ykvdyft&m&Sdtjzpf acwtrIxrf;cJhonf/ 1928 ckESpfwGif apmf
bGm;tjzpf a&G;cs,fc&H jyD; rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;BuD;tjzpf tcrf;tem;jzifh cH,cl hJ
onf/
1932 ckESpfwGif rdk;rdwfapmfbGm;BuD;\orD; p0fcifaomif;ESifh vuf
xyfco
hJ nf/ &Sr;f jynfe,fwiG f odyeH nf;us pdu
k yf sdK;a&;vkyif ef;rsm; xGe;f um;
vmap&ef BudK;yrf;cJholwpfOD;vnf;jzpfonf/ t*FvefjynfrS pdkufysdK;a&;
qdik &f m acwfrpD mtkyrf sm;? ud&,
d mwefqmyvmrsm;ESihf oD;ESrH sdK;aphrsm;udyk if
rSm,lwifoiG ;f cJo
h nf/ 'kw,
d urmppfBuD;jyD; t*Fvyd rf sm; jrefrmEdik if jH yef
0ifvmaomf ,if;wdEYk iS t
hf wl ygvmaom puLjzLtkycf sKyfa&;udk qefu
Y sifco
hJ l
jzpfonf/ awmifwef;ESihf ajrjyefaY oG;cG
J tkycf sKyfonfukd rvdv
k m; ajrjyefY
ESifh awmifwef; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;twGuf vHk;yrf;cJholjzpfonf/ awmif
wef;ESihf ajrjyefaY oG;cG
J tkycf sKyfonfukd rvdv
k m;cJo
h jl zpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
vnf; yifvpkH mcsKyfukd vufrw
S af &;xd;k &mwGif &Sr;f trsdK;om;acgif;aqmif
tjzpf yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;cJhonf/ wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif jynf
axmifpEk iS jhf ynfe,frsm;qdik &f m qyfaumfrwD vlenf;pkqidk &f m qyfaumfrwD?
zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfyHk tajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;aumfrwDwdkYwGif tzGJU0iftjzpf
wuf<upGm yg0ifaqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
127
Ad k v f c sKyf a tmif
qef ; OD ; aqmif a om
Mum;jzwftpd;k &tzGUJ wGif
twdik yf if cH awmifwef;
a'oa&;&m0efBuD; jzpf
vmonf/
1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd f
v 19 &ufaeY eHeuf
10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdkY
ESifhtwl tpnf;ta0;
wufa&mufaepOftwGi;f
vkyfMuHcH&olrsm;xJwGif
yg0ifcJhjyD; aoewf'Pf
&mjzifh 1947 ckESpf Zl
vdkifv 20 &ufaeY rGef;
wnfh 12 em&DwGif &ef
ukefaq;kHBuD; uG,f
vGefcJh&avonf/ p0fpH
xG e f ; onf &ef u k e f
tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; p0fpx
H eG ;f rdom;pk
taxGaxGjynfolYaq;
kBH uD;wGif wm0efusaeolq&mwpfO;D udk owdjyefvnfvmwdik ;f ==wjcm;vl
awGudk *kpdkufyg/ olwdkYu usaemfhxuf ydkxdcdkufw,f++ [k nnf;wGm;
cJah Mumif; jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/
tmZmenfp0fpx
H eG ;f \ kyu
f vmyfukd &efuek Nf rKd UrS rdik ;f yGeNf rKd UodYk &xm;
jzifh a&TanmifNrKd UodYk vnf;aumif;? a&TanmifNrKd UrS 44 rdik af 0;aom rdik ;f yGeNf rKd U
odYk armfawmf,mOfjzifv
h nf;aumif; tqifq
h ifo
h ,faqmif &Sr;f d;k &m"avh
xH;k wrf;tpOftvmtwkid ;f crf;em;Bu;D us,fpmG rD;oN*K [fco
hJ nf/ <uif;usef
onfh tdk;jymudk rkdif;yGefNrdKUESifh &efukefNrdKUtmZmenfukef;wdkYwGif txdrf;
trSwt
f w
k *f w
l nfco
hJ nf/
usqH;k pOfu orD;Bu;D p0foek Em? om;p0faq;[ke?f om;p0fcikd zf ? orD;
128
i,fp0fjrifhMunf (&efukef wu
odkvf vufaxmufpmMunfhwkduf
rSL;) wdkY usef&pfcJhonf/ p0faq;
[kefonf ,cktcg MopaMw;vs
EdkifiH qpf'eDNrdKUwGif ZeD;onfESifh
wuG orD;oHk;a,muf? om;wpf
a,mufwEYkd iS hf twl aexdik v
f suf&dS
onf / ol o nf 1993 ck E S p f
atmufwdkbmvwGif uifbm
&mNrdKU&Sd MopaMw; vstrsdK;om;
wu o d k v f w G i f usif ; ycJ h a om
ta&SUawmiftm&Se,fpyfa'orsm;
ESifh ywfoufaom aqG;aEG;yGJ
wpfck ==&Srf;vlrsdK;rsm; 1947- rdik ;f yGeNf rdK&Y dS tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;
p0fpHxGef;\ tdk;tdk;*ljym'f
67++ pmwrf;wpfapmifudk wif
oGif;cJhonf/ tqdkygpmwrf; ==AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ay;xm;aom
uwdudk wnfavh&Sdonfhacgif;aqmifjzpfjyD; &Srf;vlrsdK;wdkYu olYtay:
,HkMunfrItjynfht0jzpfjyD;? &Srf;vlrsdK;wdkYu olYtay: ,HkMunfrItjynfh
t0&SdcJhonf/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm; tjyD;
rowfEdkifrSmyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifhacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm; vkyfMuHcH&rI
aMumifh aemifEpS af ygif;rsm;pGmwGif &Sr;f vlrsdK;rsm;tay: usa&mufvmrnfh
uHMurmtrsdK;rsdK;wdkY twGuf tBuD;rm;qHk;ESifh wpfckwnf;aom tajccH
taMumif; tcsufjzpfayvdrfhrnf++ [k oHk;oyfwifjyxm;onf/
129
ysOf;rem;NrdK&Y dS Armhvw
G v
f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;tm;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; ppfaq;aepOf
130
tmZmenfO;D tke;f armif

1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeY
wGif &efuek Nf rKd UtwGi;f 0efrsm;k;H (aemif0ef
Bu;D rsm;k;H ) Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf tpd;k
&tzGUJ 0if0efBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyf
aepOf *VKefO;D apm\apcdik ;f csuft& ol\
aemufvdkufrsm;vufcsufjzifh AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;? ocifjr? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdK? OD;&m
Zwf? OD;b0if;? ref;bcdik ?f rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;
BuD;p0fpHxGef;? &JabmfudkaxG;wdkYESifhtwl
usqHk;cJhaom tmZmenfOD;tkef;armifudk
rif;bl;NrKd UwGif 1913 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv 2 &uf we*FaEGaeY tzrpwm
tdycf sf'AvsLw&yfw*f ed ;f ? trda': a&Tjrifw
h rYkd S zGm;jrifco
hJ nfh 'kw,
d om;jzpf
onf/
wuodkvfausmif;om;b0u &efukefwuodkvfwyf&if;wGif wyfcGJ
wyfaxmuftjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
1934 ckESpfwGif &efukefwuodkvfrS 0dZmwef;atmifonf/ 1937
ckEpS w
f iG f bDpt
D ufpf (B.C.S) udk 0ifa&mufajzqd&k m ajzqdo
k l ok;H OD;teuf
OD;tke;f armifonf yxr&cJo
h nf/ 1939 ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;NrKd U ta&SUe,fyikd f
0efaxmuftjzpf xrf;&GufcJhonf/
1947 ckEpS w
f iG f jrpfBu;D em;ta&;ydik t
f jzpf ceft
Y yfc&H onf/ xdaYk emuf
o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;ESiv
hf rf;yef;qufo,
G af &;0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD; apmpHb;kd
oif\ 'kwd,twGif;0eftjzpf cefYtyfcH&onf/ 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19
&uf paeaeYeHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwGif usnfqH 5 csufxdrSefum
usqH;k cJ&h onf/
xdkaeY 0efBuD;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif tvSnfhustpdk;&twGif;0efrSm
OD;tkef;armifjzpfonf/ OD;tkef;armifa&mufvmjyD; 4 rdepftMum eHeuf
10;30 wGif vlowform;rsm;a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf/ xdak eYtpnf;ta0;
tpDtpOft& OD;tkef;armif\tvSnfh rusa&mufao;ay/ twGif;0ef
OD;Muif (aemifot
H rwfBuD;) \ tvSnjhf zpfonf/ OD;tke;f armifu rdrw
d iG f
131
tjcm;ta&;BuD;aomudpwpfck&SdaeaMumif; OD;Muiftm;ajymqdkcGifhyefjyD;
tpnf;ta0;odYk OD;pGmvm ola&;xm;onfh o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;pDru
H ed ;f
taMumif; &Sif;vif;wifjyaepOf vkyfMuHcH&jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,fom
tpnf;ta0;tpDtpOftwdkif; jyKvkyfcJhvQif odkYwnf;r[kwf vlowf
orm;rsm; 5 rdepfaemufusrS a&mufvmvQif acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
vkyMf ucH &H onfh &ifeifzh ,
G t
f jzpfq;kd wGif OD;tke;f armif\ toufwpfacsmif;
tqpfygoGm;rnfr[kwaf y/
tmZmenfOD;tkef;armif\ <uif;usef&pfaom kyfuvmyfudk 1948
ckEpS f {jyv
D 11&ufaeYwiG f a&Tw*d aHk pwDawmfajrmufbufapmif;wef;teD;&Sd
tmZmenfuek ;f wGif tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;ESit
hf wl ,SOw
f
JG *loiG ;f
oj*K[fcahJ vonf/
uG,v
f eG cf sde
f ZeD;a':ode;f <u,fEiS hf om;udw
k ifarmifoed ;f ? udu
k kd
vSESifh udkarmifrif;jrihfwdkY usef&pfcJhonf/
132
tmZmenf&aJ bmfuakd xG;

1947 ckEpS f Zlvidk v
f 19 &ufaeYwiG f
&efukefNrdKU twGif;0efrsm;kH; (aemif0efBuD;
rsm;kH;) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tpdk;&
tzGUJ 0if0efBuD;rsm; tpnf;ta0;jyKvkyaf e
pOf *VKefOD;apm\ apcdkif;csuft& ol\
aemufvdkuf rsm;vufcsufjzifh trsdK;om;
acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ('k
Ou|? umuG,af &;ESiEhf ikd if jH cm;a&;)? ocif
jr (b@ma&;ESifhtcGefawmf)? ref;bcdkif
(tvkyo
f rm;ESiphf ufrI vufrXI me)? OD;&mZwf (ynma&;Xme)? 'D;'kwOf ;D bcsdK
(jyefMum;a&;Xme)? rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;BuD;p0fpx
H eG ;f (twdik yf ifcaH wmifwef;
a'oa&;&m 0efBu;D Xme)? OD;b0if; (axmufyahH &;ESihf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
Xme)? OD;tke;f armif (o,f,yl aYkd qmifa&;Xme0efBuD;\ 'kw,
d twGi;f 0ef)
wdEYk iS t
hf wl eHeuf 10 em&D 37 rdepfwiG f usnf (4) csuf xdreS u
f m &efuek f
jynfoYl aq;kBH uD; rGe;f vG2J em&D15rdepf wGif usqH;k cJ&h avonf/
vkyfMuHrIjzpfjyD; 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &uf 4 em&D 25 rdepfwGif
aMu;eef;pmtrSwf IOR-M/4/2714 jzifh bk&ifcH\ acwtwGif;0ef tm
'AvsL'Dazmifvm (R.W.D Fowler) u jAdwed Ef ikd if &H dS tpd;k &t&m&Sd qm*D
bwfvw
d 0f w
d f (Sir Gilbert Laithwaite) xHoYkd ay;ydaYk om aMu;eef;wGi-f
==tao;pdwt
f csuftvufrsm;udk uRefawmf,ckay;ydEYk ikd yf gjyD/ trIaqmif
tzGJUtpnf;ta0;jyKvkyfaepOf ,aeYeHeuf 10 em&DcGJ wGif trSwf (12)
ppfwyftrSwftom;rsm;yg&Sdaom *spfum;wpfpD;onf t0ifwHcg;rBuD;
xd;k &yfvmcJo
h nf/ *spfum;xJwiG f vlwpfa,mufusef&pfco
hJ nf/ pwif;*ef;
aoewfESifh kdifz,faoewfrsm;udkifaqmifxm;Muaom vl (5) a,muf
(trSerf mS 4 a,mufomjzpfonf/) onf trIaqmiftzGUJ tpnf;ta0;cef;r
odYk avScg;rS wufomG ;Muonf/ cef;rwHcg;tjyif apmifMh uyfaeaom vuf
eufuikd f jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwpfO;D u (&Jabmfuakd xG;) u olwu
Ykd kd wm;qD;&efBuKd ;
pm;pOf aoewfjzift
h ypfcv
H u
dk &f onf/ olu vufeufuikd af qmifvmolrsm;
udk trSwf (4) Armhidk zf ,fwyfzUJG 0ifrsm;jzpfonf[k ajymqdck o
hJ nf/ olonf
133
wmarGrlpvifocsKif;&Sd &JabmfudkaxG;ESifh OD;&mZmwfwdkY\ tkwf*l
qd;k qd;k &Gm;&Gm; 'Pf&m&&Scd o

hJ nft
h wGuf tao;pdwt
f csuftvufrsm; ray;
EdkifcJhyg/ pwif;*ef;aoewfudkifvloHk;a,mufonf trIaqmiftzGJUcef;r
twGi;f odYk 0ifa&mufMujy;D txJ&dS olrsm;tm; olwaYkd oewfrsm;jzifh w&Murf;
arTU&rf;ypfcwfcJhMuonf++ [l ay;ydkYcJhonf/
,if;odYk acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;ESit
hf wl usqH;k cJah om &Jabmfuakd xG;udk
1929 ckEpS w
f iG f rEav;NrKd U awmifjyif ody&H yfae yifpifpm; v,f,mpdu
k yf sdK;
a&; 0efaxmuf OD;udu
k akd v;ESihf a':rif;&DwrYkd S zGm;jrifch o
hJ nfh q|rajrmuf
om;jzpfonf/ Armrlqvif jzpfonf/ e0rwef;txd ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/
touf (18) ESpf 194 ckESpfwGif ynma&;0efBuD; OD;&mZwf\ oufawmf
apmifhtjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/
<uif;usef&pfaom kyu
f vmyfukd &efuek Nf rKd U wmarGNrKd Ue,f rGwq
f vif
ocsKif; tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD; OD;&mZwfEiS t
hf wl ,SOw
f
JG oj*K[f
xm;onf/
134
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk
*VKefO;D apm bmaMumifv
h yk Bf uHco
H vJ
*VKefO;D apmonf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;wku
Yd kd vkyBf ucH ahJ omfvnf; tpd;k &
tzGJUopfacgif;aqmifjzpfrvmcJhay/ eef;&if;0efjzpfcJhaom OD;apmonf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk tpu EkdifiHa&;orm; ocifaygufpuav;rQom
vQif jrifcJhonf/ olbkef;rD;aevawmufypOfu cdkif&J0ef aZAD;,m;u
qkaiG 5 usyf 0&rf;xkwfcJhzl;aom tnw&EdkifiHa&;orm;uav;
135
wpfa,mufukd xdu
k x
f u
kd w
f efwef&mxl;ay; ajrm ufpm;vku
d v
f Qif rD;aooGm;
vdrfhrnf[k xifcJhrdonf/
odaYk omfAdv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;um; &mxl;jzifh ajrm ufvnf; rajrmuf? tmPm
jzifh ajcmufvnf; raMumufonfh wu,frh sdK;cspfacgif; aqmifBuD;jzpfae
aMumif; odvmaomtcg OD;apmonf aqGUaqGUckeaf wmhonf/
*VKefO;D apmenf;wl jrefrmjynfb&k ifcH a':refprpf uvnf; &mxl;jzifh
ajrmufvnf;aumif;? ajcmufvnf;aumif; trsdK;rsdK; aoG;xd;k r&rSe;f
odaomtcg vufajrmufc&hJ avonf/
xdek nf;y&d,m,fwjYkd zifh rdrv
d yk af qmifcsufrsm; atmifjrifaomtcg
qma':refprpfonf enf;trsdK;rsdK;tBuHtzHzk kH y&d,m,f toG,o
f ,
G jf zifh
aoG;wd;k prf;cJjh yefavonf/
rdrEd iS t
hf wl ,laqmifvmcJah om puLjzLpmwrf;t& ol\trIaqmif
aumifpDwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk twdkuftcHjyKMurnfh 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;
orm;a[mif;BuD;rsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f toH;k jyKcJjh yefonf/
odaYk omf Edik if aH wmfwiG f bk&ifcaH ':refprpfEiS o
hf \
l tvkyt
f rIaqmif
wd\
Yk t&Sed t
f 0gESihf vkyaf qmifcsufwrYkd mS ,cifuvdk vlxk tay: rvTr;f rd;k
Edik af wmhacs/
wpfEidk if v
H ;kH &Sjd ynfov
l x
l w
k &yfv;kH \ arwmESi,
hf MkH unfu;kd pm;rIum;
bk&ifcEH iS hf olt
Y rIaqmifaumifpw
D rYkd [kwb
f J Adv
k cf sKyf rS Adv
k cf sKyfjzpfaeMu
avonf/
xdt
k cg tBuw
H rsdK;xkw&f jyefonf/ ,l*ef'gwGif tus,fcsKyfuscHae&
aom eef;&if;0efa[mif; *VKefOD;apmudk ,l*ef'grS tjrefjyefac:vmNyD;
Ekid if aH &;e,fwiG f yGx
J w
k Mf unfjh yefonf/ OD;apmonf 1946ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv
25 &ufaeYwGif jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf/ OD;apmudk e*dkuyif vlxku
arwm&So
d nfr[kwaf Mumif; odvm&onf/
xdt
k cg Bu&H mr&jzpfaeaom bk&ifcaH ':refprpfonf ppftyk cf sKyfa&;
umvwkef;u BuHpnfvkyfaqmifcJhaomfvnf; taumiftxnf ray:cJh
aom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm;zrf;qD;a&;tBut
H pnfukd xyfrBH upH nf tm;
xkwcf jhJ yefonf/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;ta&;,lvu
dk v
f Qif zqyv
tzGUJ csKyfBu;D NyKd uGo
J mG ;rnf/ zqyvudk jynfoaYl xmufcrH aI vsmhyg;oGm;rnf[k
136
bk&ifcHESifh taygif;ygwdkYu wGufqcJhMuonf/ bk&ifcHvufndK;xdk;cefYtyf

xm;onfh Oya'jyKaumifp0D iftm;vH;k vdv
k rkd mS vnf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf
zqyvqefu
Y sifa&;orm;csnf;jzpf zqyvtzGUJ csKyfEiS hf Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;wdkYudk tjyif;txefa0zefwdkufcdkufMuonf/
xdpk OftwGi;f wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H acgif;aqmifEiS hf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
ESit
hf wl ppfcsDco
hJ nfh &Jabmfo;kH usdy0f ifjzpfaom ocifxeG ;f tkyu
f Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;onf oxHck dik af ygifNrdKUe,f oJjzLuke;f ukvm;olBuD; tA'&l m
&SpZf t
f m; owfcahJ omaMumifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; tm; vlowfrjI zifh zrf;qD;
ay;&ef 1946 ckESpf rwfv 21 &ufaeYwGif usif;yvsuf&Sdaom Oya'jyK
aumifpt
D pnf;ta0; wifjycJo
h nf/ vufarmif;aoG;azmuf opmqdck hJ
onfh vkyfazmfudkifzufwpfOD;tay: tqdk;&Gm;qHk;opmazmufNyD; e,fcsJU
bk&ifcEH iS hf twdik t
f azmufvyk cf ahJ om ocifxeG ;f tkyu
f kd wjynfv;kH u tHMh o
oGm;Muonf/ EkdifiHjcm;odkYyg *,ufdkufoGm;onf/
b,fyb
kH ,fenf; ta&;,laqmif&u
G o
f ifo
h nfukd pOf;pm;aqG;aEG;&ef
1946 ckEpS f rwfv 27 &ufaeYwiG f bk&ifct
H rd af wmf xdyf wef;t&m&SBd u;D
rsm; tpnf;ta0;udk usif;yMuonf/ jrefrmjynfykvdyfrif;BuD; (&JcsKyf)
rpwmcsufw,fvu
f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udzk rf;vQif jrefrmjynfrmS olyek x
f
vdrrhf nf[k rdrx
d ifaMumif;ajymjyonf/ pDtikd 'f aD c: pHak xmufXme (rIcif;
pHpk rf;axmufvrS ;f a&;wyfzUJG ) tBu;D tuJ ykvyd rf if;Bu;D (wyfzUJG rSL;) pDbaD tm
( C.B.Orr) uvnf; zrf;qD;vQif olyek x
f ouJo
h aYkd om taESmift
h ,Surf sdK;
jzpfay:vmrnfrmS aocsmonf[k rdro
d abm&aMumif; wifjyonf/
*sife&,fb&pfuvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;vQif rSm;vdrhf
rnf/ jrefrmjynf olyek x
f vQif tdE,
d wyfrsm;jzifh ESrd ef if; rnfukd tdE,
d
bk&ifccH sKyfEiS hf ppfaoemywdwu
Ykd vdv
k m;rnfr[kw[
f k Tejf yonf/ ,if;
tajctaetaMumif;tcsufrsm;aMumifh ykefuefrI jzpfvmrnfh rnfonfh
udprsdK;udkrqdk jyKvkyfjcif;udk a&SmifMuOfMu&ef wifjyoGm;onf/ odkYjzifh
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef usif;ycJah om rwfv 27 &ufaeY bk&ifcH
tdraf wmftpnf;ta0;onf aomifrwifa&rusrIjzifh rwfv 28 &ufwiG f
NyD;qH;k oGm;cJ&h onf/
xdkYaemuf 1946 ckESpf arv 4 &ufaeY bk&ifcHqma':refprpfu
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaeaom jynfolY&JabmfwyfzGJU&SdaerIudk rvdk
137
vm;aMumif;ESihf zsuford ;f &efajymMum;onf/ arv 8 &ufaeYwiG f jynfoYl

&JabmfwyfzUJG aoemywd Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;u bk&ifcH qma':refprpf\
ajymMum;csufukd jyefvnfacsy jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG zGUJ pnf;&jcif;udk azmfjy
cJo
h nf/
,if;aemuf 1946 ckESpf arv 18 &ufaeYwGif tif;pdefcdkif xef;
wyifNrdKU awmifov
l ,form;tiftm; 1000 cefo
Y nf jynfoYl &Jabmf
rsm;tm; zrf;qD;aejcif;udk uefu
Y u
G q
f Ejy&m xef;wyif&XJ metkyf OD;armif
uav;\ trdefYjzifh ypfcwf&mrS xef;wyifta&;tcif; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
arv 20 &ufaeYwGif usif;yaom zqyvtzGJUcsKyf A[dkOD;pD;tzGJU
'kwd,tBudrf tpnf;ta0;wGif xef;wyif aoewfypfrIESifh ywfouf
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;\ tjyKtrludk jyif;xefpGmIwfcsaMumif;ESifh NAdwdoQ
tpdk;&xH awmif;qdkcsuf 7 csufudk xkwfjyefaMunmcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;? OD;babESihf ocifjrwdu
Yk ,
kd w
f idk f bk&ifcaH ':refprpfxH oGm;
a&muf jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG rsm; ,leaD zmif; 0wfNy;D ppfa&;avhusifrh rI sm;udk
wm;jrpfonfh trdeu
Yf kd jyefvnfw
k o
f rd ;f ay;&ef awmif;qdak qG;aEG;cJo
h nf/
xdpk OftwGi;f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ OD;aqmifru
I kd jynfow
l Ykd wcJeuf
axmufcHtm;ay;rIrsm;aMumifh bk&ifcHa':refprpf\ jrefrmjynf uRef
ouf&n
S af &; puLjzLpDru
H ed ;f BuD;rSm a&pkeaf rsmoGm;cJ&h NyD; bk&ifcaH ':ref
prpfonf acwbk&ifcHqm[ife&DEdkuftm; &mxl; wm0efrsm;vTJajymif;
ay;NyD; 1946 ckESpf ZGefv 14 &ufaeYwGif ZeD;onf av'Da':refprpf?
orD;yufx&pf&SmwdkYESifhtwl tufpftufpatmf'l;em; (S.S Orduna)
oabFmjzifh =0rf;udu
k af &m*g+ taMumif;jyum jrefrmjynfrS jynfawmfjyef
oGm;cJah vonf/
bk&ifcHqma':refprpf jynfawmfjyefoGm;NyD;aemuf jrefrmjynfodkY
Adv
k cf sKyf (ar*sm*sife&,f) qm[lbwf&efpY f (Maj. Gen. Sir Hubert Rance
[1898-1974]) udk bk&ifcHcefYxm;apvTwfonf/ ar*sm*sife&,fqm[l;
bwf&efYpfudk xdkpOfu NAdwdoQeef;&if;0efjzpfol tufwvDuavmh'farmifh
bufwefESifh wdkifyifaqG;aEG; 1946 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 27 &ufaeYwGif
a&G;cs,f apvTwv
f u
dk jf cif;jzpfonf/ &efpY o
f nf 1898 ckEpS w
f iG f zGm;jrif
chNJ y;D 1943 ckEpS f rS 1945 ckEpS t
f xd NAw
d ed Ef ikd if t
H aemufyikd ;f ppfO;D pD;Xme
wm0efxrf;aqmifcNhJ y;D 1945 ckEpS f rS 1946 ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmEdik if u
H ufpbD
138
(C.A.S.(B)) tkycf sKyfa&;acwfwiG f jrefrmjynfqikd &f m NrKd Ujya&;&m TeMf um;

a&;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;? 1946 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f rS 1948 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv
3 &ufaeYtxd jrefrmEdkifiH\ aemufqHk;bk&ifcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ jl zpfonf/ xdaYk emuf 1950 rS 1954 ckEpS t
f xd x&ifeh if'ifh
ESiw
hf b
kd m;ud;k Edik if \
H bk&ifcEH iS hf ppfaoemywdcsKyfwm0ef xrf;aqmifcNhJ yD;
aemuf tNird ;f pm;,lco
hJ nf/ 1974 ckEpS w
f iG f vef'efNrKd UwGif uG,v
f eG o
f mG ;cJh
onf/
1946 ckESpf Mo*kwfv 31 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHacwbk&ifcH
qm[ife&DEdkufxHrS bk&ifcHopfqm[l;bwf&efYpfu &mxl;vTJajymif;,lNyD;
usrf;opmusdeq
f ckd o
hJ nf/
xdaYk emuf qm[l;bwf&efpY o
f nf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk zdwaf c:
bk&ifc\
H trIaqmifaumifpt
D opfukd zGpYJ nf;&ef tBujH yKcJh avonf/ odjYk zifh
1946 ckEpS f pufwifbmv 26 &ufaeYwiG f bk&ifc\
H trIaqmifaumifpD
(tpd;k &0efBu;D tzGUJ ) 'kw,
d obmywdtjzpf Adv
k cf sKyaf tmifqef;u &mxl;
vufc
H tpd;k &opftzGUJ udk zGUJ pnf;cJah vonf/ 'kw,
d obmywd&mxl;rSm
,ckacwftac:tm;jzifh 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;yifjzpfonf/
0efBuD;tzGJY0if *VKefOD;apm? ocifApdefESifh apmbOD;BuD;wdkYudkvnf;
bk&ifcHu xnfhoGif;cJhonf/
139
*VKefOD;apmtm; vufeufrsm;xkwf&ef pDpOfcJhaom t*FvdyfppfAdkvf ar*sm[ife&D,ef;

(4if;onf axmif'Pf 2 ESpf uscH&aomfvnf; t,lcHjzifh vGwfajrmufoGm;onf)
odaYk omf OD;apmum; acgif;aqmif odrYk [kwf jrefrmEdik if \

H eef;&if;0ef
(0efBuD;csKyf) udo
k m vkyv
f o
kd jl zpfonf/ bk&ifcq
H EjyKom 0efBuD;&mxl;
vufcHvkduf&jcif;jzpfonf/ bk&ifcHopf qm[l;bwf&efYpfudk,fwkdifu
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; rdrx
d uftqift
h wef;jri hf wifxm;onfukd jrifawGU
&aom OD;apmtzdYk tlEu
k RJcwf? Murf;Mum;ajcnyyf rm tcH&cufvo
S nf/
OD;apmonf odkYuvdk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ acgif;aqmifrIt&nf
taoG;? ud,
k u
f sio
hf u
d m jzLpifr?I vlxw
k &yfv;kH u Adv
k cf sKyt
f ay: ,HMk unf
udk;pm;rIrsm;udk AdkvfcsKyfESifh rnfodkYrQ r,SOfEdkifrSef;wjznf;jznf;odvm&
avonf/ xdaYk Mumifh rdrt
d ajctaerSm vrf;d;k vrf;rSejf zifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;udk EkdifiHa&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;? pnf;kH;a&;tm;jzifhvnf;aumif;?
acgif;aqmifrIt&nftaoG; taejzifhvnf;aumif;? rnfonfhenf;ESifhrQ
ausmfveG
f r&Ekid rf eS ;f odvmaomtcg ==tBuu
H ek *f VKefqm;csuf++ yrm rdrd
tmPm&&Sd&efwpfck wnf;aomenf;vrf;rSm e,fcsJUorm;wdkY\ tvdkus
vkyfaqmif&efESifh AdkvfcsKyfudk jrefrmEdkifiHa&;pifjrifhrS aysmufoGm;ap&ef
140
aqmif&u
G &f efrw
S yg; tjcm;r&SNd y[
D k cH,cl ahJ vonf/ ykxZk Ofavmu ynm
onfom y"merus? cHpm;rIonfom y"meus\/ xdkYaMumifh tcsdKUaom
olw\
Ykd tcsdKUudpr sm; rvkyo
f ifrh eS ;f odygvsuf rcHcsifaom pdw?f cHpm;
csufjyif;xefaompdwjf zifh ZGwv
f yk w
f wfMu\/ jzpfcsif&mjzpf[k oabmxm;
wwfMu\/ onfrmS ynmyg&rDr&ifah o;olw\
Ykd cH,cl sufe,
d mrwnf;/
wenf;qdk&aomf OD;aESmufESifh ESvHk;om;udk owd orZOfjzifh OmPf,SOf
roHk;wwfMuacs/ xdkYaMumifhvnf; wPSm? rme? 'd|dwdkYudk vGwfatmif
ra&Smifwrd ;f Edik af wmhay/ xdt
k cg tukov
kd w
f &m;vTr;f rd;k vmum trSm;udk
trSeftjzpfxifvmMu\/ t"roabmonf "rtoGifudk aqmifvm
awmhonf/ odjYk zpf trSm;ESpcf u
k kd aygif;vdu
k af omtcg nDrQjcif;taejzifh
trSew
f pfc&k rvmbJ trSm;ESpcf o
k m &vmawmhonf/
rlvuyif OD;apmonf OmPfynmuvnf; wdr?f pdu
k f qd;k ? OmOfq;kd ?
0goemqd;k &So
d v
l nf;jzpf&m tNrJwrf; ==Adv
k +f + vkycf sifol jzpf&um; Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;ESifh acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm; okwfoif&Sif;vif;vkdufygu
zqyvpnf;k;H a&;NydKuGo
J mG ;rnf[k xifjrifcahJ vonf/ zqyvNydKuGv
J Qif
zqyvacgif;aqmifrsm;onf vlxktay: MoZm&Sdawmhrnfr[kwf[k
*VKefOD;apmu r*Fvm'kHvufeufwdkufrS vufeufrsm;xkwf,l&ef pDpOfay;cJhaom

AdkvfBuD; a';ApfADAD,ef;
141
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;odw
Yk ufa&mufvmpOf
xifjrifcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;vQif bk&ifcHu rsdK;cspfygwD

acgif;aqmif olYudk tmPmvTJtyfvmvdrfhrnf[k xifjrifcJhavonf/
odYk rSm;,Gi;f rI t0dZm ESihf wyfrufrw
I PSm aygif;pyfaeaom *VKef
OD;apmtm; rD;avmif&mavyifq
h o
kd vdk wGe;f tm;ay;vku
d o
f nfh jzpf&yfwpfck
um; rarQmfvifhrxifrSwfbJ ay:aygufvmcJhavonf/ xdkjzpf&yfum;
bk&ifc\
H trIaqmifaumifprD zGUJ rD &ufyikd ;f tvdk 1946 ckEpS f pufwifbm
v 21 &ufaeY nae 5 em&DwiG f bk&ifct
H rd af wmf bk&ifcq
H m[l;bwf&efpY f
ESifh awGUqHkNyD;tjyef ajreDukef; pdefYAif;qifh (,ck txu (2) prf;acsmif;)
ausmif;a&SUta&mufwiG f OD;apm\um;taemufrS *spfum;wpfp;D onf OD;
apmum;udkausmfwufum um;csif;,SOfrdvQif *spfum;ay:rS jynfolY&J
abmf,el aD zmif;0wfxm;aom 'dik b
f mtygt0if vlav;OD;teuf wpfO;D u
pwif;*ef;ESihf OD;apmudk ypfcwfavonf/ ,if;odyYk pfcwfraI Mumifh OD;apm\
vuf0b
J uf rsufv;kH atmuf yg;txufyikd ;f usnfqef&yS rf eS cf o
hJ nf/ ,if;odYk
acsmif;ajrmif;typfc&H rIaMumifh *VKefO;D apmonfot
Yl m; vkyBf uHypfcwfol
rsm;tm; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud,
k w
f idk f apcdik cf o
hJ nf[k vGrJ mS ;pGm txifrmS ;
142
um Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; tnKd ;taw;xm;um 1947 ckEpS f Zlvikd v
f
19 &uf paeaeYwiG f vufoyfarG;xm;aom olw
Y ynfh vlowform;wdt
Yk m;
vkyfBuHowfjzwf&ef apckdif;cJhavonf/ rnfrQtxd tndK;taw;BuD;cJh
oenf;qd&k ygrl OD;apmonf olt
Y m;vkyBf uyH pfcwfpOfu *spfum;pD; vkyBf uH
onfudk wefjyefvufpm;acsonfhtaejzifh *spfum;jzifhyif 'kdifbm tyg
t0if vl5OD;udk vkyfBuHowfjzwfcdkif;cJhonf/
rQtxd Adv
k cf sKyftay: tnKd ;taw;Bu;D rm;cJah om *VKefO;D apm\
twKywt
d usOf;udk tvsOf;oif
h ae&m azmfjyvdyk gonf/
*VKefO;D apm
jrefrmEdik if v
H w
G v
f yfa&;&tHq
h q
J w
J iG f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf zqyv
acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;tm; *VKefO;D apmESihf ol\ aemufvu
kd v
f o
l wform;
wpku vkyMf uo
H wfjzwfraI Mumifh usqH;k oGm;cJ&h &Smonf/ xdaYk Mumifh Zlvikd v
f
19 &ufaeYa&mufwikd ;f Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm; usqH;k cJh
&onfah eYukd trSww
f &&daS pjcif;iSm ==tmZmenfaeY++ tjzpfusif;yvmcJo
h nf
vef'efwikd ;f owif;pm azmfjycJah om Edik if aH wmfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;

vkyMf uHc&H rIowif;
143
rSm 2012 ckEpS f Zlvikd v

f 19 &ufaeYwiG f 65 ESpw
f if;wif; jynfch jhJ yjD zpfonf/
==aoaomol MumvQifarh++ qdk ;kd pum;&daS omfvnf; ,aeYwikd f jynfol w&yf
vHk;u AdkvfcsKyfESifhwuG tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;udk ,aeYwdkif
watmufarharh? wwrf;wwESihf vGr;f &deS rf aysmuf? waoGaY omif;aomif;?
wajymif;ysys owd&aeqJjzpfonf/
xdek nf;wlpmG Adv
k cf sKyfwt
Ykd m; &mZ0ifikd ;f atmif ,kwrf mvSaom tMuH
rdu
k jf zifh jyKcJMh uaom vlrormwdo
Yk nf w&m;Oya'twdik ;f rdu
k jf ypfuckd v
H u
kd f
&jyDjzpfaomfvnf; olwdkY\b0ESifh olwdkYtrdkufZmwfudk trSwf&aeqJyif
jzpfonf/
xdaYk Mumifh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;udk vkyMf uo
H wf
jzwfcahJ om *VKefO;D apm\ b0waphwapmif;ESihf aESmif;twdwrf S ordik ;f
yHk&dyfudk vli,frsm;od&dSEdkifap&ef jyefvnfazmfjyvdkufygonf/
Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf uHrI w&m;cHtjzpf b0Zmwford ;f ydik ;f rvScahJ om eef;
&if;0efa[mif; *VKeOf ;D apmudk yJc;l wdik ;f tkwzf Nkd rKd Ue,f udik ;f Bu;D &Gm tbajr
ydik &f iS f OD;zd;k MuL;? trda':yef;wdrYk S 1900 jynfEh pS f arv 16 &uf Ak'[
;l aeY
n 7 em&D 30 rdepfwiG f zGm;jrifco
hJ nf/ arG;csif; 4 a,muf teuf 'kw,
d
ajrmufom;jzpfonf/ arG;csif;rsm;rSm tpfr a':,Hk? *VKefOD;apm? nD
armifwifh? OD;xGef;av; (ac:) OD;armifarmifBuD;wdkY jzpfygonf/
i,fpOfu BuKd UyifaumufNrKd U? krd efuufovpf omoemjyKausmif;
owrwef;atmifjrifonftxd ynmoifMum;cJo
h nf/ xdjYk yif t*Fvyd pf mudk
umvuwm; (,ck ud;k vfuwm;) NrKd UodYk oGm;a&mufoifMum;cJo
h nf/ 1927
ckEpS w
f iG f jrefrmEdik if
H aemufq;kH usif;ycJo
h nfh wwd,wef; a&SUaepmar;
yGJudk atmifjrifcJhonf/
om,m0wD NrdKUr0HomEkaumifpDwGif puaw&Dtjzpf aqmif&GufcJh
onf/ 1921 ckEpS f *sDpb
D aD ttuGw
J iG f zcifO;D zd;k MuL;ESit
hf wl 21 OD; *sDpb
D D
attzGUJ u yg0ifvyI &f mS ;aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ 1925 ckEpS w
f iG f 0g&ifEh ikd if aH &;
orm; om,m0wD OD;ykudktEdkif& vTwfawmftrwftjzpf qufvuf
ta&G;cH&onf/ awmifov
l ,form; awmfveS af &;acgif;aqmifBuD; *VKef
q&mpH\ aemufvu
kd f *VKefwyfzUJG 0ifrsm;ukd a&SUaevdu
k af y;cJo
h nf/ q&mpH
\ awmifolv,form; awmfvSefa&;ESifhywfowf t*Fvdyftpdk;&onf
ykefuefolrsm;tm; &ufpufpGmEdSyfuGyfcJhaMumif; tpkd;&xH tdwfzGifhay;
144
pmwapmif ay;ydkYcJhonf/ xdkYjyif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ==jrefrmjynfta&;++

pmtkyfwtkyfa&;om; jynfyEdkifiHrsm;odkYwifykdYcJh&m t*Fvdyftpdk;&\
ydwfyifwm;qD;rIudk cH&onf/ om,m0wDtrwfonf ==1930-31 ckESpf
jrefrmjynfta&;++ pmtkyu
f kd xkwaf 0&m tpd;k &tm; tMunfnKd ysufapaom
pmom;rsm;yg0if yk'rf 124 (u) t& tjypfay;Edik af Mumif; txl;a*Zuf
txkwcf &H onf/
Oya'jyKvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wGifvnf; q&mpH awmifolv,f
orm;ta&;awmfyEkH iS yhf wfowf t*Fvyd t
f pd;k &\ ta&;,laqmif&u
G rf I
rsm;udk jyif;jyif;xefxef a0zefajymMum;&m xdpk Ofu jynfxaJ &;twGi;f 0ef
==rpwm bko*f a&AvD++ (Mr. Booth Gravely)u OD;apmtm; ==armifrif;
*VKefjzpfvmjyD++ [k ajymMum;&mrS ==*VKefO;D apm++ [k trnfwiG cf ahJ vonf/
1932 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif usif;ycJhaom 'dkiftmcD
tkycf sKyfa&; pwkwt
Burd f Oya'jyKvTwaf wmfa&G;aumufyw
JG iG f om,m0wD
awmifydkif; rJqEe,frSta&G;cH&m IH;edrfhcJhonf/ odkYaomf 10 vausmf
Mum;jzwfa&G;aumufyw
JG iG f [oFmwNrdKUwGif [oFmwNrdKUajrmufyikd ;f rJqE
e,frS ta&G;cH&onf/ 1934 ckESpfwGif OD;apmonf &efukefjrLeDpDy,f
vlBuD;tjzpf 0ifa&mufaqmif&Gufonf/ 1935 ckESpf? arv 23 &ufaeY
ol&,
d owif;pm ud,
k pf m;vS,t
f jzpf *syefEikd if o
H Ykd oGm;a&mufvnfywfc&hJ m
crf;crf;em;em;BuKd qdjk cif;cH&onf/ tjyefwiG f ud&k ;D ,m;? wkw?f xdik ;f ? yoQL;
uRef;qG,f (rav;uRef;qG,f) paom EdkifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf EdkifiHa&;
avhvmcJo
h nf/ *syefrt
S jyef OD;apmonf ==*syefjynfvrf;nTe+f + pmtkyu
f kd
a&; ol&d,wdkufrS 1935 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ xdkYaemuf ol&d,
owif;pm &S,,
f mrsm;udk xyfr0H ,f,
l 1936 ckEpS w
f iG f ol&,
d owif;pm
wdu
k
f 'gdu
k w
f mtzGUJ 0ifjzpfvmonf/ 1938 ckEpS w
f iG f ol&,
d owif;pm
t,f'w
D mcsKyftjzpf aqmif&u
G o
f nf/ vpmrSm 850 usyfjzpfonf/ ol&,
d
owif;pmt,f'w
D mcsKyftjzpf MoZmBu;D rm;vmonfEiS t
hf rQ ol&,
d owif;
pm\ rl0g'udk BudK;udkifajymif;vJcJhonf/
xdkpOfu ol&d,owif;pmwGif wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&muf
vkyu
f ikd af eaom q&mBu;D a&TOa'gif;u OD;apmESiahf wGcY yhJ u
Hk kd ol\ ==wouf
wmrSww
f rf;ESihf tawG;tac:rsm;++ pmtky
f =uREkfyf\ acgif;BuD;rsm;taMumif;ESifhywfowf *VKefOD;apmu
145
uREkyf t
f m; ajymzl;jcif;udk owd&ygao;onf/ OD;apmrSm ol&,
d wdu
k f tpk&iS f
rsm;teufwiG f tpktrsm;qH;k vufuikd &f o
Sd l wa,mufjzpf (t,f'w
D mcsKyf
rjzpfvmrDuwnf;uyif) ol&d, ay:vpDESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif tawmf
aqmif&u
G Ef ikd [
f ef&\
Sd / OD;apm0ifvmjy;D onfh aemufwaeYo uREkyf t
f m;
ol\tcef;odkYac: vufzuf&nfjzifh{nfhcH&if; ==cifAsm;a&mufvmu
wnf;u cifAsm;acgif;Bu;D awGukd usaemf *kpu
kd jf y;D zwfygw,f/ cifAsm;a&;
wJh yxracgif;BuD;taMumif;udk OD;buav;uar;vdkY usaemfu 'Dvludk
vufrvGwaf peJ?Y &atmif,yl gvdaYk jymvdu
k &f ygao;w,f++ [k ajymayonf+
==trSeu
f akd jym&vQif ol&,
d wku
d o
f Ykd uREkyf jf yef0ifvmjyD;onfah emuf
wESpaf usmfcefY MumaomtcgwGif OD;apm0ifvmjcif;jzpf&m olu t,f'w
D m
csKyf? uREkfyfu wm0efcHt,f'Dwm tjzpfESifhvkyfMu&mwGif owif;pm
taMumif;udk bmrQem;rvnfaom Edik if aH &;orm;wa,mufu owif;pm
wdu
k w
f iG f uREkyf t
f xufrS MoZmay;Edik jf cif;udk uREkyf cf jH yif;vSaomaMumifh
EkwfxGuf&ef twefwefpdwful;cJh\/ EkwfxGufvQif rnfodkY vkyfudkifpm;
aomufrnf[kyif MuHpnfpdwful;vsuf&dSygjyD/ xdkodkYaom tajctaewGif
OD;apmonf uREkfyftm; vufzuf&nfwdkufjyD; txufygtwdkif;pum;udk
ajymvdu
k jf cif;jzpfavonf/ xdt
k csderf pS uREkyf o
f nf ol&,
d wku
d rf S Ekwf
xGuzf pYkd w
d rf ul;awmhbJ vcwd;k ay;zdYk awmif;&efom MuHpnfygawmhonf/
owif;pmtaMumif;udrk odaomfvnf; qufqaH &;udk aumif;aumif;em;
vnfaom EdkifiHa&;orm;wa,mufjzpfonf[k jrifvmygonf++ [l
a&;om;xm;avonf/
xdkYaemuf OD;apmonf 1936 ckESpfwGif *VKefppfolBuD;bGJYcH *VKef
wyf\ Adv
k cf sKyftjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ 1936 ckEpS f 'kw,
d ausmif;om;
oydwfwGif ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh &if;ESD;rI&&ef BudK;pm;cJhonf/
1937 ckESpfMo*kwfv 14 &ufaeY *VKefOD;apmonf rsdK;cspfygwDudk
wnfaxmifco
hJ nf/ rsdK;cspfygwDXmecsKyfukd ol&,
d owif;pmwdu
k f rsufEmS
csif;qkid af e&mESihf OD;apm\ r&rf;uke;f NrdKUe,f at'Dvrf; (,ck arcvrf;)
trSwf 4 aetdrfwGif zGifhvSpfxm;&dSonf/ rsdK;cspfygwDwGif 0wfvHkawmf&
OD;at;? zsmyHo
k al X; OD;tke;f cif? [oFmwOD;jr? yJc;l OD;pde0f if;wdYk acgif;aqmif
rsm;tjzpf yg0ifco
hJ nf/
1938 ckEpS f Mo*kwv
f 26 &ufaeY OD;at;ESiOhf ;D apmwdu
Yk a'gufwm
146
barmfneG aYf ygif; tpd;k &udk t,Ht

k Munfr&daS Mumif; tqdw
k ifoiG ;f rJc&JG m
axmufcHrJ 61 rJ? uefYuGufrJ 66 rJjzifh tqdkbufrS IH;edrfhcJhonfhtwGuf
a'gufwmbarmftpd;k & qufvufwnfjrJco
hJ nf/
1938 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19 &ufaeY a&Twd*HkapwDajc&if; OD;b&D
Z&yf rsdK;cspf wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;? *VKefwyfrsm;ESihf tmPmzDqefru
I kd wwd,
tBurd f ausmif;om;oydwt
f m; [efa&;jy vSnu
hf u
G t
f jzpf vkyaf qmifc&hJ m
acwtzrf;cH&onf/
1939 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv 16 &ufaeYwiG f vTwaf wmftpnf;ta0;
a'gufwmbarmf OD;aqmifaom nGeaYf ygif;tpk;d &tm; t,Ht
k Munfr&dt
S qdk
udk xyfrw
H ifoiG ;f cJ&h m axmufcrH J 70 rJ? uefu
Y u
G rf J 37 rJjzifh tqdzk ufrS
tEdkif&&m a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;onf/ 1939 ckESpf arv
30 &ufaeYwiG f a&TusifO;D yk OD;aqmifonfh nGeaYf ygif;tpd;k &tzGUJ OD;apm
onf v,f,mESifhopfawma&;&m 0efBuD;jzpfvmonf/ 1940 jynfhESpf
pufwifbmv 7 &ufaeYwiG f vTwaf wmf OD;bab wifoiG ;f onfh OD;yktpd;k
&tay: t,HktMunfr&dStqdkudk rJcGJ&m axmufcHrJ 81 rJ? uefYuGufrJ
32 rJ&&dSojzifh tqdktEdkif&jyD; OD;yktpdk;& jyKwfusoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumifh
1941 ckESpf pufwifbmv 9 &ufaeYwGif *VKefOD;apm OD;aqmifonfh
nGeaYf ygif;tpd;k & zGUJ pnf;Edik cf o
hJ nf/ *VKefO;D apmonf eef;&if;0ef(0efBu;D csKyf)
tjzpf tpdk;&tzGJUudk OD;aqmifcJhonf/
eef;&if;0efb0 OD;apmonf jrefrmtrsKd ;orD;rsm;udk apmifah &Smuf&ef
Oya'wck jyXmef;ay;cJhonf/ ,if;Oya'rSm ==Ak'bmom trsdK;orD;rsm;
xdrf;jrm;vufxufjcif; Oya'++ yif jzpfonf/
1940 jynfEh pS w
f iG f Adv
k rf LS ;Bu;D plZu
l ;D (aemifAv
kd rf ;kd BuKd ;) jrefrmEdik if o
H Ykd
vQdKY0Suf vma&mufaomtcg *VKefOD;apmonf AdkvfrSL;BuD;plZluD;tm;
awGq
Y
kH jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;twGuf *syefxrH S tultnDrsm;vdck sifaMumif;
ajymMum;cJo
h nf/
odaYk omf OD;apmonf eef;&if;0efb0 t*Fvyd u
f ek o
f nfrsm;\ tvdk
us jidrf0yfydjym;rIudk OD;pm;ay; cyfMurf;Murf;udkifwG,fonf/ xdkYaMumifh
1941 ckEpS f rwfv 19 &ufaeYwiG f usif;ycJah om atmufvw
T af wmftpnf;
ta0; Adkvfwaxmif rJqEe,ftrwf OD;babonf OD;aqmifaom
tpkd;&tzGJUtm; t,HktMunfr&dS tqdkudkwifoGif;cJhonf/ odkYaomf
147
axmufcHrJ 47 rJ? uefYuGufrJ 72 rJ om&&dSojzifh t,HktMunfr&Sd

tqdkIH;edrfhoGm;onf/ xdktpnf;ta0;wGif trwfOD;bdk;xDu eef;&if;
0efO;D apmESihf b@ma&;0efBu;D OD;boDwEYkd pS Of ;D udk &nf&,
G
f ==eef;&if;0efu
ajcmufwef;? b@ma&;u apmufuef;++ [kajymMum;&m ,if;wdkYESpfOD;udk
OD;apmu umuG,af &;Oya't& ta&;,lco
hJ nf/ OD;apmonf ol tmPm
&dSpOfu a'gufwmbarmf? OD;bOD;? OD;b0if;wdkYudkomru EdkifiHa&;q&m
wqljzpfaom OD;babwdu
Yk kd axmif'Pf ay;cJo
h nf/ ocifacgif;aqmifrsm;
udkvnf; zrf;qD;ta&;,lcJhonf/
xdjYk yif wdAYk rmtpnf;tk;H udk odum usap&ef ==v,form;zd;k a&Tv;kH ESihf
nnf;csif;ESifh ocif#Dum++ trnf&dSpmtkyfudk tpdk;&ydkifaiGjzifh apmifa&
trsm;tjym;yHEk ySd
f jzefch sdco
hJ nf/ xdaYk Mumifh vTwaf wmfjyifyESiehf ,fww
Ykd iG f
ausmif;om;rsm;u ==ArmjynfBuD;epfzzYkd ef uvdr
f Pf ESihf iapm? iapm/
iapmrdkYwufvdkYvm olYrsufESm[m t&Sufr&dS? nmwm0g'vdSrfhvdkYzef rsdK;
cspfPf[m barmfvykd +J + [laom oHcsyfjzifh oHyw
kH ;D awmxkwjf cif;cH&onf/
odaYk omf jrefrmjynfb&k ifcH a':refprpfonf 1941 ckEpS w
f iG f usif;yrnfah &G;
aumufyu
JG kd ppfut
kd aMumif;jy OD;apmtpd;k &tm; qufvufwnfwaHh p
cJo
h nf/
1941 ckEpS f atmufwb
kd mv 8 &ufaeYwiG f eef;&if;0efO;D apmonf
tdik pf t
D ufpf ac: tdE,
d y#dnmOfc0H efxrf; OD;wifxw
G u
f kd tMuHay;tjzpf
ac:aqmif eef;&if;0ef tufwvDESifh awGY&ef t*FvefodkY oGm;a&mufcJh
onf/ pifppf OD;apmESihf OD;wifxw
G w
f rYkd mS rdwaf qG&if;csmtjzpf aygif;oif;
&Edik af omolrsm; r[kwMf uay/ OD;apmu wuf<uaom Edik if aH &;orm;jzpfjy;D
usef OD;wifxw
G u
f jAdwo
d Q\ opmawmfct
H &mxrf;oljzpfonf/ odaYk omf
OD;wifxGwfonf jrefrmvlrsdK;jzpfav&m rdrdwdkif;jynfvGwfvyfonfudk
jrifcsifolomjzpfonf/ odkYaomf OD;wifxGwfonf eef;&if;0efOD;apm\
twGi;f 0efjzpfonf/ OD;apmonf vGwv
f yfaom jrefrmjynf\ eef;&if;0ef
um; r[kw/f twdtusajym&vQif OD;apmonf eef;&if;0efppfppf r[kw/f
jrefrmEkdifiHjynfwGif;a&;wGif jAdwdoQtpdk;& tusdK;pD;yGm;udkumuG,f&ef
wnfaqmufxm;onfh tkycf sKyfa&;,E&m;wckukd pDrcH efcY aJG e&olom jzpf
onf/ jAdwdoQtusdK;pD;yGm;udk uPaumpvkyfvQif jAdwdoQrl0g'rS aoG
znfvQif OD;apmonf opmrJo
h jl zpfonf/ OD;wifxw
G o
f nf tdik pf t
D ufp0f ef
148
xrf; jzpfaomfvnf; wzufu 1935 ckESpf jrefrmjynf tufOya't&

OD;wifxw
G o
f nf OD;apm\ cdik ;f apcsufwu
Ykd kd vdu
k ef maqmif&u
G &f rnf jzpf
onf/ ,if;tufOya'onf tmPmykid Ef pS Of ;D udk zefw;D xm;onf/ wenf;
qkdaomf wOD;rSm jynfwGif;tmPmydkifjzpfjyD; wOD;rSm jynfytmPmydkif
jzpfonf/ OD;wifxw
G t
f zdYk wcsdew
f nf;rSmyif jynfwiG ;f tmPmydik f OD;apm
\trdefYudk vdkufem&rnfjzpfjyD;? tdkifpDtufpfwOD;tjzpf jynfytmPm
ydkifjAdwdoQ tpdk;&\ opmudk apmifhoddkao&rnfjzpfonf/
1941 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 18 &ufaeYwGif OD;apmtm; jAdwdoQ
tpdk;&tzGJUu aeYvnfpmzdwfauR; jAdwdoQeef;&if;0ef csmcsDESifh 2 em&D
ausmaf usmf aqG;aEG;cGi&hf onf/ odaYk omf 0ifpwefcsmcsu
D OD;apmtm; ,ckvkd
aoa&;&Siaf &;wrQ ta&;Bu;D aeonft
h csdew
f iG f ud,
k yf idk f tkycf sKyfa&; pum;
rajymoif/h jrefrmjynf\ tem*wfonf jAdwo
d Qwd\
Yk ppftI;H ? tEdik af y:
wGif wnfae&m jAdwdoQwdkY ppfEdkifvQif ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ukd rQrQww
pOf;pm;aqmif&Gufrnf[l ajymMum;cJhonf/ pum;rSm a&&mvSonf
r[kwf[k OD;apm awG;xifcJhonf/
jAdwdoQwdkYxHrS udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; vufaqmifuav;wck&&dSa&;
twGuf arQmfvifh xm;cJah om OD;apmonf arQmfvifch sufvrf;qH;k jyD;aemuf?
Ed0k ifbmvwGif t*FvefrjS yefvmcJo
h nf/ tjyefwiG f tar&duef waxmuf
em;jyD; ypdzdwfork'&mudkjzwfum jrefrmEdkifiHodkYjyef&ef tpDtpOf&dSonf/
tMuu
H ek f *VKefqm;csufqo
kd vdk olEiS Ohf ;D wifx
f w
G w
f Ykd 0g&Siw
f efoYkd oGm;onf/
tar&dueforw kpAJhESifhawGYum csmcsDtm; em;0ifatmifajymay;&ef
aqG;aEG;rnf[k pdwful;&dSonf/ odkYaomf jAdwdoQwdkYu kpAJhtm; BudKwif
ndedIif;xm;jyD;jzpf&m jAdwdoQtpdk;& ajz&Sif;&rnfhudpwGif tar&duefwdkY
yg0ifywfouf&ef rnfo
h rYkd QtaMumif;r&dS [laom tajzudo
k m OD;apm &&dcS hJ
onf/
,if;aemuf av,mOfvufrSwfr&ojzifh twefMumatmifaejyD;rS
[m0dkif,DodkYvmcJhonf/ ,if;rSwqifh zdvpfydkifodkY 0ifrnf/ xdkrS jrefrm
Edik if u
H kd jyefrnf[k pDpOfonf/ [m0dik ,
f o
D Ykd a&mufonfah eYrmS ykvq
J yd u
f rf;
udk *syefavwyfuAH;k BuJjyD; aemufwaeY 'DZifbm 8 &ufaeY jzpfaeonf/
tar&duef a&wyfwckvHk; pHk;pHk;epfoGm;onfhtjzpfudk ol jrifawGY&onf/
*syefESifh ppfjzpf&efpDpOfaejyDjzpfaomaMumifh taemufodkY av,mOf
149
c&D;pOfrsm;r&daS wmhojzifh tar&duefojYkd yefvn

S chf &hJ onf/ xdrk w
S qifh ay:
wl*DodkY0ifjyD; jrefrmjynfjyef&ef pDpOfjyefonf/ ay:wl*DEdkifiH vpbkef;NrdKU
odaYk &mufvQif ,if;Edik if &H Sd *syefoH ;Hk odo
Yk mG ;a&muf jrefrmEdik if u
H pd awGq
Y kH
aqG;aEG;cJo
h nf/ *syefoH ;Hk odo
Yk mG ;&mwGif OD;apmu OD;wifxw
G u
f kd rac:bJ
csefxm;cJo
h nf/ *syefoH ;Hk OD;apmESihf *syefot
H rwfwYkd awGq
Y akH qG;aEG;rIukd
jAdwdoQaxmufvSrf;a&;u jzwfawmufem;axmif&m OD;apmESifh *syef
oHtrwfwdkY aqG;aEG;onfhudp od&dSoGm;Muawmhonf/
OD;apmESiafh wGjY y;D onfah emufwaeYwiG f *syefot
H rwfu wdu
k sdKodYk tpD
&ifcHonf/ tar&duefrSwqifh jrefrmEdkifiHodkYjyefvmaom jrefrmeef;&if;
0efEiS hf rarQmfvifb
h J awGq
Y &kH onf/ jrefrmeef;&if;0efu tu,f jrefrm
Edik if u
H kd *syefwYkd 0ifa&mufwu
kd cf u
kd rf nfqv
kd Qif jrefrmwdo
Yk nf *syefwEYkd iS hf
yl;aygif;um jAdwo
d Qwdu
Yk kd wdu
k x
f w
k &f m ulnrD nf/ jAdwo
d Qwdu
Yk kd ykeu
f ef
rnf/ xdjYk yif olom tmPm&daS eqJqv
kd Qif *syeftwGuf wwfEikd o
f rQ tul
tnDay;rnf[k qdkonf/
jAdwdoQaxmufvSrf;a&;wdkYu xdkowif;udk qdkif&modkY tpD&ifcHjyD;
aemuf OD;apmESihf OD;wifxw
G w
f Ykd ygvufpwdik ;f jynf [kid zf m (,ck tpa&;
ydkif) NrdKUwGif av,mOfqdkufonfh 1942 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 18 &ufaeY
zrf;qD;vku
d af vonf/ 1942 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufxw
k f vef'efwidk ;f ?
*g'D,ef;owif;pmrsm;wGif OD;apmESifhtwl OD;wifxGwfudkyg zrf;qD;vdkuf
onfh owif;udk azmfjycJMh uonf/ OD;apmtm; 'kw,
d urmppftwGif tmz&d
uwdu
k f ,l*ef'gEdik if
H tus,fcsKyfjzifh xde;f odr;f xm; tdik pf t
D ufpf OD;wif
xGwu
f rkd l tdE,
d Ekid if H qif;vm;odjYk yef jrefrmjynfppfajy;tpd;k &\ tMuH
ay;tjzpf aqmif&u
G af ponf/
xdaYk emuf 'kw,
d urmppftjyD; 1946 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufwiG f
eef;&if;0efa[mif; OD;apmonf 4 ESpef ;D yg tus,fcsKyfc&H jyD;aemuf jrefrm
jynfodkY jyefvnfa&muf&dSvmonf/ arvqef;wGif ol\ rsdK;cspfygwDudk
jyefvnfzUJG pnf;cJo
h nf/
xdkYaemuf 1946ckESpf pufwifbmv 12 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmjynf
bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf&efYpfu OD;apmtm; ac:,lawGYqHkcJhonf/ xdkESpf puf
wifbm 21 &ufaeY nae 5 em&DwGif OD;apmonf bk&ifcH qm[l;bwf
&efpY Ef iS hf xyfraH wGq
Y jkH y;D bk&ifct
H rd af wmfrt
S jyef ajreDuek ;f vrf;qHt
k 0dik ;f Bu;D
150
udak usmfveG
f pdezYf vdrk eD mausmif; (txu (2) prf;acsmif;ausmif;) a&SU
,leDazmif;0wf trnfrodvlwpk\ aoewfjzifhypfcwfrIudk cHcJh&onf/
xdaYk Mumifh OD;apm\ vuf0b
J ufrsufEmS atmufyg;txufyikd ;f udk usnfqef
&SyfrSefcJhonf/ ,if;udpESifhywfouf OD;apmonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
tay: txifrmS ;um Adv
k cf sKyftay: tjidK;taw;xm;cJo
h nf/
jrefrmEdik if b
H &k ifcH qm[lbwf&efpY u
f pufwifbmv 27 &ufaeYwiG f
bk&ifcHtrIaqmifaumifpD (0efBuD;tzGJU)udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; OD;
aqmif tzGJU0if 10 OD;jzifh zGJUpnf;ap&m *VKefOD;apmonf bk&ifcH\
axmufcrH jI zifh tpd;k &tzGUJ ynma&;ESihf trsdK;om;pDru
H ed ;f Xme 0efBuD;
tjzpf aqmif&Guf&onf/
1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufaeYwGif jAdwdoQtpdk;&\ zdwfMum;
csuft& jrefrmEkid if H vGwv
f yfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&ef Adv
k cf sKyf OD;aqmif
aom jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,t
f zGUJ t*Fvef jynfoYkd oGm;a&muf&m? OD;apmonf
vdkufygoGm;cJhonf/ xdkESpf Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwGif jrefrmh vGwfvyf
a&;twGufcsKyfqdkaom atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfaemufqufwGJudk
xdpk Ofu tpd;k &tzGUJ 0iftjzpfvu
kd yf goGm;aom ocifApdeEf iS hf OD;apmwdo
Yk nf
oabmrwlaMumif; rSwcf sufjzihf vufrw
S x
f ;kd cJMh uonf/ trSepf ifppf OD;apm
ESihf ocifApdew
f o
Ykd nf pmcsKyfupd E iS hf ywfouf jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f oabm
xm; t,ltqIyfaxG;atmif y&d,m,fqifjcif;om jzpfonf/
xdaYk emuf 1947 ckEpS f azazmf0g&Dv 10 &ufaeY bk&ifct
H rIaqmif
tzGUJ rS ocifApdeo
f nf vnf;aumif;? azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufaeYwiG f OD;apm
onfvnf;aumif; toD;oD; EkwfxGufcJhjuonf/
tpd;k &tzGUJ rS EIwx
f u
G jf yD;aemuf ocifApde?f a'gufwmbarmfwEYkd iS hf
twl OD;apmonf ==r[mArm++ tzGUJ udk zGUJ pnf; zqyv twdu
k t
f cHtjzpf
aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/ xdpk Ofu r[m ArmtzGUJ udk pme,fZif;rsm; ==apm pdef
armf *dkPf;++ [k ac:cJhMuonf/
xdkYaemuf 1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv 19 &uf paeaeY eHeuf 10;30
wGif *VKefOD;apmonf ol\ aemufvkdufrsm;tm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh
zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf vkyMf uo
H wfjzwf
cdik ;f onf/
Adv
k cf sKyfwv
Ykd yk Mf uHc&H onfah eY naeykid ;f rSmyif vlowfw&m;cH *VKef
151
OD;apmESifh taygif;tygrsm;udk aomif;usef;rIErSd ef if;a&;wyf wyf&if;trSwf

1 rS wyfcrJG LS ; Adv
k o
f ed ;f [efEiS hf &Jabmfrsm;onf r&rf;uke;f NrKd Ue,f 7 &ufuu
G f
at'Dvrf; (,ck arcvrf;) trSwf 4 &dS OD;apmaetdro
f Ykd 0dik ;f &SmazGzrf;qD;
um pHak xmuftifpywfwm rpwm*syf acgif;aqmifaom &JwyfzUJG odYk tyfEcHS hJ
onf/ xdkYaemuf bk&ifcHtxl;cHkkH;zGJUpnf; trIudk ppfaq;apcJhonf/
OD;apmESihf taygif;tyg 9 OD;tm; OD;ausmfjrif?h OD;atmifomausmfEiS hf OD;pDx;l
wdyYk g0ifaom txl;cHk ;kH rS 4 vwdik f Mum;emppfaq;um jypfrx
I if&mS ;ojzifh
1947 ckESpf 'DZifbmv 30 &ufaeYwGif ao'Pf pD&ifcsufcsrSwfcJhonf/
vkyfMuHrIw&m;cHrsm;teuf bnGefY (azmfaumif) onf tpdk;&ouf
aojzpfoGm;aomaMumifhtrIrS uGif;vHk;uRwf vGwfajrmufoGm;onf/
usefw&m;cHrsm;u tqifq
h ifh t,lc0H ifc&hJ m aemufq;kH t,lcv
H mT udk 1948
ckESpf {jyDv 20 &ufaeYwGif w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfrS y,fcsvkdufonf/ xdkY
aemuf orwxH oem;cHvmT qufvufwifoiG ;f cJ&h m cifarmif&if? okcESihf
armifew
D t
Ykd ay:wGif ao'PftrdeyYf ,fzsuf woufwuRef; axmif'Pf
rsm;odkY vTJajymif; ay;cJhonf/ usefw&m;cHrsm;jzpfMuaom *VKefOD;apm?
oufESif;? armifpdk;ESifh rIefBuD; wdkYtm; tif;pdeftusOf;axmifwGif vnf;
aumif;? pdeBf u;D ESihf &efBu;D atmifwt
Ykd m; &efuek t
f usOf;axmif (,ck &efuek f
taxGaxGa&m*guk aq;kaH e&m) wGiv
f nf;aumif; 1948 ckEpS f arv 8
&uf paeaeY tkPfwufcsdef 5em&DcGJwGif wjydKifeuf BudK;ay;pD&ifcJhav
onf/
BudK;ay;cH&pOfu ZeD;a':oef;cifEiS hf orD;abbDapm ac: aroef;
apm usef&pfcahJ vonf/
Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf uHrBI uD;twGuf BudK;'PftwnfjyKjcif;cH&jyD;jzpfaom
OD;apmonf ol\ orD;jzpfol abbDapmac: aroef;apmx aH emufq;kH pm
wapmif a&;om;ay;ydcYk &hJ m atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/
cspforD;odYk
cspforD;twGuf tenf;i,f a&;&OD;rnf/ orD;onf i,fpOfup
olwyg;towfukd rowfbJ tjrJa&SmifMuOfvmcJo
h vd?k rdr\
d toufxuf
qH;k rnfonft
h cgrS olwyg;toufukd rowfyg[l jrwfpmG bk&m;a&SUawmf
aeYpOfaeYwikd ;f t"dXmefjyKyg/
aemuf ta&;BuD;wmwcku orD;tm; rSmcJhOD;rnf/ ',f'DwdkYtrsdK;
152
onf tazrsdK;? tarrsdK;wdo

Yk nf pdwt
f vGex
f ufMuonf? pdwaf umif;&dMS u
onf/ odaYk omf olwyg;apmfum;vmvQif rcHcsiaf ompdwx
f m;u tvGet
f m;
Bu;D Mu\? pdwjf yif;xef\/ olrsm;wumu wcsufu
kd v
f Qif ud,
k u
f tcsuf
20 jyefu
kd cf sifonf/ vufpm;jyefracs&vQif woufv;kH rarhEikd ?f rpm;Edik ?f
raeEdik o
f vdk &dMS uonf/ ighorD; odo
Yk abm r&daS vESi/hf tu,f wpHk
wa,mufu &efrv
l mvQif onf;cHyg/ onf;cHjcif;onfyifvQif ukov
kd af &;
jzpfawmh\/
ta&;tBuD;qHk;? tzdk;wefqHk;? aemufqHk;tarGwck ay;&OD;rnf/
xdt
k arGum; tjcm;r[kw/f bk&m;? w&m;? oHCm &wemoH;k yg;udk tjrq
J nf;
uyf&rnf/
vlb
Y 0ud&k zdYk tvGecf ,
J Of;\/ bk&m;omoemESifh MuKH BuKd ufz&Ykd m tvGef
cJ,Of;\/ ,ck orD;wdrYk mS vlb
Y 0udk uHtm;avsmfpmG a&mufvm\/ tvGef
tzd;k wefonfh jrwfpmG bk&m; omoemawmfBu;D ESihf MuKH BuKd uv
f su&f \
Sd / rao
rae&orQ tcsdeu
f av;twGi;f rSm &wemoH;k yg;udk aeYa&mnOfyh g qnf;uyf
udk;uG,fyg/ 0dyemw&m; tm;xkwfyg/
jrefrmjynf bke;f awmfBu;D awG rsm;Ekid o
f avmufrsm;atmif yOi;f cH?
&Sijf yKwdu
Yk kd ighorD; wwfEikd o
f avmufvyk yf g/ olawmfaumif;rsm;aom Edik if H
tjzpfEiS hf jrefrmjynfonf urmwiG x
f if&mS ;ygap/ odjYk zpf&ef ighorD;onf
wwfEdkiforQ yg0ifulnDyg/ aqmif&Gufyg/ bk&m; omoemawmf tusdK;?
ow0grsm;\ tusdK;? rdru
d ,
kd u
f sdK;twGujf zpfayrnf[
l woufv;kH rSwf
xm;yg/ orD;onf q&mawmf? oHCmawmft&Sijf rwfrsm;udk tjrBuKd ;uG,yf g/
qnf;uyfyg/ vS'l gef;yg/ 'ge? oDv? bm0em? ukov
kd af umif;rIrsm;udk tjrJ
tm;xkwyf g/ um;- ig\ cspforD; tm; ay;tyfcahJ om tarGyifwnf;
vdrm pGmae&pfayawmh cspforD;
armifapm
OD;apmonf orD; abbDapmudk qH;k rpum; a&;om;cJjh cif;rSm BuKd ;'Pf
pD&ifjcif;rcH&rD tcsdeu
f mav;twGi;f BuKd ;wdu
k x
f
J v,fwq
D &mawmf\
w&m;pmtkyrf sm; tygt0if? Ak'0 if usrf;pmrsm;udk zwfcI rhJ aI Mumifh w&m;&
&do
S mG ;avovm; pOf;pm;p&myifjzpfonf/
*VKefO;D apmonf &mZ0ifikd ;f atmifjyKcJrh ad om ol\rdu
k jf ypfaMumifh
Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf urH \
I w&m;cHtjzpf b0Zmwford ;f cJ&h aomfvnf; olo
Y rD;xH
153
a&;ay;cJah om ==oHa0*++ pmudk zwf&I olwikd ;f onf pavOD;ykn\ ==q'ef

qifrif;0wK++ rS aomEkwKd &frq
k ;kd \ jrm;csufaMumifh toufuek t
f q
hH q
J
J
q'eq
f ifrif;qdck ahJ om==mPf0uFE? ,kwrf mvSaom? trdu
k rf twwf? oif;Mu
H owfonf
um;? qwfqwfrck s? rSeaf wmhonf/ odrYk Qavmuf? raxmufrq? Mu&H ufonfh
rde;f rtm;? r&oa&GU? ol rarh&mS jy/D a&SUodo
Yk o
H &m? jzpfwikd ;f rSmyif? avmifpm
&efjiKd ;? rD;qufysdK;rnfaMumif?h rde;f rqd;k trke;f ? onfb0wGif onfrQESiw
fh ;kH
apawmh++ [laompum;udk jyefvnfowd&rdum trkeo
f o
H &m ukeq
f ;kH ygap
awmh [k wrf;waerdygawmhonf/
ed*Hk;
rnfoq
Ykd akd p OD;apmuJo
h Ykd tmPml;wpfa,mufaMumifh vlxw
k &yfv;kH
MunfnKd av;pm;cJah om wyfrawmfzcifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ESihf acgif;
aqmifBu;D rsm;ESihf jrefrmhvw
G v
f yfa&;BuKd ;yrf;rI vrf;ckvwf a&wdrrf epf
oifhbJepfum usqHk;cJh&onf/
*VKefO;D apmonf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk odYk vkyBf uo
H wfjzwfEidk &f ef
aemufu,
G rf S tm;ay;ulncD o
hJ rl sm;teuf NAdwo
d Qtpd;k & bufrS wm0ef&dS
yk*Kd vfrsm;\ ya,m*vnf;ruif;aMumif; pdppfawGU&S&d onf/ yxrqH;k awGU&Sd
&onfh taxmuftxm;rSm OD;apmtm; uywed Af AD ,
D ef;\ ulnpD pD OfrjI zifh
1947 ckEpS f ZGev
f 24 &ufaeYwiG f OD;apm\wynfb
h Geu
Yf Adv
k w
f axmif
trSwf 226 bDtdk'Dtajcpdkuf vufeufwdkufrS b&if;*ef;aoewftvuf
200 ajymif;wdk 200 ESifh usnfuyf (r*Zif;) 800 wdkYukd tvG,fwul
xkw,
f El idk cf o
hJ nf/
xdkYtjyif 1947 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 10 &ufaeYwGif 16 rdkif&Sd r*Fvm'Hk
tajcpdkufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufwyfrS yGdKifh 303 dkifz,fESifhb&if;aoewf
usnfqefwpfoed ;f ? pwif;usnfqH 25600? vufypfA;kH 200 wdYk xkw,
f cl jhJ yef
onf/ ,if;ta&twGufonf xdkpOfu ArmhwyfrawmfwGif wyf&if; (6)
&if;&S&d m wyf&if; (3) &if;pm&Sd vufeufypn;f rsm;jzpfonf/ xdrk Qrsm;jym;
vSaom vufeufta&twGuf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk vkyBf uH&efomru
jrefrmjynfwGif jynfwGif;ppfrD;awmufavmifap&ef tjcm;&nf&G,fcsuf
154
vnf; &Sdonf/ tqdkygvufeufrsm;udkomru 1946 ckESpfwGif ukudKif;

trSwf (1) bDtD;trftD;wyfrS wyfrSL;t*FvdyfvlrsdK; ar*smpDtdyfcsftdyfcsf
&ef;xHrS qyfr&Sif*ef; (pufvwf) wpfvuf? tar&duefumbdkif 3 vuf?
pwif;aoewf 1vuf? awmfrD*ef;aoewf 2 vuf? vl*gypwdk 1 vuf?
ajcmufvHk;jyL;aoewf 2 vufESifh ,rf;awmifh 5000 cefYudk &&SdcJhonf/
155
wzef OD;apmonf t*FvdyfvlrsdK; AdkvfrSL;vef;pf'def;xHrSmvnf; py&if;zD;

dik zf ,f 1 vuf? awmfr*D ef; 2 vuf? umbdik af oewf 1 vufEiS hf ,rf;awmifh
3000 cefYudk &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;vufeufypnf;rsm;wGif 'ef'efac: tqdyf
usnfqrH sm;vnf; yg&S&d m rdik ;f yGeaf pmfbmG ;BuD;rSm aoewf'Pf&mrjyif;xef
aomfvnf; tqdyfusnfqHoifh usqHk;cJh&jcif;jzpfonf/
'kw,
d taxmuftxm;rSm 1947 ckEpS f Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufaeYwiG f
vef'efNrKd U trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; 0efBu;D csKyfaetdr
f Adv
k cf sKyfatmif
qef;ESifh NAdwdoQeef;&if;0ef tufwvDwdkYESpfOD;oabmwl atmifqef;tufwvD pmcsKyfvufrw
S af &;xd;k pOfu *VKefO;D apmESihf ocifApdew
f o
Ykd nf
vufrw
S x
f ;kd &efjiif;qefcMhJ uonf/ atmifqef;-tufwvDpmcsKyfcsKyfqt
kd Ny;D
jrefrmud,
k pf m;vS,jf yefomG ;aom tcg OD;apmonf vef'efNrdKUwGif aemuf
usef&pfcNhJ yD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm;vkyBf uH&efEiS hf zqyvtzGUJ csKyfBuD;udk
zsufqD;&ef NAdwdoQukefonfwOD;xHrS lyD;aiG 5 odef;udk &,lcJhonfhtjyif
NAw
d o
d Qt&if;&Sit
f csdKUxHrS aiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm;&&Scd ahJ Mumif; 1947ckEpS f
Zlvdkifv 28&uf aeYxkwf ==The Rangoon Guide Daily++ owif;pm
azmfjyxm;onf/
trSefrSm NAdwdoQwdkYu OD;apmtm; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk vkyfBuH
owfjzwf&ef tm;ay;ulnD&jcif;\&nf&G,fcsufrSm
(1) Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf vlxt
k m;pnf;vH;k nDw
G pf mG pnf;k;H Edik f
onfh acgif;aqmifjzpfvmaomaMumifh jrefrmwjynfv;kH pnf;vH;k nDw
G o
f mG ;
rnfudk pdk;&drfcJhjcif;/
(2) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDESifh jyefvnf
pnf;vHk;NyD; nDGwfrIwnfaqmufoGm;rnfudk rvdkvm;jcif;/
(3) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkom z,f&Sm;Edkifygu acgif;aqmifrsm;
tcsif;csif; pdw0f rf;uGu
J m NAw
d o
d Qwdt
Yk zdYk jrefrmjynfukd vG,u
f al tmifjrifpmG
udkifwG,fEdkifvdrfhrnf[k xifjrifcJhjcif;/
(4) Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf NAdwo
d Qtpd;k &\ tkypf ;kd rIukd vufeuf
udkifwkdufyGJ0ifNyD; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdap&ef BudK;yrf;cJhaom yk*dKvfjzpfaom
aMumifh aemifwiG f uJo
h t
Ykd jzpfrsdK; NAdwo
d Qtifyg,m ray:&Jatmif
vufpm;acs&eftwGujf zpfjcif;/
(5) *VKefO;D apm\ rsdK;cspfygwDtm; vufeufwyfqifay;vku
d yf gu
156
jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D awmufavmifvmvdrrhf nf[k xifjrifcjhJ cif;/ ponfwUkd aMumifh

jzpfonf/
*VKefO;D apmonf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;tm; odv
Yk yk Bf uHowfjzwf&ef
twGuf aemufu,
G rf S tuGuu
f susqifxm;aom qifxm;aom Ekid if aH &;
usm;uGufa&TYUolrsm;\ qifuGufxJ0ifrdcJhonf/ ,if;tuGufqifolrsm;
teuf AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ ya,m*vnf; yg0ifayonf/
AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\ apcdkif;csuft& OD;jrvIdif (aemifayzl;vTm
r*Zif;t,f'w
D mcsKyfEiS x
hf w
k af 0ol) ESihf &efuek b
f aqGEpS Of ;D onf OD;apm\
toufukd &ef&mS oa,mifBuHpnfEidk &f eftwGuf (2) vMumrQ oifwef;ay;
avhusifch &H onf/ okBYd uHpnfjcif;jzifh OD;apmonf Adv
k cf sKyftm; aoG;xd;k
ajrmufyifholtjzpf txifrSm;tjrifrSm;ap&efjzpfaMumifh od&onf/
odaYk om ol&aJ bmaMumifvaS omvky&f yftm; pnf;k;H pDraH y;olrmS Adv
k cf sKyf
ae0if;ESifh ol\teD;uyfvkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfol AdkvfrSL;cskKyfatmifBuD;wdkY
omjzpfaMumif; aemifwiG f OD;jrvIid u
f jyefajymif;ajymjyonf/
,if;ESifhywfouf OD;cifatmifa&;om;jyKpkcJhaom ==AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;udb
k ,foo
l wfovJ++ pmtkypf mrsuEf mS 170 vnf; atmufyg
twdik ;f ajymjyxm;onf==uaeY uRefawmf (OD;jrvIdif) ppfkH;rSm tvkyfNyD;vdkY tdrfjyefr,f
tvkyrf mS uRefawmfq
h &m Adv
k af tmifBu;D u =udjk rvIid f cifAsm;tdrf rjyefet
YJ ;kH ?
uRefawmfhtdrfvdkufcJh/ ta&;BuD;wJhudpwpfck aqG;aEG;p&m&Sdw,f+ vdkY
uRefawmfu
h akd jymygw,f/ uRefawmf olev
YJ u
dk o
f mG ;yg w,f/ tJ'aD emufou
l
uRefawmfu
h akd r;w,f/ =cifAsm;rSm aiGb,favmuf&o
dS vJ+wJ/h uRefawmfu
==uRefawmfrh mS aiGwpfoed ;f ? ESpo
f ed ;f avmufawmh &Sw
d ,f++ vdUk ajymawmh
olu... ==aumif;w,f? 'gqdk cifAsm;tdrftwGuf vHkavmufw,f/ uRef
awmfwdkYrSm txl;wm0efwckvkyfp&m&Sdw,f/ uRefawmfhtdrfrSm txl;
wm0efwckvyk pf &m&Sw
d ,f/ uRefawmft
h rd rf mS cifAsm;ae? tm;vH;k udpN y;D &if
cifAsm;tdrfjyefEdkifw,f++ vdkY ajymjyygw,f/ 'DvdkeJY AdkvfatmifBuD;tdrfrSm
uRefawmf (2) vavmuf aecJh&w,f/ &efukefbaqGuawmh Adkvfae0if;
tdrfrSmaeNyD; aoewfwpfvufeJY typfavhusifhae&w,f/ vHk;0aocsmzdkY
uRefawmfu
h kd ydak vhusifah y;wmyg/ (wu,fwrf;u &efuek b
f aqGu vuf
wnfhNyD;om;yg) OD;apm&JU vIyf&Sm;rIudk uRefawmfwdkY tao;pdwfavhvm
157
&w,f/ olkH;udkoGm;zdkY tdrfuaeb,ftcsdefxGufw,f/ b,ftcsdefjyef

a&mufw,f pojzifhaygh/ OD;apmtoufudk &ef&SmzdkYvkyfwJhaeYu olu olY
teufa&mifum;Bu;D xJrmS 'dik b
f mab;u xdik v
f u
dk v
f mw,f/ uRefawmfwYkd
olYaemufu uyfvkdufoGm;w,f/ ae&maumif;vnf; a&mufa&m? uRef
awmfu olYum;udk ausmfwufvkdufw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm &efukefbaqGu
aoewfcvkwu
f kd qGjJ zKwfvu
kd w
f myJ/ yxrypfcsufu OD;apmezl;udk &Syrf eS f
oGm;w,f/ 'gta&;BuD;qH;k ypfcsufy/J &efuek b
f aqGu aemufwcsufxyf
ypfw,f/ tJ'gu OD;apmudk rxdb;l / bmjzpfvv
Ykd q
J akd wmh OD;apmu olx
Y ikd cf kH
atmufavQmhcsvdu
k v
f yYkd /J wwd,tcsufuawmh rd;k ay:axmifypfvu
dk w
f m
yg/ &efuek b
f aqGu ==a[hujkd rvIid f armif;ajy;ayawmh++ vdYk atmfajymvdu
k f
w,f/ uRefawmfb,favmufjrefjrefarmif;vdu
k v
f J rodb;l / tdru
f kd b,fvkd
jyefa&mufvmrSe;f awmif rodawmhb;l / aoewfu Adv
k af e0if;&JU ud,
k yf ikd f
aoewfyg/ &efuek b
f aqGeYJ uRefawmfwYkd vkyBf uw
H mudk OD;apmvH;k 0rodcyhJ g
bl;/ 'guawmh uRefawmfwdkY (4) a,muf Adkvfae0if;? AdkvfatmifBuD;?
&efukefbaqGeJY uRefawmf (OD;jrvIdif) wkdYyJ odwmyg++ [l a&;om;xm;
onf/
trSepf ifppf Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;onf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk remvdjk zpf&
onft
h aMumif;rSm Adv
k cf sKyfukd tNrv
J v
kd adk Mumufae&jcif; jzpfonf/ xdpk Ofu
taysmfusL;? rde;f rvdu
k pf m;? vufvw
G pf y,ftoH;k tjzKef;BuD; jyemudk
rD;cGux
f eG ;f &Smaeaom Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;udk Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf tNrw
J rf;
qlyBl urd ;f armif;aecJ&h onf/ &efuek b
f aqGEiS hf OD;jrvIid w
f u
Ykd kd Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;
onf OD;apmtoufrqHk;IH;apbJ &ef&SmkHoufouf jrif;orm; OmPfESifh
BuHpnfcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ xdkaeYu um;xJygol aoewform;rsm;udkvnf;
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;ud,
k w
f idk f zGUJ pnf;ay;cJah om jynfo&Yl aJ bmfwyfzUJG rS ppf
,leDazmif;rsm; 0wfqifxm;apjcif;jzifh OD;apm\touf&ef&SmrI aemuf
uG,fwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&Sdaeonf[k OD;apmxifjrifoGm;ap&ef
jzpfonf/ odrYk o
S m OD;apmu Adv
k cf sKyfukd jyefvnfvufwUHk jyef vufpm;acs
vdrfhrnf[k wGufqxm;Muonf/
Adv
k cf sKyfBu;D ae0if;onf Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;udk tjywf&iS ;f &ef BupH nfchJ
onfrmS Adv
k cf sKyftay:cg;cg;oD;oD;rke;f wD;aeaom trke;f w&m;rsm;aMumifh
yifjzpfonf/ avmu vlwpfa,mufonf avmb? arm[? a'gowdkY
158
vTr;f rd;k vmaomtcg trSm;trSerf cGjJ cm;Edik af wmhay/ Adv

k cf sKyfae0if;onf
olYb0udk twIaxmifhrS Munfholjzpf\/ olvkyfcJhorQ t&m&mudk w&m;
onf? rw&m;onf? vkyfoifhonf? rvkyfoifhonf [l rpOf;pm;awmh/
olYb0twGuf oltompH&a&;onfom w&m;\/ r&vQif rw&m;/
vk,lyJ&&? vdrfvnfyJ&&? &vQifw&m;onfomjzpf\/ xdkYaMumifh
olonf twIaxmifhrSom b0udk MunfhvkyfudkifcJhavonf/
,if;ESifhywfouf 1989 ckESpf Zlvdkifv tmZmenfaeYtxl;xkwf
The Burmese Review pmapmiftrSwf (6) wGif armifxl; (0dZm
odyw
H uov
kd )f a&;om;xm;aom =='Dru
kd a&pDoaYkd emufq;kH c&D;++ aqmif;yg;
wGif aqmif;yg;&Sifu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; vkyfBuHowfjzwf&ef
yl;aygif;BuHpnfrIwGif AdkvfcsKyfae0if;taejzifh AdkvfcsKyf\tcef;u@rS
yg0ifcJhyHkESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tay:xm;&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\
oabmxm;wdu
Yk kd a&;om;xm;avonf/
aqmif;yg;wGi-f
==OD;ae0if;onf AdkvfrSL;csKyfatmifBuD;ESifhwkdifyifNyD;oumv tcGifh
159
ta&;orm;wpfO;D jzpfNyD;? Adv

k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ t"du NydKifbufjzpfaom
OD;apmudk aoewfjzifyh pf&ef aoewform; (2) OD;udk wm0efay;tyfco
hJ nf/
OD;atmifqef;tm; vkyBf uHowfjzwf&ef BuHpnf&jcif;&nf&,
G cf sufukd
tao;pdwftwdtusod&SdcJhMuol[l AdkvfcsKyfBuD;a[mif;rsm;ESifh ppfwyf
acgif;aqmifrsm;tenf;i,fom&Scd o
hJ nf/ 1962 ckEpS f rwfv 2 &ufaeYwiG f
ppfwyfutmPmodrf;cJhNyD; 1962 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 19 &ufaeYwGif tmZm
enfuek ;f odYk ppf0wfpjkH ynfjh zifch sDwuf&ef ppfwyfupDpOfco
hJ nf/ wyfrawmf
pwifwnfaxmifoOl ;D atmifqef;om toufxif&mS ;&Scd yhJ grl ,if;tmPm
odrf;rIudk oabmwlnDayvdrfhrnf[k jynfolvlxkudkjyo&efjzpfonf/
awmfveS af &;aumifp0D if (17) OD;om&So
d nft
h euf (14) OD;onf xdck sDwufrI
pDpOfa&;ESiyhf wfoufonfh tpnf;ta0;odYk wufa&mufMuonf/ Adv
k rf LS ;csKyf
wifazu Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;aoqH;k cJ&h rIukd 0rf;enf;woajymqdck o
hJ nf/
xdpk OftwGi;f Adv
k cf sKyfae0if;ux&yfvu
dk Nf yD; ==bmvdYk 0rf;enf;ae&rSmvJ/
Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;[m vlaysmhwpfa,mufy/J 'ghtjyif wkid ;f jynf&UJ jyem
awGtay: olYxufpm&if b,fvdkudkifwG,f&r,fqdkwm igtrsm;BuD;ydkod
w,f++ [k cyfjywfjywfajymqkdvdkufonf/
odkYjzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;
jrK yfEx
HS m;aom tmZmenfaeYtcrf;tem;odYk ppfwyfrS csDwuftav;jyKrnfh
r[mpDru
H ed ;f Bu;D rSm aysmufu,
G o
f mG ;cJ&h avonf++ [l a&;om;azmfjyxm;
avonf/
,cktcg tmPm&SiAf v
kd cf sKyfae0if;\ tarGukd qufccH ahJ om e0w?
etz ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\ yH&k yd Ef iS hf tmZm
enfaeYukd arS;rSed o
f mG ;ap&ef &nf&,
G v
f yk af qmifvsuf&o
dS nf/ tmZmenf
aeYukd arS;rSed af tmifvyk af qmifaeonfh &nf&,
G cf sufwrYkd mS (1) Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;onf vlxw
k &yfv;kH tm; pkpnf; vGwv
f yf
a&;udk t&,lay;cJo
h nfh trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;jzpfouJo
h Ykd
4if;\orD;jzpfol vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pkMunfonf
jynfow
l &yfv;kH u av;pm;MunfnKd ko
H mru urmw0Sr;f uyg 'Dru
kd a&pD
ol&Jaumif;tjzpf av;pm;wefzdk;xm;todtrSwfjyrIudk rvdkvm;jcif;/
(2) jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f 'Dru
kd a&pDpepftajcwnfomG ;um ppfreS af om
tkycf sKyfa&;? Oya'jyKa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;r@dKifBu;D oH;k &yf ay:xGe;f vmygu
160
ppftmPm&Sirf sm; usL;vGecf ahJ om usL;vGeaf eqJ &mZ0wfrrI sm;udk wefjyef

ta&;,lcJh&rnfudk pdk;&drfaejcif;/
(3) vlxkw&yfvHk;\ axmufcHrIudk &&Sdaeaom a':atmifqef;
pkMunfukd z,f&mS ;Ekid yf gu jrefrmEkid if u
H kd ppftmPm&Sirf sm;tvdu
k s quf
vufBudK;udik t
f yk cf sKyfomG ;Ekid rf nf[k xifjrifaejcif;/
,if;&nf&,
G cf sufrsm;jzifh tmZmenftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k f
csKyfatmifqef;ESihf tmZmenfacgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;\ wefz;kd ESihf *kPo
f u
d m
udk nKd ;rSed af p&efEiS hf jynfow
l &yfv;kH wjznf;jznf;arhaysmufomG ;&ef tmZm
enfaeYtxdr;f trSwx
f w
k f pmapmifrsm;? jyu'ed f rsm;? ydpYk u
f 'frsm;? Adv
k cf sKyf
atmifqef;rdecYf eG ;f rsm; xkwaf 0rIukd ydwyf ifcjhJ cif;? ausmif;rsm;wGif tmZm
enfaeYtxdr;f trSwu
f si;f yjcif;? a[majymjcif;? usq;kH csed
f OMoqGjJ cif;rsm;
vHk;0&yfqdkif;ypfvkdufonf/ 1987 ckESpf pufwifbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif
xkwaf 0cJah om av;q,fih g;usyf? ud;k q,fwefaiGpuLrsm;wGiv
f nf;aumif;?
1990 ckESpf {NyDv 1 &ufaeYwGif xkwfa0aom 25 jym;wef aiGta<u
wGifvnf;aumif;? 1994 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif xkwfa0aom 50
jym;wef ta<uwGifvnf;aumif;? 1994 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufaeYxkwf
20? 50? 100 wef aiGpuLrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? 1995 ckESpf arv 1
&ufaeYxkwf 5 usyf? 10 usyfwef aiGpuLrsm;wGifvnf;aumif;? 1996
ckEpS f pufwifbmv 17 &ufwiG f xkwaf 0aom 100 usyfwef aiGpuLwGif
vnf;aumif;? 1998 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 19 &ufxkwf 500 usyfwef
aiGpuLwGifvnf;aumif;? 2004 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 11 &uf xkwf
200? 500? 1000 usyfwef aiGpuLwGifvnf;aumif;? 2009 ckESpf
atmufwb
kd mv 1 &ufaeYxw
k f 5000 usyfwefaiGpuLwGiv
f nf;aumif;?
2012 ckESpf ZGefv 15 &ufxkwf wpfaomif;usyfwef aiGpuLwGifvnf;
aumif; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\yHu
k kd z,f&mS ; wd&pmefrsm;\ yHrk sm;udo
k m
xnfo
h iG ;f du
k Ef ydS cf o
hJ nf/ xdt
Yk jyif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;yHk wHqyd af cgif;rsm;udk
vH;k 0rxkwaf 0awmhovd?k tpd;k &k;H Xme? ausmif;rsm;? ppfwyf wyfrLS ;k;H cef;
rsm;wGif Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;yHck sdwq
f jJG cif;udk vH;k 0cGirhf jyKawmhacs/
xdt
Yk jyif tmZmenfaeYtcrf;tem;rsm;udk Edik if aH wmftqifu
h sif;yvm
&mrS 0efBuD;tqif?h wkid ;f tqifjh zifh wqifNh yD;wqifh avQmhcscJNh yD;aemufq;kH
&efukefNrdKUawmfpnfyifom,ma&;tzGJU\ tpDtpOfjzifhom usif;yawmh
161
onf/ ,if;aemuf jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd oHudk,fpm;vS,frsm;? ukvor*Xmae

ud,
k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk tmZmenfaeY vGr;f olyY ef;acGcs tav;jyKrnfh tpD
tpOfrsm;tm;vHk; ydwfodrf;ypfcJhonf/
rnfodkYqdkap... trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD;\ ykH&dyfESifh 4if;tay:
xm;&Sad om jynfov
l x
l \
k av;pm;wefz;kd xm;rIrsm;onf vlom;tm;vk;H
OD;aESmufrS arhaysmufoGm;onfhwdkif ,if;wdkY\ESvHk;om; tNrJxm0&
vGrf;qGwfwrf;wowd&aernfrSm rvGJ{uefyifwnf;/
ud;k um;aom pme,fZif;rsm;
1/ uavmifpHk - arhaysmufr&aomatmifqef;? &efuek ?f usHKaysmf
pmay (yHkESdyfckESpfryg)
2/ udo
k ef;(Munfjh rifwikd )f - ud,
k af wGUodc&hJ orQEdik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH BI u;D ?
&efukef? trSwfw&pmay? yxrtBudrf? 1999/
3/ udkoef;(Munfhjrifwkdif) - EdkifiHa&;tawGUtBuHKrsm;? &efukef?
yif0g;kHpm ay? yxrtBudrf? 2009/
4/ ausmfNidrf; - &JabmfoHk;usdyf? &efukef? tif;0pmtkyfwkduf?
yxrtBudrf? 1998/
5/ armifausmf&if - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\EdkifiHa&;*E0if? &efukef?
yk*Hpm tkyfwdkuf? 'kwd,tBudrf? 2011/
6/ ewfarmufbkef;ausmf - jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;BudK;yrf;rI okawoe
pmwrf; rsm;? &efukef? pHy,fOD;pmay? yxrtBudrf? 1975
7/ jr[ef
- udv
k ekd aD cwfjrefrmhordik ;f tbd"mef? tm;rmefpmay?
wwd, tBudrf? 2010/
8/ a'gufwmarmifarmif - Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH (I jynfaxmifpEk iS Ohf ;D apm)?
&efukef? yk*Hpmtkyfwkduf? yxrtBudrf? 1967/
9/ oef;0if;vIid f - Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH w
I &m;cH *VKefO;D apm\ aemufq;kH
aeYrsm;? &efukef? tifMuif;pmay? yxrtBudrf? 2009/
10/ oef;0if;vIid f - tESpcf sKyfjrefrmhorkid ;f tbd"mefyxrtwG?J 'kw,
d
twGJ? &efuek ?f ynma&Tawmifpmay?
yxrtBudr?f 2010/
11/ ordkif;okawoeXme - jrefrmh&ufpOfordkif;(y^'kwGJ)? &efukef
,Ofaus;rI0efBu;D Xme? ordik ;f okawoeXme? yxrtBurd ?f 2009/
162
12/ &Jrif;BuD;wOD; -==vkyBf uHrBI uD;++? ume,fZif;r*Zif;? 1955? Zlvikd /f

13/ pHak xmufyg&*lO;D vSabmf - ==oufaocHypn;f ++? ume,fZif;r*Zif;?
1955? Zlvdkif/
14/ OD ; oef ; jrif h (om,m0wD ) - ==*VKef O D ; apmaemuf q H k ; aeY + +?
tdk;a0*sme,f? (15-7-71)
15/ armifaZ,sm - ==eef;&if;0efa[mif;*VKefO;D apm++ (1900-1948)?
&GufEk a0r*Zif;? trSwf30? (2007?ar)
16/ ==&m*bDv;l umrl;xl;wJ*h VKefjy&ufy+kH + owif;pH*k sme,f? twG2J ?
trSwf28/ (1947? Mo*kwf19)
17/ cspfMunfa&;MunfeG Yf - orkid ;f 0ifo&l ,
d jrefrmhtvif;ESihf jrefrmh
EkdifiHa&;? &efukefcspfMunfa&;pmaywkduf?yxrtBudrf? 1970/
18/ "l0H - ==tBuHdkif;aomOD;apm\aemufqHk;eHeuf++ ppfjyefr*Zif;?
trSwf 46? (1982?Zlvdkifv)
19/ OD;cifatmif - AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udkb,folowfovJ? bef
aumuf? xdik ;f Edik if ?H acwfNyKd if*sme,fwu
kd ?f wwd,tBurd ?f 2006/
20/ arNrdKUcspfaqG - EdkifiHawmfvkyfBuHrIBuD;(jynfaxmifpkESifhOD;apm)?
&efukef tm;rmefopfpmay?yxrtBudrf? 2012/
163
pma&;ol\a&;om;NyD;aompmtkyrf sm;
1/ ausmufrsuf&wemvufpJG (1995)
2/ aer0ifao;onfhbk&ifrsm;(y-'k wGJ) (1997)
3/ vlwdkif;twGufokwaA'if
(1998)
4/ kyfwkrSajymaom jrefrmhorkdif;0ifyk*dKvfxl;rsm; (1998)
5/ 20&mpktausmfMum;qH;k tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm; (1998)
6/ toHk;cslyoQw&ynm (1998)
7/ tajccHemrnfay;ESifh&moDcGif (2007)
8/ taqmifausmufEiS *hf Pef;aA'if (2007)
9/ tajccHemrnfay;ESifh&moDcGif (2007)
10/ NAdwdefEdkifiH'kwd,ajrmuft,fvDZbufbk&ifrBuD; (2007)
11/ *syef{u&mZfbk&ift[Dudk (2007)
12/ xdkif;bk&ifrif;jrwf (2007)
13/ eDaygeef;usbk&if (2007)
14/ Edik if aH wmfvyk Bf urH w
I &m;cH*VKefO;D apm\aemufq;kH aeYrsm; (2007)
15/ jrefrmh;kd &mtwdwaf umufaA'ifEiS rhf UJS oQw&ynm (2007)
16/ tausmfaZ,spmqdak wmfrsm; (2008)
17/ 20&mpkjrefrmhorkid ;f udak jymjyaeaomaeY&uf (2008)
18/ EdkifiHOaoQmifrif;{u&mZf (2009)
19/ tESpcf sKyfjrefrmhorkid ;f tbd"mef(y?'k?wG)J (2009)
20/ OMoatmifrnfukef;abmifwnf (2009)
21/ e,fcsJUqefu
Y sifa&;Nird ;f csrf;a&;zcifBu;D rsdK;cspfpmqdq
k &mBu;D ocif
udk,fawmfrIdif; (2009)
22/ Edik if o
H rdik ;f arhaysmufr&aom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; (2009)
23/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'Drdkua&pDrdcifBuD; (2011)
24/ tausmfaZ,sjrefrmtrsdK;orD;rsm; (2011)
25/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf\Edik if aH &;tawG;tjrifrsm; (2011)
26/ tmZmenfaeY okrYd [kwf jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaomaeYwpfaeY
(2012)
27/ txifu&jrefrmhEikd if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm; (2012)
164
rxkw&f ao;aompmrlrsm;
28/ a':atmifqef;pkMunfb0ESi"hf mwfyrHk w
S w
f rf;
29/ a':atmifqef;pkMunf\vufa&G;pifred cYf eG ;f rsm;
30/ wdAYk v
kd cf sKyf
31/ a'gufwmbarmf\ke;f xGucf &hJ aomArmjynf
32/ a'gufwmbarmf\Edik if aH &;aqmif&u
G cf suf
33/ teufazmf&cufaomaeYpOfo;kH a0g[m&rsm;tbd"mef
34/ tESpf 300 jrefrmhordkif;tbd"mef
35/ olwjYkd rifaom Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;
36/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;bGUJ uAsmrsm;
37/ 'Dru
kd a&pD[o
l nf
38/ wdzYk cifAv
kd cf sKyfbmajymcJo
h vJ
39/ Edik if aH &;tuGt
J NyJrsm;ESijhf refrmEkid if H
40/ Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\&ufpOfordik ;f
41/ OD;EkEiS jhf refrmhEikd if aH &;ZmwfcHk
42/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\
b0ESifh "mwfyHkrSwfwrf;
43/ aESmif;twdwrf jS refrmhordik ;f yH&k yd f
44/ jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f usif;ycJah om a&G;aumufyrJG sm;udk
ppfwrf;xkwfMunfhjcif;
45/ *E0ifpmqdak wmfBuD;rsm;
165
pma&;ol\twKywt
d usOf;
trnf&if;OD;oef;0if;jzpfonf? 1958 ck? Zlvdkifv 22 &ufaeYwGif

&efukefNrdKU? A[ef;NrdKUe,fY trda':wifat; (uG,fvGef)/ tzOD;pdefxGef;
(aA'ifvuPmq&m) wdkYrS zGm;jrifonfh wOD;wnf; aomom;jzpfonf/
i,fpOfu pmayESiyhf ef;csD0goemxH
k ausmif;eH&u
H yfpmapmif wdw
Yk iG f
aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;um yef;csDokyaf zmfyrkH sm; a&;qGcJ o
hJ nf? ausmif;
yef;csDNyKd ify
JG qktBurd Bf urd &f &Scd o
hJ nf? ausmif;aepOfuyif ausmif;pmMunfh
wdu
k rf LS ;tjzpf tBudrBf udraf qmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
xdaYk emuf 10 wef;atmifjrifjy;D aemuf 1980 jynfEh pS w
f iG f wyf rawmf
(avwyf) odYk 0ifa&muf ppfrx
I rf;&Gucf o
hJ nf/ 1977 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv
oifb
h 00++ r*Zif;yg =tem*wftmumovGe;f yHs,mOf+ odyaH qmif;yg;
xkwf ==oif
jzifh pmaye,fopYkd wif0ifa&mufco
hJ nf/ 1982 wGif wyfrawmf (avwyf)
ausmufrsuf &wem
rS EkwfxGufcJhonf/ 1992 ckESpf xkwfa0cJhaom ==ausmuf
vufpGJ++ pmtkyo
f nf yxrqH;k vH;k csif;pmtkyjf zpfjyD; qufvuf ==aer0if
166
ao;onfb
h &k ifrsm;++ (y? 'kw)JG ? ==vlwikd ;f twGuo
f w
k aA'if++? ==kyw
f rk aS jym
aom jrefrmhordik ;f 0if yk*Kd vfx;l rsm;++? ==20 &mpk jrefrmhordik ;f udk ajymjyae
aomaeY&ufrsm;++/ ==tESpcf sKyfjrefrmhordik ;f tbd"mef++ (y? 'kw)JG ? ==20 &mpk
tausmfMum;qHk; tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;++? ==toHk;cslyoQw&ynm++?
==tausmfaZ,spmqdak wmfrsm;++? ==jrefrmhordik ;f Y arhaysmufr&aom trsKd;
om;acgif;aqmifBuD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;++? ==OMoatmfjrnf ukef;abmif
wnf++? ==e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; jidrf;csrf;a&;zcifBuD; rsKd;cspfpmqdkawmfBuD;
ocifu,
kd af wmfriId ;f ++? ==eDaygeef;usbk&if++? =='kw,
d ajrmuf t,fvZD buf
bk&ifr++? ==*syef{u&mZfb&k if++/ ==Edik if OhH aoQmifrif;{u&mZfrsm;++? ==Edik if aH wmf
vkyBf uHrw
I &m;cH *VKefO;D apm\ aemufq;kH aeYrsm;++ ponfwYkd a&;om;xkwf
a0cJhonf? odkYaomf ==0efBuD;csKyfOD;Ekb0ESifh pmayrSwfwrf;++? ==wdkYzcif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;bmrSmcJhovJ++? ==olwdkYjrifaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;++?
==ke;f xGucf &hJ aomArmjynf++/ ==a'gufwmbarmf\ Edik if aH &; aqmif&u
G cf suf
rsm;++? ==19 &mpk jrefrmhordik ;f udk ajymjyaeaomaeY&ufrsm;++? ==teufazmf&
cufaom aeYpOfo;kH jrefrm a0g[m&rsm;tbd"gef++? ==Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef;\
b0ESihf "gwfyrkH w
S w
f rf;++? ==jrefrmhordik ;f 0if pmcsKypf mwrf;rsm;++? ==jrefrmhordik ;f
wauGrY S txifu& Edik if aH &;acgif;aqmifrsm;++ ponfph mtkyrf sm;onf ,aeY
wkdif rxkwfa0&ao;ay/
,cifu okwpG,pf Hk r*Zif;wGif yifwikd af qmif;yg;&Sit
f jzpf 1986
=jrefrmhaps;
rS 1996 ckESpftxd (10) ESpfwdkifwdkifa&;om;cJhonf? xdkYjyif ==jref
uG u f p D ; yG m ;a&;*sme,
=jr&d y f n d K ++ *sme,f w d k Y w G i f yxrqH k ;
;a&;*sme,f + + ES i h f ==jr&d
wm0efcx
H w
k af 0cJjh yD; ,if;*sme,fY t,f'w
D mcsKyftjzpf aqmif&u
G cf o
hJ nf/
oef;0if;vIdifuavmiftrnftjyif ==odyHcspfol++? ==a&Tjynfatmif++?
==pdefvIdifwif++? ==ae&JpGrf;++? ==jynf[def;atmif++? ==oef;a&TEdkif++ ponfh
uavmifurJG sm;jzifh ydawmufyiG o
hf pf? jrefrmopf? EG,ef ?D pHy,fjzL? cs,f&?D
rkc? ESv;kH tdr?f ayzl;vTmr*Zif;rsm; a&;om;cJo
h nf/ ,cktcg rd;k rc? acwf
NydKif? opm? rdk;BudK;? csKd;vif;jym? tvif;tdrf ponfhtifwmeuf
pmrsuEf mS rsm; ordik ;f qdik &f m aqmif; yg;rsm;ESihf pmayqdik &f maqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;vsuf&o
dS nf/
2000jynfhESpf? arvwGif etzppftpdk;&u ==kyfwkrSajymaom
jrefrmhordkif;0if yk*dKvfxl;rsm;++ pmtkyfudktaMumif;jyK yk'fr 17^20
167
jzifh axmif'Pf 7 ESpfcsrSwfcJh&m tif;pdef? om,m0wDaxmifrsm;

&ufaygif; 2387 &uf (6 ESpf ESifh 8 v) wdwduscHjyD;aemuf 2007 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv 3 &ufaeYwiG f om,m0wDaxmifrS jyefvnf vGwf ajrmufvm
cJo
h nf/ vGwaf jrmufcjhJ y;D aemuf ordik ;f qdik &f mpmayrsm; qufvufa&;om;
cJh&m ordkif;qdkif&mpmtkyf pkpkaygif; (15) tkyf ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;cH&jyD;
etzppftpdk;&u 4if;tm; jyefvnfzrf;qD;&ef pDpOfaeonfudk BudKwif
od&cdS o
hJ jzifh 2010 jynfEh pS ?f Zlvikd v
f 6 &ufaeY wGif xdik ;f Edik if o
H Ykd acwwrd ;f
a&SmifvmcJo
h nf/ 2011 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv
f wGif 'Dru
kd a&pDrcd ifBu;D a':atmif
qef;pkMunfpmtkyfudk a&;om; xkwfa0 pmayjrwfEdk;olrsm;tm;vkH;udk
arwmjzifh jzefaY 0ay;cJo
h nf? ,cktcg wwd,Edik if
H tajccsaexdik &f ef
jyifqifvsuf&SdNyD;? SAW txufwef;ausmif; 7? 8? 9? 10 wef;
ausmif;om;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomESihf orkid ;f bmom&yfrsm;ydcYk s&if; ordik ;f qdik f
&mpmay jyKpkvsuf&o
dS nf/
qufo,
G &f efvyd pf m
Ph : (66) 897-033-128
Email : jamesparr007@gmail.com
168
A ,>> &&
)
-
)
-
( )
( )
)
-
)
-
)
-
(
-
( )
(
-
)
(
(
)
(
*-21 " %
)
)
170

ThanWinHlaing Martyrs Day 2012

Cargado por

Información del documento

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

ThanWinHlaing Martyrs Day 2012

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

Martyrs Day: An Unforgetable

Than Win Hlaing

*>.64<310 .@ )917-5- +-049 ! )>6=47104- A

* > . 6 4 < 3 1 0 ! ( 4 < = ; 4 . > = 4 9 8

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

TefjyvQufSdonf/ q&moef;0if;vIdifa&;om;cJhaom tmZmenfaeY odkY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

==...cifAsm;wdkY[m vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsif&if? vGwfvyf

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

a&;BuKd ;yrf;aeqJumvBuKH awGUaeaom Edik if aH &;rl0g'rsm;? yk*Kd vfa&;uGv

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

jynfwiG f ta&;rBu;D vSaom jynfwiG ;f a&;udp tenf;i,fwiG f oabmxm;

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tGwfjzpf vGwfvyfaom jrefrmjynfudk &nfrSef;ajymjcif;jzpfygonf/

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

vkyMf uHc&H NyD;aemuf tpnf;ta0;cef;rtm;awGjY rif&pOf

pmcsKyf\ oabmtusOf;csKyfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif wdkif;jynfjyKvTwf

twGi;f 0efrsm;k;H (aemif0efBuD;rsm;k;H )

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

twGif; tif;vsm;uefa&pyfwGif oHpnfrsm;jzifhxnfh jrKyfESHodk0Sufxm;

*VKefO;D apm? 1900-1948

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

udrk odr[kw/f oufqikd &f m axmufvrS ;f a&;wm0ef,&l olrsm;u owif;

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

vSeaf &;wavQmuf ppf0wfpw

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

onf tpDtpOfukd tao;pdwaf &;qG

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

olwdkYudk vSrf;jrifvdkuf&onf/ vufeufudkifppfom;rsm;jzpf ,if;wdkYudk

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

avhusifch MhJ uonf/ vufeufrsm;udk um;Bu;D ? um;i,ftzkzH jkH zifh o,faqmif

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

&Jrif;BuD;OD;atmifcsdefu rIcif;&J0efaxmuf OD;odef;tkef;udk oJvGefp&&ef

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

cJhonf/ OD;ausmfNidrf;\ vufa&G;pif&Jabmfrsm;u axmifustusOf;om;

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

acgif;aqmifrsm;onf &efrD;qufrarT;vdkawmhjcif;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;udk

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

bmyJjzpfjzpf igvH;k 0*krpdu

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

twGif; t,lcH0ifEkdifaMumif; trdefYxkwfjyefcJhonf/

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

57 rsufESm&Sdaom pD&ifcsufjzifh t,lcHrsm; y,fcsvkdufavonf/

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

OD;apm 4if;\a&SYae OD;odef;ausmfESifh wD;wdk;wdkifyifaepOf? 23-10-1947

tmZmenfaeY (odrYk [kw)f jrefrmhorkid ;f rarhtyfaom aeYwpfaeY

Edik if aH wmfvyk Mf uHrw