~ J~ 0 ~1£ ~- : " -ff~

1'::~ ~ T ~ J:. if-) at 11~I1t

if-) - ~ J~- /t-ftl * 0"
pJf v~ 1':: k T :i± -!-, jJ; ~ ~
'aJ.- 'aJ.- lb
r -it: "-f J:. *, *" 1t if-) M ~, 1,y. * 11.Q"? "
" -d: /.£1. Ja..
-'1')(,.1r--)lJ, 1m1/J~'Ill',
lb k
'1Il"& "'""
//
/-J,"r-f ?"
. \...
-<18 r.:;"l
/A /'~ I£i
frF
-i>- 0
"A~a*o#~~~~ffl~if-)~~~kM~T~?~~~",
~1£;ft7J~, j£~ jJ1J if-)~4h~kJm~ T ~~i>to 0"

"fJ~1tl*11f1!" ~J~i>to
" 1~~ ~ ftl A ~ -!- 11.Q,,?
~tlA- ft& I1t -ff,& 11.Q,,?" ~"i>t 0 *
,
" Ja..11%r,
n. -d: -:I~ r}?
-'1'-'<.. -'-lj- $
JP.. -J?;-
/:& ,rs 0
"
/A
'\... -<18 ,;:.
1.JL •
"'".:!- lb ~
I'FJ "'l' ~
_ b JL ~ ~
-'1'-'<.. ~
ill _
/u .r,
'0

*" *
)l.J I'~ A 0

k:i± ~ T, ~ ~
~<iJ ~<iJ * *- 0 A 11'1~ 1':: - ~ JL, ~tl 1':: - ft& 1~ ~

" ~GJ? 1~Jt i>t~- ~ ~GJ k:i± ~ T 11.Q,,? fJ~ z., -1tYL11J::, !" ~";ilf;~
lf8ftl ~;ff..( shulfn Woods).2.-!- T 0

"~k, *"1t~M~,#~.*~~?#~ffl~~~~~kJm
~ T, xt~xt?" /.}-J~~~J:.*-.?j~f90

o~~JIl'.
~ ;J5ltk i*H2), J5 gJt ~ -z,.
;ff ?
~W~JIl'.0~~~~,0~fr*-z,.~fl?
~Wjg 1t -z,. fl~0 ~iJt1%?
~W&"~~~~~~~M~7n'~~.~~?
o~¥U~~I% ~ §~~¥U 1f.tli~?
0~N~~~I-~JE7UIb?
0~iJtitJEtl* 7?
~~11.J1t-z,./F!!~fl~toJ:tE-~?'
o~9al:i1~~1iJt~/F~. 1%UIb?

7YJiPj "L" r" :It!:" ill"[ill" 110 L

tl" ~ n J5J1I "* n ~ "-i5: n - ~
tzgn\t][1h~IPJ:fHiL1t ffl ~][itM!IPJ:fH~-~~-t1i ~ :ftn-r::;&:
0

V-er b s l'k
1 e
"I,·
L -, ---c '+l-
)'-, :trr -, ell
LLI"
1';:;1
~"
'''+
ll-, :±:;l"
,L~
1
WIt 1 "-,f,:"
.
7f: -+-'-"
or " -Z:;;-' f 0 11oWIng
.
them form compound directional complements. The 15 most frequently used ones are
listed in the following table:

J:. P 'it
:ltt) Ji ~ ¥JJ
J:.~ T.t- itt.t- @].t- i±~ ~.t- jU ...... .t-
*
~ J:.-!-iT-!- itt-!- @]-!- i±-!- jU ...... -!-

2lit~ rPJ WJ jil.1± ;!t1i!? ~ iPJ z: J§, *-.lK ~ iPj 89 ti rPJ, Il~ 2lit ~ rPJ *~* 0

1:o/IJ:tm :
The compound directional verbs after other verbs indicate the directions of the
adions, which are called compound directional complements, e. g.

Ilg .70
i'\ -$-7t 7 0

:k.. fa 11- . 7 0

1J~;.f;.--t5EJ &:1£ .;! 7 0

~~*m*~~~~~~*,~*-~~~1±"*"~"*"Z:~o
fftl:ftO:

1tt1f1-~*
-t5 j£ 5~;fJ ~
~#1-t* .. "J '0

[~l) M.~*-Ji.*'

~*m*~~~*-.lK$~B9~*,~mm~~1±"*n~"~"Z:J§,
~m~~1±"*"~"~"Z:~o~~:

1tt~ @] .t-1R % ~ 0

~jtitt-!--#C4~0
:lt1l:lt1l*@] .t-1R% mut 0
 ~n*Z9Ji'ifj/F*~*", "T" PI ~»!CtEZ9Ji'ifj2:§, fi'i-B-2:IDJ,ill PI ~»Jn±~
il~rPJf~ift2:§ ¥tl~n: a

" T" may be put behind the verb and in front of the complement, or after the
compound directional complement when the verb takes no object, e. g.

F1 &F 11'1~ lie, l±: -!-

~\ -$- 7t i± *- T
~n*Z9Ji'ifj§:1f~*", "T" -f.BtJj}zi~»~1±1D*,{S ill PI ~»~1±~il~ rPJf~
':Ii. 'r==. ~ 'E. -->,- ~ !hlr -h
h::t Zm, ~h::t ,<...,.I']U
a '1Y~)\n:

" T" is usually placed at the end of a sentence when the verb takes an object,
but it c51nalso be put between the compound directioal complement and the object,

u;y i\ -$- 7t J:. J-J -!-

3J\ ~ 1E1 7](.jjt *- '.
3J\ ~ 1E1;$: . - JSb 7](.jjt 0

3J\~1 ;;fjt*,-!- . -Jft43to

¥tl~n:
"~"1±%3~mr*mfi~~, ~"~"~~~~, "~"~.~~
"!tJ"means "very" when put in front of an adjective, but it is different from
"1~" , for it implies an exclamation, e. g.

(l) YOI' :ilL !¥J ~ tf *- !

(2) 1t~;jt, tf~!
(3) 3J\~T11ttf*atfa]!
(4) ~#-"tf~,t1:-!

~~"!tJ~~" ~.~~"/F~~", W~~"~3~"o~~:

But "5(f~~" means "/f~~~" instead of "if~~~", e. g.

(5) 3J\tf$-!7;;f*-T J:.-!-o (~L*1~~3~)

(6) 11ttf$-JlJ;;f~Jt~~~o (PJfJ~~~*45::kXi, /F3~~%)
 ~~"~~£nffi"~~~£" ~.m-~, om~~#*"~~~
£" f9iHm:
0

So in spoken Chinese "}J$£" and "~~ $ £ n mean the same thing. " :fH· /f~
~£ n is also often used in spoken Chinese,· e. g.

(7) ~*~$:JO;f~T~-i-o
(8) 11t*~$:JO;f;;t3t~.$--~o