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(bend) bet (bet) bind (bind) bite (bit) bleed (bl:d) blow (blu) break (brik) breed (br:d) bring (bring) build (bilt) burn (bern) buy (bi) catch (kach) choose (chus) come (km)
abode (abud) arose (arus) awoke (auuk) was/were (us/ur) beat (bit) became (bikim) began (bign) bent (bent) bet (bet) bound (bund) bit (bit) bled (bled) blew (blu) broke (bruk) bred (bred) brought (brot) built (bilt) burnt (bernt) bought (bot) caught (kot) chose (chos) came (kem)
abode (abud) arisen (arsn) awoke (auuk) been (bin) beaten (bitn) become (bikm) begun (bign) bent (bent) bet (bet) bound (bund) bitten (btn) bled (bled) blown (blun) broken (brukn) bred (bred) brought (brot) built (bilt) burnt (bernt) bought (bot) caught (kot) chosen (chsn) come (km)
tolerar, soportar surgir, plantear despertarse ser, estar golpear, latir, batir llegar a ser (convertirse) comenzar doblarse, inclinarse apostar en algo atar, unir, ligar morder/se sangrar soplar, hacer sonar romper criar, reproducir/se traer construir quemar comprar agarrar elegir venir
cost (kost) creep (kr:p) cut (kat) deal (d:l) dig (dig) do (d) [does] draw (dr:) drink (drink) drive (driv)
cost (kost) crept (krept) cut (kat) dealt (delt) dug (dag) did (dd) drew (dr) drank (drnk) drove (druv)
cost (kost) crept (krept) cut (kat) dealt (delt) dug (dag) done (dn) drawn (drn) drunk (drank) driven (drvn)
costar arrastrar, deslizarse cortar tratar, ocuparse cavar, excavar hacer dibujar, atraer beber conducir
eat (:t) fall (fol) feed (f:d) feel (f:l) fight (fit) find (find) flee (fl:) fling (fln:) fly (fli) forget (forgut) freeze (fr:s) get (gut) give (guv)
ate (et) fell (fel) fed (fed) felt (felt) fought (f:t) found (fand) fled (fled) flung (flang) flew (flu) forgot (forgt) froze (frus) got (got) gave (guiv)
eaten (tn) fallen (flen) fed (fed) felt (felt) fought (f:t) found (fund) fled (fled) flung (flang) flown (fln) forgotten (forgtn) frozen (frusn) got/gotten (got/gotn) given (guvn)
comer caer alimentar sentir luchar, pelear encontrar escapar, huir arrojar, lanzar volar olvidar helar, congelar obtener, conseguir dar
go (gu) grind (grind) grow (gru) hang (jng) have (jev) [have/has] hear (jar) hide (jid) hit (jit) hold (juld) keep (k:p) kneel (n:l) know (nu) lead (l:d) lend (lend) learn (lrn) leave (l:v) lose (l:s) make (mik) mean (m:n) meet (m:t)
went (unt) ground (grund) grew (gr) hung (jng) had (jad) heard (jerd) hid (jid) hit (jit) held (jeld) kept (kept) knelt (nelt) knew (ni) led (led) lent (lent) learnt (lernt) left (left) lost (lost) made (mid) meant (ment) met (met)
gone (gn) ground (grund) grown (grn) hung (jng) had (jad) heard (jerd) hidden (jdn) hit (jit) held (jeld) kept (kept) knelt (nelt) known (nun) led (led) lent (lent) learnt (lernt) left (left) lost (lost) made (mid) meant (ment) met (met)
ir moler cultivar, crecer colgar tener, haber or ocultar, esconder golpear sostener, soportar guardar, conservar arrodillarse saber, conocer guiar, conducir prestar aprender irse, dejar, partir perder hacer, fabricar significar encontrarse con
ride (rid) ring (ring) run (ran) say (si) see (s:) seek (s:k) sell (sel) send (send) shake (shik) shine (shin) shoot (sh:t) show (shu) shrink (shrink) shut (shat) sing (sing) sink (sink) sit (sit) slay (sli) sleep (slp) slide (slid) sling (sling) smell (smel) speak (spik)
rode (rud) rang (reng) ran (ren) said (sed) saw (s:) sought (sot) sold (suld) sent (sent) shook (shuk) shone (shun) shot (shot) showed (shud) shrank (shrenk) shut (shat) sang (seng) sank (senk) sat (sat) slew (sli) slept (slpt) slid (slid) slung (slang) smelt (smelt) spoke (spuk)
ridden (rdn) rung (rang) run (ran) said (sed) seen (sin) sought (sot) sold (suld) sent (sent) shaken (shikn) shone (shun) shot (shot) shown (shun) shrunk (shrank) shut (shat) sung (sang) sunk (sank) sat (sat) slain (slin) slept (slpt) slid (slid) slung (slang) smelt (smelt) spoken (spukn)
cabalgar sonar correr decir ver buscar vender enviar agitar, sacudir brillar, resplandecer pegar un tiro mostrar, demostrar encogerse (tamao) cerrar cantar hundir/se sentar/se asesinar dormir resbalar, deslizar lanzar con fuerza oler hablar
spend (spend) spin (spin) stand (stand) steal (stl) stick (stik) sting (sting) stride (strid) strike (strik) strive (striv) swear (sua:) sweep (su:p) swell (sul) swim (sum) take (tik) teach (tch) tear (ta:) tell (tel) think (zink) thrive (zriv) throw (zru) tread (tred) understand (anderstnd) undertake
spent (spent) spun (span) stood (st:d) stole (stul) stuck (stak) stung (stang) strode (strud) struck (strak) strove (struv) swore (sur) swept (supt) swelled (suld) swam (sum) took (tul) taught (tot) tore (tor) told (told) thought (zot) throve (zruv) threw (zru) trod (trod) understood (anderstd) undertook
spent (spent) spun (span) stood (st:d) stolen (stln) stuck (stak) stung (stang) strode (strud) struck (strak) striven (strvn) sworn (surn) swept (supt) swollen (sulen) swum (sum) taken (tikn) taught (tot) torn (torn) told (told) thought (zot) thriven (zrvn) thrown (zrun) trodden (trden) understood (anderstd) undertaken
gastar, pasar girar, hilar pararse robar pinchar, atascarse picar, arder dar pasos largos golpear, sonar esforzarse jurar, maldecir barrer hinchar/se nadar tomar, llevar ensear rasgar, arrancar decir, contar pensar, creer crecer, prosperar tirar, arrojar pisar, aplastar entender, comprender comprometerse,
(andertik) undo (and) wake (uik) wear (uar) weave (wv) weep (w:p) win (un) wind (uind) withdraw (uizdr:) wring (ring) write (rit)
(andertk) undid (andd) woke (uuk) wore (ur) wove (wov) wept (wpt) won (un) wound (uund) withdrew (uizdr) wrung (rang) wrote (rut)
(andertikn) undone (andn) woken (uukn) worn (urn) woven (wven) wept (wpt) won (un) wound (uund) withdrawn (uizdrm) wrung (rang) written (rtn)
emprender deshacer despertarse vestir, usar (ropa) tejer llorar ganar serpentear, enrollar retirar/se, extraer retorcer, escurrir escribir
Presente perfecto SIMPLE ( he, she , it was) subject + have / has + 3 1 go 2 went 3 gone
Affirmative I have gone to New York - He ido a New York He has gone to New York - El ha ido a New York Negative
I haven't gone to New York - No he ido a New York He hasn't gone to New York - El no ha ido a New York Interrogative Have / Has + subject + 3 ? Have I gone to New York? - He ido a New York ? Has he gone to New York? - Ha ido l a New York? usos del presente perfecto simple Por regla general, se lo utiliza para describir acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que an no han finalizado o que guardan alguna relacin con el presente. Con el adverbio just: acciones que acaban de ocurrir. The President has just arrived from the US. El Presidente acaba de llegar desde EEUU.
They both have just left for Bogota. Ambos acaban de partir para Bogot. Con las preposiciones for y since. We have lived in Italy for three years. Hemos vivido en Italia durante tres aos. I haven't heard from you since 1990!! No he tenido noticias tuyas desde 1990!! Con los adverbios yet y already. They haven't taken the Basic Exam yet. No han rendido el Examen Bsico an. I have already taken the Intermediate Exam. Ya he rendido el Examen Intermedio. Con el grado superlativo de un adjetivo. OM Smiles has always been one of the funniest sections in OM Personal. OM Smiles ha sido siempre una de las secciones ms divertidas de OM Personal. Con las expresiones: It's the first, It's the second, etc. It's the first time I have flown United. Es la primera vez que vuelo por United. It's the second time she has had lunch today. Es la segunda vez que almuerza hoy. expresiones usuales del presente perfecto simple since - for - just - ago - lately yet - already - never - ever - recently
subject + had + 3
Affirmative I had gone You had gone He had gone She had gone It had gone We had gone You had gone They had gone Affirmative
Negative I hadn't gone You hadn't gone He hadn't gone She hadn't gone It hadn't gone We hadn't gone You hadn't gone They hadn't gone
Interrogative Had I gone ? Had you gone ? Had he gone ? Had she gone ? Had it gone ? Had we gone ? Had you gone ? Had they gone ? subject + had + 3
He had gone to New York - El haba a New York Negative subject + hadn't + 3 I hadn't gone to New York - Yo no haba ido a New York He hadn't gone to New York - El no haba ido a New York Interrogative Had + subject + 3 ? Had I gone to New York? - Haba ido yo a New York ? Had he gone to New York? - Haba ido l a New York? usos del pasado perfecto simple Accin del pasado que tuvo lugar antes que otra. Her plane had already left when Thelma arrived at the airport. Su vuelo ya haba partido cuando Thelma lleg al aeropuerto. Con el adverbio just para expresar una accin que acaba de ocurrir. When Oliver phoned, the kids had just gone to bed. Cuando Oliver llam por telfono, los nios acababan de acostarse. Tercer Condicional. If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you. Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habra ido a ver.
Affirmative
I will have gone to New York - Habr ido a New York He will have gone to New York - El habr ido a New York Negative subject + won't have + 3 I won't have gone to New York - No habr ido a New York He won't have gone to New York - El no habr ido a New York Interrogative Will + subject + have + 3 ?
Will I have gone to New York? - Habr ido a New York ? Will he have gone to New York? - Habr ido l a New York?
usos del futuro perfecto Acciones que ya se estn desarrollando o que se van a desarrollar en el futuro, pero que cuando llegue ese momento futuro que se menciona la accin ya habr finalizado. By tomorrow I will have finished my book. Para maana, habr terminado este libro. Before winter, you will have sold your old car. Antes del invierno, habrs vendido tu antiguo automvil. Before we arrive home, Mom will have prepared our breakfast. Antes de que lleguemos a casa, mam habr preparado nuestro desayuno. We will not have finished these reports by 7 pm!! No habremos finalizado estos informes para las 7 de la tarde!! expresiones usuales del futuro perfecto by 10 pm - by Monday - by tomorrow - by 2010 by next week - by next month - by next year
CONDICIONAL SIEMPLE
subject + would + 1
1 go
2 went
3 gone
Affirmative I would go You would go He would go She would go It would go We would go You would go They would go
Negative I wouldn't go You wouldn't go He wouldn't go She wouldn't go It wouldn't go We wouldn't go You wouldn't go They wouldn't go
Interrogative Would I go ? Would you go ? Would he go ? Would she go ? Would it go ? Would we go ? Would you go ? Would they go ?
Affirmative I would go to New York - Yo ira a New York He would go to New York - El ira a New York Negative I wouldn't go to New York - Yo no ira a New York He wouldn't go to New York - El no ira a New York Interrogative Would I go to New York ? - Ira yo a New York ? Would he go to New York ? - Ira l a New York ? usos del condicional simple
subject + would + 1
subject + wouldn't + 1
Would + subject + 1 ?
Comentarios acerca de algo que no es real en el presente pero que puede ser posible. I would visit her if I had time. (I haven't got time but I might have some time) Yo la visitara si tuviese tiempo. (Realmente no tengo tiempo pero podra tenerlo) Comentarios acerca de una situacin que no es real en estos momentos y que nunca podra serlo. If I were you, I would give up smoking. (but I could never be you). Si estuviera en tu lugar, dejara el cigarrillo. (pero nunca podra estar en tu lugar) Segundo Condicional (Condicional tipo II). If I were a plant, I would love the rain. Si fuera un rbol, me encantara la lluvia. If you really loved me, you would buy me a Mercedes XL600. Si realmente me amaras, me compraras un Mercedes XL600. Would your father go to see the match if I gave him a free ticket? Ira tu padre a ver el partido si le diese una entrada gratis? expresiones usuales del condicional simple If I were ... - If she were ...
3 gone
He would have gone She would have gone It would have gone We would have gone You would have gone They would have gone Affirmative
He wouldn't have gone She wouldn't have gone It wouldn't have gone We wouldn't have gone You wouldn't have gone They wouldn't have gone
Would he have gone ? Would she have gone ? Would it have gone ? Would we have gone ? Would you have gone ? Would they have gone ?
I would have gone to New York - Yo habra ido a New York He would have gone to New York - El habra ido a New York Negative subject + wouldn't have + 3 I wouldn't have gone to New York - Yo no habra ido a New York He wouldn't have gone to New York - El no habra ido a New York Interrogative Would + subject + have 3 ? Would I have gone to New York? - Habra ido yo a New York ? Would he have gone to New York? - Habra ido l a New York? usos del condicional perfecto simple Tercer Condicional o Condicional Tipo III. If I had known that you were sick, I would have gone to see you. Si hubiese sabido que estabas enfermo, te habra ido a ver. If she had studied at OM Personal, she would have passed her FCE examination. Si hubiese estudiado en OM Personal, habra aprobado su examen de First Certificate. If I had known that Buenos Aires was so cheap, I would have gone there. Si hubiese sabido que Buenos Aires es tan barato, habra ido all. expresiones usuales del condicional perfecto simple if I had ... - if I were ... - if he were ...
PRESENTE PERFECTO PROGRESIVO subject + have / has + been + 1 > "ing" 1 go 2 went 3 gone
You have been going He has been going She has been going It has been going We have been going You have been going They have been going Affirmative
You haven't been going He hasn't been going She hasn't been going It hasn't been going We haven't been going You haven't been going They haven't been going
Have you been going ? Has he been going ? Has she been going ? Has it been going ? Have we been going ? Have you been going ? Have they been going ?
I have been going to New York - He estado yendo a New York He has been going to New York - El ha estado yendo a New York Negative subject + haven't / hasn't + been + 1 > "ing" I haven't been going to New York - No he estado yendo a New York He hasn't been going to New York - El no ha estado yendo a New York Interrogative Have / Has + subject + been + 1 > "ing" ? Have I been going to New York? - He estado yendo a New York ? Has he been going to New York? - Ha estado l yendo a New York? usos del presente perfecto continuo Actividades que comenzaron en el pasado y continan en el presente y resaltan la duracin del proceso. Monica and her husband have been living in Barcelona for ten years. Mnica y su esposo llevan viviendo en Barcelona diez aos. Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y pueden o no haber finalizado recientemente y resaltan la duracin del proceso. The weather is really bad. It has been raining all night. El tiempo est realmente malo. Ha estado lloviendo toda la noche. Acciones del pasado que acaban de concluir y cuyo estado es evidente. Hmm. Nice smelling!! Have you been cooking your birthday cake? Hmm. Qu lindo aroma!! Has estado cocinando tu torta de cumpleaos?
Affirmative I was going You were going He was going She was going It was going We were going You were going They were going
Negative I was not going You were not going He was not going She was not going It was not going We were not going You were not going They were not going
Interrogative Was I going ? Were you going ? Was he going ? Was she going ? Was it going ? Were we going ? Were you going ? Were they going ?
Affirmative
I was going to New York - Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York You were going to New York - Ud. estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York Negative subject + was/were + not + 1 > "ing" I was not going to New York - No estaba (estuve) yendo a New York You were not going to New York - Ud. no estaba (estuvo) yendo a New York Interrogative Was/Were + subject + 1 > "ing" ? Was I going to New York ? - Estaba (estuve) yendo a New York ? Were you going to New York ? - Estaba (estuvo) Ud. yendo a New York ? usos del pasado continuo Actividades que ocurran en determinado momento del pasado y que continuaron despus. At 11 am I was preparing our lunch. A las 11 estaba preparando nuestro almuerzo. Actividades interrumpidas por acciones ms cortas. When my friend was taking a shower, the telephone rang. Cuando mi amiga estaba duchndose, son el telfono. While Martha was listening to music, her brother did his homework. Mientras Martha escuchaba msica, su hermano hizo sus deberes
Acciones simultneas (ambas en presente continuo). The kids were running and their grandfather was reading an old paper. Los nios estaban corriendo y su abuelo estaba leyendo un antiguo peridico
Pasado perfecto progresivo subject + had + been + 1 > "ing" 1 go 2 went 3 gone
Affirmative I had been going You had been going He had been going She had been going It had been going We had been going You had been going They had been going Affirmative
Negative I hadn't been going You hadn't been going He hadn't been going She hadn't been going It hadn't been going We hadn't been going You hadn't been going They hadn't been going
Interrogative Had I been going ? Had you been going ? Had he been going ? Had she been going ? Had it been going ? Had we been going ? Had you been going ? Had they been going ?
I had been going to New York - Haba estado yendo a New York He had been going to New York - El haba estado yendo a New York Negative subject + hadn't + been + 1 > "ing" I hadn't been going to New York - No haba estado yendo a New York He hadn't been going to New York - El no haba estado yendo a New York Interrogative Had + subject + been + 1 > "ing" ? Had I been going to New York? - Haba estado yo yendo a New York ? Had he been going to New York? - Haba estado l yendo a New York? usos del pasado perfecto continuo Resalta la duracin de una accin que ocurri en el pasado antes que otra. I was very tired when I arrived home. I had been working hard all day. Estaba muy cansado cuando llegu a casa. Haba estado trabajando mucho todo el da. Ken had been smoking for 30 years when he finally gave it up. Ken haba estado fumando durante treinta aos cuando finalmente dej de fumar. The soccer game had to be stopped. They had been playing for half an hour when a terrible storm began. El partido de ftbol tuvo que ser detenido. Haban estado jugando durante media hora cuando empez
Futuro continuo
1 go
2 went
3 gone
I will be going to New York - Estar yendo a New York He will be going to New York - El estar yendo a New York Negative subject + won't (will not) be + 1 > "ing" I won't be going to New York - No estar yendo a New York He won't be going to New York - El no estar yendo a New York Interrogative Will + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ? Will I be going to New York ? - Estar yendo a New York ? Will he be going to New York ? - Estar l yendo a New York ?
1 go
2 went
3 gone
I will have been going to New York - Habr estado yendo a New York He will have been going to New York - El habr estado yendo a New York Negative subject + won't (will not) have beeen + 1 > "ing" I won't have been going to New York - No habr estado yendo a New York He won't have been going to New York - El no habr estado yendo a New York Interrogative Will + subject + have been + 1 > "ing" ?
Will I have been going to New York ? - Habr estado yendo a New York ? Will he have been going to New York ? - Habr l estado yendo a New York ?
1 go
2 went
3 gone
Affirmative
I would be going to New York - Yo estara yendo a New York He would be going to New York - El estara yendo a New York Negative subject + wouldn't (would not) be + 1 > "ing" I wouldn't be going to New York - Yo no estara yendo a New York He wouldn't be going to New York - El no estara yendo a New York Interrogative Would + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ? Would I be going to New York ? - Estara yo yendo a New York ? Would he be going to New York ? - Estara l yendo a New York ?
1 go
2 went
3 gone
Negative
I would not have been going You would not have been going He would not have been going She would not have been going It would not have been going We would not have been going You would not have been going They would not have been going
Interrogative
Would I have been going ? Would you have been going ? Would he have been going ? Would she have been going ? Would it have been going ? Would we have been going ? Would you have been going ? Would they have been going ?
Affirmative
I would have been going to New York - Yo habra estado yendo a N.Y. He would have been going to New York - El habra estado yendo a N.Y. Negative subject + wouldn't (would not) have been + 1 > "ing" I wouldn't have been going to New York - No habra estado yendo a N.Y. He wouldn't have been going to New York - El no habra estado yendo a N.Y. Interrogative Would + subject + have been + 1 > "ing" ? Would I have been going to New York ? - Habra yo estado yendo a N.Y. ? Would he have been going to New York ? - Habra l estado yendo a N.Y. ?
with my friends that summer. Si hubiese tenido ms dinero, habra estado recorriendo toda Europa con mis amigos ese verano.
1 go Negative
2 went
3 gone
Interrogative Can I be going ? Could I be going ? May I be going ? Might I be going ? Must I be going ? Should I be going ?
I can't be going I couldn't be going I may not be going I might not be going I mustn't be going I shouldn't be going
I can be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (posib. fsica, conocimiento) I could be going to New York - Podra estar yendo a NY (alternativa) I may be going to New York - Puedo estar yendo a NY (permiso) I might be going to New York - Podra estar yendo a NY (posibilidad) I must be going to New York - Debo estar yendo a NY (obligacin) I should be going to New York - Debera estar yendo a NY (oblig. moral, consejo) Negative subject + modal + not be + 1 > "ing" I can't be going to New York - No puedo estar yendo a NY I couldn't be going to New York - No podra estar yendo a NY I may not be going to New York - No puedo estar yendo a NY I might not be going to New York - No podra estar yendo a NY I mustn't be going to New York - No debo estar yendo a NY I shouldn't be going to New York - No debera estar yendo a NY Interrogative modal + subject + be + 1 > "ing" ?
Can I be going to New York ? - Puedo estar yendo a NY ? Could I be going to New York ? - Podra estar yendo a NY ? May I be going to New York ? - Puedo estar yendo a NY? Might I be going to New York ? - Podra estar yendo a NY ? Must I be going to New York ? - Debo estar yendo a NY ? Should I be going to New York ? - Debera estar yendo a NY ?