Solutions, Acids, and Bases

Chapter 8

Section 8-1
Formation of Solutions

Dissolving
Substances can dissolve in water three ways:
Dissociation Dispersion Ionization

Solute what is being dissolved Solvent the substance in which the solute dissolves

Dissociation
Dissociation process in which an ionic compound separates into ions as it dissolves.

Dispersion
Dispersion breaking into smaller pieces that spread throughout the water.

Ionization
Ionization the process in which neutral molecules gain or lose electrons (and form ions).

Properties of Liquid Solutions

The three physical properties of a solution that can differ from those of its solute and solvent are
Conductivity Freezing Point Boiling Point

Heat of Solution
During the formation of a solution, energy is either released or absorbed. The process is either endothermic or exothermic.

Rates of Dissolving
Factors that affect the rate of dissolving include
Surface area Stirring Temperature

Section 1 Assessment Activities

Sugar Cube Lab on Rate of Dissolving Section 1 Assessment Questions

Section 8-2
Solubility and Concentration

Solubility
Solubility the maximum amount of a solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent. Solutions are described as saturated, unsaturated, or supersaturated depending on the amount of solute in solution.

Solubility
Saturated solution one that contains as much solute as the solvent can hold at a given temperature. Unsaturated Solution a solution that has less than the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved.

Solubility
Supersaturated Solution one that contains more solute than it can normally hold at a given temperature. These solutions are very unstable.

Factors Affecting Solubility

The factors that affect the solubility of a solute are
Polarity of the solvent (like dissolves like) Temperature Pressure

Concentration of Solutions
Concentration can be expressed as
Percent by volume Percent by mass Molarity

Percent by Volume

Volume of solute x 100% Volume of solution

Percent by Mass

Mass of solute Mass of solution

x 100%

Molarity

Moles of solute Molarity = Liters of solution

Section 2 Assessment Activities

Section assessment questions 18 p. 239 Worksheet on solving for molarity, percent by volume, and percent composition problems.

8.3 Properties of Acids and Bases

Properties of Acids
Some general properties of acids include
Sour taste Reactivity with metals Ability to produce color changes in indicators

Indicator any substance that changes color in the presence of an acid or base.

Properties of Bases
Some general properties of bases include
Bitter taste Slippery feel Ability to produce color changes in indicators

Neutralization and Salts

Neutralization the reaction between an acid and a base. The neutralization reaction between an acid and a base produces a salt and water.

Proton Donors and Acceptors

Acids can be defined as proton donors, and bases can be defined as proton acceptors.

Section 3 Assessment Acitivities

Acid-Base Worksheets Naming acid and bases handout Section 3 assessment questions 2 day acid base lab

The pH Scale
The lower the pH value, the greater the H3O+ ion concentration. The higher the pH value, the lower the H3O+ ion concentration.

Strong Acids & Bases

When strong acids dissolve in water, they ionize almost completely. Strong bases dissociate almost completely in water

Electrolytes
Electrolyte a substance that ionizes or dissociates into ions when it dissolves in water. Resulting solution can conduct electricity. Strong acids and bases are strong electrolytes because they dissociate or ionize almost completely in water. Buffers a solution that is resistant to large changes in pH

Section 4 Assessment Activities

Section 4 assessment questions Ph Lab using Lab Quest