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This sixth edition of the text on the unit operations of chemical engineering has been extensively revised and updated, with much new material and considerable condensation of some sections. Its basic structure and general level of treatment, however, remain unchanged. It is an introductory text, written for undergraduate students in their junior or senior years who have completed the usual courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, and an introduction to chemical engineering. An elementary knowledge of material and energy balances and of thermodynamic principles is assumed. Separate chapters are devoted to each of the principal unit operations, grouped into four sections: uid mechanics, heat transfer, mass transfer and equilibrium stages, and operations involving particulate solids. One-semester or one-quarter courses may be based on any of these sections or combinations of them. The order of the rst 16 chapters has not been changed; later ones, dealing with mass transfer and operations involving solids, have been rearranged in a more logical order. Nearly all equations have been written for SI units, and the Newtons law conversion factor gc has been eliminated except in the few instances where it must be included. Symbols for dimensionless groups have been changed to Re for NRe, for example, Pr for NPr, and so forth. Many new examples and problems have been added, some reecting the importance of biochemical engineering processes. Material on handling, mixing, and grinding particulate solids has been greatly condensed and dealt with in a single chapter. The number of appendixes is reduced from 22 to 19. Derivations of the differential equations for continuity and momentum balances, leading to the Navier-Stokes equation, have been added, as well as the differential forms of Fouriers law and Ficks law, emphasizing the analogies among momentum, heat, and mass transfer. The chapter on adsorption has been expanded to include new material on chromatography and ion exchange, and renamed Fixedbed Separations. Other new material has been added on viscoelastic uids, laminar ow in annuli, drag coefcients, afnity laws for pumps, high-efciency agitators and motionless mixers, plate-type heat exchangers, boiling by submerged tube bundles, cooling towers, aqueous phase extraction, cross-ow ltration, and many other topics. Many of the problems at the ends of the chapters are new or revised. Most are expressed in SI units. Nearly all the problems can be solved with the aid of a pocket calculator; for a few, a computer solution is preferable. McGraw-Hill and the authors thank Dr. N. T. Obot for his many suggestions regarding uid mechanics and heat transfer, and Professor Charles H. Gooding of Clemson University for his detailed and helpful review of the manuscript.
Julian C. Smith Peter Harriott
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CONTENTS
Preface
xvii
SECTION I
Introduction
Denitions and Principles
Unit Operations Unit Systems
Physical Quantities / SI Units / CGS Units / Gas Constant / FPS Engineering Units / Conversion of Units / Units and Equations 3 4 4
16 20 24 25 27
SECTION II
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid Statics and Its Applications
Hydrostatic Equilibrium Applications of Fluid Statics Symbols Problems References
31 32 34 41 42 43 44 45 46 51 59 63 64 65 vii
viii
CONTENTS
67 67 72 77 82 90 92 93 94 94 97 104 117 123 124 127 128 128 133 134 140 145 147 148 149 150 150 157 162 171 182 183 185 187 187 194
CONTENTS
ix
209
219 234 236 237 238 239 259 265 270 278 281 282 284
SECTION III
10
11
CONTENTS
12
Heat Transfer in Transition Region Between Laminar and Turbulent Flow Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals Heating and Cooling of Fluids in Forced Convection Outside Tubes Natural Convection Symbols Problems References
358 360 362 365 371 373 375 377 377 389 401 403 404 406 407 410 413 423 425 427 428 430 431 432 446 449 455
13
14
15
Heat-Exchange Equipment
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Plate-Type Exchangers Extended-Surface Equipment Scraped-Surface Exchangers
CONTENTS
xi 456 459 463 467 469 471 473 475 479 498 500 500 502
Condensers and Vaporizers Heat Transfer in Agitated Vessels Heat Transfer in Packed Beds Symbols Problems References
16
Evaporation
Types of Evaporators Performance of Tubular Evaporators
Evaporator Capacity / Evaporator Economy
17
Mass-Transfer Coefcients
Experimental Measurements / Coefcients for Mass Transfer through Known Areas
530
18
Gas Absorption
Packings and Packed Tower Design Principles of Absorption Absorption from Rich Gases Mass-Transfer Correlations
Absorption in Plate Columns
xii
CONTENTS
590 592 594 596 596 600 604 608 618 619 621 622 622 625 639 639 640 641 641 645
19
Humidication Operations
Denitions Humidity Chart Wet-Bulb Temperature Cooling Towers
Theory of Counterow Cooling Towers
20
Equilibrium-Stage Operations
Equipment for Stage Contacts Principles of Stage Processes
Equilibrium-Stage Calculations for Multicomponent Systems
21
Distillation
Flash Distillation Continuous Distillation with Reux
Material Balances in Plate Columns / Number of Ideal Plates; McCabeThiele Method
672 681 689 699 700 704 706 711 713 713 717
22
CONTENTS
Fractionation of Multicomponent Mixtures Azeotropic and Extractive Distillation Symbols Problems References
23
Liquid Extraction
Extraction Equipment / Principles of Extraction
747 766 768 769 772 773 775 782 790 793 794
24
Drying of Solids
Principles of Drying
Phase Equilibria
25
Fixed-Bed Separations
Adsorption Adsorption Equipment
Equilibria; Adsorption Isotherms / Principles of Adsorption / Basic Equations for Adsorption / Solutions to Mass-Transfer Equations / Adsorber Design / Continuous Operation
Ion Exchange
Equilibria / Mass-Transfer Rates / Operation of Ion Exchangers
839
xiv
CONTENTS
26
896 898 900 902 903 904 911 918 921 927 936 937 939 941
27
Crystallization
Crystal Geometry Equilibria and Yields Nucleation Crystal Growth Crystallization Equipment Crystallizer Design: Crystal Size Distribution
MSMPR Crystallizer
SECTION V
28
Mixing of Solids
Mixers for Noncohesive Solids / Mixers for Cohesive Solids
Size Reduction
Computer Simulation of Milling Operations / Equipment for Size Reduction
CONTENTS
29
Mechanical Separations
Screening
Screening Equipment
Clarifying Filters
Liquid Clarication / Gas Cleaning / Principles of Clarication
1018 1021
Gravity Sedimentation Processes Centrifugal Sedimentation Processes Symbols Problems References Appendix 1 Conversion Factors and Constants of Nature Appendix 2 Dimensionless Groups Appendix 3 Dimensions, Capacities, and Weights of Standard Steel Pipe Appendix 4 Condenser and Heat-Exchanger Tube Data Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Appendix 8 Appendix 9 Appendix 10 Appendix 11 Tyler Standard Screen Scale Properties of Liquid Water Properties of Saturated Steam and Water Viscosities of Gases Viscosities of Liquids Thermal Conductivities of Metals Thermal Conductivities of Various Solids and Insulating Materials Appendix 12 Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vapors Appendix 13 Thermal Conductivities of Liquids Other Than Water Appendix 14 Specic Heats of Gases
1035 1045 1056 1058 1061 1063 1066 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1074 1076 1079 1080 1082 1083 1084
xvi
CONTENTS
Specic Heats of Liquids Prandtl Numbers for Gases at 1 atm and 100C Prandtl Numbers for Liquids Diffusivities and Schmidt Numbers for Gases in Air at 0C and 1 atm Appendix 19 Collision Integral and Lennard-Jones Force Constants
Index
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