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ALGEBRA 1
Quick Reference Guide

Absolute Value

Graphing Quadratic Equations

Solving Quadratic Equations

Simplifying Radicals

ABSOLUTE VALUE
-is a numbers distance from zero is referred to as its absolute value. -proper notation for absolute value is |x| . (do not confuse the bars with parentheses) -to find absolute value, count the number of units away from zero the number is on a number line. Ex: |-5| is 5 units away from zero. Likewise |5| is also 5 units away from zero Algebra 1

GRAPHING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

Create a table Then plot your points Then create your parabola

**This is for the equation y = x

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Algebra 1

GRAPHING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS

y = x - x - 6
Direction of the Parabola

Positive y = x

Negative y = -x

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Algebra 1

GRAPHING AND SOLVING QUADRATICS

Factoring Quadratic Equations ax + mx + b Start with the equation y = x + 5x + 6 Make y = 0 ; 0 = x + 5x + 6 You then need to find factors of b that will add together to get m In the ex: b = 6. The factors of 6, are 6 x 1, and 3 x 2 Our m value in this equation is 5 The factors that add together to get 5 are 3 and 2

Solving Quadratic Equations

Once you have your factors, you set them equal to 0. (x + 3)(x + 2) = 0 (x + 3) = 0 (x +2) = 0 The solutions to this problem are -3, and -2.

Why is this important? This tells you where your graph will cross the x-axis

Once you have found the factors, plug them in

(x + 3) (x + 2) (this replaces the quadratic x + 5x +6)

This graph will cross at (-3,0) and (2,0)

***All points on a graph are solutions to that particular graphs equation

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Algebra 1

GRAPHING AND SOLVING QUADRATICS

Practice Problem
Y = x - 2x 8 0 = x - 2x - 8 Factors of 8 are 1 x 8, or 2 x 4
(Since I am multiplying to a negative eight, I need factors of opposite signs; that is, one factor will be positive and the other will be negative.)

Notice that the b value is where the graph intersects the y-axis

I want my factors to add to -2, so I cannot use 1 x 8, I need to use 2 x 4

Seeing as I am adding to -2, I need to make the lager number negative, so my factors that I will use are -4 and 2

0 = (x 4)(x + 2)

My solutions are 4 and -2

(4, 0) and (-2, 0)

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Algebra 1

SIMPLIFYING RADICALS
Perfect square factors
2 = 4 3 = 9 4 = 16 5 = 25

Find perfect squares which will divide evenly into the number under the radical sign in order to simplify radicals.

Solution. 180 = 2 x 90 = 2 2 45 = 2 2 9 5 = 2 2 3 3 5 180 = 2 x 3 x 5 Because we are dealing with radicals, we can pull out the perfect squares (2 and 3)

6 = 36
7 = 49 8 = 64 9 = 81 10 = 100

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Algebra 1

SIMPLIFYING RADICALS

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Algebra 1

SIMPLIFYING RADICALS

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Algebra 1

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ALGEBRA 2
Quick Reference Guide

Solving Linear Systems of Equations

Solving Nonlinear Systems of Equations

Graphing Systems of Inequalities

Function Notation

SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

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Algebra 2

SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

A solution for a single equation is any point that lies on the line for that equation. A solution for a system of equations is any point that lies on each line in the system. For example, the red point is not a solution to the system, because it is not on either line

The blue point is not a solution to the system, because it lies on only one of the lines, not on both of them
The purple point is a solution to the system, because it lies on both of the lines

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Algebra 2

SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

When you are solving systems, you are, graphically, finding intersections of lines. For twovariable systems, there are then three possible types of solutions

shows two distinct non-parallel lines that cross at exactly one point. This is a

CONSISTENT INDEPENDENT system

shows two distinct lines that are parallel. Since parallel lines never cross, there can be no solution. INCONSISTENT system

appears to show only one line. Actually, it's the same line drawn twice. These "two" lines, really being the same line, "intersect" at every point along their length. This is a CONSISTENT DEPENDENT system

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Algebra 2

SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS

Solving Equations using substitution.
2x 3(24 4x) = -2 2x 72 + 12x = -2 -72 + 14x = -2 14x = 70 X=5 Once you find the x-value, you can plug it in to one of the equations to find the y-value. I am going to plug it into the green eq.

2x 3y = -2
4x + y = 24 The first thing you need to do is solve one of the equations for y. In this case I will solve the green equation. 4x + y = 24 is the same as y = 24 4x I will then substitute my new y-value (24-4x) into the blue equation 2x 3(24 4x) = -2 We can now solve this problem for x

4(5) + y = 24 20 + y = 24

Y=4
Therefore, my solution is (x , y) (5,4)

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Algebra 2

SOLVING NONLINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

Y = X

A solution to nonlinear systems, are the points at which the graph intersect.

Y = 8 x

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Algebra 2

SOLVING NONLINEAR SYSTEM OF EQUATIONS

Y = x + 3x + 2
Y = 2x + 3
1. Set equations equal to one another, and solve: x + 3x + 2 = 2x + 3 x + x 1 = 0 2. Use quadratic formula to get one solution
4. The second solution (gained because of the +/- from the square root) is 3. Then plug the value that you found into one of the original equations to find y.

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5. FINAL SOLTION

Algebra 2

GRAPHING SYSTEMS OF INEQUALITIES

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Algebra 2

GRAPHING SYSTEMS OF INEQUALITIES

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Algebra 2

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Linear programming is the process of taking various linear inequalities relating to some situation, and finding the "best" value obtainable under those conditions. A typical example would be taking the limitations of materials and labor, and then determining the "best" production levels for maximal profits under those conditions. Find the maximal and minimal value of z = 3x +4y subjected to the following constraints

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Algebra 2

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Step 1: solve each constraint for y, so it will be easier to graph. Step 2: Graph each constraint

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Algebra 2

LINEAR PROGRAMMING
To find the corner points -- which aren't always clear from the graph -- I'll pair the lines (thus forming a system of linear equations) and solve: Y = -(1/2)x + 7 Y = 3x

Y = -(1/2)x + 7 Y=x-2

Y = 3x Y= x-2

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Algebra 2

LINEAR PROGRAMMING

to find the solution to this exercise, I only need to plug these three points into our original equation, z = 3x + 4y (2, 6): z = 3(2) + 4(6) = 6 + 24 = 30 (6, 4): z = 3(6) + 4(4) = 18 + 16 = 34 (1, 3): z = 3(1) + 4(3) = 3 12 = 15

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Then the maximum of z = 34 occurs at (6, 4), and the minimum of z = 15 occurs at (1, 3).

Algebra 2

FUNCTION NOTATION AND COMPUTATION

A function is a rule that assigns exactly one output value to each input value. It can be represented by a verbal expression, an algebraic rule, a table, or a graph (Input)

(Output)

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Algebra 2

FUNCTION NOTATION AND COMPUTATION

Representations

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Algebra 2

FUNCTION NOTATION AND COMPUTATION

How can I tell if an algebraic rule is a function? A function can only have one out put for every input It must pass the vertical line test. If the vertical line passes through more than one point, it is not a function An x-value cannot have more than one y-value A function cannot have a + or a y raised to any even power.

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Algebra 2

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GEOMETRY
Quick Reference Guide

Surface Area of Geometric Solids

Volume of Geometric Solids

Spheres

SURFACE AREA OF GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

Rectangular prism Area of Base: L x W Perimeter of Base: 2(L + W) Surface Area = 2LW + 2(L + W)H

Circular prism Area of Base: r Perimeter of Base: 2r Surface Area = 2r + 2rH

Triangular prism Area of Base: 1/2b x H Perimeter of Base: S1+ S2 + S3 Surface Area = bH + (S1+ S2 + S3)H

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Geometry

SURFACE AREA OF GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

PYRAMID
Find the Surface Area

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Geometry

SURFACE AREA OF GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

CONES
Find the Surface Area

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Geometry

VOLUME OF GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

V = a3 = a a a V = r x h

V=lxwxh

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Geometry

VOLUME OF GEOMETRIC SOLIDS

V = (4r3) / 3

V = (rh) / 3

V = (Base x h) / 3

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Geometry

SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME OF SPHERES

SURFACE AREA VOLUME

S = 4r

V = (4r3) / 3

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Geometry

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PRE-CALCULUS
Quick Reference Guide

Properties of Functions

Limits

Graphing Inverse Functions

PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS
FINDING THE DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION FINDING THE RANGE OF A FUNCTION In order to find the range, you must graph the function to see how low the function goes, and how high the function goes. (y-value)

In functions like the one above, the domain is any value that x can have that will come up with a value, y. Be careful to not have the denominator = 0.

The y value can be as high as I want The range is all real numbers

THEREFORE, the domain for this function is all x not equal to -1 or 2.

Or as low as I want

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Pre-Calc

PROPERTIES OF FUNCTIONS
FINDING THE DOMAIN OF A FUNCTION FINDING THE RANGE OF A FUNCTION graph the function to see how low the function goes, and how high the function goes. (y-value)

In functions with radicals, you can not have a negative value under the radical. THEREFORE, the domain for this function is all x <.3/2

The graph shows that the highest point is at (3/2, 0)

It can go as low as Id like!

The range is all y <.0

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Pre-Calc

LIMITS

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Pre-Calc

LIMITS
f(x) = 1 / x

As the x-value gets smaller and smaller, the graph gets closer and closer to 0. This is called a limit at infinity.

Similarly, as the x-value gets larger and larger, the graph gets closer and closer to 0 as well.

What happens as the x-value approaches zero?

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Pre-Calc

LIMITS
Since different things happen, we need to look at two separate cases: what happens as x approaches 0 from the left and what happens as x approaches 0 from the right

f(x) = 1 / x

Since the limit from the left does not equal the limit from the right...

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Pre-Calc

LIMITS

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Pre-Calc

LIMITS

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Pre-Calc

GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Find the inverse of y = 3x - 2

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Pre-Calc

GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS

Find the inverse function of y = x2 + 1, x < 0 Graphing inverse functions
In this case, since the domain is x < 0 and the range (from the graph) is 1 < y, then the inverse will have a domain of 1 < x and a range of y < 0.

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Pre-Calc

GRAPHING INVERSE FUNCTIONS

KEEP IN MIND
The graph easily shows that the inverse of this function cannot be a function itself because it violates the horizontal line test. Knowing this, we know that the inverse will not pas the vertical line test. Remember if a function does not pass the vertical line test it is not a function. The inverse of this function shows that I won't get a UNIQUE "x =". Instead, any given x-value will correspond to two different y-values, one from the "plus" on the square root and the other from the "minus". Therefore, the inverse will not be a function.

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Pre-Calc

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TRIGONOMETRY
Quick Reference Guide

Right Triangle Trigonometry

Law of Sines & Cosines

Unit Circle

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

RULE OF THUMB FOR SOLVING REIGHT TRIANGLE TRIG WITH SIN, COSINE and TANGENT REMBEMBER SOH CAH TOA (So-ka-toe-a)

O = Opposite Side H = Hypotenuse A = Adjacent Side

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Trig

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

SOLVING RIGHT TRIANLE TRIG STEP

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Trig

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

SOLVING RIGHT TRIANLE TRIG STEP

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Trig

RIGHT TRIANGLE TRIGONOMETRY

Solving Problems using the calculator in the toolbox

PRESS to pull out sin/cos/tan menu

**Make sure you press the sin/cos/tan button AFTER the angle value.
To find sin 25

press 25 then press sin

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This information is in the Trigonometry toolkit!

LAW OF SINES AND COSINES

Area of a Right Triangle

Trig

UNDERSTANDING THE UNIT CIRCLE

What is a unit circle
Circle with a radius of 1 If a vertical line is drawn from a point on the circle to the x-axis, a triangle is created with the hypotenuse as r=1

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Trig

UNDERSTANDING THE UNIT CIRCLE

Theta is used as a variable depicting a degree. Using the Unit circle sin = y/r = y/1 = y cos = x/r = x/1 = x tan = y/x Seeing as y = sin and x = cos , point P(x , y) on the unit circle is actually P(cos , sin )

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Trig

UNDERSTANDING THE UNIT CIRCLE

In order to use this triangle on the unit circle all units need to be divided by 2, so that the hypotenuse value is now 1, and will fit on the unit circle

(2/2)

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The triangle is the same 30 60 90 triangle, we just shrunk the sides to fit it on the unit circle

Trig

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