TM HIU V ROUTING LOOP

Routing loop l g?
Mt routing loop l mt tnh trng trong mt packet c chuyn i chuyn li qua mt vi router m khng bao gi ti c ch n ca n. Mt routing loop c th xy ra khi hai hay nhiu router chia s thng tin nh tuyn sai: rng c tn ti mt ng i c n mt mng unreachable. Mt routing loop c th l kt qu ca: nh tuyn tnh sai. Cu hnh route redistribution sai ( redistribution l mt qu trnh x l thng tin nh tuyn t mt routing protocol ny sang mt routing protocol khc, c cp n CCNP). Bng nh tuyn cha ng khng c cp nht do hi t chm trong mt mng thay i. Cu hnh sai hoc khng ci discard route. Do tnh n gin ca mnh th distance vector d xy ra routing loop hn so vi link state.

Ci gi ca routing loop ?
Routing loop c th dn ti nhng tnh trng sau: Lm hao bandwidth. Lm cng thng CPU ca router do cc looping packet. Lm tng nguy c mt cc update packet dn n nhiu loop xy ra hn na. Packets c th mt tiu trong cc black holes.

Cch trnh routing loop

trnh routing loop th mt vi phng php c thm vo thut ton distance vector nh sau:

Triggered updates:
Router khng nht thit phi i n mt khong thi gian nht nh gi cp nht na. Thay vo mt triggered update s c gi i ngay lp tc khi router pht hin mt thay i no trong topology hay trong thng tin nh tuyn ( t mt router khc). Triggered updates khng cn gi ton b bng nh tuyn m ch gi nhng con ng thay i. Mt triggered update c th c to ra khi: Interface thay i sang up hay down. Mt con ng i vo hay thot khi trng thi unreachable. Mt con ng mi c thm vo bn nh tuyn.

Maximum metric value :

Trong v d ny gi s rng router C n network 1 thng qua router B v qua 3 hop. Router D n network 1 thng qua router A vi 2 hop. Khi network 1 cht :

 Router E gi thng bo cho Router A. Router A ngng khng gi packet n network 1. Nhng Routers B, C, v D tip tc gi do cha bit v ci cht ca network 1 Router A gi update. Routers B v D nhn c update v ngng nh tuyn ti network 1 qua Router A. Tuy nhin, Router C vn cha hay tin v ci cht. i vi router C, network 1 vn n c qua router B. Router C gi thng tin update ny cho D : Router C: Network 1 : 4 hops qua Router C Thng thng th D s b qua update ny v n c ng khc tt hn l i n network 1 thng qua A vi 2 hop. Nhng v ng gi unreachable nn D s chp nhn thng tin v con ng tt hn nhng khng chnh xc ny t C. Vy n lc ny D c th i n network 1 thng qua C vi 4 hop. Router D sau thng bo tin ny n A. Tng t A nhn thng tin ny v A ngh l mnh c th i n network 1 thng qua D vi 5 hop. A update thng tin ny cho B v E. Khi B nhn c thng tin ny n ngh: Hn qu! ang nh bo cho C bit l network 1 cht th gi i c qua A vi 6 hop ri. B gi update ny cho C. C nhn c update n tin rng mnh vn i c n network 1 thng qua B nhng by gi l 7 hop. n lc C gi thng tin cp nht sai ny cho D

Vy l mt routing loop c to ra. Routing loop ny lm pht sinh mt vn c gi l Count to infinity. Gii php cho vn ny l nh ngha mt gi tr metric ti a. V d nh trong RIP gi tr ny l 15. Trc khi gi thng tin cp nht th metric ( hop count) c tng ln 1. Khi gi tr metric n network no l 16 tc l qu s metric ti a th router bit l mnh s khng nh tuyn c n network . V thng tin cp nht m n gi cho hng xm cng s c metric l 16 i vi con ng ny.

Route poisoning:
Phng php ny s nh du cc tuyn ng khng th ti ch trong routing update v gi ti router khc. Nhng tuyn ng khng th ti c s c nh du vi metric ln nht. trong giao thc RIP, gi tr ny l 16.

Split horizon
Trong split horizon, mt router s nhng thng ip nh tuyn khc nhau trn nhng interface khc nhau. Mt router khng gi tt c thng tin ca bng nh tuyn ca n cho lng ging. Nu mt router hc c v mt network t mt hng xm ca n th n s khng gn thng tin v network trong gi tin update n gi cho ng hng xm . Xem xt v d sau:
10.1.1.0/24 .1 e0 RTA .1 s0 10.1.2.0/24 .2 s0 RTB 10.1.3.0/24 .1 e0

Routing Table Net. Hops Ex-Int 10.1.1.0/24 0 e0 10.1.2.0/24 0 s0

Routing Table Net. Hops Ex-Int 10.1.2.0/24 0 s0 10.1.3.0/24 0 e0

Routing Update Next-hop Net. Hops Address 10.1.1.0/24 1 10.1.1.1 10.1.2.0/24 1 10.1.1.1

Routing Update Next-hop Net. Hops Address 10.1.2.0/24 1 10.1.2.2 10.1.3.0/24 1 10.1.2.2

Routing Table Net. Hops Ex-Int 10.1.1.0/24 0 e0 10.1.2.0/24 0 s0 10.1.3.0/24 1 10.1.2.2

Routing Table Net. Hops Ex-Int 10.1.2.0/24 0 s0 10.1.3.0/24 0 e0 10.1.1.0/24 1 10.1.2.1

Bng nh tuyn ca Router A v Router B sau khi hi t nh hnh trn. Hy xem xt iu g xy ra khi network 10.1.3.0/24 b cht: Trc khi RTB kp gi update cho RTA l 10.1.3.0 b cht th n nhn c update theo nh k t RTA. RTB nhn thy n c th i c n 10.1.3.0/24 thng qua RTA. Tuy con ng ny ti 2 hop nhng n vn tt hn l trng thi unreachable ang c nn n chp nhn thng tin sai ny. RTB by gi forward tt c cc gi tin n 10.1.3.0 ti RTA 10.1.2.1 RTA nhn cc gi tin ny v forward tr li RTB 10.2.2.2 RTB sau li chuyn tr li cho RTA. V c th cc gi tin s b blackholed trong ci routing loop ny. Cng trong lc khi cc router cp nht li bng nh tuyn ca mnh, cc metric cng s tng dn cho n khi t 16.Khi n 16 th RTA v RTB u nh du 10.1.3.0/24 l unreachable v s drop nhng gi tin no mun n ng mng ny. Tuy nhin vn routing loop c th c x l trit hn nu chng ta enable split horizon trn interface serial 0. Khi enable split horizon ( mc nh), RTA s khng gi cho RTB thng tin v 10.1.3.0/24 bi v n hc c thng tin ny t RTB v RTB s khng gi thng tin v 10.1.1.0/24 ti RTA bi v l do tng t. Khi RTB nhn thy 10.1.3.0/24 b cht: N t ng ny vo trng thi hold-down trong bng nh tuyn ca n. RTB ngay lp tc gi ra mt triggered update v mi con ng ny vi metric 16. RTA nhn c triggered update v t con ng ti 10.1.3.0/24 vo trng thi hold-down.Ch rng RTA khng bao gi gi routing update v 10.1.3.0/24 cho RTB v split horizon c bt. Nhiu giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP hay IGRP s dng loi split horizon ny ( metric 16). Loi ny c gi l split horizon vi poison reverse. Split horizon vi poison reverse c ngha l thay v khng qung b li thng tin cho ngi cung cp thng tin th router vn qung b li, tuy nhin, vi metric l 16, lm cho ngun b qua con ng ny. Bi v ngi ta nhn

thy rng ku mt router b qua mt con ng no th tt hn l khng ni g vi n v con ng . Mt tri ca vn ny l n lm cho kch thc ca cc update packet tng ln v ta nay thm lun cc ng ny.

Holddown timers

Chc nng chnh ca holddown timers l trnh vic distance vector lm xy ra cc routing loop trong khong thi gian c s thay i trong mng. Lut l :Mt khi mt con ng b nh du l unreachable th n phi trong trng thi trong mt khong thi gian tt c cc router nhn c thng tin v ci network b cht ny. Ni cch khc, chng ta ch o cho cc router cho cc tin n nhm lng xung trc khi nhn c s tht ( Zinin, Cisco IP routing) Khong thi gian mt router trong trng thi ny c quyt nh bi holddown timer. Holddown timer c th trnh c vn count to infinity xy ra. Khi mt router nhn c mt update t mt lng ging ca n rng mt ng mng no pha trc khng th ti c ( inaccessible) th router s nh du con ng l inaccessible v bt u mt hold-down timer.

Trong thi gian hold-down nu n nhn c thng tin cp nht th: Nu t cng ngi hng xm gi cho n: router bit l mng c phc hi nn router s nh du network tr li l accessible v b hold-down timer. Nu t mt ngi hng xm khc vi metric nh hn l metric c ghi nh li th router s nh du network tr li l accessible v b hold-down timer. Nu t mt ngi hng xm khc vi metric ln hn l metric c ghi nh li th router s b qua thng tin ny v tip tc hold-down time. Vic b qua cc update vi metric d hn trong thi gian holddown l gip cho nhng thay i c thi gian n c tt c cc router. Holddown timer khng nhng gip cho mng trnh c routing loop trong nhng khong thi gian xy ra s thay i trong mng m cn gip n nh phn no i vi nhng mng c nhng flapping routes ( nhng con ng up ri li down ri li up ri li down na)

IP v TTL

Khi mt gi tin c to ra th trng TTL c gn cho mt con s. Con s ny c gim xung khi i qua mi router. Khi con s ny bng 0 th gi tin b drop. Vic ny trnh cho cc gi tin i long vng hoi trong mng.

Ngun : http://ccnaanswers-khim.blogspot.com/2011/04/what-is-routing-loop.html
Ch. 6 Routing Theory Part 2 ,CCNA Semester 2, Originally by Rick Graziani, Instructor Modified by Prof. Yousif

0912529-Phan Thy Vn

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