CƠ SỞ KỸ THUẬT SIÊU CAO TẦN

C S K Thut Siu Cao Tn
Nghim Xun Anh

31. 3. 2005
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Mc lc
1 Gii thiu 1
1.1 S bt u ca truyn dn khng dy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Ph tn s v tuyn hin nay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 L thuyt ng truyn 11
2.1 Phng trnh truyn sng trn ng dy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.1 M hnh mch in thng s tp trung ca ng truyn - Cc thng s
s cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 Phng trnh truyn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Nghim ca phng trnh sng. Sng ti v sng phn x . . . . . . . . 16
2.1.4 Cc thng s th cp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2 Cc ng truyn sng v ng dn sng thc t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.1 Phng trnh Helmholtz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.2 Nghim tng qut cho cc sng TEM, TE v TM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.3 Truyn sng trong khng gian t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.4 Dy song hnh - twin wire line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.5 Cp ng trc - Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.6

ng dn sng hnh ch nht -Rectangular Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.2.7 ng truyn di - stripline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2.8 ng truyn vi di - Microstrip line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2.9 ng truyn ng phng coplanar-CPW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.2.10 Tn hao trn ng dy truyn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3 Hin tng phn x sng trn ng dy - H s phn x . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.4 Cc loi suy hao, sng ng v phng trnh tr khng ng truyn . . . . . . 55
iii
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2.4.1 Suy hao phn hi - Return Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.4.2 Hin tng sng ng v h s sng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.4.3 Tr khng vo ca ng truyn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.5 Cc ng truyn cng hng v phn cng hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.5.1 ng truyn mt phn t bc sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.5.2 ng truyn na bc sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.5.3 Tr khng ng truyn khi tn s thay i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3 th Smith 67
3.1 C s ca th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Cc th vng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3 th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3.1 M t th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.3.2 c tnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.4

ng dng c bn ca th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.4.1 Tnh h s sng ng, h s phn x v tr khng ng dy . . . . . . 87
3.4.2 Tnh tr khng mch phc hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.5 Phi hp tr khng v iu chnh phi hp tr khng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.5.1 Phi hp tr khng bng cc phn t tp trung (cc mng hnh L) . . . . 92
3.5.2 Mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng dng mt dy chm . . . . . . . . 97
3.5.3 iu chnh phi hp tr khng hai dy chm - Double-Stub Tunning . . 107
4 Phn tch mch cao tn 111
4.1 Tr khng v in p v dng in tng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.1 in p v dng in tng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.2 Khi nim v tr khng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2 Nhng c im tr khng ca cc mng mt ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3 Cc ma trn tr khng v dn np . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4 Ma trn tn x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.5 Ma trn truyn (ABCD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.6 Cc mng hai ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Danh sch hnh v
1.1 M Morse quc t vn cn l chun cho tn hiu cp cu - SOS (......) . . . . . 3
1.2 Dng iu ch ca m Morse, c minh ha cho ch R. Ngy nay, dng xung
nh ch ra trn s c s dng gim ph tn pht, nhng my pht spark
gap ca Marconi khng cn nghi ng g na lm rng bng tn rt nhiu . . . 4
1.3 Joel Earl Hudson ang ng cnh my pht spark gap ca Marconi vo nm 1907. 5
1.4 Ngun nng lng chnh cho my pht ca Marconi ti South Wellfleet . . . . . 6
1.5 Trm pht v tuyn u tin ca Marconi ti South Wellfleet, Cap Cod, Massachusetts.
Ngi dn a phng d on rng cc anten s b git ngay cn bo u
tin. H ng, v Marconi dng chng li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 ng truyn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Mch in tng ng ca on ng truyn vi phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Sng ti v sng phn x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 (a) ng truyn hai dy ni chung v (b) ng dn sng khp kn . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Dy song hnh - Mt phng tit din . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.6 Dy song hnh - Phn b trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.7 Cp ng trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.8 Phn b trng trong cp ng trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.9 Dng hnh hc ca ng dn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.10 ng truyn di (a) Dng hnh hc. (b) Cc ng sc t trng v in trng 37
2.11 Dng hnh hc v mt ct ngang ng truyn vi di . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.12 Cc ng sc t trng v in trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.13 Cu trc tng ng ca ng truyn vi di cn TEM, lp in mi nn
b dy d v hng s in mi tng i
r
c thay th bng mi trng ng
nht c hng s in mi tng i hiu dng epsilon
e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.14 ng truyn coplanar (CPW) chun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
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2.15 Mt dng in trn tit din (a) dy dn trn (b) di dn hnh ch nht . . . . 47
2.16 Quan h gia (a) R v tn s (b) Suy hao v tn s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.17 Gc tn hao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.18 Biu din s bin thin ca h s phn x theo v . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.19 ng truyn c kt cui tr khng ti Z
L
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.20 Minh ha sng ti, sng phn x v sng tng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.21 Minh ha sng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.22 Mt ng truyn kt cui bi mt ngn mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.23 (a) in p (b) dng in v (c) tr khng (R
in
= 0 hoc ) bin i dc ng
truyn u cui ngn mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.24 Mt ng truyn kt cui bi mt ngn mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.25 (a) in p (b) dng in v (c) tr khng (R
in
truyn c ti h mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.26 Phn x v truyn i ti giao ca hai ng truyn c tr khng c tnh khc nhau 63
2.27 B chuyn i tr khng mt phn t bc sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.1 th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 nh x gia mt phng z v mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3 nh x r gia mt phng z v mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.4 nh x x gia mt phng z v mt phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5 Biu din vng trn trong mt phng phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.6 Cc vng trn ng r trong mt phng phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.7 Cc vng trn ng x trong mt phng phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.8 th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.9 th Smith hn hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.10 Ly i xng qua gc ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.11 th Smith minh ha v d 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.14 Bng v nt sng trn th Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.15 Mch in minh ha v d 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.16 th Smith minh ha v d 3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
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3.17 Mch in minh ha v d 3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.18 th Smith minh ha v d 3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
3.19 Mng khng tn hao phi hp mt ti c tr khng bt k vi mt ng truyn 91
3.20 Mng phi hp hnh L (a) Mng c dng khi z
L
nm trong vng trn 1 + jx
(b) Mng c dng khi z
L
nm ngoi vng trn 1 + jx . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.21 Li gii cho v d 3.7 (a) th Smith cho cc mch phi hp L . . . . . . . . . 94
3.22 Hai kh nng cho mch phi hp L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.23 Quan h gia ln ca h s phn x vi tn s ca mch phi hp Hnh 3.22 . 96
3.24 Cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm n (a) Dy chm song song. (b)
Dy chm ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.25 Li gii cho V d 3.8. th Smith cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng
dy chm song song h mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.26 Hai gii php cho mch iu chnh phi hp dy chm song song . . . . . . . . 100
3.27 ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp tr
khng Hnh 3.26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.28 Ligii cho V d 3.9- th Smith cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy
chm ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.29 Hai gii php iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.30 ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp tr
khng trn Hnh 3.29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.31 Li gii cho V d 3.10- th Smith cho b iu chnh phi hp dng dy
chm n ngn mch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.32 Mch phi hp dy chm kp (a) Mch ban u c ti khong cch bt k k
t dy chm th nht (b) Mch tng ng c ti nm ti dy chm th nht . . 107
3.33 th Smith m t hot ng ca mt mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng hai
dy chm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.34 Hai gii php iu chnh phi hp dy chm kp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.35 ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch phi hp ca Hnh 3.34 . . . 110
4.1 Dng hnh hc ca ng dn sng mt phn cha cht in mi v ng truyn
tng ng ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.2 Mng mt ca bt k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3 Mng N cng bt k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4 Dch chuyn cc mt phng tham chiu i vi mt mng N cng . . . . . . . . 125
4.5 Mng N cng c tr khng c tnh khc nhau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
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4.6 (a) Mch hai cng; (b) Kt ni chui mch hai cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.7 Mng hai ca vi tr khng ti v ngun tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chng 1
Gii thiu
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v lch s ca thng tin v tuyn (khng dy) v mt s ng
dng chnh ca cng ngh ny. Bn cnh , ni dung mn hc s c tm lc qua
gip ngi c c ci nhn khi qut v mn hc.
1.1 S bt u ca truyn dn khng dy
WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY-Vo thi im khi mi quan h ang cng thng gia Ty Ban
Nha v Quc gia ny, khng g c th c cho n hn mt bin php thit thc c th mang
thng tin in gia cc im cch xa nhau trn mt t, v gia cc tu chin trn bin m khng
cn bt k kt ni c sp t trc no gia hai im. Vo nm ngoi Guglielmo Marconi,
mt sinh vin ngi Italia, pht trin mt h thng in bo khng dy c th truyn cc tn
hiu Morse thng minh ti nhng ni cch xa trn 10 dm (1 dm 1.6 km). Tuy nhin, ngi
thit k mt thit b ph hp cho nhng yu cu v in bo khng dy t nc ny li l nh
pht minh ngi M. Sau nhiu thng th nghim W.J.Clarke thuc cng ty Cung cp in ca
M thit k mt thit b in bo khng dy hon chnh c kh nng s nhanh chng c
a vo s dng.
-Scientific American April, 1898
Thng bo ny xut hin vo gn thi im bt u ca cng ngh v tuyn. T in
Webmaster lit k hn 150 nh ngha bt u bng t radio (v tuyn), nh ngha u tin l.
1a ... s pht v nhn cc xung in hoc tn hiu bng sng in t m khng cn
dy dn kt ni (bao gm wireless (khng dy), television (truyn hnh) v radar).
Cho n nay thut ng khng dy (wireless) c s dng ng ngha vi v tuyn (radio).
Ngy nay cc ng dng ca thng tin v tuyn bao gm khng ch cc i pht thanh AM (iu
bin), FM (iu tn) v truyn hnh, m cn rt nhiu cc ng dng khc ca v tuyn nh in
thoi ko di (cordless phone), in thoi di ng t bo (cell phone), iu khin t xa TV v
VCR, kha xe hi t xa, m ca gara ...vv.
1
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2 CHNG 1. GII THIU
C mt s nghi vn c t ra l ai thc s l ngi pht minh v tuyn l mt phng
thc truyn tin? Mahlon Loomis, mt nha s ngi M, th nghim in bo khng dy bng
vic s dng hai dy ng c s h tr ca hai con diu, di l l ng mnh, lm anten v
mt ng h o c th o c dng in rt b cm nhn nhng thay i v dng chy qua
dy th hai khi ni t ca dy dn th nht b ngt qung. ng nhn c bng sng ch
vo nm 1873 cho h thng ny.
James Clerk Maxwell, ngi c bn phng trnh Maxwell ni ting, tin on v s
lan truyn ca sng in t trong chn khng vo nm 1862.
Alexander Popov c cho l " s dng thit b ca mnh t c thng tin phc v
nghin cu v in kh quyn ... Vo ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1895, trong mt bui thuyt trnh trc
Hi cc nh Vt l Nga ca St. Petersburg ng tuyn b rng mnh pht i v nhn c cc
tn hiu mt khong cch 600 yards(1 yard = 91.44 cm). Vo nm 1888 Heinrich Hertz thc
hin trnh din mt th nghim trong lp hc ti i hc bch khoa Karlsruhe Berlin v vic
to ra v thu nhn cc sng in t truyn lan nh Maxwell tin on.
Oliver Lodge, mt gio s thuc i hc Liverpool th nghim vi in bo khng dy vo
nm 1888 v ng sng ch ra mt h thng vo nm 1897. Marconi mua bng sng ch
ca ng vo nm 1911.
Trong tim thc ca cng chng Guglielmo Marconi l ngi danh ting nht v vic "pht
minh" ra radio. ng c trao bng sng ch v iu ; v vy, C quan cp Bng sng ch
tin rng ng pht minh ra v tuyn. Tuy nhin, bo co ca Hi qun M tuyn b
Marconi chc chn khng th c gi l nh pht minh. ng gp ca ng y ch
yu l cc lnh vc nghin cu ng dng v pht trin k thut. ng y c mt
s nhy bn rt thc dng trong kinh doanh, v ng y khng b cn tr bi cng
s khn trng thc hin cc nghin cu c bn, iu lm cho Lodge v Popov
chm tr trong vic pht trin mt h thng v tuyn thng mi
iu ny c l l mt m t chnh xc v vai tr ca Marconi trong vic pht trin cng
ngh v tuyn, mt mi trng thng tin mi. Nikola Tesla c bng sng ch sm hn, mc d
tm im cng vic ca ng dng nh nhm n truyn nng lng ch khng phi l thng
tin qua sng v tuyn. Tesla c bit n vi cun dy Tesla to ra in cao p, cc tn hiu
nhn c trn thc t gm cc cm nhiu (bt ngun t vic phng in mnh trong kh quyn
m ng thc hin) lan truyn vng quanh tri t. Vo nm 1943 Ta n ti cao M ra phn
quyt rng cc bng sng ch ca Marconi khng hp l do nhng m t trc ca Tesla,
nhng vo thi im c Marconi v Tesla u qua i.
T u nhng nm 1900, radio c mt trong nhiu ng dng thng tin. Vo nm 1962,
George Southworth, mt nh nghin cu ni ting trong lnh vc vi ba, vit mt cun sch v
40 nm kinh nghim ca mnh trong lnh vc ny. ng bt u:
Mt trong nhng pht trin k thut ngon mc nht ca thi i ca chng ta l
v tuyn. T s khi u mang tnh bc ngot ca th k bt u vi in bo gia
tu thy vi t lin, v tuyn c pht trin m rng qua nhiu nm sang in
bo gia cc chu lc, truyn hnh, nghin cu v tr v sang c thng tin v tinh.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1.1. S BT U CA TRUYN DN KHNG DY 3
Ngy nay, sau hn 40 nm, Southworth c th lm cho danh sch cc ng dng v tuyn ca
mnh di ra thm na. Cc ng dng mi s bao gm thit b m ca gara, cc v tinh nh v
ton cu GPS, in thoi t bo (cell phone), mng my tnh khng dy (Wireless LAN), cc
ng dng radar nh o tc , dn ng tu thy v my bay, do thm qun s, dn ng v
kh, kim sot khng lu v cc h thng ngn nga va chm cho t. Ph tn cho cc thit b
khng dy thc t bt u t 535 kHz v iu khin tivi m rng ti di hng ngoi.
S pht trin ca cc ng dng khng dy dng nh khng bao gi l c im kt. Chc
chn thp k qua cho thy s bng n trong pht trin cc ng dng v s lng h thng
cng rt ln. Bng chng l s ng dng ca in thoi di ng, m ngy nay cnh tranh gay
gt vi in thoi c nh v s lng ng dng.
Hnh 1.1: M Morse quc t vn cn l chun cho tn hiu cp cu - SOS (......)
Hu ht ton b mt m m Morse c cho trong Hnh 1.1. M Morse vn cn hu ch,
mc d rt t ngi c th dch n ngay lp tc. Mt tn hiu bo hiu cp cu s dng m trong
Hnh 1.1 c th c pht i nh s dng mt my pht hoc thm ch l mt chic n chp
flash. Truyn v tuyn ca Marconi ban u s dng iu ch xung m, chm v gch c thc
hin bng vic tt v bt my pht. Mt s phao cu h hng hi c th c nhn bit bi m
Morse m n ca chng chp sng.
Ngy nay, nu Marconi cn sng chc hn ng s cn mt giy php pht sng, v nu nh
ng mun tip tc vi k thut truyn dn trc y ca mnh th giy php ca ng chc chn
s b nh ch do ph tn pht qu rng (Hnh 1.2). Ngun RF ca Marconi l b dao ng spark
gap (Hnh 1.3) chim mt bng tn truyn rt rng. c cp nng lng bi mt my pht in
vi sc nga, my pht khi hot ng c th nghe thy cch vi dm m khng cn my thu
radio.
Marconi t thnh tu ln nht l vo thng 12 nm 1901, khi k t "s" c nhn ti
St.Johns, Newfoundland. N c pht i t Poldhu, Cornwall Anh quc, 1800 dm ngang qua
i Ty Dng. T trm South Wellfleet (Hnh 1.4, 1.5), chnh Marconi pht i bn tin qua
i Ty Dng u tin vo ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1903, mt thng ip t tng thng M gi
ti vua nc Anh.
Hnh 1.2: Dng iu ch ca m Morse, c minh ha cho ch R. Ngy nay, dng xung nh
ch ra trn s c s dng gim ph tn pht, nhng my pht spark gap ca Marconi
khng cn nghi ng g na lm rng bng tn rt nhiu
1.2 Ph tn s v tuyn hin nay
Ph tn s v tuyn ngy nay rt cht tri. t c mt giy php thng mi pht sng
km theo l bn phn s dng bng tn mt cch hiu qu, s dng bng tn mang thng tin cn
truyn phi cng hp theo nhu cu thc t cng tt (Bng 1.1 v 1.2).
Ch mi phn b tn s cho nc M khng thi cng khng th b tr vo mt bng c
kch thc tng i. Vic phn b tn s chim nhiu trang v iu lut v qui nh ca U
ban Truyn thng Lin bang, v c hng trm ch thch. Do c nhng thay i thng xuyn v
qui nh v iu lut nn n bn mi nht lun cn c tham kho.
Nh chng ta thy trn Bng 1.3, nhng ngi chi radio nghip d ngy nay c phn b
rt nhiu tn s. iu ny l do lch s cc n lc tin phong ca h, c bit l cc tn s cao
hn. Chng ta c c s pht trin nhanh chng v v tuyn sng ngn l nh phn ln vo
cc kt qu th nghim ca nhng ngi khai thc v tuyn nghip d. George Southworth ch
ra rng vo khong nm 1930:
iu th v l trong khi nhng ngi lm in thoi (nhng nh nghin cu ti
Phng th nghim ca Bell Telephone) ang thc hin cng trnh nghin cu chuyn
su v cc tn s thp hn ... th nhiu iu xy ra th gii bn ngoi vi cc tn
s cao hn ... Ngi ta ni rng u im ca sng ngn c khm ph u tin
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1.2. PH TN S V TUYN HIN NAY 5
Hnh 1.3: Joel Earl Hudson ang ng cnh my pht spark gap ca Marconi vo nm 1907.
bi mt ngi chi v tuyn nghip d, ngi t to cho mnh mt my thu sng
ngn v sau khi nghe pht hin ra rng anh ta c th nghe cc sng hi ca cc
trm pht qung b xa ... vi khong cch xa hn khong cch tn s c bn
c th nghe c. Cc tay chi v tuyn nghip d sau t to cho mnh cc my
pht sng ngn v ngay sau xc tin truyn thng hai chiu.
Hot ng ng thi ca li phn b bc x phc tp, mt phn ca n c cho trong
Bng 1.3, ph thuc vo mi ngi s dng chim dng tn s chnh xc ca mnh, dng iu
ch, rng bng tn v cng sut bc x hiu dng v hn na, khng xm nhp vo cc bng
tn khc bng vic pht cc tn hiu gi vi thit b ca mnh. y l nhim v v thch thc
Bng 1.1: n nh bng tn chung
f Bng tn M t
30-300 Hz 10
4
10
3
km ELF Tn s cc thp
300-3000 Hz 10
3
10
2
km VF m tn
3-30 kHz 100-10 km VLF Tn s rt thp
30-300 kHz 10-1 km LF Tn s thp
0.3-3 MHz 1-0.1 km MF Trung tn
3-30 MHz 100-10 m HF Cao tn
30-300 MHz 10-1 m VHF Tn s rt cao
300-3000 MHz 100-10 cm UHF Tn s cc cao
3-30 GHz 10-1 cm SHF Tn s siu cao
30-300 GHz 10-1 mm EHF Tn s v cng cao (sng milimet)
Hnh 1.4: Ngun nng lng chnh cho my pht ca Marconi ti South Wellfleet
Bng 1.2: Cc bng tn viba k hiu theo ch ci
f(GHz) Tn bng tn
1-2 Bng L
2-4 Bng S
4-8 Bng C
8-12.4 Bng X
12.4-18 Bng Ku
18-26.5 Bng K
26.5-40 Bng Ka
i vi k thut cao tn ngy nay.
Vic n nh chung cc bng tn c cho trong Bng 1.1 v cc bng tn vi ba c t tn
theo ch ci c cho trong Bng 1.2. Ngoi ra, tin t ca cc n v thng dng nh kilo-,
Mega-, Giga- ... vv trong mi quan h vi cc n v chun thng qua cc h s tng ng c
cho trong Bng 1.4.
Mn hc K thut siu cao tn lin quan n cc mch in hoc cc phn t in hot ng
vi cc tn hiu in t vng tn s siu cao. Phm vi ca tn s ny ty thuc vo cc quc
gia v cc t chc quc t khc nhau, thng nm trong phm vi t 1 GHz n 300 GHz, tng
ng vi bc sng t 30 cm n 1 mm (xem Bng 1.1) Mn hc s c chia ra lm hai phn
v c phn b trong hai hc k lin tip. Phn th nht l "L Thuyt C s Siu cao tn" cn
phn th hai s trnh by v "Mch Siu Cao Tn".
L thuyt C s Siu cao tn bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau y:
Hnh 1.5: Trm pht v tuyn u tin ca Marconi ti South Wellfleet, Cap Cod,
Massachusetts. Ngi dn a phng d on rng cc anten s b git ngay cn bo u
tin. H ng, v Marconi dng chng li
1. C s truyn sng trn ng truyn sng. Gii thiu cc loi ng dy truyn sng
dng trong mch siu cao tn bao gm: Dy song hnh, cp ng trc, ng truyn vi
di (microstrip line), ng truyn di (strip line), coplanar waveguilde CPW, ng dn
sng hnh ch nht, hnh trn vv...
2. th Smith- Mt cng c hu ch trong vic gii quyt cc bi ton nh phi hp tr
khng, phn tch v thit k mch siu cao tn nh cc b khuch i cao tn (LNA, cng
sut) ... vv.
3. Ma trn tn x - l c s cho vic phn tch nh gi mch siu cao tn nh kh nng
truyn dn nh Suy hao xen, Suy hao phn hi vv...
Mch Siu cao tn bao gm nhng ni dung chnh sau y:
1. Gii thiu cc phn t tch cc s dng trong mch siu cao tn, nguyn l hot ng v
Bng 1.3: Phn b tn s M
Tn s [kHz] Mc ch phn b
490-510 Distress (telegraph)
510-535 Government
535-1605 AM radio
1605-1750 Land/mobile public safety
1800-2000 Amateur radio
Tn s [MHz] Mc ch phn b
26.96-27.23, 462.525-467.475 Citizen band radios
30.56-32, 33-34, 35-38, 39-40, 40.02-40.98,
41.015-46.6, 47-49.6, 72-73, 74.6-74.8,
75.2-76, 150.05-156.2475, 157.1875-161.575,
162.0125-173.4 220-222, 421-430, 451-454,
456-459, 460-512 746-824, 851-869, 896-901,
935-940
Private mobil radio (taxis, trucks, buses,
railroads)
74.8-75.2, 108-137, 328.6-335.4, 960-1215,
1427-1525, 220-2290, 2310-2320, 2345-2390
Aviation (communication and radar)
162.0125-173.2 Vehicle recovery (LoJack)
50-54, 144-148, 216-220, 222-225, 420-450,
902-928, 1240-1300, 2300-2305, 2390-2450
Amateur radio
72-73, 75.2-76, 218-219 Radio control (personal)
54-72, 76-88, 174-216, 470-608 Television broadcasting VHF and UHF
88-99, 100-108 FM radio broadcasting
824-849 Cellular telephones
1850-1990 Personal communications
1910-1930, 2390-2400 Personal comm. (unlicensed)
1215-1240, 1350-1400, 1559-1610 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)
Tn s [GHz] Mc ch phn b
0.216-0.220, 0.235-0.267, 0.4061-0.45, 0.902-
0.928, 0.960-1.215, 1.215-2.229, 2.320- 2.345,
2.360-2.390, 2.7-3.1, 3.1-3.7, 5.0- 5.47,
5.6-5.925, 8.5-10, 10.0-10.45, 10.5- 10.55,
13.25-13.75, 14-14.2, 15.4-16.6, 17.2- 17.7,
24.05-24.45, 33.4-36, 45-46.9, 59-64, 66-71,
76-77, 92-100
Radar, all types
2.390-2.400 LANs (unlicensed)
2.40-2.4835 Microwave ovens
45.5-46.9, 76-77, 95-100, 134-142 Vehicle, anticollision, navigation
10.5-10.55, 24.05-24.25 Police speed radar
0.902-0.928, 2.4-2.5, 5.85-5.925 Radio frequency identi.cation (RFID)
3.7-4.2, 11.7-12.2, 14.2-14.5, 17.7-18.8, 27.5-
29.1, 29.25-30, 40.5-41.5, 49.2-50.2
Geostationary satellites with .xed earth
receivers
1.610-1626.5, 2.4835-2.5, 5.091-5.25, 6.7-
7.075, 15.43-15.63
Nongeostationary satellites, mobile receivers
(big LEO, global phones)
0.04066-0.0407, 902-928, 2450-2500, 5.725-
5.875, 24-24.25, 59-59.9, 60-64, 71.5-72,
103.5-104, 116.5-117, 122-123, 126.5-127,
152.5-153, 244-246
Unlicensed industrial, scienti.c, and medical
communication devices
Tn s [GHz] Mc ch phn b
3.3-3.5, 5.65-5.925, 10-10.5, 24-24.25, 47- 47.2 Amateur radio
6.425-6.525, 12.7-13.25, 19.26-19.7, 31-31.3 Cable television relay
27.5-29.5 Local multipoint TV distribution
12.2-12.7, 24.75-25.05, 25.05-25.25 Direct broadcast TV (from satellites)
0.928-0.929, 0.932-0.935, 0.941-0.960,
1.850- 1.990, 2.11-2.20, 2.450-2.690, 3.7-4.2,
5.925-6.875, 10.55-10.68, 10.7-13.25, 14.2-
14.4, 17.7-19.7, 21.2-23.6, 27.55-29.5, 31-
31.3, 38.6-40
Fixed microwave (public and private)
Bng 1.4: Cc tin t chun
Tin t Vit tt H s
tera T 10
12
giga G 10
9
mega M 10
6
kilo k 10
3
hecto h 10
2
deka da 10
deci d 10
1
centi c 10
2
milli m 10
3
micro m 10
6
nano n 10
9
pico p 10
12
femto f 10
15
atto 10
18
phm vi ng dng ca chng
2. Nguyn tc thit k mch khuch i siu cao tn (LNA, cng sut), mch dao ng siu
cao tn
3. Mch chia cng sut, ghp nh hng v ghp hn hp (hybrid), Circulator v Isolator
v cui cng l cc im gin on (discontinuities).
4. Mch lc siu cao tn (thng di, cao, thp, chn di).
Ty theo khi lng thi gian dnh cho bi tp ln (hay thit k mn hc) sinh vin s c
giao nhim v thit k mt mch c th (ty chn hoc c giao).
Chng 2
L thuyt ng truyn
Xt nhiu kha cnh l thuyt ng truyn lm cu ni cho s cch bit gia php phn tch
trng v l thuyt mch c s, v v vy n rt quan trng trong phn tch mch siu cao tn.
Nh chng ta s thy, hin tng lan truyn sng trn cc ng dy c th c tip cn t vic
m rng l thuyt mch, hoc t s bin i c bit cc phng trnh Maxwell; Trong khun
kh ca chng trnh chng ta s ch trnh by cch tip cn t quan im l thuyt mch c
s v ch ra s truyn lan sng ny c m t bi cc phng trnh rt ging cc phng trnh
sng cho truyn lan sng phng nh th no.
Khi khong cch t ngun n ti ca mt mch in c chiu di so snh c vi bc
sng hoc ln hn nhiu ln so vi bc sng th tn hiu c pht i t ngun phi mt mt
khong thi gian (mt vi chu k) lan truyn n ti. Ta gi l hin tng truyn sng
trn ng dy.
Truyn sng siu cao tn trn ng dy c cc h qu sau:
C s tr pha ca tn hiu ti im thu so vi tn hiu ti im pht.
v
r
(t) = v
t
(t .l) (2.1)
Khong thi gian tr ny s t l vi chiu di ca ng truyn. Trong l khong
thi gian cn thit sng di chuyn c mt n v chiu di ca ng truyn [s/m]
C s suy hao bin tn hiu khi lan truyn
v
r
(t) = K(l).v
t
(t .l) (2.2)
H s suy hao K(l) < 1 v ph thuc vo chiu di ca ng truyn.
C s phn x sng trn ti v trn ngun. iu ny dn n hin tng sng ng trn
ng dy.
Sng ng, hay cn gi l sng dng, l sng m lun duy tr v tr khng i.
Hin tng ny c th xut hin do mi trng chuyn ng ngc vi chiu
di chuyn ca sng, hoc n c th xut hin trong mt mi trng tnh do s
giao thoa gia hai sng chuyn ng ngc chiu nhau.
11
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 12 CHNG 2. L THUYT NG TRUYN
y ta khng xt v trng hp mi trng chuyn ng m l mi trng tnh (ng
truyn). Sng ng trn ng truyn l sng m trong phn phi dng, p hay cng
trng c to thnh bi s xp chng hai sng lan truyn ngc chiu nhau. Kt qu
l mt lot cc nt (khng dch chuyn) v cc im bng sng (dch chuyn ti a) ti
nhng im c nh dc theo ng truyn. Sng ng nh vy c th c hnh thnh
khi mt sng c truyn vo mt u ca ng truyn v b phn x ngc tr li t
u kia do s bt phi hp tr khng, h mch hoc ngn mch.
Cc hin tng trn s c phn tch c th trong cc phn sau.
Mt s khi nim khc cng cn cp y l mch in thng s tp trung v mch
in c thng s phn b hay phn b ri.
Thng s tp trung ca mch in l cc i lng c tnh in xut hin hoc tn ti mt
v tr no ca mch in. Thng s tp trung ca mt phn t in c th xc nh
c thng qua phn tch, tnh ton hoc c th o c trc tip. Chng hn cc phn t
in tr, in cm, in dung, ngun p, ngun dng, diode, transitor ... u l cc phn
t thng s tp trung.
Thng s di ca mch in cng l i lng c tnh in, nhng khng tn ti duy nht
mt v tr c nh, m chng ri u trn chiu di ca mch in . Thng s phn b
thng c dng trong cc h thng truyn sng (ng dy truyn sng, ng dn sng,
khng gian t do) biu th cc c tnh tng ng v in ca h thng. Thng s phn
b thng l cc thng s tuyn tnh c xc nh trn mt n v chiu di ca ng
truyn sng. Chng ta khng th o c trc tip gi tr ca cc thng s phn b m ch
c th suy ra chng t cc php o tng ng trn cc thng s khc. Vn ny s
c cp chi tit hn phn sau.
2.1 Phng trnh truyn sng trn ng dy
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tm cch thit lp phng trnh nu ln mi quan h gia in p
v dng in ti mt im c ta bt k trn ng truyn sng, t gii phng trnh tnh
in p, dng in v rt ra cc c tnh truyn sng.
Mt cch tng qut, kho st mt h truyn sng chng ta phi xut pht t h phng
trnh Maxwell trong mi trng khng ngun, trong c cc i lng vt l c bn l cng
in trng

E v cng t trng

H.

E = j
H (2.3a)

H = j
E (2.3b)
.
D = 0 (2.3c)
.
B = 0 (2.3d)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.1. PHNG TRNH TRUYN SNG TRN NG DY 13
Trong
D =
E,

B =
H
Tuy nhin v ta ch kho st vic truyn sng trong mt khng gian nh c nh hng nn
ta c th n gin ha vic gii h phng trnh Maxwell bng vic gii h phng trnh tng
ng vit cho in p v dng in trong in p thay cho in trng

E v dng in thay
cho t trng

H nh chng ta s thy trong Mc 2.1.2.
2.1.1 M hnh mch in thng s tp trung ca ng truyn - Cc thng
s s cp
S khc nhau c bn gia l thuyt mch v l thuyt ng truyn l kch thc in. Trong
phn tch mch in ngi ta thng gi thit rng kch thc vt l ca mt mch nh hn rt
nhiu bc sng in, trong khi di cc ng truyn c th l mt phn ng k ca bc
sng hoc nhiu bc sng. V vy, mt ng truyn l mt mch thng s phn b, in
p v dng in c th thay i v bin v pha theo di ca n.
Hnh 2.1: ng truyn sng
Mt ng truyn thng c biu din bng mt ng hai dy nh trn Hnh 2.1, do cc
ng truyn (h tr sng TEM) lun c t nht hai dy dn.
Xt mt ng truyn sng chiu di , c ta c xc nh nh trn Hnh 2.1. u vo
ng truyn c ngun tn hiu V
s
, tr khng ngun Z
s
, u cui ng truyn c kt cui
bi ti Z
L
.
Gi thit ng truyn c chiu di ln hn nhiu ln bc sng hot ng nn n c
coi l mch c thng s phn b.
Ti mt im c ta z bt k trn ng dy xt mt on dy chiu di vi phn z.
Trn on dy ny cng c hin tng lan truyn sng, tuy nhin do z nn on dy ny
c th c m hnh ha bng mch gm cc phn t thng s tp trung nh m t trn Hnh
2.2, vi R, L, G, C l cc i lng c tnh trn mt n v chiu di nh sau:
Hnh 2.2: Mch in tng ng ca on ng truyn vi phn
R= in tr ni tip, n v /m, c trng cho in tr thun ca c hai dy kim loi trn
mt n v di. in tr R lin quan n tn hao kim loi (do dy dn khng phi l dn
in l tng) l thng s ph thuc vo tn s hot ng (do hiu ng da, do ghp k sinh ...).
L= in cm ni tip, n v H/m, c trng cho in cm tng ng ca c hai dy dn
kim loi trn mt n v di ng truyn.
G= in dn song song, n v S/m, c trng cho in dn thun ca lp in mi phn
cch trn mt n v di ng truyn. N lin quan n tn hao in mi (do in mi
khng cch in l tng), thng c nh gi da trn gc tn hao (loss tangent) ca vt liu
in mi.
C= in dung song song, n v F/m, c trng cho in dung ca lp in mi phn cch
hai dy dn kim loi trn mt n v di ng truyn.
Nh vy ta thy trn ng truyn c hai loi tn hao l tn hao kim loi gy ra bi R v
tn hao in mi do G gy ra.
Mt cch tng qut mch in tng ng ca ng truyn gm hai thnh phn l:
1. Tr khng ni tip
Z = R + jL (2.4)
2. v Dn np song song
Y = G + jC (2.5)
Trong R, L, G, C l cc thng s s cp ca ng truyn sng.
2.1.2 Phng trnh truyn sng
T mch in trn Hnh 2.2, p dng nh lut Kirchhoff cho in p ta c
v(z, t) = v(z + z, t) + R.z.i(z, t) + L.z.
i(z, t)
t
(2.6)
trong khi nh lut Kirchhoff p dng cho dng in cho
i(z, t) = i(z +z, t) + G.z.v(z +z, t) + C.z.
v(z +z, t)
t
(2.7)
Chia 2.6 v 2.7 cho z sau ly gii hn khi cho z 0 cho cc phng trnh vi phn sau:
v(z, t)
z
= R.i(z, t) L.
i(z, t)
t
, (2.8a)
i(z, t)
z
= G.v(z, t) C.
v(z, t)
t
, (2.8b)
Cc phng trnh ny l cc phng trnh ng truyn trong min thi gian. i vi trng thi
n nh iu ha vi dng sng cosin, ta c th vit li (2.8a) v (2.8b) trong min tn s thng
qua php bin i Fourier nh sau:
dV (z, )
dz
= (R + jL)I(z, ) (2.9a)
dI(z, )
dz
= (G + jC)V (z, ) (2.9b)
Phng trnh ny tng t nh hai phng trnh Maxwell (2.3a) v (2.3b) nh cp. N cho
thy mi quan h gia in p v dng in ti mt im z bt k trn ng truyn sng v ti
tn s bt k ca tn hiu.
Gii h phng trnh trn tm nghim V (z, ) v I(z, ) v t suy ra c tnh truyn
sng.
Ly o hm 2 v ca 2.9a v 2.9b c
d
2
V (z, )
dz
2
= (R + jL).(G + jC).V (z, ) (2.10a)
d
2
I(z, )
dz
2
= (R + jL).(G + jC).I(z, ) (2.10b)
Ngi ta nh ngha hng s lan truyn phc (l hm ca tn s) v khng ph thuc vo
ta z nh sau:
() = () + j() =
_
(R + jL).(G + jC) (2.11)
Trong v l h s suy hao [dB/m] v h s pha [rad/m].
Ta c th vit li 2.10a v 2.10b nh sau:
d
2
V (z, )
dz
2
()
2
.V (z, ) = 0 (2.12a)
d
2
I(z, )
dz
2
()
2
.I(z, ) = 0 (2.12b)
y chnh l cc phng trnh sng in p v dng in. ta thy hai phng trnh trn
ng dng do dng nghim ca hai phng trnh cng s ging nhau.
2.1.3 Nghim ca phng trnh sng. Sng ti v sng phn x
Phng trnh (2.12a) v (2.12b) l cc phng trnh vi phn bc hai thun nht c dng nghim
(sng chy) nh sau:
V (z, ) = V
+
0
e
().z
+ V
0
e
().z
(2.13a)
I(z, ) = I
+
0
e
().z
+ I
0
e
().z
(2.13b)
Trong V
+
0
(I
+
0
) v V
0
(I
0
) l nhng hng s phc c xc nh bi iu kin bin v in
p (dng in) ti ngun (z = 0) v ti ti (z = ) ca ng truyn sng.
n gin trong k hiu ta b qua bin s v ngm hiu rng cc phng trnh trn cng
nh nghim ca chng l hm ca tn s (hay ph thuc vo tn s). Ta vit li (2.13) nh sau:
V (z) = V
+
0
e
z
+ V
0
e
+z
(2.14a)
I(z) = I
+
0
e
z
+ I
0
e
z
(2.14b)
Trong e
z
i din cho sng truyn lan theo hng +z cn e
z
i din cho sng truyn lan
theo hng -z.
Nghim trn l dng iu ha thi gian ti tn s . Trong min thi gian, kt qu ny c
vit (cho dng sng in p) l
v(z, t) = [V
+
0
[ cos (t z +
+
)e
z
+[V
0
[ cos (t + z +
)e
z
(2.15)
Trong
l gc pha ca in p phc V
0
. Ta nhn thy s hng th nht ca (2.15)
biu din mt sng chuyn ng theo hng +z v duy tr mt im c nh trn sng
(t z +
+
) = const = hng s th sng phi di chuyn theo hng +z (sng ti) khi thi
gian tng ln. Tng t s hng th hai trong (2.15) biu din mt sng chuyn ng theo chiu
m ca z (sng phn x). V vy m cc biu thc trn ta s dng k hiu V
+
0
v V
0
cho bin
ca cc sng ny.
Ta bit rng bc sng c nh ngha l khong cch mt im trn sng di chuyn gia
hai im cc i hoc cc tiu v tng ng vi vic sng di chuyn c mt chu k l 2.
V vy ta c
[t z +
+
0
] [t (z + ) +
+
0
] = 2 (2.16)
T y ta rt ra bc sng trn ng dy l
=
2
(2.17)
v vn tc pha c nh ngha l tc ca mt im c nh trn sng di chuyn c cho
bi
p
=
dz
dt
=
d
dt
(
t const
) =

= f (2.18)
Mt khc p dng (2.9a) cho (2.14a) ta rt ra c biu thc ca dng in trn ng dy
nh sau:
I(z) =

R + jL
_
V
+
0
e
z
V
0
e
z
(2.19)
So snh (2.19) vi (2.14b) ch ra rng tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng truyn c th c nh
ngha nh sau:
Z
0
=
R + jL
R + jL
G + jC
(2.20)
Quan h gia in p v dng in trn ng dy nh sau
V
+
0
I
+
0
= Z
0
=
V
0
I
0
(2.21)
Tr khng c tnh Z
0
l mt s phc, ph thuc vo cu trc vt l ca ng truyn sng.
Hnh 2.3: Sng ti v sng phn x
Nh vy chng ta thy rng, sng in p v sng dng in ti mt im z bt k trn
ng truyn u l s xp chng ca hai sng l sng ti v sng phn x. Hai sng ny c
minh ha ring r trong Hnh 2.3.
2.1.4 Cc thng s th cp
Nh trnh by trong mc 2.1.1, cc thng s R, L, G, C l cc thng s s cp ca ng
truyn sng v chng lin quan n thng s ca mch in tng ng c bn cho mt vi phn
di ng truyn. Tuy nhin cc thng s trn khng th hin r cc tham s c tnh ca
qu trnh truyn sng v khng o c c trc tip trn ng dy.
Cc thng s th cp sau y c suy ra t cc thng s s cp trn, din t kh y c
tnh truyn sng v c th o trc tip nh cc thit b o chuyn dng. Chng ta ln lt kho
st ngha ca tng thng s.
Hng s truyn lan
Hng s truyn lan sng nh c nh ngha mc 2.1.2 l
() = () + j() =
_
(R + jL).(G + jC) (2.22)
vi l h s suy hao tnh trn mt n v chiu di, n v [dB/m] hoc [Np/m], l h s
pha trn mt n v chiu di, n v [rad/m] hoc [/m]
Quan h gia [dB/m] v [Np/m] c xc nh nh sau:
[dB/m]
= 20 log
10
e
[Np/m]
= 8.686
[Np/m]
(2.23)
Tc l
1Np = 20 log e = 8.686 dB (2.24)
Hng s pha biu din bin thin v gc pha ca sng khi lan truyn trn mt n v
chiu di ng truyn.
Ta nhn thy v u bin thin theo tn s tn hiu, do rt kh o chnh xc trn
ng truyn sng thc t. Tuy nhin chng ta s xt cc h s ny trong nhng trng hp c
bit
ng truyn khng tn hao (R=0, G=0)
T (2.22) ta suy ra
=
_
(jL).(jC) = j
LC (2.25)
So snh (2.25) vi (2.22) ta suy ra
= 0; =
LC (2.26)
H s suy hao =0 khng nh li khng c suy hao trn ng truyn (v R=0, G=0).
H s t l vi tn s tn hiu (ng truyn c pha tuyn tnh tng ng vi trng
hp khng c tn x tn s trn ng truyn). V lc ny vn tc pha lun l hng s vi
mi tn s
p
=1/
LC
ng truyn c tn hao thp
Trong trng hp ny, cc yu t gy tn hao n ng truyn khng th b qua tuy
nhin nh hng ca chng khng qu ln n cc thng s truyn sng.
Tn hao thp ngha l phi tha mn cc tiu chun sau:
R L (2.27a)
G C (2.27b)
Khi (2.22) c th c vit li thnh
=
_
(R + jL)(G + jC) = j
LC.
_
1 +
R
jL
_
.
_
1 +
G
jC
_
(2.28)
Do (2.27) nn R/L v G/C l cc v cng b so vi 1. S dng cng thc chui
Taylor sau:
(1 + )
u
1 + u. (2.29)
trong l mt v cng b, u l hng s bt k
Vi 2.29, 2.28 tr thnh
j
LC.
_
1 +
R
j2L
_
.
_
1 +
G
j2C
_
= j
LC
_
1 +
R
j2L
+
G
j2C
+
_
R
j2L
.
G
j2C
__
(2.30)
Trong biu thc (2.30), R/j2L v G/2jC l cc v cng b so vi 1, cn thnh phn
(R/j2L).(G/j2C) l v cng b bc hai so vi 1 nn s hng ny c th c b qua.
Khi (2.30) tr thnh
j
LC
_
1 +
R
j2L
+
G
j2C
_
=
1
2
_
R
_
C
L
+ G
_
L
C
_
+ j
LC (2.31)
So snh (2.31) vi (2.22) ta rt ra:
H s suy hao
=
1
2
_
R
_
C
L
+ G
_
L
C
_
(2.32)
l mt hng s (khng ph thuc vo tn s), t l vi tn hao kim loi R v tn hao in
mi G ca ng truyn.
H s pha =
LC hon ton ging trng hp ng truyn khng tn hao. Nh vy

vi ng truyn tn hao t th cng c pha tuyn tnh v do khng c tn x tn s.
y l trng hp gn vi thc t nht bi cc ng dn sng hin nay c tn hao thp.
Tuy nhin cn lu , kt lun trn ch c tnh tng i v chng ta b qua thnh phn
v cng b bc cao.
Tr khng c tnh
Tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng truyn c quan h vi cc thng s s cp qua biu thc sau:
Z
0
() =
R + jL
G + jC
n v (2.33)
Ta thy rng Z
0
l mt hm ca tn s v iu ny gy kh khn cho vic kho st chi tit mt
ng truyn sng. Tuy nhin, ta s xt mt s trng hp c bit:
ng truyn khng tn hao (R=0, G=0)
T 2.126 suy ra
Z
0
=
_
L
C
R
0
(2.34)
l mt hng s thc, c gi l in tr c tnh ca ng dy. Trong thc t ta thng
gp cc ng truyn sng c R
0
= 50 (cp ng trc), R
0
= 300 (ng dy in
thoi) vv...
Vi ng truyn tn hao thp (R L, G C).
Khi
Z
0
=
_
L
C
_
1 +
R
jL
1 +
G
jC
(2.35)
Do R/L v G/C l cc v cng b so vi 1 nn p dng (2.29) ta c th vit li 2.35
nh sau:
Z
0

_
L
C
.(1 +
R
j2L
)(1
G
j2C
)
=
_
L
C
_
1 +
R
j2L

G
j2C

_
R
j2L
.
G
j2C
__
(2.36)
Ta cng b i thnh phn v cng b bc 2, khi
Z
0
=
_
L
C
_
1 +
R
j2L

G
j2C
_
(2.37)
Do
R
0
=
_
L
C
(2.38a)
X
0
=
1
2
_
R
L

G
C
_
(2.38b)
Ta thy cc tn s cng cao th in khng cng nh v do ta c th coi Z
0
l mt s
thc.
Th (3.47a) vo (2.32) ta c
=
R
2R
0
+
GR
0
2
(2.39)
Vn tc truyn sng - Vn tc pha
Vn tc truyn sng hay vn tc pha c nh ngha l qung ng sng lan truyn dc theo
ng truyn sng trong mt n v thi gian. Vn tc ny cng chnh l vn tc ca mt im
c nh trn sng di chuyn dc theo ng truyn. K hiu vn tc truyn sng l
p
v n v
l [m/s].
Nh cp trong mc 2.1.3 ta rt ra
p
=

(2.40)
vi l tn s gc ca tn hiu lan truyn, n v [rad/s].
Ta bit rng l mt hm ca tn s nn vn tc pha
p
cng l mt hm ca tn s. iu
ny c ngha l vn tc truyn sng trn mt ng dy c th ln hay nh ty theo tn s ca
tn hiu lan truyn trn ng dy. Nu tn hiu t vo u ng dy gm nhiu tn s khc
nhau (chng hn nh tn hiu xung, tn hiu logic, sng iu ch ) th mi thnh phn tn s
s lan truyn vi tc khc nhau. Do cc thnh phn tn s ny s n u kia ca ng
truyn nhng thi im khc nhau dn ti dn rng xung v mo dng tn hiu. Hin tng
ny c gi l tn x tn s (frequency dispersion).
Thng thng, hin tng tn x tn s xy ra trn cc ng truyn c tn hao, cc ng
truyn ghp hoc cc ng truyn khng ng nht cu trc vv s gy ra mo dng ln.
Vi ng truyn khng tn hao nh phn tch cc phn trc =
LC nn theo
2.18,
p
s tr thnh mt hng s c lp vi tn s
p
=

=
1
LC
(2.41)
Trong trng hp ny
p
khng cn ph thuc vo tn s nn khng c tn x tn s v dn
ti khng cn mo dng tn hiu. Mt khc bin tn hiu cng khng suy gim do khng c
suy hao. Nh vy, mt tn hiu c dng sng bt k t u vo ng truyn s gi nguyn
dng sng v bin ti u cui ng truyn. Tuy nhin c s tr pha do qu trnh lan truyn
sng. y l trng hp l tng nht, m bo tnh trung thc ca tn hiu.
Ta nhn thy rng khi L, C tng th vn tc lan truyn sng gim nn cc ng truyn c
vn tc truyn sng thp thng c s dng vo mc ch lm tr tn hiu (m khng lm suy
gim bin v mo dng tn hiu) trong mt s ng dng. Thi gian tr yu cu cng cao th
L, C i hi cng ln. L ln i hi khong cch gia 2 dy tng, cn C ln i hi hng s
in mi ( gia hai dy ln). Cng ngh vt liu ngy nay cho php tr s t n cc gi tr
t 10 n vi chc.
Hng s thi gian hay thi gian tr
Hng s thi gian hay thi gian tr ca mt ng truyn sng c nh ngha l khong thi
gian cn thit sng lan truyn c mt n v chiu di ca ng truyn, n v ca l
[s/m].
T nh ngha, ta suy ra
=
1
p
=

(2.42)
Nh vy, nhn chung ph thuc vo tn s
Trng hp ng truyn khng tn hao th t (2.41) v (2.42), ta c
=
1
p
=
LC (2.43)
Khi l hng s, c lp vi tn s.
2.2 Cc ng truyn sng v ng dn sng thc t
Cc ng truyn v ng dn sng ch yu c s dng phn pht nng lng cao tn t
mt im ny ti mt im khc v v vy c th c xem l cc thnh phn mch cao tn c
bn. Trong phn ny chng ta s ln lt kho st c tnh ca mt s loi ng truyn v ng
dn sng c s dng ph bin. Trong phn trc ta bit rng mt ng truyn c c
trng bi mt hng s truyn lan v mt tr khng c tnh; nu ng truyn c tn hao th suy
hao cng l vn cn quan tm. Cc i lng ny c rt ra nh php phn tch l thuyt
trng i vi nhiu ng truyn v ng dn sng khc nhau.
Chng ta s bt u bng vic tho lun chung v cc kiu lan truyn v cc mode lan truyn
khc nhau c th tn ti trn cc ng truyn v ng dn sng. Cc ng truyn gm hai hay
nhiu dy dn c th h tr sng in t ngang TEM, c trng bi s thiu vng cc thnh phn
trng dc theo phng lan truyn. Cc sng TEM c mt in p, dng in v tr khng c
tnh xc nh duy nht. Cc ng dn sng, thng gm duy nht mt dy dn, h tr cc sng
in ngang TE v/hoc sng t ngang TM, c trng bi s c mt ca cc thnh phn t trng
dc hay in trng dc tng ng. Vi trng hp ny ta khng th a ra mt nh ngha duy
nht v tr khng c tnh cho cc sng nh vy, mc d cc nh ngha c th c chn sao
cho khi nim tr khng c tnh c th c s dng cho cc ng dn sng vi nhng kt qu
c ngha.
2.2.1 Phng trnh Helmholtz
Trong mi trng ng nht, ng hng, tuyn tnh v khng c ngun, cc phng trnh
Maxwell c dng

E = j

H (2.44a)

H = j

E (2.44b)
trong
=
r
.
0
(2.45a)
=
r
.
0
(2.45b)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.2. CC NG TRUYN SNG V NG DN SNG THC T 23
vi
0
= 10
9
/36 = 8.842.10
12
[F/m] v
0
= 4.10
7
[H/m] l hng s in mi v hng
s t thm trong mi trng chn khng,
r
v
r
l hng s in mi v h s t thm tng
i ca mi trng ang xt so vi mi trng chn khng.
Hai phng trnh (2.44a) v (2.44b) l mt h phng trnh gm 2 n s l

E v

H. V vy
ta c th gii cho hoc

E hoc

H. Do , ly curl (2.44a) v s dng (2.44b) cho ta

E = j

H =
2

E, (2.46)
l mt phng trnh i vi

E. S dng ng nht thc sau

A = (.

A)
2

A cho
(2.46) ta c
2

E +
2

E = 0 (2.47)
do .

E = 0 trong mi trng khng ngun. Phng trnh (2.47) l phng trnh sng hay cn
gi l phng trnh Helmholtz cho

E. Mt phng trnh nh vy cho

H cng c th c rt ra
theo cch trn
2

H +
2

H = 0 (2.48)
2.2.2 Nghim tng qut cho cc sng TEM, TE v TM
Trong phn ny chng ta s tm nghim tng qut ca cc phng trnh Maxwell 2.44 cho cc
trng hp c th lan truyn sng TEM, TE v TM trong cc ng truyn hoc ng dn sng
hnh tr. Dng hnh hc ca mt ng truyn hay ng dn sng bt k c cho trong Hnh 2.4
v c c trng bi cc iu kin bin song song vi trc z. Cc cu trc ny c gi thit
l ng nht theo hng z v di v hn. Cc dy dn ban u c gi thit l c tnh dn in
hon ho, nhng suy hao c th c xc nh bng phng php perturbation.
Hnh 2.4: (a) ng truyn hai dy ni chung v (b) ng dn sng khp kn
Ta gi thit trng y l cc hm tun hon theo thi gian ph thuc vo e
jt
v sng lan
truyn dc theo trc z. Cc trng in v t c th c vit nh sau:
E(x, y, z) = [ e(x, y) + ze
z
(x, y)]e
jz
(2.49a)
H(x, y, z) = [
h(x, y) + zh
z
(x, y)]e
jz
(2.49b)
y e(x, y) v

h(x, y) i din cho cc thnh phn in trng v t trng ngang, trong khi
e
z
v h
z
l cc thnh phn in trng v t trng dc. Trong biu thc trn sng lan truyn
theo phng +z; truyn theo phng -z c th c biu din bng cch thay th bng -. Hn
na, nu c tn tht kim loi hay in mi th hng s truyn lan s l mt s phc; j khi
c thay bng = + j.
Gi thit trong khng gian cha ng truyn hay ng dn sng l mi trng khng ngun,
cc phng trnh Maxwell c th c vit thnh

E = j

H (2.50a)

H = j

E (2.50b)
vi s ph thuc z bi h s e
jz
, ba thnh phn ca cc phng trnh vect c th c rt
gn thnh:
E
z
y
+ jE
y
= jH
x
, (2.51a)
jE
x
E
z
x
= jH
y
, (2.51b)
E
y
x

E
x
y
= jH
z
, (2.51c)
H
z
y
+ jH
y
= jE
x
, (2.52a)
jH
x
H
z
x
= jE
y
, (2.52b)
H
y
x

H
x
y
= jE
z
, (2.52c)
Su phng trnh trn c th c gii cho bn thnh phn trng ngang theo E
z
v H
z
(chng
hn, H
x
c th c rt ra bng cch loi tr E
y
khi (2.51a) v (2.52b)) nh sau:
H
x
=
j
k
2
c
_
E
z
y

H
z
x
_
(2.53a)
H
y
=
j
k
2
c
_
E
z
x
+
H
z
y
_
(2.53b)
E
x
=
j
k
2
c
_
E
z
x
+
H
z
y
_
(2.53c)
E
y
=
j
k
2
c
_
E
z
y
+
H
z
x
_
(2.53d)
Trong
k
2
c
= k
2
2
(2.54)
c nh ngha l s sng ct, l do cho thut ng ny s c lm sng t sau. Nh ta bit
k =
= 2/ (2.55)
l s sng ca vt liu in mi s dng cho ng truyn hay nhi trong ng dn sng. Nu
c tn tht in mi th c th c thay bng =
0
r
(1 j tan ), trong tan l gc tn
tht ca vt liu.
Cc phng trnh (2.53(a-d)) l cc kt qu tng qut rt hu ch c th c p dng cho
nhiu h thng dn sng khc nhau. By gi chng ta s p dng cc kt qu ny cho cc loi
sng c bit.
Sng TEM
Cc sng in t ngang (TEM) c trng bi E
z
= H
z
= 0. Quan st t (2.53) thy rng nu
E
z
= H
z
= 0 th tt c cc trng ngang cng bng khng, tr khi k
2
c
= 0(k
2
=
2
) trong
trng hp chng ta s c kt qu v nh. V vy chng ta quay v (2.51) v (2.52) v p
dng iu kin E
z
= H
z
= 0. Khi t (2.51a) v (2.52a) chng ta c th loi tr H
z
t
c
2
E
y
=
2
E
y
,
hay
=
= k, (2.56)
nh ta lu trn. (kt qu ny cng c th t c t (2.51b) v (2.52b)). V th i vi
sng TEM s sng ct k
c
=
_
k
2
2
bng 0.
By gi phng trnh Helmholtz cho E
x
l
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
+ k
2
_
E
x
= 0 (2.57)
nhng do s ph thuc e
jz
nn (
2
/z
2
)E
x
=
2
E
x
= k
2
E
x
, v khi (2.57) tr thnh
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
_
E
x
= 0 (2.58)
Kt qu tng t cng p dng cho E
y
, v vy s dng dng biu din ca

E trong (2.49a) ta c
th vit
2
t
e(x, y) = 0 (2.59)
trong
2
t
=
2
/x
2
+
2
/y
2
l ton t Laplace hai chiu theo phng ngang.
Kt qu 2.59 ch ra rng cc trng in ngang e(x, y) ca sng TEM tha mn phng trnh
Laplace. Cng theo cch ta d dng ch ra rng cc trng t ngang cng tha mn phng
trnh Laplace:
2
t
e(x, y) = 0 (2.60)
Cc trng ngang ca mt sng TEM v vy ging nh trng tnh tn ti gia cc vt dn.
Trong trng hp tnh in ta bit rng in trng c th c biu th bng Gradient ca mt
trng in th v hng, (x, y):
e(x, y) =
t
(x, y) (2.61)
trong
t
= x(/x) + y(/y) l ton t gradient hai chiu theo phng ngang. mi
quan h (2.61) hp l th curl ca e phi trit tiu v iu ny ng bi v
t
e = jh
z
z = 0 (2.62)
S dng thc t rng .

D =
t
. e = 0 cng vi (2.61) ch ra rng (x, y) cng tha mn
phng trnh Laplace,
2
t
(x, y) = 0 (2.63)
Nh chng ta bit trong trng hp tnh in. in p gia hai dy dn c th c tm thy nh
sau
V
12
=
1
2
=
_
2
1
E.d (2.64)

1
v
2
tng ng l in th trn dy dn 1 v 2. Dng in chy trn mt dy dn c
th c xc nh theo nh lut Ampere nh sau
I =
_
c
H.d (2.65)
trong C l ng cong ct ngang bao quanh dy dn.
Cc sng TEM c th tn ti khi c mt hai hay nhiu dy dn. Cc sng phng cng l
nhng v d v sng TEM, do khng c thnh phn trng nm trong hng lan truyn; trong
trng hp ny cc dy dn ca ng truyn c th c xem l hai tm kim loi phng rng
v hn. Cc kt qu trn cho thy rng mt dy dn khp kn (chng hn nh ng dn sng hnh
ch nht) khng th h tr sng TEM do in th tnh ni ti s bng 0 (hay c th l 1 hng
s), dn ti e = 0.
Tr khng sng ca mt mode TEM c th c xc nh bng t s ca in trng v t
trng. S dng (2.52a) ta rt ra
Z
TEM
=
E
x
H
y
=

=
_
= (2.66)
S dng mt cp thnh phn trng ngang t (2.51a) cho ta
Z
TEM
=
E
y
H
x
=

=
_
= (2.67)
Kt hp cc kt qu ca (2.66) v (2.67) cho ta biu thc tng qut cho cc trng ngang
h(x, y) =
1
Z
TEM
z e(x, y) (2.68)
Ta cn lu rng tr khng sng ging nh tr khng ca mt sng phng trong mi trng
khng tn hao. Ta khng nn nhm ln tr khng ny vi tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng
truyn. Tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn thit lp quan gia h in p ti vi dng in ti
v l mt hm ca dng hnh hc ca ng dy cng nh vt liu bao ph ng dy, trong
khi tr khng sng thit lp quan h gia cc thnh phn trng v ch ph thuc vo cc hng
s vt liu.
Trnh t phn tch ng truyn TEM c th c tm tt nh sau:
1. Gii phng trnh Laplace 2.63 cho (x, y). Nghim s bao gm mt s hng s cha bit
2. Tm cc hng s ny bng cch p dng cc iu kin bin cho cc in p trn cc dy
dn.
3. Tnh e v

E t 2.61, 2.49a. Tnh

h,

H t 2.68, 2.49b.
4. Tnh V t 2.64 v I t 2.65
5. Hng s truyn lan cho bi 2.56, v tr khng c tnh c cho bi Z
0
= V/I.
Sng TE - Transverse Electric Waves
Cc sng in ngang (cn gi l sng H) c c trng bi E
z
= 0 v H
z
,= 0. Cc phng
trnh (2.53) khi tr thnh
H
x
=
j
k
2
c
H
z
x
(2.69a)
H
y
=
j
k
2
c
H
z
y
(2.69b)
E
x
=
j
k
2
c
H
z
y
(2.69c)
E
y
=
j
k
2
c
H
z
x
(2.69d)
Trong trng hp ny k
c
,= 0 v hng s truyn lan =
_
k
2
k
2
c
nhn chung l mt hm ca
tn s v dng hnh hc ca ng truyn hay ng dn sng. p dng cc biu thc (2.69)
trc ht ta phi tm H
z
t phng trnh sng Helmholtz,
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
+ k
2
_
H
z
= 0 (2.70)
do H
z
(x, y, z) = h
z
(x, y)e
jz
nn phng trnh ny c th rt gn thnh phng trnh sng hai
chiu cho h
z
:
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+ k
2
c
_
h
z
= 0 (2.71)
do k
2
c
= k
2
2
. Phng trnh ny phi c gii theo cc iu kin bin ca dng dn sng c
th.
Tr khng sng TE c th c xc nh theo
Z
TE
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=

=
k
(2.72)
c xem l ph thuc vo tn s. Cc sng TE c th c h tr bn trong cc ng dn kn
cng nh gia hai hay nhiu dy dn.
Sng t ngang TM - Transverse Magnetic Waves
Cc sng t ngang TM (cn gi l sng E) c c trng bi E
z
,= 0 v H
z
= 0. Cc phng
trnh (2.53) khi tr thnh
H
x
=
j
k
2
c
E
z
y
(2.73a)
H
y
=
j
k
2
c
E
z
x
(2.73b)
E
x
=
j
k
2
c
E
z
x
(2.73c)
E
y
=
j
k
2
c
E
z
y
(2.73d)
Cng nh trong trng hp TE, k
c
,= 0 v hng s truyn lan =
_
k
2
k
2
c
l mt hm ca tn
s v hnh dng ca ng dy hay ng dn. E
z
c tm thy t phng trnh sng Helmholtz,
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+

2
z
2
+ k
2
_
E
z
= 0 (2.74)
do E
z
(x, y, z) = e
z
(x, y)e
jz
nn phng trnh ny c th c rt gn thnh phng trnh
sng hai chiu cho e
z
:
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+ k
2
c
_
e
z
= 0 (2.75)
do k
2
c
= k
2

2
. Phng trnh ny phi c gii theo cc iu kin bin ca dng hnh hc
dn sng c th.
Tr khng sng TM c th c xc nh theo
Z
TM
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=

=

k
(2.76)
n ph thuc vo tn s. Cng nh cc sng TE, cc sng TM c th c h tr bn trong cc
ng dn kn cng nh gia hai hay nhiu dy dn.
Trnh t phn tch cc ng dn sng TE v TM c th c tm tt nh sau:
1. Gii phng trnh Helmholtz dng rt gn (2.71) hoc (2.75) cho h
z
hoc e
z
. Nghim s
gm mt vi hng s cha bit v s sng ct cha bit k
c
.
2. S dng (2.69) hoc (2.73) tm cc trng ngang t h
z
hoc e
z
.
3. p dng cc iu kin bin cho cc thnh phn trng thch hp tm cc hng s cha
bit v k
c
.
4. Hng s truyn lan c cho bi (2.54), v tr khng sng c cho bi (2.72) hoc (2.76).
2.2.3 Truyn sng trong khng gian t do
Trong khng gian t do khng tn hao, khng nhim in v khng nhim t, cc thng s trong
mi trng chn khng c s dng gm
0
=
10
9
36
= 8.842.10
12
[F/m] (2.77)
v
0
= 4.10
7
[H/m] (2.78)
Trong khng gian t do ta c th xc nh c vn tc lan truyn ca sng in t phng
(sng nh sng chng hn) l
p
= c =
1
0
3 10
8
m/s (2.79)
v tr khng sng l
0
=
0
= 377 (2.80)
Vi mi trng khng gian t do c nhim in hoc nhim t, cc thng s tr thnh
=
r
.
0
(2.81a)
=
r
.
0
(2.81b)
trong :
r
v
r
l hng s in mi v h s t thm tng i ca mi trng ang xt so
vi mi trng chn khng. Khi cc cng thc (2.79) v (2.80) v vn tc truyn lan v tr
khng sng vn c p dng vi iu kin l
0
v
0
c thay th bi v cho trong (2.81).
2.2.4 Dy song hnh - twin wire line
Dy song hnh l mt i dy dn kim loi chy song song nhau, cch u nhau v phn cch
nhau bi mt mi trng in mi nh trn Hnh (2.5).
Nu ta gi thit rng mi trng bao quanh dy dn l ng nht th sng in t lan truyn
dc theo chiu di ca dy l sng TEM. S phn b in trng

E v t trng

H trong mt
phng tit din ca dy c v trong Hnh 2.6.
Trong trng hp ny, cc thng s s cp ca dy song hnh s l:
Hnh 2.5: Dy song hnh - Mt phng tit din
Hnh 2.6: Dy song hnh - Phn b trng
in tr :
R =
R
s
d
(2.82)
trong R
s
=
_
2
l in tr b mt ca dy dn.
in cm :
L =

cosh
1
_
D
2d
_
ln
_
D
d
_
(2.83)
in dung:
C =

cosh
1
(D/2d)

ln
_
D
d
_ (2.84)
vi
, l h s t thm v in thm tuyt i ca mi trng chung quanh dy dn, c cho
bi (2.81a) v (2.81b).
D: Khong cch gia tm hai dy dn.
d: ng knh ca tit din mi dy dn v D d
Tr khng c tnh ca dy song hnh l
Z
0
=
1
cosh
1
_
D
2d
_
ln
_
D
d
_
(2.85)
u im ca dy song hnh l d ch to, r tin v d hn ni. Nhc im chnh l suy
hao ln do bc x sng ra khng gian xung quanh, c bit l cc tn s cao. V vy, dy song
hnh khng c s dng cc tn s cao m c s dng nhiu trong truyn hnh t di VHF
tr xung.
2.2.5 Cp ng trc - Coaxial Cable
Cp ng trc l mt mi trng truyn sng c s dng rng ri trong thc t nh truyn
hnh, s liu, cc thit b o vv... nh u im nh gn, kh nng chng nhiu tt. Cp ng
trc gm mt dy dn trung tm v mt dy dn bao quanh, gia chng c nhi cht in mi
nh c m t trn Hnh 2.7. Tt c cn c bao bc bn ngoi bi mt hoc nhiu lp v
nha c tc dng chng va chm, chng m cho cp. Khi s dng, ng tn hiu thng c
ni vo dy trung tm cn lp dy dn bao quanh c ni ti im t (ground) ca mch in.
Nh cu trc nh vy m lp dy dn bn ngoi c kh nng chng nhiu t mi trng chung
quanh tc ng ln ng dy tn hiu.
Nu gi s ng dy khng tn hao, mi trng in mi ng nht th sng in t lan
truyn dc theo chiu di ca cp l sng TEM. S phn b ca in trng

E v t trng

H
trong mt phng tit din ca cp c cho trong Hnh 2.8.
Qua tnh ton vi vic gii cc phng trnh Maxwell ta c th xc nh c cc tham s
ng truyn nh sau:
in cm :
L =

2
ln
_
D
d
_
in dung:
C =
2
ln
_
D
d
_
Tr khng c tnh:
Z
0
=
60
ln
_
D
d
_
Hnh 2.7: Cp ng trc
2.2.6

ng dn sng hnh ch nht -Rectangular Waveguide
ng dn sng hnh ch nht l mt trong cc loi ng truyn ra i sm nht c s dng

truyn cc tn hiu viba (cao tn), v ngy nay chng vn cn c s dng trong nhiu ng
dng. Rt nhiu loi phn t chng hn nh cc b ghp (couplers), tch sng (detectors), b
cch ly (isolators), b suy hao (attenuators) v cc ng slotted lines hin c sn trn th trng
ph hp vi nhiu loi ng dn sng tiu chun thuc cc bng tn t 1GHz n trn 220 GHz.
Do xu hng hin nay l thu nh kch thc v d dng tch hp nn nhiu loi mch cao tn
ngy nay c ch to s dng cc ng truyn phng, chng hn nh ng truyn vi di v
ng truyn di ch khng s dng ng dn sng. Tuy nhin, vn c nhu cu v cc ng dn
sng trong nhiu ng dng chng hn cc h thng cng sut ln, cc h thng sng milimet v
trong mt s ng dng kim tra chnh xc (chng hn b cn chnh radar - Doppler Radar
Calibration).
ng dn sng hnh ch nht rng c th truyn cc mode TM v TE nhng khng truyn

c cc sng TEM bi v ng dn sng ch c mt dy dn. Chng ta s thy rng cc mode
TM v TE ca mt ng dn sng hnh ch nht c cc tn s ct m di tn s sng khng
th truyn lan.
Cc mode in ngang TE
Dng hnh hc ca ng dn sng ch nht c v trong Hnh 2.9, trong gi thit rng ng
dn cha vt liu c hng s in mi v h s t thm . Theo ng qui c cnh di nht
ca ng dn s nm dc theo trc x, v vy a>b.
Cc mode in ngang TE c c trng bi trng E
z
= 0 trong khi H
z
phi tha mn
Hnh 2.8: Phn b trng trong cp ng trc
phng trnh sng dng rt gn (2.71):
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+ k
2
c
_
h
z
= 0 (2.86)
vi H
z
(x, y, z) = h
z
(x, y)e
jz
v k
2
c
= k
2
2
l s sng ct. Phng trnh vi phn (2.86) c
th c gii bng phng php phn ly bin s bng cch cho
h
z
(x, y) = X(x)Y (y) (2.87)
ri th vo 2.86 ta c
1
X
d
2
X
dx
2
+
1
Y
d
2
Y
dy
2
+ k
2
c
= 0 (2.88)
Tip theo, bng php phn ly bin s thng thng, mi s hng ca (2.88) phi l hng s, v
vy ta nh ngha cc hng s phn ly k
x
v k
y
sao cho
d
2
X
dx
2
+ k
2
x
X = 0 (2.89a)
d
2
Y
dy
2
+ k
2
y
Y = 0 (2.89b)
v
k
2
x
+ k
2
y
= k
2
c
(2.90)
Nghim tng qut cho h
z
c th c vit l
h
z
(x, y) = (Acos k
x
x + Bsin k
x
x)(C cos k
y
y + Dsin k
y
y). (2.91)
Hnh 2.9: Dng hnh hc ca ng dn sng
nh gi cc hng s trong (2.91) chng ta phi p dng cc iu kin bin ln cc thnh
phn in trng tip tuyn vi cc thnh ng dn sng. Tc l,
e
x
(x, y) = 0, at y = 0, b (2.92a)
e
y
(x, y) = 0 at x = 0, a (2.92b)
V vy chng ta khng th s dng h
z
ca phng trnh (2.91) trc tip m trc tin chng ta
phi s dng (2.69c) v (2.69d) xc nh e
x
v e
y
t h
z
:
e
x
=
j
k
2
c
k
y
(Acos k
x
x + Bsin k
x
x)(C sin k
y
y + Dcos k
y
y), (2.93a)
e
y
=
j
k
2
c
k
x
(Asin k
x
x + Bcos k
x
x)(C cos k
y
y + Dsin k
y
y) (2.93b)
Khi t (2.92a) v (2.93b) ta thy rng D=0 v k
y
= n/b vi n = 0, 1, 2... T (2.92b) v
(2.93b) ta thy rng B=0 v k
x
= m/a vi m = 0, 1, 2... Nghim cui cng cho H
z
khi l
H
z
(x, y, z) = A
mn
cos
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
jz
(2.94)
trong A
mn
=AC l mt hng s bin bt k.
Cc thnh phn trng ngang ca cc mode TE
mn
khi c th tm c s dng (2.69) v
(2.94):
E
x
=
jn
k
2
c
b
A
mn
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
jz
(2.95a)
E
y
=
jm
k
2
c
a
A
mn
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
jz
, (2.95b)
H
x
=
jm
k
2
c
a
A
mn
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
jz
(2.95c)
H
y
=
jn
k
2
c
b
A
mn
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
jz
, (2.95d)
Hng s truyn lan c xc nh l
=
_
k
2
k
2
c
=
_
k
2
_
m
a
_
2
_
n
b
_
2
(2.96)
n s l thc (tng ng vi mode truyn lan) khi
k > k
c
=
_
_
m
a
_
2
+
_
n
b
_
2
(2.97)
Mi mode l s kt hp ca m v n, v vy tn s ct f
cmn
c cho nh sau
f
cmn
=
k
c
2
=
1
2
_
_
m
a
_
2
_
n
b
_
2
(2.98)
Mode c tn s ct thp nht c gi l mode ch o; do ta gi thit a>b nn tn s f
c
thp
nht xy ra vi mode TE
10
(m=1, n=0);
f
c10
=
1
2a
(2.99)
Ti tn s hot ng f, ch nhng mode c tn s f > f
c
mi truyn lan c; cc mode c
f > f
c
s dn ti mt gi tr o (hay thc), ngha l mi thnh phn trng s suy gim
theo hm m khi n i xa khi ngun kch thch. Nhng mode nh vy c gi l cc mode
suy thoi hay b ct. Nu c nhiu hn 1 mode lan truyn th ng dn sng c cho l qu mc
overmoded.
Tr khng sng ca ng dn sng trong trng hp truyn TE mode l
Z
TE
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=
k
(2.100)
y =
_
/ l tr khng thun ca vt liu in mi lp y ng dn sng. Lu rng
Z
TE
l thc khi l thc (mode truyn lan), nhng l o khi l o (mode suy thoi).
Bc sng dn sng c nh ngha l khong cch gia hai mt phng ng pha dc theo
ng dn sng, v bng
g
=
2
>
2
k
= , (2.101)
bc sng ny di hn (bc sng ca sng phng trong mi trng in mi dng lp y
ng dn sng). Vn tc pha l
p
=

>

k
=
1
(2.102)
ln hn 1/
-tc nh snh (sng phng) trong vt liu in mi.

Trong phn ln cc ng dng, tn s hot ng v kch thc ng dn c chn sao cho
ch duy nht mt mode ch o TE
10
s lan truyn.
Cc mode t ngang TM
Cc mode TM c c trng bi trng H
Z
= 0 trong khi E
z
phi tha mn phng trnh sng
rt gn (2.75):
_

2
x
2
+

2
y
2
+ k
2
c
_
e
z
(x, y) = 0 (2.103)
vi E
z
(x, y, z) = e
z
(x, y)e
jz
v k
2
c
= k
2

2
. Phng trnh (2.103) c th c gii bng
php phn ly bin s nh s dng cho cc mode TE. Nghim tng qut khi l
e
z
(x, y) = (Acos k
x
x + Bsin k
x
x)(C cos k
y
y + Dsin k
y
y) (2.104)
Cc iu kin bin c th p dng trc tip cho e
z
:
e
z
(x, y) = 0, at x = 0, a (2.105a)
e
z
(x, y) = 0 at y = 0, b (2.105b)
Ta s thy rng tha mn cc iu kin trn i vi e
z
s dn ti tha mn cc iu kin bin
bi e
x
v e
y
.
S dng (2.105a) cho (2.104) cho A=0 v k
x
= m/a vi m = 1, 2, 3.... Tng t, p dng
(2.105b) cho (2.104) cho C=0 v k
y
= n/b vi n = 1, 2, 3.... Nghim cho E
z
khi tr thnh
E
z
(x, y) = B
mn
sin
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
jz
(2.106)
trong B
mn
l mt hng s bin bt k.
Cc thnh phn trng ngang cho mode TM
mn
c th c tnh ton t (2.73) v (2.104)
nh sau:
E
x
=
jm
ak
2
c
B
mn
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
jz
(2.107a)
E
y
=
jn
bk
2
c
B
mn
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
jz
(2.107b)
H
x
=
jn
bk
2
c
B
mn
sin
mx
a
cos
ny
b
e
jz
(2.107c)
H
y
=
jm
ak
2
c
B
mn
cos
mx
a
sin
ny
b
e
jz
(2.107d)
Cng ging nh cc mode TE, hng s truyn lan l
=
_
k
2
k
2
c
=
_
k
2
_
m
a
_
2
_
n
b
_
2
(2.108)
l thc i vi cc mode truyn lan v o i vi cc mode suy thoi. Tn s ct i vi cc
mode TM
mn
cng ging nh tn s ct ca cc mode TE
mn
cho bi (2.98). Bc sng dn sng
v vn tc pha ca cc mode TM cng ging nh i vi cc mode TE.
rng cc biu thc trng cho E v H trong (2.107) l 0 nu hoc m=0 hoc n=0. V
vy khng c cc mode TM
00
, TM
01
hay TM
10
v mode TM bc thp nht c th truyn lan
(f
c
thp nht) l mode TM
11
c tn s ct l
f
c11
=
1
2
_
_
a
_
2
+
_
b
_
2
(2.109)
tn s ny ln hn tn s ct f
c10
ca mode TE
10
.
Tr khng sng lin h cc thnh phn in trng v t trng l
Z
TM
=
E
x
H
y
=
E
y
H
x
=

k
(2.110)
2.2.7 ng truyn di - stripline
By gi chng ta xem xt ng truyn di (stripline), mt loi ng phng rt thch hp cho
mch tch hp cao tn v ch to bng phng php quang khc. Dng hnh hc ca mt ng
truyn di c ch ra trn Hnh 2.10(a). Mt di dn mnh rng W t ti trung tm gia
hai mt dn tip t rng cch nhau mt khong b, cn ton b vng gia cc mt dn tip t
c nhi bi cht in mi. Trong thc t, ng truyn di thng c to nn bng cch
khc di dn gia trn mt lp nn (substrate) tip t c b dy b/2 v sau ph ln trn
bng mt lp nn c tip t khc c cng b dy.
Hnh 2.10: ng truyn di (a) Dng hnh hc. (b) Cc ng sc t trng v in trng
Do ng truyn di c hai dy dn v cht in mi ng nht nn n c th h tr sng
TEM, v y l mode hot ng thng thng. Tuy nhin, ging cp ng trc ng truyn
vi di cng c th h tr cc mode TM v TE bc cao hn nhng cc mode ny trong thc t
thng trnh s dng (cc mode nh th c th c tr kh bng vic s dng cc c vt ni
gia cc mt dn ni t v bng vic gi cho khong cch gia cc mt phng t nh hn
/4). Bng trc gic ta c th coi ng truyn di l mt loi cp ng trc c "lm dt" -
c hai loi u c dy dn gia hon ton c bao quanh bi mt dy dn bn ngoi v c
nhi ng u bi mt cht in mi. Cc ng sc trng cho ng truyn di c v trn
Hnh 2.10(b).
i vi ng truyn di vic phn tch rt kh khn. Do chng ta ch yu quan tm mode
TEM nn ch cn vic phn tch trng in tnh l cho ta hng s lan truyn v tr khng
c tnh. y khng gii thiu phng php gii chnh xc do qu trnh tnh ton v kt qu
rt cng knh. V th, chng ta s cp ti cc biu thc thc nghim vi kt qu gn ng.
Cc cng thc tnh Hng s truyn lan, Tr khng c tnh v Suy hao
Vn tc pha
p
=
1
r
=
c
r
(2.111)
v vy hng s truyn lan ca ng truyn di l
=

p
=
r
= k
0
r
(2.112)
Tr khng c tnh ca mt ng truyn c cho bi
Z
0
=
_
L
C
=
LC
C
=
1
p
C
(2.113)
Nh vy tm Z
0
ta ch cn tm C. Nhng cp trn vic gii chnh xc rt phc tp.
Trong phn ny, nhm phc v cc tnh ton trong thc t, chng ta cp ti cc cng thc
n gin c xc nh bng phng php curve-fitting. Cng thc tm c cho tr khng c
tnh l
Z
0
=
30
r
b
W
e
+ 0.441b
(2.114)
y W
e
l b rng hiu dng ca di dn trung tm v c cho bi
W
e
b
=
W
b

_
_
0 khi
W
b
> 0.35,
(0.35 W/b)
2
khi
W
b
< 0.35.
(2.115)
Cc cng thc ny c gi thit vi b dy di dn bng 0 v c cho rng c kt qu chnh
xc 1%. Nh c th thy t (2.114) rng tr khng c tnh gim khi b rng W ca di dn
tng.
Khi thit k cc mch ng truyn di ta thng cn phi xc nh b rng ca di khi cho
trc tr khng c tnh (c chiu cao b v hng s in mi
r
), vic ny i hi php tnh
ngc trong cng thc trn. Cc cng thc nh vy tm c l
W
b
=
_
_
_
x for
r
Z
0
< 120 ,
0.85
0.6 x for
r
Z
0
> 120.
(2.116)
trong
x =
30
r
Z
0
0.441 (2.117)
Do ng truyn di l mt loi ng truyn TEM, suy hao do tn tht in mi cng cng
dng vi suy hao ca cc ng truyn TEM khc v c cho bi
d
=
k tan
2
(2.118)
v suy hao do tn tht cht dn in c th c xc nh gn ng nh sau
c
=
_
_
2.7 10
3
R
s
r
Z
0
30(b t)
A for
r
Z
0
< 120 ,
0.16R
s
Z
0
b
B for
r
Z
0
> 120.
(2.119)
vi
A = 1 +
2W
b t
+
1
b + t
b t
ln
_
2b t
t
_
, (2.120)
B = 1 +
b
(0.5W + 0.7t)
_
0.5 +
0.414t
W
+
1
2
ln
4W
t
_
(2.121)
trong t l b dy ca di dn.
V d 2.1. Xc nh b rng ca di dn bng ng ca mt ng truyn di 50 , vi b=0.32
cm v
r
=2.20. Nu gc tn hao in mi (loss tangent) l 0.001 v tn s hot ng l 10 GHz,
tnh suy hao theo dB/. Gi thit b dy ca di dn t=0.01mm.
Gii
Do

r
Z
0
=
2.2(50) = 74.2 < 120 v x=30/(
r
Z
0
) 0.441 = 0.830, cng thc
(2.117) cho b rng ca di dn l W=bx=(0.32)(0.830)=0.266 cm. Ti 10 GHz, s sng k c
xc nh l
k =
2f
r
c
= 310.6 m
1
T (2.118) suy hao in mi l
d
=
k tan
2
=
(310.6)(0.001)
2
= 0.155 Np/m.
in tr b mt ca ng ti 10 GHz l R
s
=
_
2
=
_
210 10
9
4 10
7
2 5.813 10
7
= 0.026.
Khi t (2.119) suy hao vt dn l
c
=
2.7 10
3
R
s
r
Z
0
A
30(b t)
= 0.122 Np/m
do A=4.74 c xc nh theo 2.120. Tng suy hao s l
=
d
+
c
= 0.277 Np/m
Tnh theo dB,
(dB) = 20 log e
= 2.41 dB/m.
Ti 10 GHz, bc sng trn ng truyn di l
=
c
r
f
= 2.02 cm,
Do tnh theo bc sng th suy hao s l
(dB) = (2.41)(0.0202) = 0.049 dB/
2.2.8 ng truyn vi di - Microstrip line
ng truyn vi di l mt trong nhng loi ng truyn phng ph bin nht, l do chnh l
v n c th c ch to nh cc qu trnh photolithography (quang khc) v d dng c tch
hp vi cc linh kin cao tn tch cc v th ng khc. Dng hnh hc ca ng truyn vi di
c minh ha trn Hnh 2.11. Mt di dn rng W c in trn mt tm in mi c ni
t c b dy h v hng s in mi tng i
r
; ng sc t trng v in trng c v
trn Hnh 2.12 .
Nu lp in mi khng c mt (
r
= 1), chng ta c th coi ng truyn gm hai di dn
phng rng W, cch nhau mt khong 2h (mt phng t c th c b i theo l thuyt nh).
Trong trng hp ny ta c mt ng truyn TEM n gin vi
p
= c v = k
0
=
0
.
S c mt ca cht in mi v c bit l cht in mi khng ph kn vng khng kh
pha trn di dn (y>h), lm phc tp vic phn tch ng truyn vi di. Khng ging ng
truyn di, ton b trng u b giam trong vng in mi ng nht, ng truyn vi di
c phn ln ng sc trng nm trong vng in mi, tp trung gia di dn v mt phng
t, cn mt phn nm trong vng khng kh pha trn lp nn (substrate). V l do ny ng
truyn vi di khng th h tr mt sng TEM thun ty, do vn tc pha ca cc trng TEM
trong vng cht in mi l c/
r
, cn vn tc pha ca cc trng TEM trong vng khng kh
l c. V vy, s bt phi hp v pha ti min tip gip in mi-khng kh s khng th t c
mt sng TEM.
Trong thc t, cc trng chnh xc ca ng truyn vi di hnh thnh mt sng TM-TE
hn hp, v i hi cc k thut phn tch cao hn m chng ta khng trnh by y. Tuy
nhin, trong hu ht cc ng dng thc t, lp in mi rt mnh v mt in (tc h ), v
v vy trng l cn TEM (quasi-TEM). Ni cch khc, cc thnh phn trng v c bn ging
Hnh 2.11: Dng hnh hc v mt ct ngang ng truyn vi di
Hnh 2.12: Cc ng sc t trng v in trng
nh trng trong trng hp tnh in. V vy, cc gi tr gn ng cho tc pha, hng s
truyn lan v tr khng c tnh c th t c t cc nghim tnh hoc cn tnh in. Khi
vn tc pha v hng s truyn lan c th c biu din bi
p
=
c
e
, (2.122)
= k
0
e
(2.123)
trong
e
l hng s in mi hiu dng ca ng truyn vi di. Do mt s ng sc trng
nm trong vng in mi v mt s trong khng kh nn hng s in mi tha mn quan h,
1 <
e
<
r
(2.124)
v ph thuc vo b dy ca lp in mi h, b rng ca di dn W.
Trong phn ny s trnh by cc cng thc xc nh hng s in mi hiu dng v tr khng
c tnh ca ng truyn vi di; cc kt qu ny l nhng cng thc xp x bng phng php
curve-fitting.
Cc cng thc tnh Hng s in mi hiu dng, Tr khng c tnh v Suy hao
Hng s in mi hiu dng ca mt ng truyn vi di c cho xp x bi
e
=

r
+ 1
2
+

r
1
2
1
_
1 + 12h/W
(2.125)
Hng s in mi hiu dng c th c hiu l hng s in mi ca mt mi trng ng nht
thay th vng in mi v khng kh ca ng truyn vi di nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.13. Vn tc
pha v hng s truyn lan khi c cho bi (2.122) v (2.123).
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc tng ng ca ng truyn vi di cn TEM, lp in mi nn b
dy d v hng s in mi tng i
r
c thay th bng mi trng ng nht c hng s
in mi tng i hiu dng epsilon
e
Khi cho trc cc kch thc ca ng truyn vi di, tr khng c tnh c th c tnh
nh sau
Z
0
=
_
_
60
e
ln
_
8h
W
+
W
4h
_
khi W/h 1 ,
120
e
[W/h + 1.393 + 0.667 ln (W/h + 1.444)]
khi W/h 1.
(2.126)
Vi mt tr khng c tnh Z
0
v hng s in mi
r
cho trc, t s W/d c th c xc
nh l
W
h
=
_
_
8e
A
e
2A
2
khi W/h < 2 ,
2
_
B 1 ln (2B 1) +

r
1
2
r
_
ln (B 1) + 0.39
0.61
r
__
khi W/h > 2.
Trong
A =
Z
0
60
_
r
+ 1
2
+

r
1
r
+ 1
_
0.23 +
0.11
r
_
(2.127)
B =
377
2Z
0
r
(2.128)
Cc cng thc trn u l cc cng thc rt ra t thc nghim vi chnh xc vi phn trm.
Chng c s dng trong cc phn mm thit k mch nh ADS (Agilent), Microwave Office
hay Sonnet vv .
Khi xem mt ng truyn vi di l mt ng truyn cn TEM th suy hao do tn hao in
mi c th c xc nh nh sau:
d
=
k
0
r
(
e
1) tan
2
e
(
r
1)
NP/m. (2.129)
Trong tan l gc tn hao ca in mi. Kt qu ny c rt ra t (2.118) bng cch nhn
vi mt "h s nhi-filling factor"
r
(
e
1)
e
(
r
1)
h s ny tnh n thc t rng cc trng (in v t) bao quanh ng truyn vi di mt phn
nm trong khng kh (khng tn hao) v mt phn trong cht in mi. Suy hao do tn tht vt
dn c cho xp x nh sau
c
=
R
s
Z
0
W
Np/m (2.130)
Trong R
s
=
_
0
/2 l in tr b mt ca vt dn. i vi hu ht cc ng truyn vi
di, tn tht vt dn (kim loi) ng quan tm hn nhiu tn tht in mi.
V d 2.2. Tnh b rng v chiu di ca mt ng truyn vi di c tr khng c tnh 50
v dch pha l 90
0
ti tn s 2.5 GHz. B dy lp in mi nn l h=0.127 cm, vi
r
= 2.2.
Gii
Trc ht ta tnh W/h cho Z
0
= 50 v d on ban u rng W/h > 2. T (2.128) v (2.2.9)
ta tm c
B = 7.985, W/h = 3.081
Do W/h >2; bng khng chng ta s s dng biu thc cho W/h <2. Khi W=3.081 h=0.391
cm. T 2.125 hng s in mi hiu dng l
e
= 1.87
di ng truyn cho dch pha 90
0
c xc nh nh sau
= 90
0
= =
e
k
0
,
k
0
=
2f
c
= 52.35 m
1
=
90
0
(/180
0
e
k
0
= 2.19 cm
2.2.9 ng truyn ng phng coplanar-CPW
ng truyn coplanar c s dng nhiu trong cc mch tch hp cao tn do c cu trc n
gin v d ch to. ng truyn coplanar c v trong Hnh 2.14(a), gm mt di dn kim
loi (gi l ng tn hiu) nm xen gia hai mt dn tip t 1 v 2. Tt c cc lp kim loi
u nm v mt pha ca tm in mi
r
nn rt d ch to bng phng php quang khc
(photolithography) hay ph kim loi (metalization). Cu trc ny h tr mode cn TEM. CPW
em li mt s u im so vi ng truyn vi di ch: Th nht l d dng ch to, th hai l
thun li hn trong vic hn cc linh kin th ng v tch cc trn mch in, th ba l khng
cn cc tr (via) ni t xuyn qua lp in mi hay ni t qua ra bn mch, th bn l gim
tn tht do bc x. Hn th na tr khng c tnh c quyt nh bi t s (a/b) nn c th
kch thc khng gii hn, tuy nhin gi phi tr l tn tht cao hn. Do c mt phng t nm
xen gia bt k hai dy no ln cn nn hiu ng xuyn m gia hai dy bt k l rt yu. Kt
qu l cc mch s dng CPW c mt dy hn cc mch s dng ng truyn vi di.
Hnh 2.14: ng truyn coplanar (CPW) chun
S phn b ca in trng E v t trng H trong mt phng tit din ca ng truyn
CPW c v trn Hnh 2.14(b).
Hng s in mi hiu dng c tnh bi
e
=

r
+ 1
2
_
tanh
_
0.775 ln
_
h
W
_
+ 1.75
_
+
kW
h
[0.04 0.7k + 0.01(1 0.1
r
).(0.25 + k)]
_
(2.131)
Vi :
k =
S
S + 2W
(2.132)
vi cc thng s h, S, W l chiu cao ca lp in mi, b rng ca di dn v khong cch gia
di dn v t.
Tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn ng phng c xc nh l
Z
0
=
30
e
.
K
(k)
K(k)
(2.133)
vi:
k = tanh
_
S
2h
_
(2.134)
v t s
K(k)
K
(k)
c nh ngha nh sau
K(k)
K
(k)
=
_
_
_
1
ln
_
2
1 +
__
1
khi 0 k
1
2
,
1
ln
_
2.
1 +
_
khi
1
2
k 1.
Vi
k
1 k
2
(2.135)
2.2.10 Tn hao trn ng dy truyn sng
Vi tn hiu tn s siu cao lan truyn trn ng truyn sng mt khong cch ln th tn
hao trn ng dy tr nn rt ng k. Ngoi ra suy hao tn hiu ph thuc vo tn s nn gy
ra suy gim bin v mo dng tn hiu. Vic tnh ton chnh xc tn hao trn ng dy l rt
phc tp do c qu nhiu yu t nh hng n iu kin truyn sng. Do vy tn hao thng
c c lng vi mt s gi thit nht nh.
Tn hao trn ng truyn c phn lm hai loi l: tn hao kim loi v tn hao in mi.
Tn hao kim loi - metal loss
Tn hao kim loi l tn hao sinh ra do in tr ca phn dn bng kim loi trn ng dy. Tn
hao ny c nh gi thng qua in tr tuyn tnh R ca ng dy, c coi gm hai thnh
phn chnh: in tr ti tn s thp v in tr ti tn s cao.
Tn s thp: Ti vng tn s thp (chiu di ca ng truyn sng l rt ngn so vi bc
sng), tn hao kim loi ch yu l do in tr ca dy dn. Nu dy dn c in tr sut
l (hoc in dn sut = 1/), c tit din mt ct l s th in tr ca dy dn trn
mt n v chiu di l
R
DC
=

s
=
1
s
/m (2.136)
Bng 2.1: in dn sut ca mt s kim loi
Kim loi in dn sut [S/m] Kim loi in dn sut [S/m]
Nhm 3.816 10
7
Bc 6.173 10
7
ng 5.813 10
7
Thic 7.000 10
6
Ch 4.560 10
6
Vng 4.089 10
7
in tr R
DC
trong trng hp ny l hng s, khng ph thuc tn s tn hiu.
Tn s cao: Khi tn s ca tn hiu lan truyn cao (chiu di ng truyn ln hn hoc xp x
bc sng), ngoi tn hao c nh nh tn s thp, ng truyn cn c thm tn hao
do hiu ng da (skin effect).
Hiu ng da xy ra khi tn s tn hiu tng, dng in tn hiu chy qua tit din ca dy
dn khng cn phn b u trn mt phng tit din (mt dng in khng cn l mt
hng s trn b mt tit din) m c khuynh hng tp trung ti vng b mt chu vi ca
tit din dy dn v gim dn v tm ca dy theo dng hm m m). Tn s tn hiu
cng cao th hiu ng da cng mnh, c ngha l phn b mt ca dy dn c mt dng
in rt ln trong khi bn trong dy c mt khng ng k. Ta ni rng dng din
ch chy qua dy dn trn b mt m thi. iu ny lm gim tit din hiu dng ca dy
dn c kh nng ti tn hiu, lm tng in tr ng dy v kt qu l gy tn hao kim
loi vng tn s cao.
Hnh 2.15 biu din s phn b dng in trn tit din ca dy dn trn hoc di dn hnh
ch nht trong cc ng truyn di, vi di, CPW biu din mt cch nh lng hiu
ng da, ngi ta ly mc trung bnh ca mt dng in trn tit din v xc nh khong cch
d tnh t b mt dy dn sao cho c th coi l mt dng in ch phn b u trong vng ,
cn vng gia c mt dng in bng 0. Khong cch d ny c gi l b dy ca da (skin
depth).
B dy da d c tnh bi cng thc
d =
_
2
(2.137)
trong l h s t thm tuyt i, thng thng =
0
= 4 10
7
[H/m]. - in dn
sut ca dy dn, n v [S.m].
Ta nhn thy tn s cng cao hoc in dn sut cng ln th b dy da d cng nh.
in tr tuyn tnh R ca ng dy c gi tr t l nghch vi tit din hiu dng ca phn
dn in do hiu ng da tn s cao. Mt khc, tit din hiu dng ny t l vi b dy da d
Hnh 2.15: Mt dng in trn tit din (a) dy dn trn (b) di dn hnh ch nht
m d li t l nghch vi
nn in tr tuyn tnh do hiu ng do s t l thun vi
.
R
AC

(2.138)
Nh vy tn s cao, in tr R s l tng ca in tr tn s thp R
DC
theo (2.136) v in
tr tn s cao R
AC
R = R
DC
+ R
AC
(2.139)
th biu din s bin thin ca R theo tn s c v trn Hnh 2.16(a). Lu rng cc
trc tn s v trc R c chia theo thang logarit nn dc ca ng cong l 1/2.
Hnh 2.16: Quan h gia (a) R v tn s (b) Suy hao v tn s
S bin thin ca h s suy hao theo tn s cng c biu din trn Hnh 2.16(b). Ta
nhn thy cng tng theo tn s nht l vng tn s cao. ng cong cng c dc 1/2 v
t l vi R v t l vi
.
Ngoi cc tn hao do hiu ng da k trn, khi tn s tn hiu ln cn xut hin thm dng
tn hao kim loi khc l tn hao do ghp k sinh gia cc ng dy t gn nhau. Gi s trn
cc ng dy u c cc dng tn hiu cao tn (cng chiu hoc ngc chiu), do t gn
nhau nn chng s nh hng n nhau. Kt qu l mt dng in phn b trn tit din mi
ng dy cng tr nn khng ng nht, do lm gim tit din hiu dng ca dy dn v
lm tng tn hao chung cho h thng. Dng tn hao ny cng ang c nghin cu nhm rt
ra mt qui lut chung nh gi v gim thiu tn hao, nht l cc linh kin vi mch cao tn
khong cch gia cc ng dy l rt nh.
V d 2.3. Tnh b dy da ca nhm, ng, vng v bc ti tn s 10 GHz.
Gii:
in dn sut (conductivity) ca cc kim loi ny c cho trong Bng 2.1. B dy da c
cho bi biu thc (2.137) nh sau
d =
_
2
=
_
1
f
0
1
(10
10
)(4 10
7
)
_
1
= 5.03 10
3
_
1
i vi Nhm:
d = 5.03 10
3
_
1
3.816 10
7
= 8.14 10
7
m
i vi ng:
d = 5.03 10
3
_
1
5.813 10
7
= 6.60 10
7
m
i vi Vng:
d = 5.03 10
3
_
1
4.089 10
7
= 7.86 10
7
m
i vi Bc:
d = 5.03 10
3
_
1
6.173 10
7
= 6.40 10
7
m
Kt qu ny ch ra rng phn ln dng in chy trong mt cht dn in tt ch din ra
trong vng cc mng gn b mt ca vt dn
Tn hao in mi - Dielectric loss
Trong iu kin l tng, lp in mi phn cch gia hai lp dy dn ca ng truyn sng
phi l cch in hon ton (khng c dng in qua lp in mi, tc in dn ca lp in
mi G=0).
Tuy nhin, trong thc t cc cht in mi c s dng nhn chung c in dn khc khng.
iu ny gy thm mt dng tn hao na m ta c cp trong cc phn trc gi l tn hao
in mi. Tn hao ny c nh gi thng qua in dn G.
Gc tn hao ca cht in mi tn s c nh ngha bi
= tan
1
G
C
(2.140)
vi G v C ln lt l in dn v in dung ca ng dy. Ta vit li
G = C. tan (2.141)
Vy in dn t l vi in dung ca lp in mi theo h s tan .
biu din v mt ton hc quan h trn, ta nh ngha mt hng s in mi tng i l
mt s phc.
r
=
r
j
r
(2.142)
trong :
r
lin quan n in dung C.
V thnh phn dn np Y trong Hnh 2.2 gm in dn G mc song song vi in np C
Y = G + jC (2.143)
nn ta nhn thy thnh phn
r
lin quan n in dn G.
T quan h (2.142) ta suy ra tan =
r
/
r
.
V G (hoc
r
) xc nh dng in dn, C (hoc
r
) xc nh dng in dch qua in mi
nn biu vector dng in tng v gc tn hao c trnh by trn Hnh 2.17.
Hnh 2.17: Gc tn hao
Ngoi cc tn hao kim loi v tn hao in mi k trn, ng dy truyn sng cn chu cc
dng tn hao khc nh tn hao do bc x in t ( tn s rt cao), tn hao do cu trc khng
ng nht ca ng truyn (cc im gin on, ch hn ni, vv...).
2.3 Hin tng phn x sng trn ng dy - H s phn x
Nh chng ta phn tch trong mc 2.1.3, in p v dng in ti mt im z bt k trn
ng dy nhn chung c th c xem l tng ca mt sng ti v mt sng phn x.
Sng ti xut pht t ngun tn hiu t u vo ng dy i v pha ti, cn sng phn
x i t pha ti v ngun do hin tng bt phi hp tr khng ti ti. Sng phn x lan truyn
vi cng vn tc ca sng ti, c bin v pha khng nhng ph thuc vo bin v pha ca
sng ti m cn vo mi tng quan gia tr khng ti Z
L
v tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng
truyn. Chng ta s xt mi tng quan ny trong cc trng hp c th. Theo (2.14), in p
ti ta z bt k c th c vit
V (z) = V
+
0
.e
z
+ V
0
e
z
(2.144)
trong :
V
+
0
.e
z
i din cho sng ti ti z, cn V
0
.e
z
i din cho sng phn x ti z.
Ta nh ngha: H s phn x in p
v
(z) ti im z l t s gia sng in p phn x v
sng in p ti ti im z
v
(z) =
V
0
.e
z
V
+
0
.e
z
=
V
0
V
+
0
e
2z
(2.145)
Trong biu thc trn, V
0
v V
+
0
l cc hng s ph thuc vo iu kin ngun v ti, h s phn
x in p
v
(z) s bin thin theo ta z bi h s e
2z
.
Ti ti (z=0), h s phn x in p l
=
v
(0) = =
V
0
V
+
0
(2.146)
Ti im ta z bt k, h s phn x in p c th c vit l
v
(z) =
v
(0).e
2z
(2.147)
Nh vy ta c th suy ra
v
(z) ti im z bt k no trn ng dy khi bit trc
v
(0) ti
ti.
Trong trng hp tng qut, ng truyn c tn hao th s l mt s phc, tc ( =
+ j), do
v
(z) cng l mt s phc. V vy, cc h s phn x in p ny c th c
biu din bi cc im trn mt phng phc =
re
+ j
im
. Vit li (2.147)
v
(z = ) =
v
(0).e
2
.e
j2
(2.148)
trong : h s e
2
l s thc ph thuc vo h s suy hao v cng gim khi tng theo
chiu m ca z (li xa khi ti i v pha ngun).
H s e
j2
l s phc c module n v v gc pha 2 t l vi h s pha v cng
gim m khi z di chuyn v pha ngun ( tng).
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.3. HIN TNG PHN X SNG TRN NG DY - H S PHN X 51
T nhng nhn xt trn v biu thc (2.147) ta c th rt ra: Khi di chuyn trn ng truyn
sng t ti v pha ngun mt khong cch , h s phn x in p
v
s di chuyn trn mt
qu tch hnh xoy trn c trong mt phng phc (Hnh 2.18). Qu tch xut pht t im h
s phn x ti ti
v
(0) v xoay theo chiu kim ng h (hng v ngun) mt gc 2 vi suy
gim module ca vector
v
theo h s e
2
.
Hnh 2.18: Biu din s bin thin ca h s phn x theo v
c bit nu ng truyn sng khng tn hao ( = 0) th t (2.148) ta c
v
(z) =
v
(0).e
j2
(2.149)
Khi ny, qu tch ca
v
l mt vng trn tm ti gc ta v i qua im
v
(0). H s phn
x in p
v
(z) ti im z bt k ch l s quay pha ca h s phn x in p ti ti
v
(0). Do
[
v
(z)[ = [
v
(0)[ (2.150)
Theo (2.148), gc xoay pha khi di chuyn khong cch l 2. Theo (2.17), ta c th biu din
gc xoay pha nh sau
2 = 2
2
= 2

/2
(2.151)
Ni cch khc, gc pha ca h s phn x in p
v
s xoay mt lng 2 (hay quay mt vng
trn quanh gc ta trong mt phng phc khi di chuyn mt khong bng mt na bc
sng (/2) ca tn hiu. Vi khong cch bt k th gc pha s xoay quanh ta mt lng
t l vi theo (2.151).
Cc nhn xt trn v qu tch ca im phc
v
trong mt phng h s phn x in p s
c p dng xy dng th Smith trong Chng 4.
Tng t nh h s phn x in p
v
, ta cng c th nh ngha h s phn x dng in
i
trn ng truyn sng. Theo (2.13b), dng in ti mt im z bt k cng c coi l xp
chng ca sng dng in ti v sng dng in phn x.
I(z) = I
+
0
e
z
+ I
0
e
z
(2.152)
H s phn x dng in ti im z c nh ngha l
i
(z) =
I
0
e
z
I
+
0
e
z
=
I
0
I
+
0
e
2z
(2.153)
l t s gia sng dng in phn x v sng dng in ti ti im z .
Mt khc, theo (2.21) ta c
i
(z) =
0
Z
0
V
+
0
Z
0
e
2z
=
V
0
V
+
0
e
2z
(2.154)
So snh (2.154) vi (2.145) ta rt ra
i
(z) =
v
(z) (2.155)
Nh vy, h s phn x dng in lch pha h s phn x in p 180
0
.
Trong thc t, h s phn x in p
v
thng c s dng nh h s phn x ca ng
truyn. Do khi ni n h s phn x l ta ngm hiu l h s phn x in p.
(z) =
v
(z) (2.156)
By gi ta cn xc nh h s phn x trn ng truyn sng ti mt im z bt k. Tuy
nhin, trc ht ta hy tm h s phn x ti ti, tc (0).
ng truyn khng tn hao c ti kt cui
Xt mt ng truyn sng khng tn hao c tr khng c tnh Z
0
, hng s truyn lan , chiu
di ; u cui c kt cui bi ti Z
L
nh m t trn Hnh 2.19.
Gi thit mt sng ti c dng V
+
0
e
jz
c pht ra t mt ngun ti z < 0. Chng ta
bit rng t s gia in p v dng in i vi mt sng truyn lan nh vy chnh l Z
0
-tr
khng c tnh. Nhng khi ng dy c kt cui bi mt ti bt k Z
L
,= Z
0
th t s gia
in p v dng in ti ti phi bng Z
L
. V vy, mt sng phn x phi c kch thch vi
mt bin ph hp tha mn iu kin ny. in p tng trn ng dy khi c th c
vit l tng ca sng ti v sng phn x.
V (z) = V
+
0
e
jz
+ V
0
e
jz
(2.157a)
Tng t, dng in tng trn ng dy c m t bi
I(z) = I
+
0
e
jz
+ I
0
e
jz
=
V
+
0
Z
0
e
jz
0
Z
0
e
jz
(2.157b)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.3. HIN TNG PHN X SNG TRN NG DY - H S PHN X 53
Hnh 2.19: ng truyn c kt cui tr khng ti Z
L
Tng in p trn ti V (0) v dng in qua ti I(0) quan h vi nhau theo nh lut Ohm.
Z
L
=
V (0)
I(0)
(2.158)
T (2.157) v (2.158) ta c
Z
L
= Z
0
V
+
0
+ V
0
V
+
0
V
0
(2.159)
Gii cho V
0
cho
V
0
=
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
+ Z
0
V
+
0
(2.160)
Bin ca sng phn x c chun ha theo bin ca sng in p c bit n vi tn
gi "H s phn x" v c xc nh nh sau:
(0) =
V
0
V
+
0
=
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
+ Z
0
(2.161)
Nhn xt:
H phng trnh (2.157) cho thy in p v dng in trn ng dy l s xp chng
ca mt sng ti v sng phn x; cc sng nh vy gi l sng ng.
Biu thc (2.159) v (2.161) xc nh mt song nh gia h s phn x trn ti (0) v
tr khng ti Z
L
. Ngha l mt gi tr ca Z
L
tng ng vi mt v ch mt gi tr duy
nht ca (0). Tnh cht ny c s dng nh ngha th Smith trong Chng 3.
Mt cch tng qut, Z
L
v Z
0
u l s phc nn (0) cng l mt s phc (0) =
[(0)[.arg (0)
Chng ta s xt mt s trng hp c bit ca ti Z
L
v h s phn x (0) t (2.161). Tr
khng vo ca mt ng truyn v tr bt k s c xem xt trong mc 2.4.
1. Khi Z
L
= Z
0
T (2.161) ta thy ch khi =0 th khng c sng phn x. t c = 0 th tr
khng ti Z
L
phi bng tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng truyn. Mt ti nh vy c cho
l c phi hp tr khng vi ng truyn do khng c s phn x ca sng ti.
Vic mt phi hp tr khng gia ng truyn sng v ti s gy ra phn x sng v kt
qu l gy nhiu cho tn hiu trn ng dy, gy ra sng ng, phn x cng sut ngc
v ngun pht. V nhng l do trn khi thit k mch siu cao tn chng ta phi m bo
phi hp tr khng tht tt.
2. Khi Z
L
= 0 (ti ni tt)
Khi = 1
H s phn x bng -1 ngha l ton b cng sut ca sng ti n ti ni tt u b phn
x ngc v ngun (do ni tt nn V(0)=0 v ti khng tiu th cng sut).
Ch : Khi = 1, sng in p ti v sng in p phn x c bin bng nhau nhng
ngc pha nhau, dn ti sng in p tng bng 0: V(0)=0. Ngc li, h s phn x dng
in ti ti l
i
=
v
= 1 nn sng dng in ti v sng dng in phn x c bin
bng nhau v cng pha vi nhau ti ti. iu ny lm dng in chy qua ti ni tt
tng gp i so vi dng in ti.
3. Khi Z
L
(ti h mch). H s phn x = +1
H s phn x trn ti bng +1, ton b cng sut ca sng ti ti h mch cng u b
phn x ngc v ngun (do ti h mch, I
L
= 0 nn ti cng khng tiu th cng sut).
Tng t nh trng hp ti ni tt, h s phn x = +1 s lm cho in p trn ti V
L
tng gp i so vi in p sng ti v dng in trn ti I
L
=0 do sng dng in ti v
sng dng in phn x trit tiu nhau.
4. Khi Z
L
= jX
L
(ti thun khng)
Khi ti l thun khng (t in C
L
hay in cm L
L
, hoc mt t hp gia chng) th h
s phn x ti ti l
L
=
jX
L
Z
0
jX
L
+ Z
0
(2.162)
c bit nu ng dy khng tn hao hoc tn hao thp (thng xy ra trong thc t) c
th coi tr khng c tnh Z
0
ca ng dy l in tr c tnh R
0
(thc), do (2.162)
tr thnh
L
=
jX
L
R
0
jX
L
+ R
0
(2.163)
khi
[
L
[ = 1 (2.164)
Vy, ton b cng sut ca sng ti cng u b phn x ngc tr li do ti thun khng
khng tiu th cng sut.
Cc trng hp ti ni tt (Z
L
= 0), ti h mch (Z
L
) v ti thun khng (Z
L
=
jX
L
) u phn x ton b cng sut ca sng v pha ngun, nn c th gy qu cng
sut hoc qu p, qu dng ti ngun v gy h hng ngun tn hiu nu cng sut ln.
5. Khi Z
L
= R
L
+ jX
L
(ti bt k)
Vi ng dy khng tn hao hoc tn hao thp, Z
0
= R
0
, biu thc (2.161) tr thnh
(0) =
jX
L
+ (R
L
R
0
)
jX
L
+ (R
L
+ R
0
)
(2.165)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.4. CC LOI SUY HAO, SNG NG V PHNG TRNH TR KHNG NG TRUYN55
Do
[R
L
R
0
[ R
L
+ R
0
(2.166)
v ta suy ra t (2.165)
[(0)[ 1 (2.167)
Vy vi ti bt k, h s phn x trn ti
L
lun c module nh hn hay bng 1. iu
ny th hin rng cng sut sng phn x lun nh hn cng sut sng ti.
2.4 Cc loi suy hao, sng ng v phng trnh tr khng
ng truyn
2.4.1 Suy hao phn hi - Return Loss
Vi (2.146) ta c th vit li (2.157) nh sau:
V (z) = V
+
0
[e
jz
+ e
jz
] (2.168a)
I(z) =
V
+
0
Z
0
[e
jz
e
jz
] (2.168b)
By gi xt cng sut trung bnh chy dc theo ng dy ti im z:
P
av
=
1
2
'e[V (z)I(z)
] =
1
2
[V
+
0
[
2
Z
0
'e1
e
j2z
+ e
j2z
[[
2
(2.169)
y (2.168) c s dng. Hai s hng gia trong du ngoc c dng AA
= 2jIm(A)
v l thun o. iu ny dn ti
P
av
=
1
2
[V
+
0
[
2
Z
0
(1 [[
2
), (2.170)
Biu thc ny cho thy rng cng sut trung bnh l hng s ti bt k im no trn ng
truyn v rng tng cng sut phn pht ti ti (P
av
) bng cng sut sng ti ([V
+
0
[
2
/2Z
0
) tr
i cng sut phn x ([V
+
0
[
2
[[
2
/2Z
0
). Nu = 0 th cng sut ti a s c phn pht ti ti,
trong khi khng c lng cng sut no c pht ti ti khi [[ = 1. Tho lun trn gi thit
rng ngun c phi hp nn khng c phn x ca sng b phn x.
Khi ti khng c phi hp th khng phi tt c cng sut kh dng t ngun c pht
ti ti. Tn tht ny c gi l Suy hao phn hi (RL) v c nh ngha (theo dB) l
RL = 20 log [[ dB, (2.171)
Do mt ti phi hp (=0) c suy hao phn hi l dB (khng c cng sut phn x), trong
khi h s phn x ( = 1) c suy hao phn hi 0 dB (ton b cng sut ti b phn x).
2.4.2 Hin tng sng ng v h s sng ng
Hin tng sng ng
Nh cp cc phn trc, sng in p v dng in ti mt im z bt k trn ng
dy u c coi l tng ca sng ti v sng phn x. Vi ngun tn hiu n sc (n tn),
cc sng ti v sng phn x l cc sng hnh sin lan truyn ngc chiu nhau. iu ny gy
ra giao thoa sng dc theo ng truyn, kt qu l dc theo ng truyn c nhng im bin
sng tng (in p hoc dng in) t cc i c gi l bng sng (anti-node) v s c
nhng im bin sng t cc tiu c gi l nt sng (node). Hin tng ny gi l hin
tng sng ng (standing wave) trn ng dy.
minh ha hin tng sng ng, chng ta xt mt ng truyn sng khng tn hao, u
cui c kt thc bng mt ti h mch tc (0) = +1. Sng in p phn x s c bin
bng sng in p ti, v u l cc sng in p hnh sin cng chu k truyn theo hai hng
ngc chiu nhau ca trc z.
Ti thi im t = t
1
, hai sng ti v sng phn x c phn b theo z nh trn Hnh 2.20.
Chng l cc sng hnh sin c lch pha so vi nhau l 2k. Do sng in p tng
t bin cc i.
Ti thi im t = t
1
+ T/4 (mt phn t chu k sau), sng ti s lan truyn theo chiu
tng ca z mt on ng bng /4, trong khi sng phn x cng lan truyn theo chiu
gim ca z mt on ng tng t. Kt qu l sng ti v sng phn x lch pha nhau
mt lng (2k + 1), dn ti sng tng b trit tiu (Hnh 2.20(b)).
Ti thi im t = t
1
+T/2 (mt na chu k sau t
1
), lp lun nh trn ta c sng tng t
bin cc i nh trng hp t = t
1
(Hnh 2.20(c)).
Tm li, s phn b in p ca sng tng dc theo chiu di ng dy v s bin thin ca
chng theo thi gian c v Hnh 2.21. Lc ny ta c th thy r hin tng sng ng. Ta
c nhn xt nh sau:
C nhng im c nh trn ng dy m ti in p bin thin trong phm vi cc
i. l im bng sng (anti-node)
C nhng im c nh trn ng dy m ti in p lun b trit tiu hoc bin thin
trong phm vi nh. l cc im nt (node).
H s sng ng
Nu ti c phi hp vi ng truyn, = 0 v bin in p trn ng dy l [V (z)[ =
[V
+
0
[, l mt hng s. Mt ng truyn nh vy i khi c gi l "phng". Tuy nhin, khi ti
khng c phi hp tr khng th s c mt sng phn x v dn ti sng ng bin
Hnh 2.20: Minh ha sng ti, sng phn x v sng tng
in p khng cn l mt hng s na. V vy, t (2.168) ta c
[V (z)[ = [V
+
0
[[1 + e
j2z
[
= [V
+
0
[[1 + e
j2
[ (2.172)
= [V
+
0
[[1 +[[e
2
[
= z l khong cch dng c o t ti ti z=0, v l pha ca h s phn x
( = [[e
). Kt qu ny ch ra rng bin in p dao ng theo v tr z dc theo ng

truyn. Gi tr cc i xut hin khi s hng pha e
2
= 1, v c cho bi
V
max
= [V
+
0
[(1 +[[) (2.173)
Gi tr cc tiu xut hin khi s hng pha e
j(2)
= 1, v c cho bi
V
min
= [V
+
0
[(1 [[) (2.174)
Hnh 2.21: Minh ha sng ng
Tng t ta rt ra
I
max
=
[V
+
0
[
Z
0
(1 +[[) (2.175)
v
I
min
=
[V
+
0
[
Z
0
(1 [[) (2.176)
Khi tng, t s gia V
max
v V
min
tng v vy mt s o bt phi hp tr khng ca mt
ng truyn gi l h s sng ng (SWR) c th c nh ngha nh sau
S = SWR =
V
max
V
min
=
1 +[[
1 [[
(2.177)
i lng ny cn c gi l h s sng ng in p, v i khi c vit tt l VSWR. T
(2.177) ta thy rng SWR l mt s thc nm trong di 1 SWR , y SWR=1 ng
ti phi hp vi ng truyn.
Nhn xt:
T (2.172) c th thy rng khong cch gia hai im in p cc i (hay cc tiu) lin
tip l = 2/2 = /2 = /2
Khong cch gia mt im cc i v mt im cc tiu l = /2 = /4, trong
l bc sng trn ng dy.
Ti im bng in p v im nt dng in c bin in p t cc i V
max
c bin
dng in cc tiu I
min
v ti im c
R
max
=
V
max
I
min
= Z
0
1 +[[
1 [[
= Z
0
.S (2.178)
Nu ly chun ha theo tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn th
r
max
=
R
max
Z
0
= S (2.179)
Ti im nt in p v bng dng in c bin in p cc tiu V
min
v bin dng
in t cc i I
max
v ti im c
R
min
=
V
min
I
max
=
Z
0
S
(2.180)
ly chun ha theo tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn th
r
min
=
R
min
Z
0
=
1
S
(2.181)
T (2.181) ta thy tr khng ng dy chun ha ti im nt in p, bng dng in s mang
gi tr thc dng v bng nghch o ca h s sng ng S trn ng dy.
Mt khc t (2.179) v (2.181) ta nhn thy rng tr khng ng dy chun ha r
max
ti
im bng in p, nt dng in bng nghch o ca tr khng ng dy chun ha r
min
ti
im nt in p, bng dng in cch mt khong k/4. Ta vit dng tng qut nh sau
r
max
(z) =
1
r
min
(z k
4
)
(2.182)
2.4.3 Tr khng vo ca ng truyn
H s phn x trong (2.161) c nh ngha l h s phn x in p ti ti ( = 0), nhng
i lng ny c th c tng qut ha cho bt k im no trn ng truyn nh sau.T
(2.157a), vi z = , t s gia thnh phn sng phn x v thnh phn sng ti l
Hnh 2.22: Mt ng truyn kt cui bi mt ngn mch
() =
V
0
e
j
V
+
0
e
j
= (0)e
2j
(2.183)
y (0) l h s phn x ti im z=0. Biu thc ny rt hu ch khi cn chuyn i tc ng
ca s bt phi hp tr khng ti dc theo ng truyn.
Ta thy rng cng sut thc chy trn ng dy l mt hng s, nhng bin in p
(t ra l i vi ng truyn khng phi hp) dao ng theo v tr trn ng dy. V vy bn
c c th kt lun l tr khng nhn vo ng truyn phi bin thin theo v tr v qu ng l
nh vy. Ti mt khong cch = z k t ti, tr khng u vo nhn v pha ti l
Z
in
=
V ()
I()
=
V
+
0
[e
j
+ e
j
]
V
+
0
[e
j
e
j
]
Z
0
=
1 + e
j2
1 e
j2
Z
0
(2.184)
Mt dng khc thun tin hn c th t t c bng vic s dng (2.161) cho trong
Hnh 2.23: (a) in p (b) dng in v (c) tr khng (R
in
truyn u cui ngn mch
(2.184):
Z
in
= Z
0
(Z
L
+ Z
0
)e
j
+ (Z
L
Z
0
)e
j
(Z
L
+ Z
0
)e
j
(Z
L
Z
0
)e
j
= Z
0
Z
L
cos + jZ
0
sin
Z
0
cos + jZ
L
sin
(2.185)
= Z
0
Z
L
+ jZ
0
tan
Z
0
+ jZ
L
tan
y l mt kt qu quan trng i vi tr khng vo ca ng truyn c ti bt k. Chng ta
s ni ti kt qu ny nh l mt phng trnh tr khng ng truyn: Sau y chng ta s tho
lun mt s trng hp c bit.
Cc trng hp c bit ca ng dy khng tn hao c kt cui
Mt s trng hp c bit ca ng dy khng tn hao c kt cui s thng xuyn xut hin
trong cng vic ca chng ta v vy trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt cc c tnh ca nhng
trng hp nh vy.
Hnh 2.24: Mt ng truyn kt cui bi mt ngn mch
Ti ngn mch: Xt mch in ng truyn trn Hnh 2.22, mt ng truyn c kt
cui bi mt ngn mch (Z
L
= 0). Trong phn trc chng ta bit h s phn x trong
trng hp ny l = 1; v t (2.177) ta thy t s sng ng l v cng. T (2.168)
in p v dng in trn ng dy l
V (z) = V
+
0
[e
jz
e
jz
] = 2jV
+
0
sin z (2.186a)
I(z) =
V
+
0
Z
0
[e
jz
+ e
jz
] = 2
V
+
0
Z
0
cos z (2.186b)
iu ny cho thy V=0 ti ti (ng nh th v ti ngn mch), trong khi dng in li t
cc i ti . T (2.185), hoc t t s V(-)/I(-), tr khng vo l
Z
in
= jZ
0
tan (2.186c)
Gi tr ny l thun o cho bt k di no v nhn mi gi tr gia +jv j. V
d, khi = 0 ta c Z
in
= 0 nhng khi = /4 ta c Z
in
= (h mch). Phng trnh
(2.187c) cng cho thy rng tr khng tun hon theo v lp li vi bi s ca /2. in
p, dng in v in khng vo cho ng truyn ngn mch c v trn Hnh 2.23.
Ti h mch: ng truyn c ti h mch (Hnh 2.24) c Z
L
= . Trong phn trc chng
ta bit khi ti h mch th h s phn x = +1 v h s sng ng mt ln na li l
v cng ln. T (2.177) in p v dng in trn ng dy l
V (z) = V
+
0
[e
jz
+ e
jz
] = 2V
+
0
cos z (2.187a)
I(z) =
V
+
0
Z
0
[e
jz
e
jz
] =
2jV
+
0
Z
0
sin z (2.187b)
iu ny cho thy by gi I = 0 ti ti ng nh mong i i vi mt ti h mch trong
khi in p t cc i. T (2.185), hoc t t s V(-)/I(-), tr khng vo l
Z
in
= jZ
0
cot (2.187c)
n cng l thun o i vi bt k chiu di no. in p, dng in v in khng vo
ca ng truyn h mch c v trn Hnh 2.25.
Hnh 2.25: (a) in p (b) dng in v (c) tr khng (R
in
truyn c ti h mch
Suy hao xen - Insertion loss
By gi chng ta xt mt ng truyn c tr khng c tnh Z
0
cp tn hiu vo ng truyn
c tr khng c tnh Z
1
,= Z
0
nh trn Hnh 2.26. Nu ng dy ti l di v hn hoc nu n
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.5. CC NG TRUYN CNG HNG V PHN CNG HNG 63
c kt cui bi tr khng c tnh ca chnh n th s khng c phn x t u cui ca n v
khi tr khng vo nhn t ng dy cp tn hiu l Z
1
, v th h s phn x l
=
Z
1
Z
0
Z
1
+ Z
0
(2.188)
Hnh 2.26: Phn x v truyn i ti giao ca hai ng truyn c tr khng c tnh khc nhau
khng phi l tt c sng ti b phn x m mt phn c truyn qua ng dy th hai vi
bin in p cho bi h s truyn T.
T (2.168) in p khi z < 0 l
V (z) = V
+
0
(e
jz
+ e
jz
), viz < 0 (2.189)
trong V
+
0
l bin ca sng in p ti trn ng dy th nht. Sng in p khi z > 0
khi khng c mt phn x ch c sng i v c th c vit l
V (z) = V
+
0
Te
jz
, viz > 0 (2.190)
Cn bng cc in p ny ti z = 0 ta xc nh c h s truyn T nh sau
T = 1 + = 1 +
Z
1
Z
0
Z
1
+ Z
0
=
2Z
1
Z
1
+ Z
0
(2.191)
H s truyn gia hai im trong mt mch thng c biu din theo dB l suy hao xen (IL),
IL = 20 log [T[ dB (2.192)
2.5 Cc ng truyn cng hng v phn cng hng
Trong phn ny chng ta s xt n cc ng dy truyn sng c chiu di l mt bi s nguyn
ln ca mt phn t bc sng ( = k/4). Nh trn tho lun, khong cch gia cc im
cc i v cc tiu ca sng ng cch nhau mt khong l /4 nn nu ti l mt ngn mch
th ti mt im z cch ti k/4 s l mt h mch v ngc li. Ngoi ra, nu ti l bt k th
ta c th tm c tr khng vo ca ng truyn ti mt im z bt k theo (2.185). Chng ta
cng gi thit ng dy l khng tn hao ( = 0, = j, Z
1
R
1
) nhm n gin ha vic
tnh ton.
2.5.1 ng truyn mt phn t bc sng
ng truyn mt phn t bc sng c chiu di = /4 nh trn Hnh 2.27. Khi
Hnh 2.27: B chuyn i tr khng mt phn t bc sng
=
2
4
=

2
Theo (2.185) ta c
Z
in
=
Z
2
1
Z
L
=
Z
2
1
R
L
(2.193)
Ta nhn thy rng tr khng ti Z
L
t l nghch vi tr khng vo Z
in
.
Nhn xt:
Nu ti h mch (Z
L
) th Z
in
= 0, tng ng vi mt ngn mch ti u vo
ng truyn. Tr khng ny tng t nh tr khng ca mt mch LC ni tip ti tn
s cng hng
0
= 1/
LC, c tr khng trit tiu, cn ti cc tn s khc (bc sng

khc) tr khng s khc khng. V vy, ng dy /4 ti h mch c gi l ng dy
cng hng.
Nu ti ngn mch (Z
L
= 0) th Z
in
, tng ng mt h mch ti u vo ng
truyn. Tr khng vo Z
in
lc ny tng ng nh tr khng ca mt mch LC song
song ti tn s cng hng
0
= 1/
LC, c tr khng v cng ln, cn ti cc tn s

khc (bc sng khc), tr khng Z
in
s hu hn. V vy, ng dy /4 ti ngn mch
c gi l ng dy phn cng hng (anti-resonance).
c bit nu Z
L
R
L
th Z
in
= R
in
. Lc ny nu R
L
> R
0
th R
in
< R
0
ta c bng
in p ti ti v nt in p ti ng vo. Ngc li ta c nt in p ti ti v bng in
p ti ng vo.
Do cc c tnh trn m mt ng dy cng hng hoc phn cng hng c th c dng
trong cc mch ghp chn lc tn s, ng dy chm phi hp tr khng hoc ng dy trong
mch cp ngun cho cc linh kin tch cc, trong mch lc, mch khuch i, mch ghp nh
hng, mch chia cng sut vv m chng ta s c dp cp trong phn mch siu cao tn.
Mt ng dng quan trng ca ng dy /4 l dng lm mch bin i tr khng. Mt
ng truyn c tr khng c tnh Z
1
c chc nng bin i in tr ti R
L
thnh mt tr khng
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 2.5. CC NG TRUYN CNG HNG V PHN CNG HNG 65
Z
in
ti u vo ng dy. Do chng c th c dng phi hp mt ti thc R
L
bt k
vi mt ng dy c tr khng Z
0
= Z
in
, vi iu kin tr khng c tnh ca ng dy /4
l
Z
1
=
_
Z
L
.Z
0
(2.194)
Khi s khng c sng ng trn ng dy cp tn hiu (tc SWR=1) mc d s c sng
ng trn on dy phi hp /4. Ngoi ra ta cn ch rng do tnh cht tun hon chu k /2
ca tr khng vo ca cc ng dy khng tn hao nn cc c tnh trn ca ng dy /4
cng ng cho cc ng dy c chiu di l mt bi s l ln ((2k + 1)/4) ca di /4.
Tuy nhin phi hp hon ho ch t c mt tn s v bt phi hp s xy ra cc tn s
khc.
im cn lu y l phng php phi hp ny ch p dng cho tr khng ti thc mc
d tr khng ti phc d dng c th bin thnh thc ti mt tn s no bng vic chuyn i
thng qua mt ng dy di thch hp.
2.5.2 ng truyn na bc sng
ng truyn na bc sng c chiu di = /2. Do
=
2
2
= (2.195)
T (2.185) ta suy ra Z
in
= Z
L
iu ny c ngha l tr khng u vo ng dy na bc sng lun bng tr khng ti
cui ng dy.
Nu u cui ti l mt ngn mch (Z
L
= 0) th tr khng vo Z
in
cng trit tiu (biu hin
im nt in p), tng ng tr khng vo ca mch cng hng LC ni tip.
Nu u cui l ti l mt h mch (Z
L
), tr khng vo Z
in
ln v cng (im bng
in p), tng ng vi tr khng mch phn cng hng hay LC song song.
Cc tnh cht trn ca ng truyn /2 cng ng vi cc ng truyn c chiu di k/2
2.5.3 Tr khng ng truyn khi tn s thay i
Cc nhn xt v ng truyn cng hng v phn cng hng trn ch ng vi mt tn s
c bn (ng vi bc sng ) hoc cc hi tn ca n. Khi tn s thay i, tr khng vo Z
in
cng thay i rt nhanh, nht l i vi ng truyn phn cng hng.
Chng 3
th Smith
3.1 C s ca th Smith
Trong k thut siu cao tn, cc bi ton phn tch v thit k cc mch in hot ng tn
s siu cao thung dn ti vic gii cc h phng trnh rt phc tp. iu ny gy nhiu kh
khn cho ngi thit k, nht l khi cn c ngay mt li gii cho cc vn k thut trong mt
khong thi gian sm nht.
n gin ha vic tnh ton, php gii bng th t ra kh hiu qu v nhanh chng.
Mc d kt qu c th cha t chnh xc cao nhng php gii bng th khng nhng n
gin m cn gip ngi thit k thc hin cc php tnh bng nhng ng tc bin i rt tng
hnh, d hiu.
Theo xu hng , mt s kiu th tr khng c hnh thnh nhm gip gii quyt vic
phn tch mch in siu cao tn t kt cu n gin nh ng dy truyn sng n cc mch
in phc tp hn nh mch khuch i siu cao tn, mch phi hp tr khng, mch dao ng
siu cao tn vv... Tuy nhin kiu th c bit n nhiu nht v c s dng rng ri trong
lnh vc v tuyn v siu cao tn l dng th h s phn x - tr khng ng truyn c
xy dng bi Phillip H. Smith ti Bell Telephone Laboratories vo nm 1939 v c gi l
th Smith (Hnh 3.1). Bn c c th ngh rng ngy nay vi s ra i ca cc my tnh c kh
nng x l ln, cch gii bng th khng cn ch ng trong k thut hin i. Tuy nhin
th Smith cn c ngha hn c mt k thut ha. Bn cnh vic l mt phn khng th tch
ri khi phn mm thit k CAD v thit b o hin nay, th Smith to ra mt cng c hu
ch cho vic minh ha bng hnh nh cc hin tng trn ng truyn, v cng rt quan trng
trong o to ngnh k thut cao tn. Mt k s siu cao tn c th pht trin trc gic ca mnh
v ng truyn v cc vn phi hp tr khng bng vic hc cch t duy v hiu su sc
th Smith. Khi mi nhn vo th Smith Hnh 3.1 c th thy rt kh hiu nhng cha kha
d dng hiu c n l ta nhn thc rng l th ta cc biu din h s phn x
in p . Ta hy biu din h s phn x c ln v pha theo dng = [[e
j
. Khi ln
[[ c v vi bn knh ([[ 1) t tm ca th v gc (180
0
180
0
) c o t
u mt phi ca ng knh nm ngang. Bt k mt h s phn x no c ln [[ 1 u
c th c v thnh mt im duy nht trn th Smith.
S tin dng thc s ca th Smith l ch n c th c s dng chuyn i cc
67
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 68 CHNG 3. TH SMITH
Hnh 3.1: th Smith
h s phn x sang tr khng chun ha (hay dn np chun ha) v ngc li nh s dng cc
ng trn tr khng (hay dn np) in trn th. Khi lm vic vi tr khng trn th Smith,
cc i lng chun ha c s dng v chng ta s k hiu bng ch thng. Hng s chun
ha thng l tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn sng.
Mt cch tng qut th Smith c xy dng da trn mi quan h gia h s phn x
(z) v tr khng Z(z) ti mt im z bt k no trn ng dy truyn sng c xy
dng trong Chng 2 v c nhc li y nh sau:
Tr khng ng dy ti im z
Z(z) = Z
0
1 + (z)
1 (z)
(3.1)
sau khi c chun ha theo tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn sng Z
0
, z(z) = Z(z)/Z
0
tr
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.1. C S CA TH SMITH 69
thnh
z(z) =
1 + (z)
1 (z)
(3.2)
v h s phn x ti z
(z) =
Z(z) Z
0
Z(z) + Z
0
=
z(z) 1
z(z) + 1
(3.3)
n gin trong k hiu, t nay ta b i k hiu z v coi , Z i din cho h s phn x,
tr khng sng ti im z trn ng dy v z i in cho tr khng chun ha ca ng dy
ti z v ta vit li mi quan h gia hai i lng ny nh sau:
=
z 1
z + 1
z =
1 +
1
(3.4)
Quan h ny i din cho nh x gia mt phng tr khng phc z v mt phng h s phn x
phc , nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.2: nh x gia mt phng z v mt phng
Mt tr khng phc z = r + jx vi in tr dng (r > 0) c nh x vo mt im
nm trong vng trn n v trn mt phng , tc l tha mn [[ < 1. Mt ng dy thun
tr z = r (mt ng thng ng trong mt phng z Hnh 3.3) c nh x vo mt vng trn
trn mt phng v nm hon ton trong vng trn n v nu r > 0. Tng t, mt ng
dy thun khng z = jx (mt ng nm ngang trong mt phng z - Hnh 3.4) c nh x vo
mt vng trn trn mt phng (mt phn ng trn ny nm trong vng trn n v). th
Smith l mt minh ha bng th mt phng vi mt li gm nhiu ng cong cc vng
trn in tr v in khng c gi tr hng nm trong vng trn n v.
Bt k mt im h s phn x no ri vo giao im ca mt vng trn in tr v
mt vng trn in khng (r, x) th gi tr tr khng tng ng c th c c trc tip thnh
z = r + jx. Tri li, khi cho z = r + jx v tm giao im ca cc ng trn (r, x) th im
phc c th c nh v v gi tr ca n c c t cc ta cc hoc ta cc.
Hnh 3.3: nh x r gia mt phng z v mt phng
3.2 Cc th vng trn
By gi chng ta s tm cch xy dng cc th vng trn cp trn t cc biu thc
quan h gia z v . Trc tin chng ta hy tm biu din ton hc ca cc vng trn ni chung
c tm C, bn knh R trong mt phng phc nh trong Hnh 3.5. y ta ca C, l s
phc cn bn knh R l s thc. Ta vit biu thc vc t sau:
C =
OC (3.5)
ta c th vit di dng module bnh phng nh sau
[
C[
2
= [
OC[
2
(3.6)
Trong [
C[ chnh l bn knh ca ng trn, cn
O v
OC l cc s phc v C. Ta c
th vit li (3.6) nh sau:
R
2
= [ C[
2
= ( C)(
) (3.7)
(3.7) cn c th vit li thnh
[[
2
C
= R
2
[C[
2
(3.8)
Nh vy mt vng trn tm C bn kinh R trong mt phng phc c th c biu din v mt
ton hc theo biu thc (3.8).
By gi da trn biu thc tng qut (3.8) chng ta i tm phng trnh biu din cc vng
trn in tr v in khng trn th Smith.
xc nh tm v bn knh ca cc ng trn in tr v in khng chng ta s dng
kt qu rng mt ng trn tm C bn knh R trn mt phng c hai cch biu din tng
ng sau:
[[
2
C
= B [ C[ = R, trong B = R
2
[C[
2
(3.9)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.2. CC TH VNG TRN 71
Hnh 3.4: nh x x gia mt phng z v mt phng
Hnh 3.5: Biu din vng trn trong mt phng phc
t z = r +jx trong phng trnh (3.3) v tch ring cc phn thc v phn o chng ta c th
biu din r v x theo nh sau:
r = Re z =
1 [[
2
[1 [
2
, x = Im z =
j(
)
[1 [
2
(3.10)
(Lu : kt qu trn l nh s dng php bin i [[
2
=
r
2
+
i
2
v [1[
2
= (1
r
)
2
+
i
2
v j(
) = 2
i
vi =
r
+ j
i
; ).
c bit, biu thc cho phn in tr ng rng iu kin r > 0 tng ng vi [[ < 1. Cc
ng trn r, x t c bng cch biu din phng trnh (3.10) theo dng (3.9). Chng ta c
r[ 1[
2
= 1 [[
2
r([[
2

+ 1) = 1 [[
2
v sp xp li cc s hng:
[[
2
r
r + 1
r
1 + r
=
1 r
1 + r

r
1 + r
2
=
1 r
1 + r
+
r
2
(1 + r)
2
=
_
1
1 + r
_
2
(3.11)
Tng t, chng ta c
x[ 1[
2
= j(
) x([[
2

+ 1) = j(
)
c th c sp xp li thnh:
[[
2
_
1
j
x
_

_
1 +
j
x
_
= 1

_
1 +
j
x
_
2
= 1 +
_
1 +
1
x
2
_
=
_
1
x
_
2
(3.12)
tng kt li cc ng trn ng in tr v ng in khng l:

r
1 + r
=
1
1 + r
(cc ng trn in tr) (3.13)

_
1 +
j
x
_
=
1
[x[
(cc ng trn in khng) (3.14)
hay ta c th vit li cc phng trnh (3.11) v (3.12) di dng phng trnh ng trn quen
thuc trong chng trnh ton ph thng nh sau:
_
r
1 + r
_
2
+
i
2
=
_
1
1 + r
_
2
(3.15)
v
(
r
1)
2
+
_
1
x
_
2
=
_
1
x
_
2
(3.16)
Vy mi vng trn ng r l mt vng trn trong mt phng phc c
Tm ti
_
r
1 + r
, 0
_
Bn knh
1
1 + r
( y ta lun gi thit r 0)
Hnh 3.6 biu din cc ng trn ng r vi cc gi tr r khc nhau. Thc t r ca ng dy
lun dng hoc bng 0 nn y ta ch xt h cc vng trn ng r vi 0 r < .
Ta c nhng nhn xt sau:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.2. CC TH VNG TRN 73
Khi r = 0 ng trn r = 0 c tm ti (0,0) bn knh n v (1). y l ng trn c
tm ti gc ta ca mt phng phc v bn knh l 1. tt c cc gi tr ca h s phn
x trn ng trn ny u tng ng vi tr khng ng dy l thun khng (on ni
tt, h mch, dung khng hoc cm khng) vi thnh phn in tr b trit tiu. Ta c th
kim chng c rng trong iu kin tr khng ng dy l thun khng hoc bng 0
(hay ) th |[ = 1.
Khi r = 1 (R = Z
0
), ta c ng trn ng r = 1 i qua gc ta ca c tm (0.5,0)
v bn knh 0.5. ng trn ny c tm nm trn trc honh
r
, honh 0.5, bn knh
0.5. Ta ni rng mi im h s phn x nm trn vng trn u tng ng vi tr
khng ng dy c phn thc R ng bng tr khng chun ha Z
0
.
Khi r , ng trn tngng c tm ti (1,0) bn knh 0. ng trn ng r
bin thnh mt im trong mt phng phc nm ti ta (1,0) ngha l ti =+1. y
l im tng ng vi tr khng l mt h mch.
Tm ca cc ng trn in tr nm trn mt na dng ca trc thc trn mt phng
v nm trong khong 0 1. Khi r = 0, ng trn in tr l c vng trn tm nm ti
= 0. Khi r tng, bn knh tr nn nh dn v tm ng trn ny di chuyn v pha = 1.
Tm cc ng trn in khng nm trn tip tuyn ca ng trn n v ti = 1.
Hnh 3.6: Cc vng trn ng r trong mt phng phc
By gi, cng tng t nh cc vng trn ng r, cc vng trn ng x c phng trnh
(3.16) c v trn Hnh 3.7 vi cc gi tr [x[ = 0.5; 1; 2. Lu rng trong khi gi tr ca r
lun dng (r 0) th x l gi tr in khng v c th m hoc dng. Gi tr dng tng ng
vi thnh phn cm khng cn m tng ng vi thnh phn dung khng. V vy trong phng
trnh trn gi tr bn knh ly theo gi tr tuyt i ca x. Phng trnh (3.16) cho thy khi x l
mt hng s n s tr thnh mt phng trnh ng trn c
Tm ti:
_
1,
1
x
_
Bn knh 1/|x|
biu din quan h gia
r
v
i
.
Ta nhn thy rng tm ca cc cc vng trn ng x lun nm trn mt ng thng tip
tuyn vi vng trn n v ti im = +1 (Hnh 3.7). Ngoi ra mi ng trn ng x lun
i qua im (1,0) trong mt phng phc . Mt khc do h s phn x trn ng truyn (ti
th ng) [[ 1 nn ta ch v cc phn ca ng trn ng x nm trong vng trn n v tc
[[ = 1.
Cc vng trn ng x ng ch gm :
Khi x = 0 th vng trn ng x c tm ti (1, ) v bn knh . Lc ny ng trn
ng x = 0 bin thnh mt ng thng v nm trn trc honh
r
ca mt phng phc
. Tht vy, vi tr khng ng dy l thun tr th h s phn x tr thnh s thc.
Khi x vng trn ng x ny c tm ti (1,0), bn knh 0. ng trn ng x
bin thnh mt im nm ti im (1,0) trong mt phng phc , ngha l ti im
r
=
+1. im ny ng vi tr khng ti l mt h mch.
Vi cc gi tr in khng x tri du, cc ng trn ng |x| tng ng s i xng nhau
qua trc honh.
3.3 th Smith
th Smith l cng c c s dng rt nhiu trong phn tch v thit k cc mch siu cao
tn. Ta c th thc hin nhiu php tnh ton trc tip trn th Smith, n gin ch bng cch
v hnh v c tr s m khng cn dng cc cng c ton hc khc. Hiu su sc v vn dng
nhun nhuyn th Smith gip ngi thit k nm c bn cht ca mch siu cao tn, ng
thi on trc c kt qu thit k v cc kh khn trong ch to mch.
th Smith ban u c to ra nh mt cng c h tr cho vic xc nh tr khng u
vo ca ng truyn, c xy dng da trn php biu din tr khng z trong mt phng h
s phn x trong bao gm cc ng trn ng r v ng x nh tho lun phn trn.
iu cn nhn mnh y l v bn cht ca th Smith - l mt mt phng phc trn
mi gi tr tr khng chun ha z = r +jx ti mi im ch l cc gi tr gn ghp cho im ()
tng ng m thi. Do , cc php ton v h s phn x c thc hin trc tip bng
cc php cng (tr) vct, trong khi cc php ton v tr khng chun ha z tr thnh cc
php c v cng tr s trn th Smith.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.3. TH SMITH 75
Hnh 3.7: Cc vng trn ng x trong mt phng phc
3.3.1 M t th Smith
th Smith chun c cho trn Hnh 3.8. c th vn dng tt th ny trong phn tch
thit k mch siu cao tn chng ta cn phi hiu cn k v cu trc v ngha ca cc k hiu,
cc thang o tr s v cc php tnh, cc php bin i trn th Smith. C th nh sau:
Trc ht cn lu rng tt c cc gi tr tr khng trn th Smith u l tr khng
chun ha theo mt gi tr tr khng chun ha (Z
0
) cho trc. Khi c c gi tr ca z
ta phi suy ra gi tr thc ca tr khng theo biu thc Z = z Z
0
.
th Smith nm trong phm vi vng trn n v v h s phn x l mt s phc c
module nh hn hoc bng 1. Ta s khng xt cc im nm ngoi phm vi ca th
Smith.
Cc ng ng r l h cc vng trn c phng trnh tham s r xc nh bi (3.15), mi
vng trn tng ng vi mt gi tr r duy nht. Trn th Smith, gi tr r ca mi vng
trn ng r c t tn l "Thnh phn in tr (R/Z
0
) hoc thnh phn in dn (G/Y
0
) -
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Z
0
) OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Y
0
)" v
tr s ca n c ghi dc theo trc honh ca th. Gi tr ca r tng t 0 (ngn mch)
n (h mch).
Cc ng ng x l h cc vng trn c phng trnh tham s x xc nh bi (3.16), mi
vng trn tng ng vi mt gi tr x duy nht v ch phn nm trong vng trn [[=1
c v trn th Smith. C hai nhm vng trn ng x
Vi cc gi tr x dng (cm khng), cc ng trn ng x nm pha trn trc
honh ca th. Gi tr ca x tng t 0 n , c ghi dc theo chu vi ca vng
0 . 1
0.1
0
.
1
0 . 2
0.2
0
.
2
0
. 3
0
.3
0
.
3
0
. 4
0
.4
0
.
4
0
. 5
0
.5
0
.
5
0
. 6
0
.6
0
.
6
0
. 7
0
.7
0
.
7
0
. 8
0
.8
0
.
8
0
.
9
0
.
9
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.
0
1
.2
1
. 2
1
.
2
1
.4
1
. 4
1
.
4
1
.6
1
. 6
1
.
6
1
.8
1
. 8
1
.
8
2
.0
2
. 0
2
.
0
3
.0
3
. 0
3
.
0
4.0
4 . 0
4
.
0
5.0
5 . 0
5
.
0
10
1 0
1
0
20
2 0
2
0
50
5 0
5
0
0.2
0 . 2
0 . 2
0.2
0.4
0 . 4
0 . 4
0.4
0.6
0 . 6
0
. 6
0
.6
0
.8
0
. 8
0
. 8
0
.8
1
.0
1
. 0
1
. 0
1
.0
2
0
-
2
0
3
0
-
3
0
4
0
-
4
0
5
0
- 5
0
6
0
- 6
0
70
- 7 0
80
- 8 0
90
- 9 0
100
- 1 0 0
110
- 1 1 0
1
2
0
- 1
2
0
1
3
0
- 1
3
0
1
4
0
-
1
4
0
1
5
0
-
1
5
0
1
6
0
-
1
6
0
1
7
0
-
1
7
0
1
8
0
9
0
-
9
0
8
5
-
8
5
8
0
-
8
0
7
5
-
7
5
7
0
-
7
0
6
5
-
6
5
6
0
-
6
0
5
5
-
5
5
5
0
-
5
0
4
5
- 4
5
4
0
- 4
0
3
5
- 3
5
3
0
- 3
0
25
- 2 5
20
- 2 0
15
- 1 5
10
- 1 0
0
. 0
4
0
.0
4
0
. 0
5
0
.0
5
0
. 0
6
0
.0
6
0
. 0
7
0
.0
7
0
. 0
8
0
.0
8
0 . 0 9
0.09
0 . 1
0.1
0 . 1 1
0.11
0 . 1 2
0.12
0 . 1 3
0.13
0 . 1 4
0.14
0 . 1 5
0.15
0 . 1 6
0.16
0
. 1
7
0
.1
7
0
. 1
8
0
.1
8
0
. 1
9
0
.1
9
0
. 2
0
.2
0
. 2
1
0
.2
1
0
. 2
2
0
.2
2
0
. 2
3
0
.2
3
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
4
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
5
0
.
2
6
0
.
2
6
0
.2
7
0
. 2
7
0
.2
8
0
. 2
8
0
.2
9
0
. 2
9
0
.3
0
. 3
0
.3
1
0
. 3
1
0
.3
2
0
. 3
2
0
.3
3
0
. 3
3
0.34
0 . 3 4
0.35
0 . 3 5
0.36
0 . 3 6
0.37
0 . 3 7
0.38
0 . 3 8
0.39
0 . 3 9
0.4
0 . 4
0.41
0 . 4 1
0
.4
2
0
. 4
2
0
.4
3
0
. 4
3
0
.4
4
0
. 4
4
0
.4
5
0
. 4
5
0
.4
6
0
. 4
6
0
.4
7
0
. 4
7
0
.4
8
0
. 4
8
0
.
4
9
0
.
4
9
0
.
0
0
.
0
A
N
G
L
E
O
F
T
R
A
N
S
M
I
S
S
I
O
N

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T
I
N
D
E
G
R
E
E
S
A
N
G
L
E
O
F
R
E
F
L
E
C
T
I
O
N

C
O
E
F
F
I
C
I
E
N
T
I
N
D
E
G
R
E
E
S
>
W
A
V
E
L
E
N
G
T
H
S
T
O
W
A
R
D
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R

>
<
W
A
V
E
L
E
N
G
T
H
S
T
O
W
A
R
D
L
O
A
D
<
I
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
E
R
E
A
C
T
A
N
C
E
C
O
M
P
O
N
E
N
T
(
+
jX
/
Z
o
), O
R
C
A
P
A
C
IT
IV
E
S
U
S
C
E
P
T
A
N
C
E (+jB/ Yo)
C A
P A
C
I T I V
E
R
E
A
C
T
A
N
C
E
C
O
M
P
O
N
E
N
T
( - j X
/
Z
o
)
, O
R
I
N
D
U
C
T
I
V
E
S
U
S
C
E
P
T
A
N
C
E
(
-
j B
/
Y
o
)
RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/ Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/ Yo)
RADIALLYSCALED PARAMETERS
TOWARD LOAD > < TOWARD GENERATOR
1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.5 3 4 5 10 20 40 100
S
W
R
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 15 20 30 40
d
B
S
1
1 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 A
T
T
E
N
. [d
B
]
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 3 4 5 10 20
S
.W
. L
O
S
S
C
O
E
F
F
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 20 30
R
T
N
. L
O
S
S
[d
B
]
0.01 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
0
0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.5 2 3 4 5 6 10 15 R
F
L
. L
O
S
S
[d
B
]
0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.5 3 4 5 10
S
.W
. P
E
A
K
(C
O
N
S
T
. P
)
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
R
F
L
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I 0 0.99 0.95 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, P
1
CENTER
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 T
R
A
N
S
M
. C
O
E
F
F
, E
o
r
I
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
ORIGIN

Black Magic Design
The Complete Smith Chart
Hnh 3.8: th Smith
trn n v na trn ca trc honh v c t tn l "Thnh phn in khng cm
khng (+jX/Z
0
) hoc in np dung khng (+jB/Y
0
) - INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
COMPONENT (+jX/Z
0
) OR CAPACITIVE SUSCEPTANCE (+jB/Y
0
)".
Vi cc gi tr x m (dung khng), cc ng ng x nm pha di trc honh
ca th. Gi tr ca x gim dn t 0 n , c ghi dc theo chu vi ca vng
trn n v (ch ghi gi tr tuyt i [x[) na th pha di trc honh v c
t tn l "Thnh phn in khng dung khng (-jX/Z
0
) hoc in np cm khng
(-jB/Y
0
) - CAPACITIVE REACTANCE COMPONENT (-jX/Z
0
) OR INDUCTIVE
SUSCEPTANCE (-jB/Y
0
)".
Cc ng ng r v cc ng ng x hnh thnh h cc ng trn trc giao vi nhau.
Giao im ca mt ng ng r vi mt ng ng x bt k u tng ng vi mt tr
khng z = r + jx chun ha theo Z
0
.
Tm ca th Smith l giao im ca ng ng r = 1 v ng ng x = 0 (trc
honh ca th). Do n tng ng vi tr khng chun ha z = 1 (tc Z = Z
0
). im
ny c bit quan trng v n i din cho trng hp ti hon ton phi hp tr khng
vi ng dy hoc mch thit k c phi hp tr khng (s cp n cc phn sau).
y cng l im c h s phn x = 0 (c phi hp tr khng).
im mt tri ca trc honh ca th Smith l giao im ca ng ng r = 0 v
ng x = 0, do n tng ng vi tr khng chun ha z = 0 (hay Z = 0) v im ny
i din cho mt ngn mch. y cng l im c h s phn x = 1.
im mt bn phi ca trc honh ca th Smith l im c bit m tt c cc ng
ng r v ng x u i qua (mi gi tr ca r v x). Ta coi im ny tng ng vi tr
khng chun ha z l mt h mch. y cng l im c h s phn x =+1.
T Chng 2 chng ta bit h s phn x (x) ti im z bt k trn ng truyn
sng c th c suy ra t h s phn x (0) ti ti v khong cch t z ti ti
(z) = (0).e
2
(3.17)
Mt khc, mi im trn th Smith u tng ng vi mt h s phn x trn ng
dy. Do ta d dng suy ra im (z) trn th Smith nu bit v tr ca im (0)
bng cch xoay vng trn mt qu tch hnh xon c quanh gc ta (i vi ng
truyn khng tn hao th qu tch l mt ng trn c tm l tm ca th Smith). Biu
thc tng qut cho h s phn x ti im z c vit li nh sau:
(z) = (0).e
2
.e
j2
(3.18)
Trong biu thc trn, l khong cch t im z ang kho st ti im ti z = 0.
Khi tng mt khong /2 th im h s phn x s quay ng mt vng quanh gc
ta ca th Smith. Trn th Smith, quanh vng trn chu vi c ghi thang chia
t 180
0
n +180
0
tng ng vi gc quay ca khi di chuyn dc theo ng truyn
sng. Nh vy khi di chuyn khong cch bt k th s quay mt gc tng ng l
= 360
0
.

/2
= 720
0
.
(3.19)
Cng thc (3.18) thng c s dng ng vi khong cch khi di chuyn t ti v
ngun. Tuy nhin n c th c m rng cho trng hp tng qut: im khi u v
tr bt k trn ng truyn sng v di chuyn v pha ngun ( tng) hoc v ti ( gim).
Vnh ai bao quanh chu vi ca th Smith ta cn thy c hai vng thang chia t 0,
0.01, 0.02, ... 0.49 trn :
Mt vng nh s theo chiu kim ng h t 0 n 0.49, tng ng vi "s ln
bc sng khi di chuyn v hng ngun" hay "WAVELENGTHS TOWARDS
GENERATOR".
Mt vng nh s theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h t 0 n 0.49 tng ng
vi "s ln bc sng di chuyn v hng ti" hay "WAVELENGTH TOWARDS
LOAD"
Nh vy gc quay ca h s phn x khi di chuyn trn ng truyn sng c th
th c xc nh theo n v o gc () bin thin t 180
0
n +180
0
hoc theo
s ln bc sng bin thin t 0 n 0.5 ln cho mi vng quay, ng thi ch
v chiu quay:
V hng ngun: Thun chiu kim ng h
V hng ti: Ngc chiu kim ng h
iu ny c th cho php ngi thit k c th v, o c v tnh ton trc tip trn
th Smith.
i vi ng truyn ti c tn hao ( ,= 0), khi di chuyn dc theo ng truyn sng
theo (3.18) th module ca h s phn x cng bin thin t l vi e
2
. iu ny c
ngha khi di chuyn v hng ngun ( tng) th [[ gim dn v khi di chuyn v pha ti
( gim) th [[ tng dn.
Module ca h s phn x || ti bt k im no cng c th c xc nh theo gi tr
"H s phn x - Reflection coefficient" phn di bn tri ca th Smith. Gi tr ny
c th c tnh theo
H s phn x in p |
v
| (RFL. COEFF, E or I), vi thang chia l tuyn tnh bin
thin t 0 n 1.0.
H s phn x cng sut (RFL, COEFF, P) t l vi logarit ca [
v
[
2
, vi thang chia
logarit t 0 n 1.0.
H s sng ng S trn ng truyn khng tn hao cng c th c xc nh theo
th Smith. Trong phn trc, chng ta bit rng vi ng truyn khng tn hao, gi tr
ca || v S u l hng s trn sut chiu di ca ng truyn.
Nh vy, cc vng trn tm l gc ta trn th Smith c th c coi l cc ng
ng [[ hoc cc ng ng S, mi vng trn tng ng mt gi tr ca || v mt gi
tr duy nht ca S.
H cc ng ng S ny khng c v c th trn th Smith nhng chng ta c th
xc nh chng mt cch d dng nh thang gi tr "H s sng ng - Standing Wave
Ratio (SWR)" phn di bn tri ca th. Gi tr ny c th c tnh theo
H s sng ng (S=
V
max
V
min
), vi thang gi tr t 1 n (T s in p)
H s sng ng tnh theo dB (dBS), vi thang gi tr t 0 dB n
3.3.2 c tnh
Trong phn trn chng ta m t chi tit cu trc v cc thang gi tr trn th Smith. Cc
m t cho chng ta nhng hiu bit c th s dng th Smith trong vic gii cc bi
ton n gin trong siu cao tn. Tuy nhin, th Smith cn nhiu c tnh quan trng khc
gip gii quyt nhiu bi ton phc tp vi nhiu phng n chn la v tm li gii ti u.
Ngi s dng cn phi nm vng thm cc c tnh quan trng ny khai thc trit phng
php gii bng th trong thi gian nhanh nht. Chng ta ln lt kho st cc c tnh ny.
Dn np trn th Smith
Chng ta bit rng quan h c bn xy dng th Smith l quan h gia h s phn x
vi tr khng chun ha z c xc nh theo (3.4). T ta cng c th xy dng mi quan h
gia v dn np chun ha y nh sau:
nh ngha dn np chun l nghch o ca tr khng chun Z
0
Y
0
=
1
Z
0
(3.20)
nh ngha dn np chun ha theo dn np chun
y =
Y
Y
0
=
1/Z
1/Z
0
=
1
Z/Z
0
=
1
z
(3.21)
H s phn x c tnh theo (3.4) thnh
=
z 1
z + 1
=
1
y
1
1
y
+ 1
=
y 1
y + 1
(3.22)
hay
y =
1
1 +
(3.23)
Quan h gia v y theo (3.22) v (3.23) l quan h tng ng, hay ni cch khc, mi im
ca h s phn x trong mt phng phc tng ng vi mt v ch mt gi tr ca dn np
chun ha y. Do , ta cng c th gn cho mi im phc mt gi tr dn np chun ha y
tng ng (hon ton tng t nh php gn cho mi im mt gi tr chun ha z nh
trnh by phn trc), v ta c th xy dng th Smith theo dn np.
Mt khc nu so snh (3.4) vi (3.22) v (3.23) ta cng nhn thy rng quan h gia v z
hon ton ging ht nh mi quan h gia (-) vi y. iu ny c ngha th Smith xy dng
theo tr khng chun ha z v th Smith xy dng theo dn np chun ha y l i xng nhau
qua gc ta ca mt phng phc .
Ni cch khc, th Smith theo dn np chun ha y c suy ra t th Smith theo tr
khng chun ha z bng mt trong hai cch sau
Ly i xng ton b th Smith qua gc ta (Hnh 3.9)
Hnh 3.9: th Smith hn hp
Gi nguyn th Smith nhng ly i xng ca im h s phn x ang xt qua gc
ta thnh im h s phn x - (Hnh 3.10)
Trn Hnh 3.9, th Smith theo tr khng chun ha (ng mu ) c ly i xng qua
gc ta c th Smith theo dn np chun ha (ng mu xanh l cy). Mt im
trn th ny cng chnh l im trn th kia v ngc li. Trn Hnh 3.10, im c
ly i xng qua gc 0 thnh im (-), cn cc thang o trn th Smith khng thay i. C
ngha l gi tr c c trn th Smith tr khng ti im s chnh l gi tr ca dn np
chun ha y(g,b) vi y = g + jb, v y = 1/z.
Ch nu tr khng chun ha z c th c vit
z = r + jx (3.24)
th dn np chun ha y cng c vit tng t
y = g + jb (3.25)
Trong :
Hnh 3.10: Ly i xng qua gc ta
g = G/Y
0
- gi l in dn chun ha
b = B/Y
0
- gi l in np chun ha
Nh vy, trn th Smith theo tr khng chun ha ta c cc ng ng r v ng x th
trn th Smith theo dn np chun ha, cc th vng trn ging ht nh trn s tr thnh
cc ng ng g v ng b. Cc thang tr s trn th khng thay i (gi tr r gi tr g;
gi tr x gi tr b).
Phng php bin i th Smith theo tr khng chun ha thnh th Smith theo dn
np chun ha v ngc li cho php tnh ton trc tip trn th Smith cc mch in gm
cc phn t ghp ni tip v song song hn hp. V ng dng c th s c trnh by trong cc
phn sau.
Mt h qu th v ca c tnh tr khng - dn np l chng ta c th vn dng tm nghch
o ca mt s phc bt k.
Gi s ta c mt s phc bt k z = r + jx, vi iu kin r 0. Cn tm s phc nghch
o y = 1/z = 1/(r + jx).
Tht vy, ta ch cn gn cho s phc z mt tr khng chun ha tng ng vi im trn
th Smith (giao im ca ng ng r v ng ng x). Ly i xng ca im qua gc
ta tr thnh im (-). c cc gi tr ca ng ng g (tc l r trn th Smith theo tr
khng) v ng ng b (x trn th Smith theo tr khng) i qua im (-) trn, kt qu thu
c
y = g + jb =
1
z
=
1
(r + jx)
(3.26)
Vi s phc z = r + jx c r < 0, ta ch cn t
z
= z = (r) + j(x) = r
+ jx
vi r
= r v x
= x (3.27)
Tm nghch o ca z
thnh y
= g
+ jb
= 1/z
sau tm li s phc nghch o ca z l

y =
1
z
= g + jb = (g
) + j(b
) (3.28)
vi g = g
v b = b
.
V d 3.1. Tm dn np ca ti c tr khng Z
L
= 100 + j50 bng th Smith.
Gii: Trc tin ta chn tr khng chun ha l Z
0
= 50. Khi tr khng chun ha l
z
L
= 2 + j1. Trn th Smith tr khng ta tm c im z
L
l giao ca ng trn r=2 v
x=1. V vng trn SWR. Chuyn i sang dn np c th c thc hin bng cch xoay im
z
L
quanh vng trn SWR mt on /4 (thng c thc hin bng cch k ng thng ni
im z
L
vi tm th v tm giao ca ng thng ny vi vng trn SWR). th ny by
gi c th c xem l th dn np v dn np ca ti c th c c trc tip trn th c
thang o g = r v b = x v kt qu l y
L
= 0.4 j0.2.
Do Y
L
= y
L
.Y
0
= y
L
/Z
0
nn Y
L
= 0.008 j0.004 S.
Ngoi cch k trn chng ta c th s dng th zy kt hp, s chuyn i gia tr
khng v dn np c thc hin ch bng vic c cc thang o thch hp. V im z
L
trn
thang o tr khng v c thang o dn np ti cng im ny cho ta y
L
= 0.4 j0.2. v cng
tng t nh trn ta tm c Y
L
= 0.008 j0.004 S
V d 3.2. Ti ti kt cui ca mt ng truyn tr khng c tnh 100 c h s phn x l
= 0.56 + j0.215. Tm tr khng ti?
Gii: gii bi ton ny bng th Smith, trc tin chng ta chuyn i h s phn x
sang biu din trn ta cc, = 0.6021
0
, sau v im ny trn th (Hnh 3.11).
ln bn knh ca vng trn [[ = 0.6 c o bng compa ly khu 0.6 t thang o h s
phn x in p bn di th Smith. Vng trn ny c v trn Hnh 3.11. Sau v ng
bn knh t tm th vi gc pha l 21
0
ghi bn ra ca th. Giao ca ng ny vi vng
trn bn knh 0.6 cho ta tr khng ti chun ha l
z
L
= 2.6 + j1.8
Tr khng ti thc t l
Z
L
= Z
0
z
L
= 260 + j180
V d 3.3. Mt ng dy 50 c kt cui bi ti c tr khng Z
L
= 80 j40. Tm suy
hao phn hi (Return loss), h s sng ng S (SWR) v h s phn x ti ti.
Gii: Tr khng ti chun ha l
z
L
=
Z
L
Z
0
= 1.60 j0.80,
Hnh 3.11: th Smith minh ha v d 2
c v trn th Smith (Hnh 3.12). Dng compa v thang h s phn x in p di th
Smith chun, ln ca h s phn x c tm thy l [[ = 0.36. Cng khu compa ny
c th c p dng cho thang h s sng ng SWR, cho ta SWR=2.2 v p dng cho thang
suy hao phn hi (theo dB) cho RL=8.7 dB. Gc ca h s phn x c c t thang o pha
ngoi ca th l -36
0
. Nu mt vng trn c v qua im tr khng ti, h s sng ng c
th c c t giao ca ng trn ny vi trc honh khi r > 1. Vng trn nh vy c gi
l vng trn SWR, do SWR l hng s ti mi im trn vng trn ny.
V d 3.4. Mt cp ng trc tr khng c tnh Z
0
= 75 c di = 2.0cm v c kt
cui bi mt tr khng ti Z
L
= 37.5 + j75. Gi thit hng s in mi ca cp l 2.56 v
tn s hot ng l 3.0 GHz, tm tr khng vo ca cp v SWR trn ng truyn.
Gii: Tr khng ti chun ha l z
L
= 0.5 + j1.0 c th c v trn th Smith (Hnh
3.13). Vng trn SWR khi c v qua im ny v c c l 4.3. n y chng ta bit
rng tr khng vo chun ha nm u dc ng trn SWR. V ng bn knh qua im
ti cho ta v tr tham chiu ca ti trn thang WTG v c c l 0.135. Gi ta phi di chuyn
v hng ngun (thun chiu kim ng h) mt di in (electrical distance) tng ng
vi di ng dy. Bc sng trn cp ng trc l
=
v
p
f
=
3 10
8
3 10
9
2.56
= 6.25 cm.
di in ca ng dy khi ny l
=
2.0
6.25
= 0.32
B sung di ny vo v tr khi im 0.135 cho ta 0.455. Mt ng bn knh qua im
ny trn thang WTG giao vi vng trn SWR ti z
in
= 0.25 j0.28. Khi tr khng vo on
cp s l Z
in
= Z
0
z
in
= 18.75 j21.0
Bng sng v nt sng trn th Smith
Trong Chng 2 chng ta bit khi c sng ng trn ng dy, cc im bng sng v nt
sng in p xy ra tun hon dc theo chiu di ng dy vi chu k khong cch l /2.
Ti im bng sng in p (im nt dng in) theo cc biu thc (2.178) v (2.179), tr
khng ng dy s t cc i thun tr v gi tr chun ha l
r
max
= S (3.29)
Ti im nt sng in p (bng sng dng in) theo cc biu thc (2.180) v (2.181), tr
khng ng dy s t cc tiu thun tr v gi tr chun ha l
r
min
=
1
S
(3.30)
Trn th Smith, khi c sng ng, h s phn x s di chuyn trn vng trn ng S
c tm l gc ta , bn knh c xc nh trn thang gi tr ca S (hay SWR) trn th
Smith chun. Giao im ca ng trn ng S ny vi trc honh ca th Smith (ng
ng x = 0) l cc im m ti tr khng ng dy l thun tr. y chnh l cc im
tng ng vi tr khng ng dy ti bng sng v nt sng. C th l:
Giao im ca vng trn ng S vi na bn tri trc honh s l im nt sng in p
(Hnh 3.14) v tr khng ng dy ti l r
min
=
1
S
.
Giao im ca vng trn ng S vi na bn phi ca trc honh s l im bng sng
in p v tr khng ti l r
max
= S
Hnh 3.14: Bng v nt sng trn th Smith
Nh c tnh ny ta c th suy ra tr khng ti Z
L
ti u cui ng dy bng cch o h s
sng ng S trn ng dy (S=V
max
/V
min
) v khong cch t cc im bng sng (hoc nt
sng) ti ti. Bit c gi tr ca S ta suy ra v tr ca im bng sng (hoc nt sng) giao
im bn phi (hoc bn tri) ca ng ng S vi trc honh. T , xoay ngc chiu kim
ng h (v pha ti - TOWARD LOAD) dc theo ng ng S mt gc quay tng ng vi
khong cch t im bng (hoc nt) in p n ti ta s tm c im
L
tng ng vi z
L
.
T tm c Z
L
. Lu rng trong qu trnh xoay trn, khong cch t im bng (hoc nt)
in p ti ti phi c tnh theo s s ln bc sng. Php tnh trn hon ton c thc hin
bng nhng thao tc trn th Smith m khng dng cng thc tnh ton no.
Ch :
Do r
min
= 1/r
max
(t (3.29) v (3.30)) nn thang tr s ca r na bn tri ca trc honh
l nghch o ca thang tr s ca r na bn phi.
Cng do r
max
=S nn thang tr s ca r na bn phi trc honh cng trng vi thang tr
s ca S phn di bn tri ca th Smith (thang SWR).
3.4

ng dng c bn ca th Smith
th Smith l mt cng c h tr c lc cho vic thit k, tnh ton v phn tch mch in
siu cao tn. Trong phn ny chng ta s xt mt vi ng dng c bn ca th Smith, qua
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.4.

NG DNG C BN CA TH SMITH 87
s cho thy mi vic tnh ton da trn cc cng thc u c thay th bng ng tc v v o
trc tip trn th Smith em li kt qu trc tip v nhanh chng bng vic c cc tr s trn
th. Cc ng dng trong trng hp c th s ty thuc vo s vn dng linh hot ca ngi
s dng.
3.4.1 Tnh h s sng ng, h s phn x v tr khng ng dy
Trn ng truyn sng (c tn hao hoc khng tn hao), nu bit gi tr tr khng ti chun
ha z
L
u cui dy (hoc tr khng ng dy chun ha z(z
0
) ti im z
0
xc nh trc),
ta lun c th suy ra gi tr ca h s sng ng S, h s phn x (z) v tr khng ng dy
chun ha z(z) ti im z bt k trn ng dy, vi v tr ca z c xc nh tng i so vi
im ti (hoc im z
0
).
Tt c cc tnh ton trn u c thc hin trc tip trn th Smith m khng cn s
dng cc cng thc phc tp.
V d 3.5. Gi s c mt ng truyn sng khng tn hao, tr khng c tnh Z
0
, chiu di
, u cui kt cui bi ti chun ha z
L
=
Z
L
Z
0
= 1 + j1 (Hnh 3.15). Bit rng bc sng
lan truyn l =5 cm, tm v tr cc im bng v nt in p u tin k t ti tc d(V
max
)
v d(V
min
) v h s sng ng S trn ng dy. Tm tr khng ng dy chun ha ti im
cch ti mt an d=/4=125 cm.
Hnh 3.15: Mch in minh ha v d 3.5
Gii: V im z
L
= 1 +j1 trn th Smith (giao im ca ng r = 1, x = 1). V ng
bn knh i qua z
L
ct vng trn chu vi ca th (vng trn WTG) ti 1 im. Trn thang
WTG, tr s c c l 0.165 (im tham kho ca ti). V vng trn ng S (vng trn c
tm l tm th Smith) qua im z
L
. S dng thang o SWR pha di ta xc nh c S=2.6
(hoc cng c th s dng thang o r na bn phi trc honh ca th)
Hnh 3.16: th Smith minh ha v d 3.5
Tip theo ta i tm im bng v nt in p. Trc tin ta tm giao ca vng trn ng S
vi honh ca th v xc nh c 2 im V
max
(bn phi) v V
min
(bn tri trc honh)
trn Hnh 3.16. Ta cc im ny trn thang WTG tng ng l 0.25 v 0.5. Nh vy
ta xc nh c khong cch t ti ti im bng in p l d(V
max
)=0.25-0.165=0.085 =
0.0855 cm=0.425 cm v khong cch t ti n im nt in p l d(V
min
) = 0.50.165 =
0.335 = 0.3355 cm=1.675 cm.
Cui cng tm tr khng ng dy chun ha ti im cch ti mt on d = /4=125
cm ta lm nh sau: T im tham chiu ca ti ta di chuyn dc theo vng trn ng S theo
hng v ngun (TWG) mt on l /4, hay n gin l ly i xng im z
L
qua gc ta ta
xc nh c im z
in
trn vng trn S. c gi tr r v x trn th ta c z
in
= 0.5 j0.5.
Tng t ta c th tm c tr khng u vo ca ng dy z
in
ti bt k im no nu
bit tr khng ti z
L
v khong cch t im ti ti.
3.4.2 Tnh tr khng mch phc hp
Mch phc hp trong phm vi mn hc ny c hiu l mch in bao gm nhiu phn t th
ng tuyn tnh gm in tr R, in dung C v in cm L c ghp hn hp vi nhau. Ti
mt tn s cho trc, tr khng hoc dn np ca mt mch phc hp c th c xc nh bng
cc cng thc ton hc ca nh lut m.
Php ton trn c th c thc hin trc tip trn th Smith ch bng cch v v o m
khng cn dng cng thc ton hc no. Tuy nhin, iu ny i hi ngi thc hin phi s
dng thnh tho th Smith, nht l cc php bin i tr khng - dn np trn th Smith
nh trnh by trong phn 3.3.2.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.4.

NG DNG C BN CA TH SMITH 89
Chng ta c th hiu r hn qua cc v d minh ha sau.
V d 3.6. Cho mch in phc hp trn Hnh 3.17. Cc tr s linh kin cho nh sau: R=50;
C
1
= 10pF; C
2
= 12pF; L = 22.5nH. Tn s lm vic = 10
9
rad/s. Tnh tr khng Z gia
hai u ca mch in.
Hnh 3.17: Mch in minh ha v d 3.6
Gii: Trc tin ta chn tr khng chun ha ca th Smith. Thng thng thun tin
ta chn tr khng chun ha Z
0
= 50.
Tr khng gm R v C
1
mc ni tip c tr s chun ha l
z
RC
1
=
R +
1
jC
1
R
0
=
50 j
1
10
9
10 10
12
50
= 1 j2
Tr khng ny c biu din bng im A trn th Smith (Hnh 3.18). Do tr khng z
RC
1
ny li mc song song vi t in C
2
nn trn th Smith ta chuyn ton b gi tr tr khng
ca RC
1
v C
2
thnh gi tr dn np.
lm iu ny, ta ly i xng ca im A qua gc ta thnh im B. Ngay chnh trn
th ny, im B chnh l dn np ca z
RC
1
. c gi tr ca B ta c y
RC
1
= 0.2 +j0.4. Dn
np ca C
2
c chun ha l :
yc
2
=
jC
2
1/Z
0
= j
10
9
12 10
12
1/50
= j0.6
Khi in dung C
2
c mc song song vi RC
1
th dn np ca C
2
s c cng vi dn
np ca RC
1
. V y
C
2
= j0.6 (thun np) nn in dn tng khng thay i v bng in dn
ca y
RC
1
nhng in np tng l tng ca in np 2 nhnh. Kt qu l trn th Smith, t B
ta di chuyn trn ng trn ng in dn g = 0.2 theo hng tng ca in np mt lng l
b = +0.6 n im C c dn np y
RC
1
C
2
= 0.2 + j1.0
V L c mc ni tip vi (RC
1
C
2
) nn ta chuyn sang lm vic vi th Smith theo tr
khng tc chuyn (RC
1
C
2
) thnh tr khng. lm iu ta ly i xng im C qua gc ta
c im D. c tr s ti im D ta c z
RC
1
C
2
= 0.2 j0.95.
Tr khng chun ha ca L l
z
L
=
jL
Z
0
= j
10
9
22.5 10
9
50
= j0.45
Hnh 3.18: th Smith minh ha v d 3.6
V z
L
= j0.45 (thun cm khng) nn in tr tng khng thay i nhng in khng tng l
tng ca in khng ca z
RC
1
C
2
vi in khng ca z
L
. Kt qu, trn th Smith, t im D,
ta di chuyn dc theo vng trn ng r = 2 theo hng tng ca in khng (tc l gim v gi
tr tuyt i) mt lng l x = +j0.45 ta c im E. c gi tr tr khng ti E ta c:
z = 0.2 j0.5
Lu thang gi tr ca in khng na di trc honh c ghi theo gi tr tuyt i, du
mang du m (-).
Nh vy tr khng thc ca mch l
Z = z.Z
0
= (0.2 j0.5) 50 = 10 j25.
3.5 Phi hp tr khng v iu chnh phi hp tr khng
By gi chng ta p dng l thuyt v cc k thut ca chng trc vo cc bi ton thc t
trong k thut cao tn. Chng ta s bt u vi ch phi hp tr khng, mt vn lun
l mt phn trong qu trnh thit k mt phn t hay h thng vi ba. tng c bn ca phi
hp tr khng minh ha trn Hnh 3.19 cho thy mt mng phi hp tr khng t gia mt tr
khng ti v mt ng truyn. Mt mng phi hp l tng phi l mt mng khng c tn
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 3.5. PHI HP TR KHNG V IU CHNH PHI HP TR KHNG 91
hao nhm trnh mt mt cng sut khng cn thit v thng c thit k sao cho tr khng
nhn vo mng phi hp l Z
0
. Khi cc phn x b loi tr trn ng truyn v pha bn tri
ca mng phi hp, mc d c a phn x gia mng phi hp v ti. Qu trnh ny cn c
gi l "tuning - iu chnh". Phi hp tr khng rt quan trng v nhng l do sau:
Hnh 3.19: Mng khng tn hao phi hp mt ti c tr khng bt k vi mt ng truyn
Cng sut ti a c pht i khi ti c phi hp vi ng truyn (gi thit l ngun
c phi hp), v tn hao cng sut trn ng cp (feed line) c gim ti a.
Phi hp tr khng cc phn t nhy cm ca my thu (nh anten, b khuch i nhiu
thp vv ...) ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu ca h thng
Phi hp tr khng trong mt mng phn phi cng sut (nh mng cp cho mng anten)
s gim cc li v bin v pha.
Min l tr khng ti (Z
L
) c phn thc khc 0 th ta lun c th xc nh c mt mng phi
hp. Tuy nhin, rt nhiu la chn c sn v chng ta s tho lun thit k v hot ng ca
mt s loi mng phi hp thc t. Cc yu t quan trng trong vic la chn mt mng phi
hp c bit bao gm:
phc tp - Cng nh phn ln cc gii php k thut, thit k n gin nht tha mn
cc yu cu v c tnh k thut lun l gii php a chung nht. Mt mng phi hp
n gin hn thng r hn, tin cy cao hn v t tn hao hn mt thit k phc tp.
rng bng tn - Bt c mt loi mng phi hp no v l tng cng c th to ra
mt s phi hp hon ho (khng c phn x) ch mt tn s duy nht. Tuy nhin, trong
nhiu ng dng ngi ta mun phi hp ti trong mt di tn s. C mt s cch khc
nhau thc hin iu ny nhng tt nhin s lm tng phc tp thit k.
Thc thi - Ty theo loi ng truyn hay ng dn sng c s dng, mt loi mng phi
hp c th c chung hn so vi loi mng khc. V d, cc dy chm iu chnh thng
d thc hin hn l cc b chuyn i mt phn t bc sng a on (multi-section) bng
ng dn sng.
Kh nng iu chnh - Trong mt s ng dng, mng phi hp phi c kh nng iu
chnh c nhm phi hp vi mt ti c tr khng thay i. Trn quan im ny, mt s
loi mng phi hp d thc hin iu ny hn mt s mng khc.
3.5.1 Phi hp tr khng bng cc phn t tp trung (cc mng hnh L)
C l loi mch phi hp tr khng n gin nht l on mch hnh ch L s dng hai phn t
thun khng phi hp mt ti bt k vi ng truyn. C hai cu hnh cho mng ny nh
trnh by trn Hnh 3.20.
Hnh 3.20: Mng phi hp hnh L (a) Mng c dng khi z
L
nm trong vng trn 1 + jx (b)
Mng c dng khi z
L
nm ngoi vng trn 1 + jx
Nu tr khng ti chun ha z
L
= Z
L
/Z
0
nm bn trong vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith
th mch in trn Hnh 3.20(a) c s dng. Cn nu tr khng ti chun ha nm ngoi vng
trn 1+jx trn th Smith th mch in trn Hnh 3.20(b) cn c s dng. Vng trn 1+jx
l vng trn in tr trn th Smith c r = 1.
Trong c hai cu hnh trn Hnh 3.20, cc phn t thun khng c th l cc cun cm hay
t in ty thuc vo tr khng ti. V th, c tm kh nng khc nhau cho mch phi hp i
vi nhiu loi tr khng ti khc nhau. Nu tn s l thp v/hoc kch thc mch l nh
th cc phn t tp trung nh cun cm hay t in c th c s dng. Cu hnh ny kh thi
i vi cc tn s ln ti 1 GHz mc d cc mch tch hp cao tn hin i c th nh
cho cc phn t tp trung c th c s dng cc tn s cao hn. Tuy nhin c mt phm vi
rng cc tn s v kch thc mch cc phn t tp trung khng th thc hin c. y l
hn ch ca k thut phi hp tr khng s dng on mch L.
By gi chng ta s i tm biu thc gii tch cho cc phn t ca mng phi hp trong hai
trng hp trn Hnh 3.20, sau minh ha mt qui trnh thit k thay th s dng th Smith.
Phng php gii tch
Mc d chng ta s tho lun mt gii php ha n gin s dng th Smith nhng s hu
ch nu chng ta tm ra cc biu thc cho cc phn t mng phi hp L. Cc biu thc nh vy
s hu ch trong cc chng trnh thit k trn my tnh cho mng phi hp L, hoc khi cn phi
c li gii chnh xc hn kt qu m th Smith c th em li.
Trc ht xt mch in Hnh 3.20(a) v cho Z
L
= R
L
+ jX
L
. Chng ta pht biu rng
mch in ny s c s dng khi z
L
= Z
L
/Z
0
nm trong vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith,
iu ny ng rng R
L
> Z
0
cho trng hp ny.
Tr khng nhn vo mng phi hp ng trc ti phi bng Z
0
, phi hp th
Z
0
= jX +
1
jB + 1/(R
L
+ jX
L
)
(3.31)
Sp xp li v phn tch thnh cc phn thc v o ta c hai phng trnh cho cc n s X v
B:
B(XR
L
X
L
Z
0
) = R
L
Z
0
(3.32a)
X(1 BX
L
) = BZ
0
R
L
X
L
(3.32b)
Gii (3.32a) cho X v th vo (3.32b) cho ta mt phng trnh bc hai cho B. Nghim ca
phng trnh ny l
B =
X
L
_
R
L
/Z
0
_
R
2
L
+ X
2
L
Z
0
R
L
R
2
L
+ X
2
L
(3.33a)
rng do R
L
> Z
0
nn i s trong hm cn th hai lun dng. Khi in khng ni tip
c th tm c nh sau
X =
1
B
+
X
L
Z
0
R
L
Z
0
BR
L
(3.33b)
Phng trnh (3.33a) ch ra rng hai li gii cho B v X l c th. C hai li gii ny v mt vt
l l c th thc hin c do c gi tr m v dng ca B v X u c th chp nhn c
(X dng ng l mt in cm, X m ng l mt t in, trong khi B dng ng l mt
t in cn B m ng l mt cun cm.) Tuy nhin, mt li gii c th dn ti cc tr s nh
hn ng k i vi cc phn t in khng v c th l gii php c quan tm nu rng
bng tn ca vic phi hp l cao hn hoc t s sng ng SWR trn ng dy gia mng
phi hp vi ti l nh hn.
By gi xt mch in trn Hnh 3.20(b). Mch in ny s c s dng khi z
L
nm ngoi
vng trn 1 + jx trn th Smith tng ng vi R
L
< Z
0
. Dn np nhn vo mng phi hp
trc ti Z
L
= R
L
+ jX
L
phi bng 1/Z
0
, c phi hp
1
Z
0
= jB +
1
R
L
+ j(X + X
L
)
(3.34)
Sp xp li v phn tch thnh cc phn thc v o chng ta nhn c hai phng trnh hai n
s l X v B:
BZ
0
(X + X
L
) = Z
0
R
L
(3.35a)
(X + X
L
) = BZ
0
R
L
(3.35b)
Gii cho X v B ta c
X =
_
R
L
(Z
0
R
L
) X
L
(3.36a)
B =
_
(Z
0
R
L
)/R
L
Z
0
(3.36b)
Do R
L
< Z
0
nn cc i s trong cc cn bc hai u lun dng. Mt ln na, cn lu rng
hai li gii l kh thi.
phi hp mt ti phc bt k vi mt ng dy tr khng c tnh Z
0
th phn thc ca
tr khng vo i vi mng phi hp phi l Z
0
trong khi phn o phi l 0. iu ny mun ni
rng mng phi hp phi c t nht hai mc t do; trong mch phi hp L hai mc t do ny
c cho bi cc gi tr ca hai phn t in khng.
Gii php dng th Smith
Thay v cc cng thc trn, th Smith c th c s dng thit kt mt cch nhanh chng
v chnh xc cc mng phi hp L. Sau y chng ta s xt mt v d minh ha qui trnh thc
hin.
V d 3.7. Thit k mt mng phi hp L phi hp mt ti RC ni tip c tr khng Z
L
=
200 j100 vi mt ng dy 100 ti tn s hot ng 500 MHz.
Gii: Tr khng ti chun ha l z
L
= 2j1 c v trn th Smith Hnh 3.21. im ny
nm bn trong vng trn 1 + jx v vy chng ta s s dng mch phi hp trn Hnh 3.20(a).
By gi, sau khi b sung in np song song ta c y
t
= y
L
+ jb v chuyn v tr khng chng
ta mun tr khng ny nm trn vng trn 1 + jx chng ta c th b sung mt in khng
ni tip kh i thnh phn jx v phi hp ti.
Hnh 3.21: Li gii cho v d 3.7 (a) th Smith cho cc mch phi hp L
Qui trnh thc hin c m t nh sau:
Bc 1 Xc nh im ti chun ha z
L
= 2 j1 trn th tr khng Smith.
Bc 2 Do phn t u tin t ti l mt in np song song (jb) nn gi cho ta nn chuyn
i sang th dn np Smith bng cch v vng trn SWR qua ti v mt ng thng
t ti qua tm th nh trn Hnh 3.21. Khi ny dn np ti c c trn th l
Hnh 3.22: Hai kh nng cho mch phi hp L
y
L
= 0.4 + j0.2. Do jb l thun np nn y
t
chnh l im di chuyn ca y
L
trn ng
ng g = 0.4. im y
t
l giao ca ng ng g = 0.4 (hay r = 0.4 trn th tr khng)
vi nh ca vng trn ng r = 1 qua gc ta . Nh trn Hnh 3.21 ta thy c hai im
y
t1
v y
t2
tng ng vi hai li gii cho bi ton ny. Trn th Smith ta xc nh c
Phng n 1: y
t1
= 0.4 + j0.5. Nh vy di chuyn y
L
ti y
t1
ta cn c jb
1
=
j0.5 j0.2 = j0.3 b
1
= 0.3
Phng n 2: y
t2
= 0.4 j0.5. V di chuyn y
L
ti im y
t2
th jb
2
= j0.5
j0.2 = j0.7 b
2
= 0.7
Bc 3 Do phn t ng trc y
t
l mt in khng mc ni tip nn n gin ta chuyn
ngc tr li sang tr khng. Khi ta c
Phng n 1: T im y
t1
trn th k mt ng thng i qua tm th ct vng
trn 1+jx ti z
t1
(xem Hnh 3.21). Trn th xc nh c im ny c tr khng
z
t1
= 1 j1.2. a im ny v tm th ta cn mt in khng jx
1
= j1.2
x
1
= 1.2
Phng n 2: T im y
t2
trn th k mt ng thng i qua tm th ct vng
trn 1 +jx ti z
t2
. Trn th ta c c im ny c tr khng z
t2
= 1 +j1.2.
a im ny v tm th ta cn mt in khng jx
2
= j1.2 x
2
= 1.2
Bc 4 T Bc 2 v Bc 3 ta rt ra
Phng n 1: b
1
= 0.3 v x
1
= 1.2. By gi, t cc kt qu ny ta cn xc nh cc
gi tr in cm hay in dung cho mch in phi hp. Do b
1
v x
1
u c gi tr
dng nn chng i din ln lt cho cc t in v cun cm c cc tr s c
xc nh nh sau:
C =
b
1
2fZ
0
=
0.3
2 500 10
6
.100
= 0.95 pF
v
L =
x
1
.Z
0
2f
=
1.2 100
2 500 10
6
= 38.2 nH
Mch phi hp cho phng n 1 c minh ha trn Hnh 3.22
Phng n 2: b
2
= 0.7 v x
2
= 1.2. Lu rng b
2
c tr s m nn n i din
cho mt cun cm v x
2
cng mang gi tr m nn n s i din cho mt t in.
Tr s ca cc phn t ny c xc nh nh sau:
L =
Z
0
2fb
2
=
100
2 500 10
6
0.7
= 45.5 nH
v
C =
1
2fx
2
Z
0
=
1
2 500 10
6
.1.2100
= 2.65 pF
Mch phi hp cho phng n 2 c minh ha trn Hnh 3.22.
Hnh 3.23: Quan h gia ln ca h s phn x vi tn s ca mch phi hp Hnh 3.22
Hnh 3.23 minh ha quan h ln h s phn x theo tn s cho hai mch phi hp ny,
gi thit rng tr khng ti Z
L
= 200 j100 ti tn s 500 MHz gm mt in tr 200 v
mt t in 3.18 pF mc ni tip. Khng c nhiu khc bit v bng tn i vi hai gii php
ny.
3.5.2 Mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng dng mt dy chm
Tip theo chng ta xem xt mt k thut phi hp s dng mt on ng truyn ngn mch
hoc h mch (gi l "dy chm") kt ni song song hoc ni tip vi ng truyn chnh mt
khong cch nht nh k t ti nh trnh by trn Hnh 3.24. Mt mch iu chnh nh vy rt
thun tin nhn t kha cnh ch to mch cao tn do cc phn t tp trung khng cn thit. c
bit dy chm iu chnh song song rt d ch to di dng ng truyn vi di hoc ng
truyn di. Hn na, phng php phi hp ny d iu chnh v c di tn hot ng kh ln
so vi phng php trn. Trong mch iu chnh mt dy chm, hai tham s c th iu chnh
Hnh 3.24: Cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm n (a) Dy chm song song. (b)
Dy chm ni tip
c l khong cch d t ti ti v tr dy chm v tr s ca in np hay in khng to ra bi
dy chm song song hoc ni tip. i vi trng hp dy chm song song, tng c bn l
chn d sao cho dn np Y nhn vo ng dy khong cch d tnh t ti phi c dng Y
0
+jB.
Khi in np do dy chm to ra c chn l jB, dn ti trng thi phi hp tr khng.
i vi trng hp dy chm ni tip, khong cch d c chn sao cho tr khng Z nhn vo
ng dy khong cch d tnh t ti c dng Z
0
+jX. Khi in khng ca dy chm c
chn l jX dn ti trng thi phi hp tr khng.
Nu ta phn tch theo cc tr s chun ha th:
Nu ti Z
L
c dn np chun ha y
L
=
1/Z
L
1/Z
0
=
Z
0
Z
L
c phn thc bng 1, phn o c gi
tr bt k th dy chm s c mc ngay ti ti. Dy chm cn phi c di sao cho
gi tr thun np (do u cui h mch hoc ngn mch) b
s
= b
L
. Khi tng dn np
y
t
= y
L
+ y
s
= (1 + jb
L
) + jb
s
= 1 + jb
L
jb
L
= 1 (3.37)
Ngha l khi Y
t
= Y
0
do c phi hp tr khng vi ng dy.
Nu dn np ti chun ha (dy chm song song) y
L
c phn thc g
L
,= 1 ta s di chuyn
im kho st trn ng dy truyn sng chnh t ti v ngun mt qung l d sao cho
dn np chun ha nhn vo t im ny l y
d
= 1+jb
d
. Mc dy chm c dn np chun
ha y
s
vo ngay v tr ny trn ng dy chnh v chn chiu di ca dy chm sao cho
b
s
= b
d
. Khi dn np tng s l
y
t
= y
d
+ y
s
= (1 + jb
d
) + b
s
= 1 + jb
d
jb
d
= 1 (3.38)
Ngha l ta t c phi hp tr khng gia ti v ng dy chnh.
Nu tr khng ti chun ha (dy chm ni tip) z
L
c phn thc r
L
,= 1 ta s di chuyn
im kho st trn ng dy truyn sng chnh t ti v ngun mt qung l d sao cho
tr khng chun ha nhn vo t im ny l z
d
= 1 + jx
d
. Mc dy chm c tr khng
z
s
vo ngay v tr ny sao cho x
s
= x
d
. Khi tr khng tng s l
z
t
= z
d
+ x
s
= (1 + jx
d
) + x
s
= 1 + jx
d
jx
d
= 1 (3.39)
Nu dy chm c in tr c tnh Z
a0
,= Z
0
th iu kin phi hp tr khng (3.37) v
(3.38) tr thnh
Y
t
= Y
d
+ Y
s
= (G
0
+ jB
d
) + jB
s
= G
0
(3.40)
vi: B
d
l gi tr tuyt i ca in np ca ng dy chnh ti khong cch d k t ti,
B
s
= B
d
l gi tr tuyt i ca in np vo ca dy chm. Lc ny khng th tnh
ton trn gi tr chun ha c do cc in tr c tnh khc nhau.
Nh tho lun trong Chng 2, di thch hp ca mt ng truyn h mch hay ngn
mch c th to ra bt k mt gi tr in khng hay in np m ta mong mun. i vi mt
in np hay in khng cho, s khc bit v di ca dy chm h mch v ngn mch l
/4. Vi mt mi trng truyn dn chng hn nh ng truyn di hay vi di, cc dy chm
h mch d ch to hn v khi ny ta khng cn khoan 1 l i dy via ni t qua lp in mi.
Tuy nhin, i vi cp ng trc hay ng dn sng th cc dy chm ngn mch thng c
chn do din tch mt ct tit din ca mt ng dy h mch nh vy c th ln (v mt
in) gy bc x v trong trng hp nh vy dy chm khng cn l thun khng na.
Sau y chng ta s tho lun c hai gii php gii tch v th Smith cho mch iu chnh
phi hp dng dy chm song song v ni tip. Cc gii php dng th Smith cho kt qu
nhanh, trc gic v thng chnh xc trong thc t. Cc biu thc gii tch cho kt qu chnh
xc hn v hu ch cho phn tch bng my tnh.
Dy chm song song
Mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng dng dy chm n song song c trnh by trn Hnh
3.24a. Trc tin chng ta s tho lun mt v d minh ha gii php dng th Smith v sau
i tm cc cng thc cho d v .
V d 3.8. Thit k hai mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng song song dng mt dy chm
phi hp mt ti c tr khng 15 + j10 vi mt ng truyn 50. Gi thit rng ti c
phi hp ti tn s 2GHz v rng ti gm mt in tr v mt in cm mc ni tip, hy v
ln h s phn x t 1GHz n 3GHz cho mi gii php.
Hnh 3.25: Li gii cho V d 3.8. th Smith cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy
chm song song h mch
Gii: Bc u tin chng ta xc nh tr khng ti chun ha z
L
= 0, 3 +j0, 2, dng vng
trn SWR thch hp v chuyn sang dn np ti y
L
nh ch ra trn th Smith trong Hnh 3.25.
Cc bc cn li ta coi th Smith l th dn np. By gi rng vng trn SWR ct
vng trn 1 + jb ti hai im, k hiu l y
1
v y
2
trn Hnh 3.25. V vy khong cch d, tnh t
ti ti dy chm, c cho bi mt trong hai giao im ny. c thang WTG chng ta c
d
1
= 0, 328 0, 284 = 0, 044
d
2
= 0, 5 (0, 284 0, 171) = 0, 387
Trn thc t c v s khong cch d trn vng trn SWR giao vi vng trn 1 + jb. Thng
thng ngi ta mun dy chm cng gn vi ti cng tt nhm ci thin bng thng ca mch
v gim cc tn hao gy ra bi h s sng ng ln trn ng truyn gia dy chm v ti.
Ti hai im giao nhau, dn np chun ha l
y
1
= 1 j1, 33
y
2
= 1 + j1, 33
V vy, gii php iu chnh th nht i hi mt dy chm c in np l j1, 33. di ca
mt dy chm h mch to ra in np ny c th c tm thy trn th Smith bng vic bt
u t im y = 0 (h mch) v di chuyn dc bin ca th (g = 0) theo hng v ngun
(WTG) ti im j1, 33. di khi l
1
= 0, 147
Tng t, chiu di yu cu i vi dy chm h mch cho gii php th hai l
2
= 0, 353
Nh vy ta hon thnh vic thit k mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng theo yu cu bi
ton. phn tch s ph thuc tn s ca hai thit k ny chng ta cn bit tr khng ti l
Hnh 3.26: Hai gii php cho mch iu chnh phi hp dy chm song song
mt hm ca tn s. Tr khng ti RL ni tip l Z
L
= 15 + j10 ti 2 GHz, v vy R=15
v L = 0, 796 nH. Hai mch iu chnh phi hp c trnh by trn Hnh 3.26. Hnh 3.27 cho
thy ln ca h s phn x cho hai gii php ny. Quan st rng gii php 1 c rng bng
tn ln hn ng k so vi gii php 2; S d nh vy l v c d v u ngn hn gii php
1, iu ny lm gim s bin thin theo tn s ca s phi hp.
By gi tm cc cng thc tnh d v chng ta hy vit tr khng ti di dng Z
L
=
1/Y
L
= R
L
+ jX
L
. Khi tr khng Z dc theo di d ca ng truyn tnh t ti s l
Z = Z
0
(R
L
+ jX
L
) + jZ
0
t
Z
0
+ j(R
L
+ jX
L
)t
(3.41)
Hnh 3.27: ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng
Hnh 3.26
trong t = tan d. Dn np ti im ny l
Y = G + jB =
1
Z
trong
G =
R
L
(1 + t
2
)
R
2
L
+ (X
L
+ Z
0
t)
2
(3.42a)
B =
R
2
L
t (Z
0
X
L
t)(X
L
+ Z
0
t)
Z
0
[R
2
L
+ (X
L
+ Z
0
t)
2
]
(3.42b)
By gi d (ng t) c chn sao cho G = Y
0
= 1/Z
0
. T (3.42a), dn ti mt phng trnh
bc hai cho t:
Z
0
(R
L
Z
0
)t
2
2X
L
Z
0
t + (R
L
Z
0
R
2
L
X
2
L
) = 0
Gii cho t ta c
t =
X
L
_
R
L
[(Z
0
R
L
)
2
+ X
2
L
]/Z
0
R
L
Z
0
, vi R
L
,= Z
0
. (3.43)
Nu Z
L
= Z
0
th t = X
L
/2Z
0
. V vy, hai nghim chnh cho d l
d
=
_
1
2
tan
1
t, vi t 0
1
2
( + tan
1
t) vi t < 0.
(3.44)
tm cc di ca dy chm trc ht chng ta s dng t trong (3.42b) tm in np ca
dy chm, B
s
= B. Khi , i vi mt dy chm h mch
=
1
2
tan
1
_
B
s
Y
0
_
=
1
2
tan
1
_
B
Y
0
_
(3.45a)
Trong khi i vi mt dy chm ngn mch
=
1
2
tan
1
_
Y
0
B
s
_
=
1
2
tan
1
_
Y
0
B
_
(3.45b)
Nu di c cho bi (3.45a) hoc (3.45b) l m th /2 c th c cng vo cho kt
qu dng.
Dy chm ni tip
Mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm ni tip c m t trn Hnh 3.24b. Chng ta s
minh ha gii php dng th Smith bng mt v d ri sau i tm cc biu thc cho d v
V d 3.9. Phi hp mt ti tr khng Z
L
= 100+j80 vi mt ng truyn 50 s dng dy
chm n h mch mc ni tip. Gi thit rng ti c phi hp ti 2GHz, v rng ti gm
mt in tr v mt in cm mc ni tip, hy v ln h s phn x t 1GHz n 3 GHz.
Gii: Bc u tin l v tr khng ti chun ha z
L
= 2 +j1, 6 v v vng trn SWR. i
vi thit k dng dy chm ni tip th th Smith l th tr khng. Lu rng vng trn
SWR ct vng trn 1 + jx ti hai im, k hiu l z
1
v z
2
trn Hnh 3.28. Khong cch ngn
nht d
1
k t ti ti dy chm c xc nh trn thang WTG l
d
1
= 0, 328 0, 208 = 0, 120
trong khi khong cch th hai l
d
2
= (0, 5 0, 208) 0, 172 = 0, 463
Cng nh trng hp dy chm song song, cc vng quay b sung quanh vng trn SWR dn
ti cc nghim b sung cho bi ton nhng thng th chng khng c quan tm trong thc
t.
Cc tr khng chun ha ti hai giao im l
z
1
= 1 j1, 33
z
2
= 1 + j1, 33
V vy, gii php u tin l yu cu mt dy chm c in khng j1, 33. di ca dy chm
h mch c in khng ny c th c tm thy trn th Smith bng vic bt u ti z =
(h mch) ri di chuyn dc bin ca th (r = 0) theo hng v ngun ti im j1, 33. Qu
trnh ny cho kt qu di ca dy chm l
1
= 0, 397
Hnh 3.28: Ligii cho V d 3.9- th Smith cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy
chm ni tip
Hnh 3.29: Hai gii php iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm ni tip
Tng t, di dy chm h mch yu cu cho gii php th hai l
2
= 0, 103
Nh vy ta hon thnh cc thit k cho mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng dng dy
chm n mc ni tip.
Nu ti l mt in tr mc ni tip vi mt in cm c Z
L
= 100 + j80 ti 2GHz th
R = 100 v L = 6, 37nH. Hai mch phi hp c m t trn Hnh 3.29. Hnh 3.30 biu din
ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho hai gii php.
By gi i tm cc cng thc cho d v cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp dng dy
Hnh 3.30: ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng
trn Hnh 3.29
chm ni tip chng ta vit dn np ti di dng Y
L
= 1/Z
L
= G
L
+ jB
L
. Khi dn np Y
dc theo di d ca ng truyn k t ti l
Y = Y
0
(G
L
+ jB
L
) + jtY
0
Y
0
+ jt(G
L
+ jB
L
)
(3.46)
trong t = tan d v Y
0
= 1/Z
0
. Khi tr khng ti im ny l
Z = R + jX =
1
Y
trong
R =
G
L
(1 + t
2
)
G
2
L
+ (B
L
+ Y
0
t)
2
(3.47a)
X =
G
2
L
t (Y
0
B
L
t)(B
L
+ Y
0
t)
Y
0
[G
2
L
+ (B
L
+ Y
0
t)
2
]
(3.47b)
By gi d (ng t) c chn sao cho R = Z
0
= 1/Y
0
. T (3.47a), vic ny dn ti mt phng
trnh bc hai i vi t:
Y
0
(G
L
Y
0
)t
2
2B
L
Y
0
t + (G
L
Y
0
G
2
L
B
2
L
) = 0
Gii cho t ta c
t =
B
L
_
G
L
[(Y
0
G
L
)
2
+ B
2
L
]/Y
0
G
L
Y
0
, vi G
L
,= Y
0
(3.48)
Nu G
L
= Y
0
th t = B
L
/2Y
0
. Khi hai nghim chnh cho d l
d
=
_
1
2
tan
1
t, vi t 0
1
2
( + tan
1
t) vi t < 0.
(3.49)
Cc di ca dy chm yu cu c xc nh bng cch trc tin s dng t trong (3.47b)
tm in khng X. in khng ny l tri du vi in khng cn thit ca dy chm X
s
. V
vy, i vi mt dy chm ngn mch th
=
1
2
tan
1
_
X
s
Z
0
_
=
1
2
tan
1
_
X
Z
0
_
(3.50a)
Trong khi i vi mt dy chm h mch
=
1
2
tan
1
_
Z
0
X
s
_
=
1
2
tan
1
_
Z
0
X
_
(3.50b)
Nu di cho bi (3.50a) hoc (3.50b) l m th /2 c th cng vo cho kt qu dng.
V d 3.10. Phi hp mt ti c tr khng Z
L
=
50
2 + j2
vi mt ng truyn 50 s dng
mt dy chm c tr khng (a) Z
S0
= 100 v (b) Z
S0
= 50, u cui (a) ngn mch (b) h
mch mc song song.
Li gii: Dn np ti chun ha l
y
L
=
1
Z
L
=
Z
0
Z
L
= 2 + j2
thun tin chng ta s dng th dn np Smith. Ta xc nh c im y
L
trn th
(Hnh 3.31).
T im ti ta di chuyn dc theo ng dy chnh v ngun, ng ngha vi vic trn
th Smith ta di chuyn dc theo vng trn ng SWR theo hng TWG (ng nt t) n cc
v tr l giao im ca ng SWR vi ng ng g=1. Nh vy, ta xc nh c hai im l
y
d1
= 1 j1, 6 v y
d2
= 1 + j1, 6 tng ng vi hai li gii cho bi ton ny.
Phng n 1: Qu trnh di chuyn t z
L
v y theo hng TWG s xc nh c chiu di
d
1
= 0, 322 0, 208 = 0, 114
Mt khc, do tr khng c tnh ca dy chm l Z
s0
= 100 khc vi in tr c tnh
ca dy truyn sng chnh c Z
0
= 50 nn ta phi tnh trn gi tr tuyt i ca cc dn
np. T y
d1
= 1 j1, 6 ta c
Y
d1
= y
d1
.Y
0
=
1 j1, 6
50
= 0, 02 j0, 032 [S]
Do ,
B
d1
= 0, 032 [S]
Hnh 3.31: Li gii cho V d 3.10- th Smith cho b iu chnh phi hp dng dy chm
n ngn mch
trit tiu phn o B
d1
ta cn phi c
B
s1
= B
d1
= +0, 032
Hoc in np chun ha theo Z
s0
b
s1
=
B
s1
Y
s0
= B
s1
.Z
s0
= 0, 032.100 = +3, 2
dy chm to ra ti khong cch d
1
k t ti mt in np chun ha b
s1
th vi gi
thit (a) dy chm ngn mch, khong cch
1
cn thit ca dy chm c xc nh l
di tnh t im xut pht y= xoay theo hng TWG ti im b
s1
= +3, 2 (xem Hnh
3.31). c trn th ta xc nh c
1
= 0, 5 0, 048 = 0, 452
Phng n 2: Tng t nh trn ta xc nh c chiu di d
2
nh sau
d
2
= 0, 5 (0, 208 0, 178) = 0, 47
Vi y
d2
= 1 + j1, 6 th khi chuyn sang gi tr khi cha chun ha l
Y
d2
= y
d2
Y
0
=
1 + j1, 6
50
= 0, 02 + j, 032 [S]
Ta xc nh c in np
B
d2
= 0, 032 [S]
v trit tiu in np ny ta cn phi c B
s2
= B
d2
= 0, 032. Hay in np chun
ha ca dy chm l
b
s2
=
B
s2
Y
s0
= B
s2
.Z
s0
= 0, 032.100 = 3, 2
Tng t, vi dy chm ngn mch ta xut pht t im y = di chuyn theo hng
TWG (v ngun) mt khong
2
ti im c b
s2
= 3, 2 v xc nh c
2
= 0, 298 0, 25 = 0, 048
Nh vy vi bi ton ny s dng gi thit dy chm ngn mch ta c hai phng n nh
trnh by trn. Vi gi thit (b) dy chm h mch v c tr khng Z
s0
= 50 sinh vin t
lm nh nh mt bi tp.
3.5.3 iu chnh phi hp tr khng hai dy chm - Double-Stub Tunning
Cc mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng dng mt dy chm trnh by trong phn trc c th
phi hp bt c mt tr khng ti no (min l n c phn thc khc khng) vi mt ng
truyn, nhng c mt nhc im l i hi di ng truyn d gia ti v dy chm phi
c th iu chnh c ty theo tr khng ti. iu ny c th khng thnh vn i vi mt
mch phi hp c nh nhng s c th t ra mt s kh khn nu mt mch phi hp yu cu
c th kh nng iu chnh c. Trong trng hp ny, mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng
dy chm kp (s dng hai dy chm v tr c nh) c th c s dng. Cc mch iu chnh
nh vy thng c ch to dng cp ng trc vi cc dy chm c th iu chnh c ni
song song vi ng dy ng trc chnh. Tuy nhin, chng ta s thy rng mch iu chnh dy
chm kp khng th phi hp tt c cc tr khng ti. Mch iu chnh phi hp dy chm kp
Hnh 3.32: Mch phi hp dy chm kp (a) Mch ban u c ti khong cch bt k k t
dy chm th nht (b) Mch tng ng c ti nm ti dy chm th nht
c trnh by trn Hnh 3.32a, trong ti c th mt khong cch bt k k t dy chm u
tin. Mc d trng hp ny thng gp trong thc t hn nhng mch in ca Hnh 3.32b (
ti Y
L
c chuyn i v v tr ca dy chm u tin) d lm vic hn m khng mt i
tnh tng qut. Cc dy chm trnh by trn Hnh 3.32 l cc dy chm song song d thc hin
hn l cc dy chm ni tip. Tuy nhin v nguyn tc cc dy chm ni tip cng c th c
s dng. Trong bt k trng hp no cc dy chm cng c th l h mch hay ngn mch.
Gii php dng th Smith
th Smith trn Hnh 3.33 minh ha hot ng c bn ca mch iu chnh phi hp dy chm
kp. Nh trong trng hp cc mch iu chnh phi hp dy chm n ta lun c hai nghim.
in np ca dy chm u tin b
1
(hoc b
1
i vi dy chm th hai) di chuyn dn np ti
ti y
1
(hoc y
1
). Cc im ny nm trn vng trn 1 + jb quay; lng quay l d bc sng
theo hng v ti, y d l di in gia hai dy chm. Tip theo chuyn chuyn y
1
(hay
y
1
) theo hng v ngun qua chiu di d ca ng dy a chng ta ti im y
2
(hoc y
2
) v
cc im ny phi nm trn vng trn 1 +jb. Dy chm th hai khi b sung mt in np b
2
(hoc b
2
) v n em chng ta ti tm ca th v hon thnh vic phi hp tr khng. Lu t
Hnh 3.33: th Smith m t hot ng ca mt mch iu chnh phi hp tr khng hai dy
chm
Hnh 3.33 rng nu in khng ti y
L
nm trong vng t bng ca vng trn g
0
+ jb th khng
c mt gi tr in np b
1
no ca dy chm c th a im ti ti giao vi vng trn 1 +jb
quay. V vy vng t bng ny hnh thnh mt di cm i vi dn np ti hay ni cch khc
khng th dng mch phi hp dy chm kp phi hp ti c dn np nm vng ny.
Mt cch n gin lm gim di cm ny l gim khong cch d gia hai dy chm. iu
ny c tc dng a vng trn 1 +jb quay tr li gn v im y = nhng d cn phi c
duy tr ln cho mc ch ch to hai dy chm song song trong thc t. Ngoi ra, khong
cch gia hai dy chm gn 0 hay /2 lm cho cc mch phi hp tr nn rt nhy cm vi tn
s. Trong thc t, nhng khong cch ny thng c chn l /8 hoc 3/8.
Nu di ng dy gia ti v dy chm u tin c th iu chnh c th dn np ti
y
L
lun lun c th c chuyn ra khi vng cm.
V d 3.11. Thit k mch iu chnh phi hp song song dy chm kp phi hp tr khng
ti Z
L
= 60 j80 vi mt ng dy 50. Cc dy chm l cc dy chm ngn mch v
khong cch gia chng l /8. Gi thit rng ti ny gm mt in tr mc ni tip vi mt
t in, v rng tn s phi hp l 2GHz, hy v ln h s phn x theo tn s t 1 GHz n
3 GHz.
Hnh 3.34: Hai gii php iu chnh phi hp dy chm kp
Gii: Dn np ti chun ha l y
L
= 0, 3 + j0, 4 c v trn th Smith trn Hnh. Tip
theo chng ta dng vng trn in dn 1 + jb sau khi quay bng cch di chuyn mi im trn
vng trn g = 1 mt lng /8 hng v pha ti. Tip chng ta tm in np ca dy chm
th nht v n c th l mt trong hai gi tr sau:
b
1
= 1, 314
hoc
b
1
= 0, 114
By gi chng ta chuyn i qua on /8 ca ng truyn bng cch quay dc theo vng trn
SWR mt on /8 v pha ngun. Vic ny a hai nghim ti cc im sau:
y
2
= 1 j3, 38
hoc
y
2
= 1 + j1, 38
Hnh 3.35: ln ca h s phn x theo tn s cho cc mch phi hp ca Hnh 3.34
Khi in np ca dy chm th hai cn phi bng
b
2
= 3, 38
hoc
b
2
= 1, 38
Chiu di ca cc dy chm ngn mch khi c xc nh l
1
= 0, 396
2
= 0, 454
1
= 0, 232
2
= 0, 1
n y ta hon thnh hai gii php thit k mch iu chnh phi hp hai dy chm.
By gi nu ti RC c tr khng Z
L
= 60j80 ti f = 2GHz th R = 60 v C = 0, 995
pF. Hai mch iu chnh phi hp khi c minh ha trn Hnh 3.34 v ln h s phn
x c v theo tn s trn Hnh 3.35. Lu rng gii php u thin c rng bng tn hp
hn nhiu so vi gii php th hai, do mt thc t l c hai dy chm cho gii php th nht di
hn (v gn /2 hn) cc dy chm ca gii php th hai.
Chng 4
Phn tch mch cao tn
Cc mch in hot ng tn s thp kch thc mch tng i nh so vi bc sng c
th c xem l lin kt cc phn t tp trung tch cc v th ng c in p v dng in c
xc nh ti bt c im no trn mch. Trong tnh hung ny cc kch thc mch nh sao
cho s thay i v pha nh khng ng k gia mt im ny vi mt im khc trong mch.
Ngoi ra, cc trng c th c xem nh l cc trng TEM h tr bi hai hay nhiu dy dn.
iu ny dn ti mt loi nghim cn tnh in cho cc phng trnh Maxwell v cc nh lut
Kirchhoff cho in p v dng in cng cc khi nim v tr khng trong l thuyt mch. Nh
bn c bit, c nhiu k thut mnh v hu ch cho phn tch cc mch in tn s thp.
Ni chung, cc k thut ny khng th p dng trc tip cho cc mch cao tn. Tuy nhin, mc
ch ca chng ny l ch ra cc khi nim v mch v mng c th c m rng nh th no
gii quyt nhiu bi ton phn tch v thit k cao tn c quan tm trong thc t.
L do chnh lm iu ny l ta s d dng hn khi p dng cc tng n gin v trc
gic ca phn tch mch cho mt bi ton cao tn so vi vic gii cc phng trnh Maxwell
cho cng bi ton. Phn tch trng cho ta nhiu thng tin v bi ton ang c xem xt hn
nhng g ta thc s mun hoc cn. Tc l, do nghim ca cc phng trnh Maxwell cho mt
bi ton cho l hon chnh, n cho ta cc trng in v t ti mi im trong khng gian.
Nhng thng chng ta ch quan tm n in p hay dng in ti cc cc, cng sut chy qua
thit b hay mt s i lng "ton cc" khc tng phn vi m t chi tit v p ng ti mi
im trong khng gian. Mt l do khc cho vic s dng phn tch mch hay mng l v khi
s rt d sa i bi ton gc, hoc kt hp mt s phn t khc nhau li v tm p ng m
khng cn phn tch chi tit hnh vi ca mi phn t khi kt hp vi cc ln cn ca n. Phn
tch trng s dng cc phng trnh Maxwell cho nhng bi ton nh vy kh khn v ch.
Tuy nhin c nhng tnh hung cc k thut mch nh vy c coi l n gin qu mc
v dn ti nhng kt qu khng chnh xc. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy ta phi s dng
phng php phn tch trng vi cc phng trnh Maxwell. Mt phn trong chng trnh o
to cc k s cao tn l to kh nng xc nh khi no cc khi nim phn tch mch c th p
dng v khi no th chng cn phi c loi tr.
Trnh t c bn cho phn tch mng cao tn c m t nh sau: Trc tin chng ta xt mt
lot bi ton kinh in, c bn s dng phn tch trng v cc phng trnh Maxwell. (Nh ta
thc hin trong Chng cho nhiu loi ng truyn v ng dn sng khc nhau). Khi thc
hin iu ny chng ta c gng t c cc i lng c th c lin h trc tip ti mt tham
111
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 112 CHNG 4. PHN TCH MCH CAO TN
s ng truyn hay mch in. V d, khi ta phn tch cc ng truyn v ng dn sng khc
nhau chng ta rt ra hng s truyn lan v tr khng c tnh ca ng truyn. iu ny cho
php ng truyn hay ng dn sng c coi nh mt phn t phn b c trng bi di,
hng s truyn lan v tr khng c tnh ca n. Ti y, chng ta c th kt ni nhiu phn t
khc nhau v s dng l thuyt ng truyn v/hoc l thuyt mch phn tch hnh vi ca
ton b h thng cc phn t, k c cc hiu ng nh h s phn x, tn hao, chuyn i tr
khng, v chuyn tip t mt loi mi trng truyn dn ny sang mi trng khc (chng hn
t cp ng trc sang ng truyn vi di). Nh chng ta s thy, chuyn tip gia cc ng
truyn khc nhau hay cc im gin on trn ng truyn nhn chung khng th c xem l
mt kt ni n gin gia hai ng truyn m phi c xt bi mt s kiu mch in tng
ng tnh cho c cc in khng lin quan ti s chuyn tip hay s gin on.
4.1 Tr khng v in p v dng in tng ng
4.1.1 in p v dng in tng ng
Ti tn s vi ba (cao tn) vic o in p hay dng in rt kh khn (hoc khng th thc hin
c), tr phi sn c mt cp in cc c xc nh r rng. Mt cp in cc nh vy c
th c mt trong trng hp cc ng truyn loi TEM (chng hn nh cp ng trc, ng
truyn vi di hay ng truyn di) nhng khng tn ti i vi cc ng truyn phi TEM
(chng hn cc ng dn sng hnh ch nht, hnh trn hay dn sng b mt).
Hnh cho thy cc ng sc in v t trng ca mt ng truyn TEM hai dy dn bt
k. Nh trong Chng trc, in p tng i V ca dy dn + so vi dy dn - c th xc
nh bi
V =
_

+
E.d
(4.1)
y ng tch phn bt u t dy + v kt thc ti dy -. iu quan trng cn nhn ra rng,
do bn cht tnh in ca cc thnh phn trng ngang gia hai dy dn, in p inh ngha
trong (4.1) l duy nht v khng ph thuc vo hnh dng ca ng tch phn. Tng dng in
chy trn dy + c th c xc nh t vic s dng nh lut Ampere
I =
_
C
+
H.d
(4.2)
ng tch phn l mt ng cong kn bt k bao quanh dy + (m khng phi l dy -).
Tr khng c tnh Z
0
khi c th c xc nh i vi cc sng truyn lan l
Z
0
=
V
I
(4.3)
Ti y, sau khi nh ngha v xc nh in p, dng in v tr khng c tnh (v gi thit
chng ta bit hng s truyn lan ca ng truyn) chng ta c th tip tc s dng l thuyt
mch cho ng dy c pht trin trong Chng truc m t ng truyn ny nh mt
phn t mch in.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.1. TR KHNG V IN P V DNG IN TNG NG 113
Tnh hung s kh khn hn i vi cc ng dn sng. xem ti sao, chng ta s xt
trng hp ng dn sng hnh ch nht nh ch ra trn Hnh . i vi mode ch o TE
10
cc
trng ngang c th c vit l
E
y
(x, y, z) =
ja
Asin
x
a
e
jz
= Ae
y
(x, y)e
jz
(4.4a)
H
x
(x, y, z) =
ja
Asin
x
a
e
jz
= Ah
x
(x, y)e
jz
(4.4b)
p dng (4.1) cho in trng ca (4.4b) cho
V =
ja
Asin
x
a
e
jz
_
y
dy (4.5)
V vy ta c th thy rng in p ph thuc vo v tr x cng nh di ca ng ly tch
phn dc theo chiu y. Ly tch phn t y=0 ti b cho x=a/2 cho mt in p khc xa gi tr
t c khi ly tch phn t y=0 ti b cho x=0 chng hn. Vy khi in p chnh xc l bao
nhiu? cu tr li l khng c in p "chnh xc" v ngha no l duy nht hoc thch hp
cho mi ng dng. Mt vn tng t ny sinh vi dng in v tr khng c tnh. By gi
chng ta s ch ra chng ta c th xc nh in p, dng in v tr khng hu ch i vi cc
ng dy phi TEM nh th no.
C nhiu cch xc nh in p, dng in v tr khng tng ng cho cc ng dn sng,
do cc i lng ny khng duy nht cho cc ng truyn phi TEM nhng cn nhc sau y
thng dn n nhng kt qu hu dng nht:
in p v dng in ch c nh ngha cho mt mode dn sng nht nh v c nh
ngha sao cho in p t l thun vi in trng ngang v dng in t l vi t trng
ngang.
c s dng theo phng thc tng t nh in p v dng in ca l thuyt mch,
in p v dng in tng ng cn c nh ngha sao cho tch ca chng cho cng
sut ca mode.
T s in p trn dng in cho mt sng lan truyn n cn phi bng tr khng c
tnh ca ng truyn. Tr khng c tnh c th c chn bt k nhng thng c
chn sao cho bng tr khng sng ca c dy hoc c chun ha bng 1.
i vi mt mode dn sng bt k c c sng lan truyn theo chiu dng v m, cc trng
ngang c th c vit l
E
t
(x, y, z) = e(x, y)(A
+
e
jz
+ A
ejz) =
e(x, y)
C
1
(V
+
e
jz
+ V
e
jz
) (4.6a)
H
t
(x, y, z) =

h(x, y)(A
+
e
jz
+ A
ejz) =
h(x, y)
C
2
(I
+
e
jz
+ I
e
jz
) (4.6b)
e v

h l s bin i trng ngang ca mode, cn A
+
, A
l bin trng ca sng lan

truyn. Do

E
t
v

H
t
quan h vi nhau thng qua tr khng sng Z
w
theo biu thc (2.68) nh
sau
h(x, y) =
1
Z
TEM
z e(x, y) (4.7)
Phng trnh (4.8) cng nh ngha in p v dng in tng ng l
V (z) = V
+
e
jz
+ V
e
jz
(4.8a)
I(z) = I
+
e
jz
+ I
e
jz
(4.8b)
vi V
+
/I
+
= V
/I
= Z
0
. nh ngha ny th hin tng lm cho in p v dng in
tng ng t l thun vi cc trng in v t ngang tng ng. Cc hng s t l cho quan
h ny l C
1
= V
+
/A
+
= V
/A
v C
2
= I
+
/A
+
= I
/A
v c th c xc nh t hai
iu kin cn li i vi nng lng v tr khng.
Dng nng lng (cng sut) ca sng ti c cho bi
P
+
=
1
2
[A
+
[
2
__
S
e
. zds =
V
+
I
+
2C
1
C
2
__
S
e
. zds (4.9)
V chng ta mun cng sut ny bng (1/2)V
+
I
+
nn
C
1
C
2
=
__
S
e
. zds (4.10)
tch phn mt tnh qua mt ct tit din ca ng dn sng. Tr khng c tnh l
Z
0
=
V
+
I
+
=
V
=
C
1
C
2
(4.11)
do V
+
= C
1
A
+
v I
+
= C
2
A
+
. Nu ta mun Z
0
= Z
w
th tr khng sng (Z
TE
= Z
TM
) ca
mode, khi
C
1
C
2
= Z
w
(Z
TE
hoc Z
TM
) (4.12a)
hay c th l ta mun chun ha tr khng c tnh v 1 (Z
0
= 1), trong trng hp ta c
C
1
C
2
= 1 (4.12b)
V vy vi mt mode dn sng cho, (4.10) v (4.12) c th c gii cho cc hng s C
1
v
C
2
cng cc in p v dng in tng ng. Cc mode bc cao hn c th c xt vi cch
thc tng t, v vy trng tng trong mt ng dn sng c th c biu din di dng sau:
E
t
(x, y, z) =
N
n=1
_
V
+
n
C
1n
e
j
n
z
+
V
n
C
1n
e
j
n
z
_
e
n
(x, y) (4.13a)
H
t
(x, y, z) =
N
n=1
_
I
+
n
C
2n
e
j
n
z
+
I
n
C
2n
e
j
n
z
_
h
n
(x, y) (4.13b)
trong V
n
v I
n
l cc in p v dng in tng ng cho mode th n cn C
1n
v C
2n
l
cc hng s t l cho mi mode.
V d:
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.1. TR KHNG V IN P V DNG IN TNG NG 115
Tm in p v dng in tng ng cho mode TE
10
trong ng dn sng hnh ch nht.
Li gii:
Cc thnh phn trng ngang v dng cng sut ca mode dn sng ch nht v m hnh
ng truyn tng ng ca mode ny c th c vit nh sau:
Cc thnh phn trng ca ng dn sng M hnh ng truyn
E
y
= (A
+
e
jz
+ A
e
jz
) sin(x/a) V (z) = V
+
e
jz
+ V
e
jz
H
x
= 1/Z
TE
(A
+
e
jz
A
e
jz
) sin(x/a)
I(z) = I
+
e
jz
I
e
jz
= (V
+
/Z
0
)e
jz
(V
/Z
0
)e
jz
P
+
= (1/2)
__
S
E
y
H
x
dxdy
= (ab[A[
2
/4Z
TE
)
P = (1/2)V
+
I
+
By gi chng ta tm cc hng s C
1
v C
2
lin h gia in p v dng in tng ng
V
+
v I
+
vi bin trng A. Cn bng cng sut ti ta c
ab[A[
2
4Z
TE
=
1
2
V
+
I
+
=
1
2
[A[
2
C
1
C
2
Nu ta chn Z
0
= Z
TE
th ta cng c
V
+
I
+
=
C
1
C
2
= Z
TE
Gii cho C
1
, C
2
cho
C
1
=
_
ab
2
C
2
=
1
Z
TE
_
ab
2
hon ton lm cho s tng ng gia ng truyn vi mode TE
10
.
4.1.2 Khi nim v tr khng
Chng ta s dng tng v tr khng trong mt vi ng dng khc nhau, v vy s l hu
ch nu ti y chng ta tho lun v khi nim tr khng di dng tng qut hn. Thut ng
tr khng c a ra u tin bi Oliver Heaviside vo th k th 19 nhm m t t s phc
V/I trong cc mch AC gm cc in tr, in cm v cc in dung; khi nim tr khng nhanh
chng tr nn khng th thiu c trong phn tch cc mch AC. Sau n c p dng cho
cc ng truyn di dng cc mch tp trung tng ng v tr khng ni tip cng dn
np song song phn b ca ng dy. Vo nhng nm 1930, Schelkunoff nhn ra rng khi
nim tr khng cn c xem nh c trng ca trng cng nh ca mi trng. Khi nim tr
khng khi hnh thnh mt kt ni quan trng gia l thuyt trng v l thuyt mch hay l
thuyt ng truyn.
Sau y chng ta s tng kt mt s loi tr khng c s dng cho ti nay v k hiu ca
chng:
=
_
/ = tr khng thun ca mi trng. Tr khng ny ch ph thuc vo cc tham
s vt liu ca mi trng nhng bng tr khng sng ca sng phng.
Z
w
= E
t
/H
t
= 1/Y
w
= tr khng sng. Tr khng ny l c trng cho mt loi sng nht
nh. Cc sng TEM, TE v TM c cc tr khng sng khc nhau (Z
TEM
, Z
TM
, Z
TE
),
chng c th ph thuc vo loi ng truyn hay ng dn sng, vt liu v tn s hot
ng
Z
0
= 1/Y
0
=
_
L/C=tr khng c tnh. Tr khng c tnh l t s gia in p v
dng in i vi sng chy. Do in p v dng in c xc nh duy nht cho cc
sng TEM nn tr khng c tnh ca mt sng TEM l duy nht. Tuy nhin, cc sng
TE v TM khng c in p v dng in xc nh duy nht v vy tr khng c tnh i
vi cc sng nh vy c th c xc nh theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
V d 4.1. Xt mt ng dn sng ch nht c a=3.485 cm v b=1.580 cm (ng dn bng C),
cha khng kh vi z<0 v cha cht in mi (
r
= 2.56) vi z>0 nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.1.
Nu tn s hot ng l 4.5 GHz s dng m hnh ng truyn tng ng tnh h s phn
x ca sng ti TE
10
mt giao tip t z < 0.
Hnh 4.1: Dng hnh hc ca ng dn sng mt phn cha cht in mi v ng truyn
tng ng ca n
Gii
Cc hng s truyn lan trong cc vng khng kh (z<0) v in mi (z>0) l
a
=
_
k
2
0
a
_
2
= 27.50 m
1
d
=
_
r
k
2
0
a
_
2
= 120.89 m
1
Bn c c th xc minh rng mode TE
10
l mode truyn lan duy nht trong c hai vng
ca ng dn sng. By gi chng ta c th thit lp ng truyn tng ng cho mode TE
10
trong mi ng dn sng v xem bi ton khi phn x ca sng in p ti ti tip gip gia hai
ng truyn di v hn.
Vi vic tham kho v d v Bng , tr khng c tnh ca hai ng l
Z
0a
=
k
0
a
=
(94.25)(377)
27.50
= 1292.1
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.2. NHNG C IM TR KHNG CA CC MNG MT CA 117
Z
0d
=
k
0
d
=
k
0
d
=
(94.25)(377)
120.89
= 293.9
H s phn x nhn vo vng c cha in mi khi l
=
Z
0d
Z
0d
Z
0d
+ Z
0a
= 0.629 (4.14)
Vi kt qu ny, cc biu thc cho cc sng ti, phn x v sng truyn c th c vit di
dng trng, hoc di dng in p v dng in tng ng.
4.2 Nhng c im tr khng ca cc mng mt ca
Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun mt s c im c bn ca tr khng im ngun i
vi cc mng mt ca. Trc ht xt mng mt ca bt k trn Hnh. Cng sut phc c a
ti mng ny c cho bi
Hnh 4.2: Mng mt ca bt k
P =
1
2
_
S
E

H
.d s = P
+ 2j(W
m
W
e
) (4.15)
trong P
l thc v i din cho cng sut trung bnh c tiu th bi mng cn W

m
v W
e
i din cho nng lng t trng v in trng tng ng. Lu rng vc t php tuyn n
v trong Hnh hng vo bn trong khi.
Nu ta xc nh cc trng mode ngang thc e v

h qua mt phng cc ca mng sao cho
E
t
(x, y, z) = V (z) e(x, y)e
jz
(4.16a)
H
t
(x, y, z) = I(z)
h(x, y)e
jz
(4.16b)
vi s chun ha sao cho
_
S
e
h.d s = 1
khi (4.15) c th c biu din di dng in p v dng in
P =
1
2
_
S
V I
h.d s =
1
2
V I
(4.17)
Khi tr khng vo s l
Z
in
= R + jX =
V
I
=
V I
[I[
2
=
P
1/2[I[
2
=
P
+ 2j(W
m
W
e
)
1/2[I[
2
(4.18)
Do chng ta thy rng phn thc R ca tr khng vo lin h vi cng sut tiu th trong
khi phn o X lin quan ti nng lng tnh tch tr trong mng. Nu mng l khng tn hao th
P
=0 v R=0. Khi Z
in
l thun o vi in khng
X =
4(W
m
W
e
)
[I[
2
(4.19)
n l dng i vi ti l in cm (W
m
> W
e
) v l o i vi ti in dung (W
m
< W
e
).
4.3 Cc ma trn tr khng v dn np
Chng ta bt u bng vic xem xt mt mch cao tn N cng nh m t trn Hnh 4.3. Cc
cng trong Hnh 4.3 c th ri vo bt k loi ng truyn hay ng truyn tng ng ca
mt mode truyn lan no. (Khi nim cng c a ra bi H.A. Wheeler vo nhng nm 1950
thay th cho cm t cng knh t c tnh m t "hai cc"). Nu mt trong cc cng vt l
ca mch l mt ng dn sng h tr nhiu hn mt mode lan truyn th cc cng in b sung
c th c thm vo bao hm cc mode . Ti mt im nht nh trn cng th n, mt
mt phng kt cui t
n
c nh ngha cng vi cc in p v dng in tng ng cho cc
sng ti (V
+
n
, I
+
n
) v sng phn x (V
n
, I
n
). Cc mt phng kt cui quan trng trong vic to
ra mt tham chiu cho pha ca in p v dng in. By gi ti mt phng kt cui th n tng
in p v dng in c cho bi
V
n
= V
+
n
+ V
n
(4.20a)
I
n
= I
+
n
I
n
(4.20b)
Ma trn tr khng [Z] ca mch cao tn khi lin h gia cc in p v dng in trn cc
cng.
_
_
V
1
V
2
.
.
.
V
N
_
_
=
_
_
Z
11
Z
12
Z
1N
Z
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
Z
N1
Z
NN
_
_
_
_
I
1
I
2
.
.
.
I
N
_
_
hay dng ma trn
[V ] = [Z][I] (4.21)
Tng t ta c th nh ngha ma trn dn np [Y] nh sau
_
_
I
1
I
2
.
.
.
I
N
_
_
=
_
_
Y
11
Y
12
Y
1N
Y
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
Y
N1
Y
NN
_
_
_
_
V
1
V
2
.
.
.
V
N
_
_
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.3. CC MA TRN TR KHNG V DN NP 119
Hnh 4.3: Mng N cng bt k
hay dng ma trn
[I] = [Y ][V ] (4.22)
Tt nhin, ma trn [Z] v [Y] l nghch o ca nhau:
[Y ] = [Z]
1
(4.23)
Lu rng c hai ma trn [Y] v [Z] lin h cc in p vi dng in cng. T 4.21 ta thy
rng Z
ij
c th tm c nh sau
Z
ij
=
V
i
I
j
I
k
=0 khi k = j
(4.24)
Biu thc (4.24) pht biu rng Z
ij
c th c xc nh bng cch a vo cng mt dng
in I
j
, h mch tt c cc cng cn li ( I
k
= 0khik ,= j), v o in p h mch cng
. V vy, Z
ij
l tr khng truyn t ga cng v cng khi tt c cc cng khc h mch.
Tng t, t (4.22) Y
ij
c th c xc nh nh sau:
Y
ij
=
I
i
V
j
V
k
=0 khi k = j
(4.25)
biu thc ny pht biu rng Y
ij
c th c xc nh bng cch a in p V
j
vo cng , lm
ngn mch tt c cc cng cn li ( V
k
= 0khik ,= j) v o dng in ngn mch ti cng .
Nhn chung, mi phn t Z
ij
hoc Y
ij
c th l s phc. i vi mt mng N cng, cc ma
trn tr khng v dn np c kch thc N N, v th c 2N
2
i lng c lp hay mc
t do i vi mt mng N cng bt k. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, nhiu mng hoc l tng h
hoc l khng tn hao hoc c hai. Nu mng l tng h (khng cha ng bt k mt mi
trng khng tng h no chng hn nh Ferit hay Plasma, hay cc phn t tch cc), chng ta
s ch ra rng cc ma trn tr khng v dn np l i xng, tc l Z
ij
= Z
ji
, v Y
ij
= Y
ji
. Nu
mch l khng tn tht ta c th ch ra rng cc phn t Z
ij
hay Y
ij
l thun o. Mt trong cc
trng hp c bit ny c tc dng lm gim s i lng c lp hay mc t do m mt
mng N cng c th c.
4.4 Ma trn tn x
Vi cc mch in hot ng tn s thp (tn s m ti kch thc ca mch in nh hn
rt nhiu ln bc sng lan truyn), chng c coi l cc phn t thng s tp trung v ti bt
k im no ca mch in ta cng c th xc nh c in p v dng in. Bn cnh ,
lch pha gia cc im trong mch l khng ng k.
Tuy nhin i vi cc mch in hot ng tn s siu cao (kch thc ca mch in so
snh c vi bc sng), vic o trc tip in p v dng in thng lin quan ti ln (rt
ra t cng sut) v pha ca sng lan truyn theo mt hng nht nh, hoc ca sng ng. V
vy, cc in p v dng in tng ng v c cc ma trn tr khng v dn np lin quan c
phn tr nn tru tng khi xt ti cc mch lm vic tn s cao. Mt khc, khi o v nh gi
cc tham s Y, Z ca cc thit b (hay mch) cao tn i hi thit b (hay mch) c kt cui
vi ti h mch hay ngn mch m iu ny i vi cc tn s siu cao l rt kh thc hin. V
vy, ma trn tn x ph hp hn vi cc php o trc tip v vi cc tng v cc sng ti,
sng phn x v sng truyn i s c gii thiu trong chng ny.
Cng ging nh ma trn tr khng hay ma trn dn np cho mt mng N cng, ma trn tn
x cho ta mt m t y v mt mng khi c nhn t N cng ca n. Trong khi cc ma trn
tr khng v dn np lin h cc in p v dng in tng ti cc cng, ma trn tn x lin h
cc sng in p ti trn cc cng vi cc sng in p phn x t cc cng . i vi mt s
phn t hay mch in, cc ma trn tn x c th c o trc tip bng my phn tch mng.
Mt khi cc tham s tn x ca mng c xc nh, khi cn thit ta c th chuyn i sang cc
tham s ma trn khc.
Xt mng N cng trn Hnh 4.3, V
+
n
l bin sng in p ti cng n, v V
n
l bin
ca sng in p phn x t cng n. Ma trn tn x hay ma trn [S] c nh ngha theo
mi quan h gia cc sng in p ti v sng in p phn x nh sau
_
_
V
1
V
2
.
.
.
V
N
_
_
=
_
_
S
11
S
12
S
1N
S
21
.
.
.
.
.
.
S
N1
S
NN
_
_
_
_
V
+
1
V
+
2
.
.
.
V
+
N
_
_
hay
[V
] = [S][V
+
] (4.26)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.4. MA TRN TN X 121
Mt phn t no ca ma trn [S] c th c xc nh nh sau
S
ij
=
V
i
V
+
j
V
+
k
=0 khi k = j
(4.27)
T (4.27) ta c th ni rng S
ij
c xc nh bng vic a vo cng mt sng ti c in p
V
+
j
v o bin sng phn x V
i
ra khi cng . Cc sng ti trn tt c cc cng tr cng
th c gn bng khng, ngha l tt c cc cng cn c kt cui bi cc ti phi hp
trnh phn x. V vy, S
ii
l h s phn x nhn vo cng khi tt c cc cng khc c kt
cui bng ti phi hp, cn S
ij
l h s truyn t cng ti cng khi tt c cc cng khc c
kt cui bng ti phi hp.
By gi chng ta s ch ra ma trn [S] c th c xc nh nh th no t ma trn [Z]
(hoc[Y]) v ngc li. Trc tin, chng ta phi gi thit rng cc tr khng c tnh Z
0n
ca
tt c cc cng l nh nhau. (S hn ch ny s c loi b khi ta tho lun v cc tham s
tn x tng qut). Khi , thun tin chng ta c th cho Z
0n
= 1. T (4.20) in p v dng
in tng ti cng th n c th c vit thnh
V
n
= V
+
n
+ V
n
(4.28a)
I
n
= I
+
n
I
n
= V
+
n
+ V
n
(4.28b)
S dng nh ngha v [Z] t (4.21) cng (4.28) cho
[Z][I] = [Z][V
+
] [Z][V
] = [V ] = [V
+
] + [V
] (4.29)
v c th c vit l
([Z] + [U])[V
] = ([Z] [U])[V
+
] (4.30)
Trong [U] l ma trn n v c nh ngha l
_
_
1 0 0
0 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0 1
_
_
So snh (4.30) vi (4.26) gi cho ta
[S] = ([Z] + [U])
1
([Z] [U]) (4.31)
Cho ta ma trn tn x biu din theo ma trn tr khng. Lu rng i vi mng mt ca th
(4.31) rt gn thnh
S
11
=
z
11
1
z
11
+ 1
Ph hp vi kt qu h s phn x nhn vo mt ti vi tr khng vo chun ha ca z
11
.
tm [Z] theo [S], vit li (4.31) thnh [Z][S]+[U][S]=[Z]-[U] v gii cho [Z] ta c
[Z] = ([U] [S])
1
([U] + [S]) (4.32)
Cc mch tng h v mch khng tn hao
Nh tho lun trong phn trc, cc ma trn tr khng v dn np i xng i vi cc mch
tng h, v thun o i vi cc mch khng tn hao. Tng t, cc ma trn tn x cho cc
loi mch ny c cc c tnh c bit. Chng ta s ch ra rng ma trn [S] ca mt mch tng
h l i xng v rng ma trn [S] ca mt mch khng tn hao l ma trn n v.
Bng cch cng (4.20a) vi (4.20b) ta c
V
+
n
=
1
2
(V
n
+ I
n
)
hay
[V
+
] =
1
2
([Z] + [U])[I] (4.33)
Bng cch tr (4.20a) cho (4.20b) ta c
V
n
=
1
2
(V
n
I
n
)
hay
[V
] =
1
2
([Z] [U])[I] (4.34)
Loi tr [I] khi (4.33) v (4.34) cho
[V
] = ([Z] [U])([Z] + [U])

1
[V
+
]
Do
[S] = ([Z] [U])([Z] + [U])
1
(4.35)
Ly chuyn v ca (4.35) cho
[S]
T
= ([Z] + [U])
1
T
([Z] [U])
T
Do [U] l ma trn ng cho nn [U]
T
= [U] v nu mch l tng h, [Z] l i xng nn
[Z]
T
= [Z]. Khi biu thc trn tr thnh
[S]
T
= ([Z] + [U])
1
([Z] [U])
biu thc ny tng ng vi (4.31). Ta chng minh rng
[S] = [S]
T
(4.36)
i vi cc mch tng h.
Nu mch l khng tn hao khi khng c cng sut thc c a n mch. V vy, nu
tr khng c tnh ca tt c cc cng l nh nhau v gi thit l n v th cng sut trung bnh
c a n mch l
P
av
=
1
2
'[V ]
T
[I]
=
1
2
'([V
+
]
T
+ [V
]
T
)([V
+
]
[V
) (4.37)
=
1
2
'[V
+
]
T
[V
+
]
[V
+
]
T
[V
+ [V
]
T
[V
+
]
[V
]
T
[V
(4.38)
=
1
2
[V
+
]
T
[V
+
]
1
2
[V
]
T
[V
= 0 (4.39)
Do cc s hng [V
+
]
T
[V
]
T
+ [V
]
T
[V
+
]
c dng A A
v v vy l thun o. Trong
cc s hng cn li ca (4.37), 1/2[V
+
]
T
[V
+
]
i din cho tng cng sut ti, trong khi

1/2[V
]
T
[V
i din cho tng cng sut phn x. Do vi mt mi ni khng tn tht

chng ta c kt qu trc gic rng cng sut ti v cng sut phn x bng nhau:
[V
+
]
T
[V
+
]
= [V
]
T
[V
(4.40)
S dng [V
] = [S]
[
V
+
] cho (4.40) ta c
[V
+
]
T
[V
+
]
= [V
+
]
T
[S]
T
[S]
[V
+
]
(4.41)
do , i vi [V
+
] khc khng,
[S]
T
[S]
= [U]
hay
[S]
= [S]
T
1
(4.42)
Mt ma trn tha mn iu kin (4.42) c gi l mt ma trn unitary.
Phng trnh ma trn ca (4.42) c th c vit li di dng tng sau
N
k=1
S
ki
S
kj
=
ij
vi mi i, j (4.43)
trong
ij
= 1 nu = v
ij
= 0 nu ,= l du hiu Kronecker. V vy nu = (4.43)
n gin thnh
N
k=1
S
ki
S
ki
= 1 (4.44)
trong khi nu ,= th (4.43) n gin thnh
N
k=1
S
ki
S
kj
= 0 vi mi i ,= j (4.45)
Din gii ngha:
(4.44) pht biu: php nhn v hng gia mt hng (hay mt hng) bt k ca ma trn
[S] (do tnh cht i xng nn vector ct v vector hng l ging nhau) vi lin hp phc
ca chnh n s cho kt qu l 1.
(4.45) pht biu: php nhn v hng gia mt ct (hay mt hng) bt k ca ma trn [S]
vi lin hp phc ca mt ct (hay mt hng) khc s cho kt qu l 0 (trc giao).
V d 4.2. Mt mng hai cng c o v nhn c ma trn tn x sau
[S] =
_
0.10 0.890
0
0.890
0
0.20
_
T s liu ny hy xc nh xem mch c phi l tng h hay khng tn hao hay khng.
Nu cng hai b ngn mch th suy hao xen ti cng 1 s l bao nhiu?
Gii
Do [S] i xng nn mch l tng h. mch l khng tn hao, cc tham s S phi tha
mn (4.44) v (4.45). Ly hng th nht (i=1 trong (4.44)) cho
[S
11
[
2
+[S
12
[
2
= (0.1)
2
+ (0.8)
2
= 0.65 ,= 1.
Do , mch c tn hao.
H s phn x ti cng 1 khi cng 2 ngn mch c th c tnh nh sau. T nh ngha
v ma trn tn x v thc t rng V
+
2
= V
2
(ngn mch cng 2), ta c th vit
V
1
= S
11
V
+
1
+ S
12
V
+
2
= S
11
V
+
1
S
12
V
2
V
2
= S
21
V
+
1
+ S
22
V
+
2
= S
21
V
+
1
S
22
V
2
Phng trnh th 2 cho
V
2
=
S
21
1 + S
22
V
+
1
Chia phng trnh th nht cho V
+
1
, ri s dng kt qu trn cho ta h s phn x u vo l
=
V
1
V
+
1
= S
11
S
12
V
2
V
+
1
= S
11
S
12
S
21
1 + S
22
= 0.1
(j0.8)(j0.8)
1 + 0.2
= 0.633
Do suy hao xen l
RL = 20 log [[ = 3.97 dB
Mt im quan trng hiu v cc tham s S l h s phn x nhn vo cng n khng tng
ng vi S
nn
tr khi tt c cc cng khc c phi hp (iu ny c minh ha trong v d
trn). Tng t, h s truyn t cng m ti cng n khc vi S
nm
tr khi tt c cc cng khc
c phi hp. Cc tham s S ca mt mng l c tnh ca ch ring mng (gi thit mng
l tuyn tnh), v c xc nh trong iu kin tt c cc cng c phi hp tr khng. Thay
i kt cui hay kch thch ca mt mng khng lm thay i cc tham s S ca n nhng c
th lm thay i h s phn x ti mt cng no hoc h s truyn gia hai cng.
Dch chuyn cc mt phng tham chiu
Do cc tham s S lin h gia bin ( ln v pha) ca cc sng ti v phn x t mt mch
cao tn nn cc mt phng tham chiu pha phi c ch nh cho mi cng ca mch. By gi
chng ta s ch ra cc tham s S c chuyn i khi cc mt phng tham chiu c di khi
cc v tr ban u ca chng nh th no.
Xt mch cao tn N cng trn Hnh 4.4, cc mt phng kt cui c gi thit l nm
ti z
n
i vi cng th n v z
n
l mt ta bt k c o dc theo ng truyn cp vo cng
th n. Ma trn tn x cho mch vi tp cc mt phng k cui c k hiu bi [S]. By gi xt
mt tp mt phng tham chiu mi c xc nh ti z
n
=
l
i vi cng th n v k hiu ma
trn tn x mi l [S]. Khi biu din theo in p ti v in p phn x ta c
[V
] = [S][V
+
] (4.46a)
Hnh 4.4: Dch chuyn cc mt phng tham chiu i vi mt mng N cng
[V
] = [S
][V
+
] (4.46b)
trong cc i lng khng c du pht hay " " c tham chiu ti cc mt phng kt cui
ban u ti z
n
= 0, v cc i lng c du pht () c tham chiu ti cc mt phng kt cui
mi ti z
n
=
n
.
By gi t l thuyt lan truyn sng trn cc ng dy khng tn hao chng ta c th lin
h cc bin sng mi vi bin sng ti v tr ban u nh sau
V
+
n
= V
+
n
e
j
n
(4.47a)
V
n
= V
+
n
e
j
n
(4.47b)
trong
n
=
n
n
l chiu di in ca khong dch xa ca mt phng tham chiu ca cng n.
Vit (4.47) di dng ma trn v th vo (4.46a) cho ta
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
[V
] = [S]
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
[V
+
]
Nhn vi nghch o ca ma trn th nht bn tri ta c
[V
] =
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
[S]
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
[V
+
]
So snh vi (4.46b) cho thy rng
[S
] =
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
[S]
_
_
e
j
1
0
e
j
2
.
.
.
0 e
j
N
_
_
(4.48)
l kt qu ta mong mun. Lu rng S
nn
= e
2j
n
S
nn
, ngha l pha ca S
nn
b dch mt khong
hai ln di in ca dch v mt phng cui n, bi v sng di chuyn hai ln qua di
ny sau khi ti v phn x.
Cc tham s tn x tng qut
Cho n nay chng ta mi ch xem cc tham s tn x cho cc mch trong tt c cc cng
ca mch c cng tr khng c tnh. y l trng hp hay gp trong nhiu tnh hung thc
t, tr khng c tnh thng l 50 . Tuy nhin, trong cc trng hp khc tr khng c
tnh ca mt mch nhiu cng c th khc nhau, n i hi s tng qut ha cc tham s tn x
nh c nh ngha cho ti thi im ny.
Hnh 4.5: Mng N cng c tr khng c tnh khc nhau
Xt mt mch N cng nh trn Hnh 4.5, trong Z
0n
l tr khng c tnh (thc) ca cng
th n, cn V
+
n
v V
+
n
tng ng i din cho cc sng in p ti v phn x ti cng n.
nhn c cc mi quan h cng sut c ngha v mt vt l theo bin sng, chng ta phi
nh ngha mt tp bin sng mi nh sau
a
n
= V
+
n
/
_
Z
0n
(4.49a)
b
n
= V
n
/
_
Z
0n
(4.49b)
trong a
n
i din cho sng ti cng th n, cn b
n
i din cho sng phn x t cng . Khi
t (4.28) ta c
V
n
= V
+
n
+ V
n
=
_
Z
0n
(a
n
+ b
n
) (4.50a)
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.5. MA TRN TRUYN (ABCD) 127
I
n
=
1
Z
on
(V
+
n
V
n
) =
1
Z
0n
(a
n
b
n
) (4.50b)
By gi cng sut trung bnh c a ti cng th n l
P
n
=
1
2
ReV
n
I
n
=
1
2
Re[a
n
[
2
[b
n
[
2
+ (b
n
a
n
b
n
a
n
) =
1
2
[a
n
[
2
1
2
[b
n
[
2
(4.51)
do (b
n
a
n
b
n
a
n
) l thun o. Biu thc ny l mt kt qu tha mn v mt vt l do n ni ln
rng cng sut trung bnh c a qua cng n bng cng sut sng ti tr i cng sut sng
phn x. Nu c biu din theo V
+
n
v V
n
th kt qu tng ng s ph thuc vo tr khng
c tnh ca cng th n.
Khi mt ma trn tn x tng qut c th c s dng lin h sng ti v sng phn
x nh ngha theo (4.49):
[b] = [S][a] (4.52)
trong , phn t th ca ma trn tn x c cho bi
S
ij
=
b
i
a
j
a
k
=0 vi k=j
(4.53)
v tng t nh kt qu ca (4.27) i vi cc mch c tr khng c tnh nh nhau ti tt c
cc cng. S dng (4.49) cho (4.53) cho ta
S
ij
=
V
i
_
Z
0j
V
+
j
Z
0i
V
+
k
=0 vi k=j
(4.54)
biu thc ny ch ra cc tham s S ca mt mch c tr khng c tnh ca cc cng ging nhau
(V
i
/V
+
j
vi V
+
k
= 0 vi k ,= j) c th c chuyn i thnh mt mch kt ni vi cc ng
truyn c tr khng c tnh khng ging nhau nh th no.
4.5 Ma trn truyn (ABCD)
Cc tham s Z, Y v S c th c s dng c trng cho mt mch cao tn c s cng bt
k, nhng trong thc t nhiu mch cao tn bao gm hai hay nhiu mch cng ni chui vi
nhau. Trong trng hp ny s thun tin khi nh ngha mt ma trn truyn kch c 2 2, hay
ma trn ABCD cho mi mch hai cng. Khi chng ta s thy rng ma trn ABCD ca mt
kt ni chui ca hai hay nhiu mch hai cng c th d dng c xc nh bng vic nhn cc
ma trn ABCD ca tng mch hai cng ring bit.
Ma trn ABCD c nh ngha cho mch hai cng theo in p v dng in tng nh ch
ra trn Hnh 4.6 v quan h sau:
V
1
= AV
2
+ BI
2
I
1
= CV
2
+ DI
2
hay di dng ma trn sau
_
V
1
I
1
_
=
_
A B
C D
_ _
V
2
I
2
_
(4.55)
Hnh 4.6: (a) Mch hai cng; (b) Kt ni chui mch hai cng
iu quan trng cn lu t Hnh 4.6(a) rng c s thay i trong qui c du ca I
2
so
vi cc nh ngha trc y, trong dng in I
2
dng in chy vo cng 2. Qui c rng I
2
chy ra khi cng 2 s c s dng khi lm vic vi cc ma trn ABCD sao cho trong mch
ni chui I
2
s chnh l dng in chy vo mch k tip nh m t trn Hnh 4.6(b). Khi
v tri ca (4.55) i din cho in p v dng in ti cng 1 ca mch trong khi v phi biu
din in p v dng in ti cng 2.
Trong kt ni chui ca cc mch hai cng trn Hnh 4.6(b) chng ta c
_
V
1
I
1
_
=
_
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
_ _
V
2
I
2
_
(4.56a)
_
V
2
I
2
_
=
_
A
2
B
2
C
2
D
2
_ _
V
3
I
3
_
(4.56b)
Th (4.56b) vo (4.57) ta c
_
V
1
I
1
_
=
_
A
1
B
1
C
1
D
1
_ _
A
2
B
2
C
2
D
2
_ _
V
3
I
3
_
(4.57)
iu ny cho thy rng ma trn ABCD ca mt kt ni chui hai mch bng tch ca cc ma
trn ABCD c trng cho mi mng hai cng. Lu rng th t nhn ma trn phi ging nh
th t trong cc mng c sp xp, do nhn ma trn nhn chung khng c tnh cht hon v.
S hu ch ca ma trn ABCD l thc t rng mt th vin cc ma trn ABCD ca cc
phn t hai cng c th c to ra v p dng trong vic to nn cc mng cao tn phc tp
hn c kt ni chui t cc phn t hai cng n gin hn ny. Bng lit k mt s mch hai
cng hu ch v cc ma trn ABCD ca chng.
V d 4.3. Tm cc tham s ABCD ca mt mch hai ca gm mt tr khng Z mc ni tip
gia cng 1 v cng 2 (mch u tin trong Bng 4.1).
Gii
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.5. MA TRN TRUYN (ABCD) 129
T mi quan h theo nh ngha (4.55), ta c
A =
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
ch ra rng A c xc nh bng vic t in p V
1
vo ca 1 v o in p h mch V
2
ti
ca 2. V vy A=1. Tng t,
B =
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
V
1
V
1
/Z
= Z
C =
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
= 0
D =
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
I
1
I
1
= 1
Quan h vi ma trn tr khng
Bit ma trn Z ca mt mch, ta c th xc nh c cc tham s ABCD. V vy, t nh ngha
v cc tham s ABCD trong (4.55),v t mi quan h xc nh i vi cc tham s Z cho mt
mch hai ca c I
2
nht qun v du vi qui c du c s dng cho cc tham s ABCD,
V
1
= I
1
Z
11
I
2
Z
12
(4.58a)
V
2
= I
1
Z
21
I
2
Z
22
(4.58b)
Ta c
A =
V
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
I
1
Z
11
I
1
Z
21
(4.59a)
B =
V
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
I
1
Z
11
I
2
V
2
=0
= Z
11
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
Z
12
= Z
11
I
1
Z
22
I
1
Z
21
Z
12
=
Z
11
Z
22
Z
12
Z
21
Z
21
(4.59b)
C =
I
1
V
2
I
2
=0
=
I
1
I
1
Z
21
=
1
Z
21
(4.59c)
D =
I
1
I
2
V
2
=0
=
I
2
Z
22
/Z
21
I
2
=
Z
22
Z
21
(4.59d)
Nu mng l tng h th Z
12
= Z
21
v (4.59) c th c s dng ch ra rng AD-BC=1.
Bng 4.1: Cc tham s ABCD ca mt s mch hai cng
hu ch
Mch Cc tham s ABCD
A=1 B=Z
C=0 D=1
A=1 B=0
C=Y D=1
A = cos B = jZ
0
sin
C = jY
0
sin D = cos
A=N B=0
C=0 D =
1
N
A = 1 +
Y
2
Y
3
B =
1
Y
3
C = Y
1
+ Y
2
+
Y
1
Y
2
Y
3
D = 1 +
Y
1
Y
3
A = 1 +
Z
1
Z
3
B = Z
1
+ Z
2
+
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
C =
1
Z
3
D = 1 +
Z
2
Z
3
4.6 Cc mng hai ca
Trng hp c bit ca mt mch cao tn hai ca xut hin thng xuyn trong thc t ng
ch . Trc tin chng ta tho lun v vic s dng cc mch tng ng i din cho mt
mng hai ca bt k v sau ch ra cc ma trn mch c th c s dng xt cho cc kt
ni khc nhau ca cc mng hai ca. Mng hai ca c kt cui sau c tho lun v mt s
loi li ( khuch i) cng sut c nh ngha cho nhng mng nh vy.
http://www.ebook.edu.vn 4.6. CC MNG HAI CA 131
Cc mch tng ng cho cc mng hai cng
Hnh biu din mt chuyn tip gia mt cp ng trc v mt ng truyn vi di v c xem
nh la mt v d v mt mng hai ca. Cc mt phng kt cui c th c xc nh ti bt k
im no trn hai ng truyn; mt la chn thun tin c th c ch ra trn hnh v. Nhng
do s gin on v mt vt l ti ni chuyn tip nn nng lng in v /hoc t c th c
tch tr gn ch ni dn ti cc hiu ng v phn khng. c trng cho cc hiu ng nh vy
c th t c bng cch o hay phn tch l thuyt (mc d vic phn tch c th l kh phc
tp) v c biu din bi mt "hp en" hai ca nh trn Hnh (b). Cc c im ca chuyn
tip khi c th c biu din theo cc tham s mng (Z, Y, S, hoc ABCD) ca mng hai
ca. Cch gii quyt nh vy c th c p dng cho nhiu khp ni hai ca khc nhau chng
hn nh chuyn tip t mt loi ng truyn ny sang mt lot ng truyn khc, cc gin
on ng truyn chng hn nh cc thay i nhy bc v rng hay un cong, vv . Khi
lp m hnh mt mi ni cao tn theo cch ny thng thng ta thay th "hp en" hai ca bng
mt mch tng ng cha mt s phn t l tng nh trn Hnh . (iu ny c bit hu ch
nu cc gi tr phn t c th c th lin h vi mt vi c im vt l ca mi ni thc). C
nhiu cch nh ngha mch tng ng; sau y chng ta s tho lun mt s loi mch tng
ng ph bin v hu dng nht.
Nh chng ta thy trong cc phn trc, mt mng hai ca bt k c th c m t di
dng cc tham s tr khng nh sau
V
1
= Z
11
I
1
+ Z
12
I
2
V
2
= Z
21
I
1
+ Z
22
I
2
(4.60a)
hoc di dng cc tham s dn np nh sau
I
1
= Y
11
V
1
+ Y
12
V
2
I
2
= Y
21
V
1
+ Y
22
V
2
(4.60b)
Nu mng l tng h th Z
12
= Z
21
v Y
12
= Y
21
. Nhng biu din ny dn ti cc mch tng
ng hnh T v nh trn Hnh v . Cc quan h trong Bng c th c s dng lin h
cc gi tr linh kin vi cc tham s khc ca mng.
Cc mch tng ng khc cng c th c s dng biu din mt mng hai ca. Nu
mng l tng h th c su mc t do (phn o v phn thc ca ba phn t ma trn), v vy
mch in tng ng c su tham s c lp. Mt mng khng tng h khng th c biu
din bi mt mch tng ng th ng s dng cc phn t tng h.
Nu mng l khng tn hao (gn ng cho nhiu lin kt hai ca thc t) mt vi s n
gin ha c th c thc hin trong mch tng ng. Nh ch ra trong phn, cc phn t ma
trn tr khng v dn np l thun o i vi mng khng tn hao. iu ny gip gim thiu
mc t do ca mt mng nh vy xung cn ba, v ng rng cc mch tng ng T v
trn Hnh c th c xy dng t cc phn t thun phn khng. Cc kh nng khc c trnh
by trn Hnh.
Cc mng hai ca lin kt
Chng ta thy trong phn trc rng cc mng hai ca ni chui c th c x l nh th
no s dng cc tham s ABCD, nhng c mt s cch khc m cc mng c th c kt ni.
Trc tin ta xt mt kt ni ni tip trn Hnh. T hnh v chng ta thy rng
V
1
= V
a
1
+ V
b
1
, V
2
= V
a
2
+ V
b
2
, I
1
= I
a
1
= I
b
1
, v I
2
= I
a
2
= I
b
2
. V vy, t (4.61),
V
1
= V
a
1
+ V
b
1
= (Z
a
11
+ Z
b
11
)I
1
+ (Z
a
12
+ Z
b
12
)I
2
V
2
= V
a
2
+ V
b
2
= (Z
a
21
+ Z
b
21
)I
1
+ (Z
a
22
+ Z
b
22
)I
2
(4.61a)
ch ra rng ma trn tr khng ca ton mng c xc nh bng cch cng cc ma trn tr
khng ca mi mng thnh c mc ni tip.
Do cu hnh trn Hnh l s kt hp song song ca hai mng hai ca nn, V
1
= V
a
1
=
V
b
1
, V
2
= V
a
2
= V
b
2
v I
1
= I
a
1
+ I
b
1
v I
2
= I
a
2
+ I
b
2
. Khi (4.61) cho
I
1
= I
a
1
+ I
b
1
= (Y
a
11
+ Y
b
11
)V
1
+ (Y
a
12
+ Y
b
12
)V
2
I
2
= I
a
2
+ I
b
2
= (Y
a
21
+ Y
b
21
)V
1
+ (Y
a
22
+ Y
b
22
)V
2
(4.61b)
ch ra rng ma trn dn np ca ton mng c xc nh bng vic cng cc ma trn dn np
ca mi mng thnh phn c mc song song.
V d 4.4. Tm ma trn dn np cho mch cu hnh T trn Hnh .
Gii
Mch ny c th c phn tch thnh kt ni song song ca hai mch n gin hn nh
trn Hnh b. Tham kho Hnh a,b ma trn tr khng v dn np cho hai mng con ny c th
c vit l
Z
a
=
_
Z
1
+ Z
2
Z
2
Z
2
Z
1
+ Z
2
_
Y
b
=
_
_
1
Z
3
1
Z
3
1
Z
3
1
Z
3
_
_
Nghch o ma trn Z
a
v p dng kt qu trn cho cc mng ni song song cho ma trn
dn np tng th l
Y
b
= Y
a
+ Y
b
=
_
_
1
Z
3
+
Z
1
+ Z
2
D
_
1
Z
3
+
Z
2
D
_
_
1
Z
3
+
Z
2
D
_
1
Z
3
+
Z
1
+ Z
2
D
_
_
trong D = Z
1
(Z
1
+ 2Z
2
).
Cc loi li cng sut ca mng 2 ca
Gi chng ta xt cc c tnh truyn t ca mt mng hai ca bt k c tr khng ngun v ti
bt k. Cu hnh chung c cho trn Hnh 4.7 m trn thc t mng hai ca thng l mt b
lc hay mt b khuch i. Chng ta s tm cc biu thc cho ba loi li cng sut hu ch
cho nhng mch nh vy theo cc tham s S ca mng hai ca v cc h s phn x ti ngun
v ti ti.
Hnh 4.7: Mng hai ca vi tr khng ti v ngun tng qut
li cng sut=G=P
/P
in
l t s cng sut tiu th ti ti Z
L
trn cng sut c pht
ti u vo ca mng hai ca. li ny khi c lp vi Z
s
, mc d mt s mch tch
cc nht nh ph thuc nhiu vo Z
s
.
li kh dng = G
A
=Pavn/Pavs l t s cng sut kh dng t u ra ca mng hai ca
trn cng sut kh dng t ngun. li ny ph thuc vo Z
s
, nhng c lp vi Z
L
.
Tuy nhin, c tnh ca nhiu mch tch cc ph thuc vo Z
L
.
li cng sut truyn t = G
T
= P
/Pavs l t s cng sut c a ti ti trn cng

sut kh dng t ngun. N ph thuc vo c Z
s
v Z
L
, v v vy c u im so vi cc
nh ngha li cng sut trc .
Tham chiu Hnh 4.7, h s phn x nhn t mng hai ca hng v ti l
=
Z
L
Z
0
Z
L
+ Z
0
(4.62)
trong khi h s phn x nhn t mng hai ca hng v ngun l
s
=
Z
s
Z
0
Z
+
Z
0
(4.63)
trong Z
0
l tr khng c tnh chun (tham kho) ca cc tham s S ca mng hai ca.
Ni chung, u vo ca mng hai ca c kt cui s khng c phi hp tr khng vi
mt h s phn x
in
m n c th c xc nh nh sau. T nh ngha cc tham s S v
V
+
2
=
2
, chng ta c
V
1
= S
11
V
+
1
+ S
12
V
+
2
= S
11
V
+
1
+ S
12
2
(4.64a)
V
2
= S
21
V
+
1
+ S
22
V
+
2
= S
21
V
+
1
+ S
22
2
(4.64b)
Loi b V
2
khi (4.64) v gii cho V
1
/V
+
1
cho
in
=
V
1
V
+
1
= S
11
+
S
12
S
21
1 S
22
=
Z
in
Z
0
Z
in
+ Z
0
(4.65a)
l kt qu tng qut cho h s phn x u vo ca mng hai ca c ti bt k. Z
in
l tr khng
nhn vo ca 1 ca mng c kt cui. Tng t, h s phn x nhn vo ca 2 ca mng khi
ca mt c kt cui bi Z
s
l
out
=
V
2
V
+
2
= S
22
+
S
12
S
21
s
1 S
11
s
(4.65b)
Bng vic phn p,
V
1
= V
s
Z
in
Z
s
+ Z
in
= V
+
1
+ V
1
= V
+
1
(1 +
in
) (4.66)
S dng
Z
in
= Z
0
1 +
in
1
in
v
Z
s
= Z
0
1 +
s
1
s
T (4.65a) v gii cho V
+
1
theo V
s
cho
V
+
1
=
V
s
2
(1
s
)
(1
s
in
(4.67)
Nu cc gi tr nh c gi thit cho tt c cc in p th cng sut trung bnh c a ti
mng l
P
in
=
1
2Z
0
[V
+
1
[
2
(1 [
in
[
2
) =
[V
s
[
2
8Z
0
[1
s
[2
[1
s
in
[
2
(1 [
in
[
2
) (4.68)
trong (4.67) c s dng. Cng sut c a ti ti l
P
=
[V
2
[
2
2Z
0
(1 [
[
2
) (4.69)
Gii tm V
2
t (4.64a) ri th vo (4.69) v s dng (4.67) ta c
P
=
[V
+
1
[
2
2Z
0
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
[
2
)
[1 S
22
[
2
(4.70)
=
[V
s
[
2
8Z
0
[S
21
[2(1 [
[
2
)[1
s
[
2
[1 S
22
[
2
[1
s
in
[
2
(4.71)
li cng sut khi c th c biu din nh sau
G =
P
P
in
=
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
[
2
)
[1 S
22
[
2
(1 [
in
[
2
)
(4.72)
Cng sut kh dng t ngun (P
avs
) l cng sut cc i c th c a ti mng. iu ny
xy ra khi tr khng vo ca mng c kt cui l phi hp lin hp phc vi tr khng ngun.
T (4.68)
P
avs
= P
in
in
=
s
=
[V
s
[
2
8Z
0
[1
s
[
2
(1 [
s
[
2
)
(4.73)
Tng t, cng sut kh dng t mng (P
avn
) l cng sut cc i c th c phn pht ti ti.
V vy, t (4.69),
P
avn
= P
out
=
[V
s
[
2
8Z
0
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
out
[
2
)[1
s
[
2
[1 S
22
out
[
2
[1
s
in
[
2
out
(4.74)
Trong (4.74),
in
phi c nh gi i vi
out
. T (4.65a) ta c th ch ra rng
[1
s
in
[
2
out
=
[1 S
11
s
[
2
(1 [
out
[
2
)
[1 S
22
out
[
2
kt qu ny cho php (4.74) rt gn thnh
P
avn
=
[V
s
[
2
8Z
0
[S
21
[
2
[1
s
[
2
[1 S
11
s
[
2
(1 [
out
[
2
)
(4.75)
Quan st thy rng P
avs
v P
avn
u c biu din theo in p ngun V
s
m in p ny c
lp vi tr khng ngun v tr khng ti. S c s nhm ln nu cc i lng ny c biu
din theo V
+
1
do V
+
1
s khc nhau mi ln tnh ton P
, P
avs
v P
avn
.
S dng (4.75) v (4.73), li cng sut kh dng l
G
A
=
P
avn
P
avs
=
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
s
[
2
)
[1 S
11
s
[
2
(1 [
out
[
2
)
(4.76)
T (4.70) v (4.73), li cng sut truyn t l
G
T
=
P
P
avs
=
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
s
[
2
)(1 [
[
2
)
[1 S
22
[
2
[1
s
in
[
2
(4.77)
Mt trng hp c bit ca li cng sut truyn t l li cng sut truyn t c
phi hp tr khng (G
Tm
), n xut hin khi c mng u vo v mng u ra ca mng hai ca
c phi hp tr khng. Khi
=
s
= 0, v khi (4.77) rt gn thnh
G
Tm
= [S
21
[
2
(4.78)
Mt trng hp c bit khc l li cng sut truyn t n hng (G
TU
) trong S
12
= 0.
Tnh hung khng tng h ny c th xut hin trong mt s mch khuch i. T (4.65a)
in
= S
11
khi S
12
= 0 v th vi trng hp li truyn t n hng th
G
TU
=
[S
21
[
2
(1 [
s
[
2
)(1 [
[
2
)
[1 S
11
s
[
2
[1 S
22
[
2
(4.79)
Ti liu tham kho
[1] Joseph F. White, HIGH FREQUENCY TECHNIQUES An Introduction to RF and
Microwave Engineering, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2004.
[2] V nh Thnh, L thuyt c s K thut Siu cao tn, Nh XB i hc quc gia TP. H
Ch Minh, 2003.
[3] David M.Pozar, Microwave Engineering , Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc,
1990.
[4] Philip C.Magnusson, Gerald C.Alexander Vijai KumarTripathi, Transmission lines and
Wave propagation, CRC Press LLC. 1992.
[5] Sophocles J. Orfanidis, Electromagnetic Waves and Antennas, Rutgers University Online
book at www.ece.rutgers.edu/ orfanidi/ewa
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C S K Thut Siu Cao Tn

Nghim Xun Anh

LC hon ton ging trng hp ng truyn khng tn hao. Nh vy

ng dn sng hnh ch nht l mt trong cc loi ng truyn ra i sm nht c s dng

ng dn sng hnh ch nht rng c th truyn cc mode TM v TE nhng khng truyn

-tc nh snh (sng phng) trong vt liu in mi.

2.2(50) = 74.2 < 120 v x=30/(

nn in tr tuyn tnh do hiu ng do s t l thun vi

). Kt qu ny ch ra rng bin in p dao ng theo v tr z dc theo ng

LC, c tr khng trit tiu, cn ti cc tn s khc (bc sng

LC, c tr khng v cng ln, cn ti cc tn s

C[ chnh l bn knh ca ng trn, cn

sau tm li s phc nghch o ca z l

l bin trng ca sng lan

l thc v i din cho cng sut trung bnh c tiu th bi mng cn W

] = ([Z] [U])([Z] + [U])

i din cho tng cng sut ti, trong khi

i din cho tng cng sut phn x. Do vi mt mi ni khng tn tht

/Pavs l t s cng sut c a ti ti trn cng

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