CHAPTER 5

CIRCLE

A Reminder about parts of the Circle

Circumference radius diameter

Definition: Circle is a set of points each of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the center.

Parts

Circumference is the distance around the outer edge.

A Reminder about parts of the Circle

Major Arc

Major Segment

Minor Segment

Chord line segment joining any two points on the circle. Arc is a portion of a circle that contains two endpoints and all the points on the circle between the endpoints. Major Arc longer arc Minor Arc shorter arc

Minor Arc

A Reminder about parts of the Circle

Major Sector

Minor Sector

A sector is the figure formed by two radii and an included arc.

A Reminder about parts of the Circle

P2

P P1 L1 L2

A line is called a tangent line if it intersects the circle at exactly one point on the circle. A line is called a secant line if it intersects the circle at two points on the circle.

Exercises: 1. The area of a circle is 120 in2. What is its circumference? Ans. 38.83 in

2. A central angle of 136 subtends an arc of 28.5 cm. What is the radius of the circle? Ans. r=12 cm

3. The angle of a sector is 30 and the radius is 15 cm. What is the area of the sector in cm2? Ans. 58.90 cm2

The area of the segment is equal to the area of the sector minus the area of the triangle formed by the two radii and the central angle . A=(1/2)r2( - sin )

Introductory Terminology
yo o xo A B A
Arc AB subtends angle x at the centre. Arc AB subtends angle y at the circumference. Chord AB also subtends angle x at the centre. Chord AB also subtends angle y at the circumference.

Termgy
yo

o xo B B A o xo

yo

Theorem 1

Th1
xo
o

Measure the angles at the centre and circumference and make a conjecture.

xo
o

yo

yo

xo xo yo
o

yo

xo yo
o

xo
o

xo yo yo
o

xo
o

yo

Theorem 1

The angle subtended at the centre of a circle (by an arc or chord) is twice the angle subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord. (angle at centre)

Measure the angles at the centre and circumference and make a conjecture.

xo
o o

xo
o

xo xo

2xo

2xo

2xo

2xo

Angle x is subtended in the minor segment.

xo 2xo
o

xo 2xo
Watch for this one later.

xo
o

xo
o o

2xo

2xo

Example Questions Find the unknown angles giving reasons for your answers.

1
o

xo

2
35o o yo B

84o A

angle x =
angle y =

42o (Angle at the centre). 70o(Angle at the centre)

Example Questions Find the unknown angles giving reasons for your answers. 3
o xo yo

4
62o o po 42o B qo B

angle x = (180 2 x 42) = 96o (Isos triangle/angle sum triangle). angle y = angle p = angle q = 48o (Angle at the centre)

124o (Angle at the centre)

(180 124)/2 = 280 (Isos triangle/angle sum triangle).

Theorem 2

The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Diameter

Find the unknown angles below stating a reason.

a
30o

angle a =

90o angle in a semi-circle

angle in a semi-circle angle sum triangle

angle b = 90o

d e
70o

angle c =

20o

angle d = 90o angle in a semi-circle angle e = 60o angle sum triangle

Th2

Theorem 3

Angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.

xo

xo yo xo

yo

xo

xo

Th3

Theorem 3

Angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.

Find the unknown angles in each case

yo

38o

xo 40o yo

30o

xo

Angle x = angle y = 38o

Angle x = 30o Angle y = 40o

Theorem 4

The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90o. (Tan/rad)

Th4

Theorem 4

The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90o. (Tan/rad)

30o

o
xo

If OT is a radius and AB is a tangent, find the unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers.
36o

yo

zo T

angle x =
angle y =

180 (90 + 36) = 54o Tan/rad and angle sum of triangle. 90o
angle in a semi-circle angle sum triangle

angle z = 60o

Theorem 5

The Alternate Segment Theorem.

The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by that chord in the alternate segment. Find the missing angles below giving reasons in each case. xo yo yo xo

angle x = 45o (Alt Seg)

angle y = 60o (Alt Seg)
angle sum triangle

angle z = 75o

Th5

Theorem 6

Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem.

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (They sum to 180o) x

y
z

Th6
w r q

Angles x + w = 180o Angles y + z = 180o

Angles p + q = 180o Angles r + s = 180o

Theorem 6

Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem.

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (They sum to 180o)

110o
85o

Find the missing angles below given reasons in each case.

r q

70o

135o

angle x = 180 85 = 95o (cyclic quad)

angle y = 180 110 = 70o (cyclic quad)

angle p = 180 135 = 45o (straight line)

angle q = angle r = 180 70 = 110o (cyclic quad) 180 45 = 135o (cyclic quad)

Theorem 7

Two Tangent Theorem.

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.

P Q

U T

PT = PQ

PT = PQ

Th7

Theorem 7

Two Tangent Theorem.

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.
PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O. Find the unknown angles giving reasons.

yo xo 98o

angle w = 90o (tan/rad) angle x = 90o (tan/rad)

angle y =
zo wo angle z =

49o (angle at centre) 360o 278 = 82o (quadrilateral)

Theorem 7

Two Tangent Theorem.

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.
PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O. Find the unknown angles giving reasons.

zo

Q
yo

O
xo

angle w = 90o (tan/rad) angle x = 180 140 = 40o (angles sum tri)

angle y =
80o wo

50o (isos triangle) 50o (alt seg)

50o

angle z =

Theorem 8

Chord Bisector Theorem.

A line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord.. Find length OS

O
3 cm

O S
8 cm

Th8

OS = 5 cm (pythag triple: 3,4,5)

Theorem 8

Chord Bisector Theorem.

A line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord.. Find angle x

O
22o

xo

Angle SOT = 22o (symmetry/congruenncy) Angle x = 180 112 = 68o (angle sum triangle)

Mixed Questions
U

PTR is a tangent line to the circle at T. Find angles SUT, SOT, OTS and OST.

O R
65o

T
65o (Alt seg) 130o (angle at centre) 25o (tan rad) 25o (isos triangle)

Angle SUT =

Angle SOT = Angle OTS = Angle OST =

Mixed Q1

Mixed Questions
Q U PR and PQ are tangents to the circle. Find the missing angles giving reasons. y O z w x 48o R
Angle w = Angle x = Angle y = Angle z = 22o (cyclic quad) 68o (tan rad) 44o (isos triangle) 68o (alt seg)

110o

Mixed Q 2

To Prove that the angle subtended by an arc or chord at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord. A To prove that angle COB = 2 x angle CAB Extend AO to D AO = BO = CO (radii of same circle) Triangle AOB is isosceles(base angles equal)

Triangle AOC is isosceles(base angles equal)

Angle AOB = 180 - 2 Angle AOC = 180 - 2
(angle sum triangle) (angle sum triangle)

Angle COB = 360 (AOB + AOC)(<s at point)

Angle COB = 360 (180 - 2 + 180 - 2) Angle COB = 2 + 2 = 2(+ ) = 2 x < CAB

Theorem 1 and 2

Proof 1/2

QED

Exercises: 4. Determine the area of the segment of a circle if the length of the chord is 15 inches and located 5 inches from the center of the circle. Ans. 42.32 in2

5. Find the area of the largest circle which can be cut from a square with an edge of 8 cm. What is the area of the material wasted? Ans. 50.27 cm2 & 13.73 cm2

HW Format: (Portrait- Short Bond Paper)

SUBJECT-SECTION Surname, F.N. M.I Professor Student Number - Course Date
1
Write legibly & show your complete solution.

Final Answer 2 4