Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Anti-American Student Demonstration. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stockphoto/rights-managed/BE068568/antiamerican-student-demonstration?popup=1>. This photograph portrayed the anti-American sentiment in nations surrounding Guatemala after the C.I.A. brought down the pro-communist Guatemalan regime. This photograph can be found in the photo gallery and on the US in Latin America page.

Archbishop Blessing Caskets. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/U1261146INP/archbishop-blessing-caskets?popup=1>. This is an image of an archbishop blessing the casket of a deceased Liberation Army Soldier. We used this in our slide show on the home page to give an overview of our topic.

Babington, Charles. "Clinton: Support for Guatemala Was Wrong." The Washington Post 11 Mar. 1999, sec. A: A1. Www.washingtonpost.com. The Washington Post, 1999. Web.

26 Apr. 2012. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpsrv/inatl/daily/march99/clinton11.htm>. This article was helpful when relating the historical event to more current developments and opinions. The way that this event was viewed at the time has significantly changed from how it is viewed now, and it is important to reflect this change in perspective.

Castillo Armas Inspecting His Army. 1854. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 1954. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1261247INP/castilloarmas-inspecting-his-army?popup=1>. This photograph depicts Castillo Armas and his Liberation Army prepared to take on the pro-communist Guatemalan rebels.

Comisin Para El Esclaracimiento Histrico. "ANTECEDENTES INMEDIATOS (1944-1961)." AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. Asociacin Americana Del Avance De La Ciencia. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. <http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/ante.html>. In this site there was a great overview of what occurred before PBSUCCESS, particularly during the land reform. It also contains a quote utilized

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Secret To James Harold Doolittle, 26 July 1954. In The Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower, ed. L. Galambos and D. van Ee, doc. 993. World Wide Web facsimile by The Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial Commission of the print edition;

Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, <http://www.eisenhowermemorial.org/presidentialpapers/firsterm/documents/993.cfm>. This document was helpful in understanding the relationship that President Eisenhower had with the CIA during the period in which Operation PBSUCCESS took place.

Enrique Oliva Signing a Document. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/U1263484INP/enrique-oliva-signing-a-document?popup=1>. This is an image of an Enrique Olivia and Castillo Armas signing a document after Arbenzs resignation. We used on our Aftermath page.

Former Guatemalan President and Associates. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stockphoto/rights-managed/U1060333/former-guatemalan-president-andassociates?popup=1>. This is an image of former Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz and his associates. We used this in our slide show on the home page to give an overview of our topic.

Fortuny, Manuel. "Discurso De Renuncia Del Presidente Jacobo Arbenz." Speech. Guatemala. 27 June 1954. AFEHC: Asociacin Para El Fomento De Los Estudios Histricos En Centroamrica. AFEHC, 6 Dec. 2008. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. <http://www.afehc-historiacentroamericana.org/index.php?action=fi_aff&id=2087>. This speech was incredibly important in order to understand Jacobo Arbenz's opinion towards the United States after Operation PBSUCCESS. It also gives more insight into the reasons for Arbenz stepping down from the presidency.

Gordon, Daniel L. "Guatemala 1954." Cold War Museum. The Cold War Museum. Web. 1 Jan. 2012. <http://www.coldwar.org/articles/50s/guatemala.asp>. The content worthy of noting includes a brief summary of the CIA history leading up to Operation PBSUCCESS.

Group of Agrarian Communists Entering Police Station. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1062052/group-ofagrarian-communists-entering-police-station?popup=1>. This is an image of suspected communists being led into a police station to be interrogated. We used this in our slide show on the home page to give an overview of our topic.

Guatemala Before Invasion by Anti-Communists. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-20906339/guatemalabefore-invasion-by-anticommunists?popup=1>. This photograph reveals the setting for agrarian workers and United Fruit Company workers in Guatemala before the C.I.As invasion and aggressive force to overthrow Arbenz.

Guatemala Liberation Army Digging for Victims. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1062007/guatemalaliberation-army-digging-for-victims?popup=1>. This photograph illustrates the Liberation Army attempting to save victims of procommunist rebellion that were buried alive. This photo can be found in the photo gallery and on the Covert Actions page.

Guatemalan Coup Leaders. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Chiquimula, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE069223/guatemalancoup-leaders?popup=1>. The photograph displays the Liberation Army leaders, including Armas, who will be fighting against the pro-communist officers of the Arbenz regime.

How Communism Works. 1938. Photograph. Catholic Library Service. Calpoly.Edu. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/outline.weeknine.html>. This is a logo on communism based on the United States perspective. We used this on our Communism Suspicion section.

Krauss, Clifford. "The World: The C.I.A. and Guatemala; The Spies Who Never Came In From the Cold War." The New York Times. The New York Times, 7 Mar. 1999. Web. 17 Mar. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/07/weekinreview/the-world-the-cia-andguatemala-the-spies-who-never-came-in-from-the-coldwar.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm>. This article, published many years after Operation PBSUCCESS took place, depicts the way that the event is viewed by the public after its occurrence. This point of view is essential given that the public was not aware of the covert operation at the time it took place. It helped us apply the historical event to more recent opinions.

La Repblica De Guatemala. El Congreso De La Repblica De Guatemala. Decreto Nmero 900. By Jacobo Arbenz. Guatemala City, 1952. Http://www.camaradelagro.org. Web. Dec.-Jan. 2012. <http://www.camaradelagro.org/docs/agrarias/DTO900.pdf>. This document is instrumental in understanding the reform that led to the entire series of actions that the United States took against Guatemala. The document, originally written in Spanish was not found in its translated form, therefore its Spanish form was used.

Labor Union Banner at United Fruit Company's Hiring Hall. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE069322/labor-unionbanner-at-united-fruit-companys?popup=1>. This is an image of the hiring agency used to hire laborers for the United Fruit Company. We used this on the United Fruit Company page to show how things changed after the event.

Maria Trinidad Cruz Kneeling at Tomb of Husband. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1061831/maria-trinidadcruz-kneeling-at-tomb-of?popup=1>. The photograph shows a Guatemalan woman mourning for her husband who died during the violent rebellions due to US intervention with Latin American politics. This photo can be found in the photo gallery.

Mario Sandoval Demonstrating Torture Technique. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1062051/mario-sandovaldemonstrating-torture-technique?popup=1>. This is an image of Mario Sandoval demonstrating a torture technique. We used this on our Covert Actions section.

Muto, Al. Exhumation of Anti-Communist Dead in Guatemala. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Santa Maria Cauque. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1265587INP/exhumationof-anticommunist-dead-in-guatemala?popup=1>. The photograph shows the graves of rebellion victims who were most likely buried alive. The photograph can be found in the photo gallery and on the US in Latin America page.

National Palace of Guatemala. 1948. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/BE069306/national-palace-of-guatemala?popup=1>. This is an image of the national palace of Guatemala, taken to represent the new democratic government. We used this on our Before Arbenz section.

Portrait of Elfego Monzan and Castillo Armas. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stockphoto/rights-managed/U1259300INP/portrait-of-elfego-monzan-and-castilloarmas?popup=1>. This is an image of Castillo Armas and Elfego Monzan. We used this on our Communist Suspicion section.

Portrait of Jorge Ubico. 1939. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/BE069978/portrait-of-jorge-ubico?popup=1>. This is a portrait of Jorge Ubico. We used this on our Before Arbenz section.

President Ubico at Inaugural Ceremony. 1931. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stockphoto/rights-managed/BE069298/president-ubico-at-inaugural-ceremony?popup=1>. This is a picture of Former Guatemalan President Jorge Ubico at his Innuaguration ceremony. We used this on the Before Arbenz section.

Pro-Castillo Armas Crowds Demonstrate. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/BE069233/procastilloarmas-crowds-demonstrate?popup=1>. The photo represents a majority of Guatemalan citizens who support Armas after uncovering the victims of pro-communism rebellion. The photograph can be found in the photo gallery.

Rebellious Soldiers Walking on Street Vehicles. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Corbisimages.com. Web. 14 May 2012. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/U1261235INP/rebellioussoldiers-walking-on-street-vehicles?popup=1>. The photograph represents soldiers who are fighting against communism and soldiers who are fighting for communism. This represents the split opinion Guatemalan citizens held during the C.I.A. operation. The photo can be found in the photo gallery and on the Covert Actions page.

Small Crowd Looking at Photos of Murder Victims. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Villanueva, Mexico. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stockphoto/rights-managed/U1061730B/small-crowd-looking-at-photos-of-murder?popup=1>. This is an image of a group of civilians looking at a poster board to see recent murder victims. We used this in our slide show on the home page to give an overview of our topic.

Soldiers Hold Guns on Effigy of Arbenz. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Guatemala. CorbisImages. Web. 26 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/BE069315/soldiers-hold-guns-on-effigy-of-arbenz?popup=1>. This is an image of a soldiers against the Arbenz regime holding rifles towards an effigy of Arbenz. We used this in our slide show on the home page to give an overview of our topic.

Two Men Looking at Poster on Wall. 1954. Photograph. Bettmann, Villanueva, Mexico. CorbisImages. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rightsmanaged/U1061730/two-men-looking-at-poster-on-wall?popup=1>. This is an image of two men looking at a revolutionary poster on a wall. We used this on our Aftermath page.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. CIA and Guatemala Assasination Proposals 19521954. By Gerald K. Haines. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000135796/DOC_0000135796.pdf>. The report provided us with a background summary about the CIA coup as well as the history of Operation PBFORTUNE before PBSUCCESS. It also explained several assassination proposals made for the CIA and talked about Psychological Warfare used in Guatemala.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. CIAs Role in the Overthrow of Arbenz 1975. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000919933/DOC_0000919933.pdf>. This CIA report was a recollection of why the CIA invaded Guatemala to launch a coup against the Arbenz regime and reestablish dictator rule. This basically laid out the plans of what the CIA was doing in Guatemala during Operation PBSUCCESS.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Letter to Arthur Hays Sulberger From Allen W. Dulles Re Guatemala 1954 Coup. By Allen W. Dulles. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000924578/DOC_0000924578.pdf>. The letter talks about the information Allen W. Dulles exchanges with Arthur Hays Sulberger from the New York Times about the CIA Guatemalan coup. A reply letter is also provided but is unreadable.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Miscellaneous Communist Activities 1954. By Clara M. Heagey. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000937508/DOC_0000937508.pdf>. This CIA report gave an account for reasons why the United States believed Guatemala and the Arbenz Regime was a communist threat.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Operation PBSUCESS: The United States and Guatemala 1952-1954. By Nicholas Cullather. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/DOC_0000134974/DOC_0000134974.pdf>. This site had great insight on the proceedings that took place during Operation PBSUCCESS, as well as a great overview of the entire event.

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Possible Approach by President Castillo Armas to President Eisenhower 1956. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000919967/DOC_0000919967.pdf>. The report provides information about Castillo Armass negotiations with United States President Eisenhower over the ruling of Guatemala and new reform policies..

United States. Central Intelligence Agency. Reported Guatemalan Governmental plot to involve and discredit United Fruit Company and the United States 1954. By Raymond G. Leddy. Http://www.foia.cia.gov/. Web. 6 Dec. 2011. <http://www.foia.cia.gov/docs/ DOC_0000923200/DOC_0000923200.pdf>. This CIA report explains why the United States believed that the Guatemalan Government under Arbenz wanted to discredit the United Fruit Company and was antiUS reform.

Secondary Sources

Bucheli, Marcelo, and Ian Read. "Chronology." United Fruit Historical Society. United Fruit Historical Society, 2001. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.unitedfruit.org/chron.htm>. This site held information about the chronology of events leading to Operation PBSUCCESS. In addition, it held a short biography of Arbenz, while withholding the point of view of the United Fruit Company. Chomsky, Noam. "Making Guatemala a Killing Field." What Uncle Sam Really Wants. Berkeley: Odonian, 1992. Www.thirdworldtraveler.com. Web. 10 May 2012. <http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Chomsky/ChomOdon_Guatemala.html>. This book was used to help develop an in depth understanding of the US battle against communism and how that played a role within Guatemala. Using this book, we took a quote from a well known journalism to convey the C.I.As brutality in Latin America.

CIA-Military Coup in Guatemala. Political Forum. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. <http://www.politicalforum.com/media-commentators/184514-united-fruit-companyguatemela-press-proved-so-eager-manipulated.html>. We used this forum to watch different user created documentaries on Operation PBSUCCESS. The forum gave us a great video which we took clips from to display scenes from Guatemala and further explain certain views from a former CIA Agent and other experts.

"Cuban Media Lets Slip Information Further Proving the CIA Was Right about a Red Guatemala." Web log post. The Mits Post: A Patriot's Anti-Communist Rant. Blogspot.com, 29 July 2010. Web. May 2012. <http://mitspost.blogspot.com/2010/07/cuban-media-lets-slip-information.html>. The blog held a very interesting compilation of quotes that related to article about Operation PBSUCCESS. While not all the quotes related to the subject, there were a number of useful quotes that were used directly in the website.

Doyle, Kate, and Peter Kornbluh. "Guatemala '54." CIA and Assassinations:The Guatemala 1954 Documents. The George Washington University. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB4/>. It is a collection of documents that have been declassified from the CIA databases. All documents were useful, but not all necessary. Forster, Cindy. The Time of Freedom: Campesino Workers in Guatemala's October Revolution. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh, 2001. Print. This site was helpful because it showed the point of view of an ordinary Guatemalan during the time. It also explained the land reforms of Arevalo and Arbenz really well. The photographs that the book had were of great quality and relative to the topic. Gleijeses, Piero. "The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz." Journal of Latin American Studies. 3rd ed. Vol. 21. Cambridge UP, 1989. 453. The Agrarian Reform of Jacobo Arbenz. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/pss/156959>. This book paged helped us grasp an understanding about Arbenzs Agrarian Land Reforms and his Decree 900. We also used this on our website in our Background section.

Guatemala: 1954 Coup Dtat. 1951. Photograph. Http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com. Mar. 2011. Web. May 2012. <http://www.deathandtaxesmag.com/113010/independence-dayhangover-5-ways-america-crippled-independence-abroad/>. The photograph was used to illustrate the brutality of the actions taken in Guatemala.

Harbour, Tiffany K. Creating the New Guatemala: The 1952 Agrarian Reform Law. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. <http://etd.ohiolink.edu/sendpdf.cgi/Harbour%20Tiffany%20Kwader.pdf?wright1217963651>. This report gave us a full explanation about Arbenzs reform law, different views and reactions from it, and the reasoning behind its enforcement. In addition the document provided us with an original translated version of Decree 900, the reform law itself.

Hungerford, Nichole. "From the Writings of David Horowitz: May 20, 2010."Frontpagemag.com.20 May 2010. Web. Apr. 2012. <http://frontpagemag.com/author/nichole-hungerford/page/10/>. A quote was taken from this electronically published source for use in the website.

Jimnez, Hugo M. "La Intervencion Norteamericana En Guatemala En 1954. Dos Interpretaciones Recientes." Anuario De Estudios Centroamericanos, Univ. Costa Rica 11.2 (1985): 149-55. Http://www.anuario.ucr.ac.cr/. Univ. Costa Rica. Web. 16 Mar. 2012. <http://www.anuario.ucr.ac.cr/11-2-85/MURILLO.pdf>. This resource was crucial in order to understand the different perspectives that revolve around the intervention of the CIA in Guatemala. It helped to focus the research process by providing more background information.

Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel, and Peter Chapman. "Big Fruit." Review. The New York Times. 2008. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. We used this resource because it potentially had a lot of quotes from executives and workers from the United Fruit Company. The executives basically expressed why Guatemala was an easy target to launch such a monopoly. Lormand, Eric. "Guatemala: How We Continue the Genocide of Indigenous People, in the Name of Big Business." University of MIchigan. Web. 3 Jan. 2012. <http://wwwpersonal.umich.edu/~lormand/poli/soa/guatemala.htm>. This website illustrated the cruelty of big business from the United Fruit Company as well as United States intervention which ultimately caused the termination of many indigenous people. We used quotes from the site to explain certain views on the Guatemalan people. Neeck, Larry. "Top Secret." JWPepper. CL Barnhouse Company. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.jwpepper.com/10050181.item>. We used this song to create a suspenseful feeling on our Operation PBSUCCESS page.

"Operation PBSUCCESS." VanguardSquad. Vanguard Squad. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://www.vanguardsquad.com/press/SIB.php>. This database gave us a wide collection of graphics and good background information on our topic. It covered a lot of information before the Arbenz government and Operation PBSUCCESS and included a lot of info about the United Fruit Company.

Rosauro, Ney, perf. "Concerto No.2 for Marimba and Orchestra." Ney Rosauro. Web. 28 Dec. 2011. <http://www.neyrosauro.com/by_nr.asp>. We used this song for our home page to give our website a traditional Guatemala sound.

The Cold War in Guatemala. Rep. Calpoly. Web. 29 Dec. 2011. <http://cla.calpoly.edu/~lcall/outline.weeknine.html>. This online report provided us with a U.S. perspective on communism and how it spread to Guatemala. We used the outline provided as a guide to categorize our topic and we used numerous pictures from the report throughout our website.

"The Guatemala Banana Coup | CitizenReporter.org." CitizenReporter.org | Under-reported News by a Portuguese-American, Activist-journalist Based in Amsterdam. Web. 05 Jan. 2012. <http://citizenreporter.org/2009/01/the-guatemala-banana-coup/>. The source gives as a lot of background information about the United Fruit Company and provides us with their perspective on the U.S. government and the Arbenz regime and reform. We also used the photograph of the United Fruit Company off this page since we could not locate its origin.

"The Hemisphere: After the Fall." TIME 12 July 1954. TIME. TIME Magazine, 2011. Web. May 2012. <http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,860973,00.html>. This article related the attitude that people had about the event as it was occurring. Quotes from the article were taken for use in the website.