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,QHFXDFLyQ3ROLQyPLFDHVXQDGHVLJXDOGDGFX\RSULPHUWpUPLQRHVXQSROLQRPLR\HO
VHJXQGRHVFHURUHODFLRQDGRVSRUODVGHVLJXDOGDGHV≤!y≥$VtXQDLQHFXDFLyQ
SROLQyPLFDGHJUDGRQVHSXHGHHVFULELUGHODVLJXLHQWHIRUPD

D Q [ Q + D Q − [ Q − + + D [ + D ≤

3DUDUHVROYHUXQDLQHFXDFLyQSROLQyPLFDVHH[SUHVDHOSROLQRPLRFRPRXQSURGXFWRGH
IDFWRUHVOLQHDOHVyFRPRIDFWRUHVFXDGUiWLFRVLUUHGXFWLEOHV

• 6HKDOODQWRGRVORVFHURVGHOSROLQRPLRUDtFHVGHFDGDIDFWRU[±DRUGHQiQGRORV
HQIRUPDFUHFLHQWHHQODUHFWDQXPpULFDGHWHUPLQiQGRVHDVtLQWHUYDORV
• 6HVHOHFFLRQDFDGDLQWHUYDORTXHVDWLVIDFHHOVHQWLGRGHODGHVLJXDOGDGFRPSUREDQGR
FRQFXDOTXLHUYDORUTXHSHUWHQHFHDGLFKRLQWHUYDOR
• )LQDOPHQWH ORV LQWHUYDORV VHUiQ FHUUDGRV HQ ORV FHURV GHO SROLQRPLR VHJ~Q OD
FRQGLFLyQGHODGHVLJXDOGDG≤y≥HQORVRWURVFDVRVVRQDELHUWRV

(MHUFLFLR5HVXHOYD [ − [ ≤

6ROXFLyQ [ − [ ≤
[ − [ − ≤

[ − [ + ≤

/DVUDtFHVRFHURVVRQ [ = − \ [ =

[ − [ + ≤


&RPRODGHVLJXDOGDGWLHQH≤HOLQWHUYDORHVFHUUDGRHQWRQFHV &6 = − 

 

(MHUFLFLR [ − [ − [ + ≥

6ROXFLyQ [ − [ − [ + ≥
[ [ − − [ − ≥
[ − [ − ≥
[ − [ + ≥

/DVUDtFHVRFHURVVRQ [ = − \ [ =

$GHPiVYHPRVTXH[ VDWLVIDFHODLQHFXDFLyQ &6 = [− ]∪ [ + ∞[


,QHFXDFLRQHVUDFLRQDOHV

6RQDTXHOODVFX\RSULPHUWpUPLQRHVXQDH[SUHVLyQGHIRUPD3[4[FRQ3[\4[
SROLQRPLRV 4[≠ \ VHJXQGR WpUPLQR FHUR UHODFLRQDGRV SRU ODV UHODFLRQHV GH
GHVLJXDOGDG≤!y≥

3DUDUHVROYHUODVVHWUDVODGDQDXQPLHPEURWRGRVORVWpUPLQRVSDUDTXHHQHORWURTXHGH
FHUROXHJRVHHVWXGLDHOVLJQRGHODIUDFFLyQTXHVHKDREWHQLGRGHVFRPSRQLHQGRHO
QXPHUDGRU \ GHQRPLQDGRU HQ SURGXFWRV GH IDFWRUHV \ WHQLHQGR HQ FXHQWD TXH HO
GHQRPLQDGRUQRGHEHVHUFHUR

[
(MHUFLFLR5HVXHOYD >
[ −

6ROXFLyQ(O&9$HV5±^`

[ −[+
−> ⇒ >
[ − [−

/DVUDtFHVRFHURVVRQ [ = \ [ =

9HPRVTXHODGHVLJXDOGDGHV!LPSOLFDTXHHOLQWHUYDORHVDELHUWR &6 = ] [

− [ [ +
(MHUFLFLR5HVXHOYD ≤
[ [ −

6ROXFLyQ(O&9$HV5±^`

/DVUDtFHVRFHURVVRQ [ = − \

&RQVLGHUDQGRDO&9$ 5 − { }VHWLHQH &6 = ]− ∞ − ]∪ ] ]∪ ] + ∞[


0$75,&(6

0$75,&(6<23(5$&,21(6

'HILQLFLyQ  D D DQ 

8QDPDWUL]GHRUGHQP[QHVXQDUUHJORUHFWDQJXODUGH
D
 D D Q 
Q~PHURVFRORFDGRVHQPOtQHDVKRUL]RQWDOHVILODV\Q $ =  
OtQHDVYHUWLFDOHVFROXPQDV
 
 
 D P DP D PQ 
1RWDFLyQ $ = D GRQGH D HOHPHQWRGHODILODL
LM P× Q LM
\FROXPQDM

 
(MHPSOR $ =   HVXQDPDWUL]FRQGRVILODV\GRVFROXPQDVHOHOHPHQWR
 

D = D = D = \ D =

7LSRVGH0DWULFHV

• 0DWUL]1XOD(VXQDPDWUL]TXHWLHQHWRGRVVXVHOHPHQWRVQXORV6HGHQRWDSRU2

 
(MHPSOR2 =   (VODPDWUL]QXODGHRUGHQ[
 

• 0DWUL]&ROXPQD(VXQDPDWUL]TXHWLHQHPILODV\XQDVRODFROXPQD


(MHPSOR & =   /DPDWUL]&WLHQHILODV\XQDFROXPQD
− 

• 0DWUL])LOD(VXQDPDWUL]TXHWLHQHPFROXPQDV\XQDVRODILOD

(MHPSOR & = [ ]/DPDWUL]&WLHQHILOD\FROXPQDV

• 0DWUL]&XDGUDGD(VXQDPDWUL]TXHWLHQHHOQ~PHURGHILODVLJXDODOGHOQ~PHURGH
FROXPQDV

 
(MHPSOR $ = −  /DPDWUL]$HVFXDGUDGDGHRUGHQ[yGHRUGHQ
 


• 0DWUL]'LDJRQDO/DPDWUL]FXDGUDGD$VHGLFHTXHHVGLDJRQDOVLFXPSOHFRQODV
VLJXLHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHV
L6L L ≠ M HQWRQFHV DLM =
LL/RVHOHPHQWRV DLM QRVRQWRGRVQXORV

 
(MHPSOR $ =   /DPDWUL]GLDJRQDO$GHRUGHQ
 

• 0DWUL]7ULDQJXODU6XSHULRU/DPDWUL]FXDGUDGD$VHGLFHTXHHVWULDQJXODUVXSHULRU
VLFXPSOHFRQODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHV
6LL!MHQWRQFHV DLM =
6LL ≤ MHQWRQFHV DLM HVFXDOTXLHUD

 
(MHPSOR $ =  
 

• 0DWUL]7ULDQJXODU,QIHULRU/DPDWUL]FXDGUDGD$VHGLFHTXHHVWULDQJXODULQIHULRUVL
FXPSOHFRQODVVLJXLHQWHVFRQGLFLRQHV

6LLMHQWRQFHV DLM =
6LL ≥ MHQWRQFHV DLM HVFXDOTXLHUD

 
(MHPSOR $ =  
 

• 0DWUL],GHQWLGDG(VXQDPDWUL]GLDJRQDOFRQWRGRVORVHOHPHQWRV DLL =
6HGHQRWDSRU , Q PDWUL]LGHQWLGDGGHRUGHQQ

 
(MHPSOR , =   (VODPDWUL]LGHQWLGDGGHRUGHQ
 

2SHUDFLRQHVFRQPDWULFHV

6XPDGH0DWULFHV6HDQ $ = DLM \ % = ELM GRVPDWULFHVGHRUGHQP[QVHGHILQH
& $%SRU & = FLM FRPRODQXHYDPDWUL]WDOTXH FLM = DLM + ELM SDUDWRGRLM


(MHPSOR

     + + +   
$= \ % =  HQWRQFHV $ + % =  
     + + +   
   

3URGXFWRGHXQHVFDODUSRUXQDPDWUL]6HD $ = DLM XQDPDWUL]GHRUGHQP[Q\ α XQ
HVFDODUVHGHQRWD α $DOSURGXFWRGHXQQ~PHURSRUXQDPDWUL]\VHGHILQHSRU
α $ α DLM

     
(MHPSOR $ =  
     
= =

7UDQVSXHVWDGHXQD0DWUL]6HD $ = DLM XQDPDWUL]GHRUGHQP[QVHOODPDWUDQVSXHVWD
GH$\VHGHQRWD $7 DODQXHYDPDWUL]GHRUGHQQ[PFRQHOHPHQWRV D ML HVGHFLU
$7 D ML
 
 
(MHPSOR6L $ =   HQWRQFHV $ =  
7  

   

3URGXFWRGH0DWULFHV
E 
E 
&DVR6HD $ = [D D DQ ]XQDPDWUL]ILODGHRUGHQ[Q\ % =   XQDPDWUL]
 
EQ 
 
FROXPQDGHRUGHQQ[HQWRQFHVHOSURGXFWRGH$\%HVWiGHILQLGRGHODVLJXLHQWH
PDQHUD

E 
E  Q
$% [D D DQ ]   DE + D E + + DQ EQ ∑ DN EN
  N =
E
 
 Q 

(MHPSOR


$ = [ ]\ % =   HQWRQFHV$%
 
 
 

&DVR6HDQODVPDWULFHV$GHRUGHQP[S\%GHRUGHQS[Q(OSURGXFWR& $%HVOD
PDWUL]P[QFX\DFRPSRQHQWHLMpVLPDHVHOSURGXFWRGHODILODLpVLPDGH$\OD
FROXPQDMpVLPDGH%


$P[S % S[Q = & P[Q

 E M 
E  S
GRQGH FLM = DL
[ DL DLS   DLE M + DL E M + + DLS E SM
] ∑D ENM
M
  N =
LN
 E SM 
 

(MHPSOR
 
     F F 
    F F 

    
 

   
F = [ ] F = [ ] =
 
 
F = \ F =

 
5SWD  
 

2SHUDFLRQHVHOHPHQWDOHVVREUHUHQJORQHV

L,QWHUFDPELRGHUHJORQHVGHXQDPDWUL]

  5 [5  
(MHPSOR   →  
   

LL0XOWLSOLFDFLyQGHXQUHJOyQGHXQDPDWUL]SRUXQHVFDODUGLIHUHQWHGHFHUR

  5    
(MHPSOR  
     
 → =

LLL6XPDGHXQP~OWLSORGHXQUHJOyQGHXQDPDWUL]DXQUHJOyQGLIHUHQWHGHHVD
PDWUL]

  − 5 + 5    
(MHPSOR  
  − + − + − +  − − 
  →  =


,QYHUVDGHXQD0DWUL]

6HD$XQDPDWUL]FXDGUDGDVLH[LVWHXQDPDWUL]%WDOTXH$% %$ , Q HQWRQFHV%VH
OODPDLQYHUVDGH$\VHUHSUHVHQWDSRU % = $ −
   − 
(MHPSOR6HDQODVPDWULFHV $ =  \ % =  
  − 


   −   
6L$%   , HQWRQFHVSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHODPDWUL]%HVOD
  −   
  

LQYHUVDGHODPDWUL]$\VHGHQRWDUi $ −

0pWRGRSDUDFDOFXODUODLQYHUVDGHXQDPDWUL]XVDQGRRSHUDFLRQHVHOHPHQWDOHVGH
UHJORQHV2(5

[$ , Q ]2(5
 [ ]
→ , Q $ − GRQGH , Q HVODPDWUL]LGHQWLGDGGHRUGHQQ

 
(MHPSOR+DOOHODLQYHUVDGHODPDWUL] $ =  
 

  − 5 + 5   − 5 + 5  − 
   → −    
 − 
→
   

 − 
5SWD $ − =  
− 

 
(MHUFLFLR6HD$%\;PDWULFHVFXDGUDGDVGHRUGHQWDOTXH %$ =  
7
 
5HVXHOYDODVLJXLHQWHHFXDFLyQPDWULFLDO , + ; $7 − = % − + , %

6ROXFLyQ , + ; $7 − = % − % + , % = , + % ⇒ ; $7 − = %

GHVSHMDQGRODPDWUL];
 
; $ $ = % $ ⇒ ;, = % $ ⇒ ; = % $ =  
7 −
( ) ( )
7 7
( ) 7
( ) 7
 


 
 
(MHUFLFLR6HDQ $ =  \ % =   VLPSOLILTXHODVLJXLHQWHH[SUHVLyQ
 

 
( $% + $% + ,
7

     
6ROXFLyQ$%  ($% ) =  \ , =  
7
     

 

       
(       
       

(MHUFLFLR¢4XpFRQGLFLyQGHEHFXPSOLUODPDWUL]$GHRUGHQWDOTXH $ = $7 "

D E  D F 
6ROXFLyQ $ =  = $7 ODFRQGLFLyQVHUiTXHE F
 F G  E G 
 = 

(MHUFLFLR6HDQGRVPDWULFHV$\%GHRUGHQQGLVWLQWRVGHODPDWUL]QXOD¢(VSRVLEOH
TXH$% "

   
6ROXFLyQ6LHVSRVLEOHVL $ =  \ % =   HQWRQFHV$%
   


 
(MHUFLFLR'HWHUPLQHODLQYHUVDGHODPDWUL] $ =  
 
6ROXFLyQ

     − 
   →   → − 
  − 5 + 5   − 5 + 5
     

 − 
$ =  − 
−
 

'(7(50,1$17('(0$75,&(6'(25'(1[\[

'DGDXQD0DWUL]FXDGUDGD$HOGHWHUPLQDQWHHVXQQ~PHURDVRFLDGRDODPDWUL]$\VH
GHQRWDSRUGHW$y_$_



(OGHWHUPLQDQWHGHODPDWUL]$GHRUGHQHVHOQ~PHURDGEF\HVFULELPRV

D E  D E
GHW  = DG − EF
F G  F G
=

(MHPSOR =


3DUDFDOFXODUHOGHWHUPLQDQWHGHXQDPDWUL]$GHRUGHQVHSURFHGHXVDQGRODVLJXLHQWH
D E F 
UHJOD
$ =  G H I 
L&RSLHODSULPHUD\VHJXQGDFROXPQDGHODPDWUL]DVXGHUHFKD P Q S 
LL(IHFW~HHOSURGXFWRGHORVHOHPHQWRVGHFDGDGLDJRQDO\VXPH
VHJ~QODIRUPDTXHVHLQGLFDHQ

D E F D E
G H I G H DHSEIPFGQFPHDIQSGE««««
P Q SP Q

(MHPSOR
 
+DOOHODGHWHUPLQDQWHGHODVLJXLHQWHPDWUL] $ =  
 

3URSLHGDG6LODGHWHUPLQDQWHGHXQDPDWUL]$HVGLIHUHQWHGHFHURHQWRQFHVODPDWUL]$
WLHQHLQYHUVD

 
(MHPSOR¢7LHQHLQYHUVDODPDWUL] $ =   "
 

= − = − GLIHUHQWHGHFHURSRUORWDQWRODPDWUL]$WLHQHLQYHUVD


0DWUL](VFDORQDGD

&RPSRQHQWHJXtD(VHOSULPHUHOHPHQWRQRQXORGHXQDILODFRPHQ]DQGRGHL]TXLHUGD
DGHUHFKD

0DWUL]HVFDORQDGDSRUILODVUHJORQHV8QDPDWUL]VHOODPDHVFDORQDGDSRUUHQJORQHVVL

D 7RGDVODVFRPSRQHQWHVTXHVHHQFXHQWUDQGHEDMRGHODFRPSRQHQWHJXtDGHXQDILOD
VRQFHURV
E/DFRPSRQHQWHJXtDGHFDGDILODVHHQFXHQWUDQDODGHUHFKDGHODFRPSRQHQWHJXtDGH
ODILODTXHODSUHFHGH
F 7RGDVODVILODVQXODVVHHQFXHQWUDQDOILQDOGHODPDWUL]

(MHPSOR

   
 
 
 
  
L $ =  LL % =   LLL & = 
  LY' 
    
  
   
   

/RVHMHPSORLLL\LLLVRQPDWULFHVHVFDORQDGDVSRUILODVODLY1RHVXQDPDWUL]
HVFDORQDGDSRUILODSXHVODSRVLFLyQ G = GHEHUtDVHU

5HVROXFLyQGHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHV

6HDHOVLJXLHQWH6(/  D [ + D [ + + DQ [Q = E
D [ + D [ + + D Q [Q = E




D P [ + DP [ + D PQ [ Q = EQ

 D D DQ 
D D D Q 
/DPDWUL]GHFRHILFLHQWHVGHOVLVWHPDHV 
 
D P D P D PQ 
 

 D D DQ E 
D D DQ E 
/DPDWUL]DXPHQWDGDVHUi 
 
D P D P D PQ EQ 
 


0pWRGR0DWULFLDO*DXVV

D 5HSUHVHQWDUHOVLVWHPDPHGLDQWHXQDPDWUL]DXPHQWDGD
E 0HGLDQWHRSHUDFLRQHVHOHPHQWDOHVGHILODVUHGXFLUODPDWUL]DXPHQWDGDDXQDIRUPD
(VFDORQDGD
F 2EWHQHUHOVLVWHPDHTXLYDOHQWHTXHUHVXOWD
G 5HVROYHU HO VLVWHPD SRU VXVWLWXFLyQ UHJUHVLYD WRPDQGR ODV YDULDEOHV OLEUHV
QHFHVDULDV
'RQGH 1~PHUR GH YDULDEOHV OLEUHV 1~PHUR GH LQFyJQLWDV ± 1~PHUR GH
HFXDFLRQHV>DSOLFDUGOXHJRGHUHDOL]DUDE\F@

 [+ \+] =
(MHPSOR6HDHO6(/  [ + \ + ] =

 [+ \+] =


 
D/DPDWUL]DXPHQWDGDVHUi  
 

       
E   
  → − − − 
−5 +5   → − − − 
−5 +5   → − − −
−5 +5 
     − − −  − −

[ + \ + ] =
F  − \ − ] = − G] \ [ HQWRQFHV&6^`

 − ] = −


$WRGR6(/TXHWHQJDVROXFLyQ~QLFDVHOHOODPDFRPSDWLEOHGHWHUPLQDGR

0pWRGRGH&UDPHU

6HDXQVLVWHPDGHQHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHVFRQQLQFyJQLWDV
&RQVLGHUHPRVORVLJXLHQWH
'/DPDWUL]GHFRHILFLHQWHVGHOVLVWHPD
' M /DPDWUL]REWHQLGDUHHPSOD]DQGRODMpVLPDFROXPQDGH'SRUODFROXPQDGH
FRQVWDQWHV
6L ' ≠ HQWRQFHVHOVLVWHPDWLHQHXQD~QLFD6ROXFLyQ\SRGHPRVXVDUHOPpWRGR
/DVROXFLyQGHOVLVWHPDHVWiGDGRSRU

' ' 'Q
[ = [ = « [ Q =
' ' '


(MHPSOR
 [ + [ =
3DUDUHVROYHUSRU&UDPHUHOVLJXLHQWHVLVWHPDGHHFXDFLRQHVOLQHDOHV 
 [ − [ =

 
7HQHPRVODPDWUL]GHFRHILFLHQWHVGHOVLVWHPD ' =   \VXGHWHUPLQDQWHHV
 − 

' = = − HQWRQFHVSRGHPRVDSOLFDUHOPpWRGRGH&UDPHU
−

$KRUD ' = = − \ ' = = −
−

− −
3RUORWDQWR [ = = \ [ = = OXHJR&6^`
− −

(MHUFLFLR6L$XQDPDWUL]GHRUGHQ[HQWRQFHVSRGHPRVDILUPDUTXHODPDWUL]
% = $$7 WLHQHLQYHUVD

D  D  D DE 
6ROXFLyQ $ =   HQWRQFHV $$  [D E] = 
7
VXGHWHUPLQDQWHVHUi
E  E   DE E 


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*5È),&$'(/6(12<&26(12$03/,78'3(5,2'2<)$6(

*UiILFDGHODIXQFLyQVHQR I [ = VHQ [

7DEXODQGRDOJXQRVYDORUHVVHREWLHQH

π π π π
[ π π
π π

VHQ[

8WLOL]DQGR HVWD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQHPRV OD JUiILFD GH OD IXQFLyQ VHQR 2EWHQHPRV OD
JUiILFDFRPSOHWDDSURYHFKDQGRHOKHFKRGHHVWDIXQFLyQHVSHULyGLFD\VXSHULRGRHV
π \ VLJXLHQGR HO PLVPR SDWUyQ D OD L]TXLHUGD \ D OD GHUHFKD HQ FDGD LQWHUYDOR
VXFHVLYRGHORQJLWXG π

'HODJUiILFDVHWLHQH$PSOLWXG 3HULRGR π \'HVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVH

*UiILFDGHODIXQFLyQFRVHQR I [ = FRV [

7DEXODQGRDOJXQRVYDORUHVVHREWLHQH

π π π π
[ π π
π π

FRV[

8WLOL]DQGRHVWDLQIRUPDFLyQREWHQHPRVODJUiILFDGHODIXQFLyQFRVHQR2EWHQHPRVOD
JUiILFDFRPSOHWDDSURYHFKDQGRHOKHFKRGHHVWDIXQFLyQHVSHULyGLFD\VXSHULRGRHV
π \ VLJXLHQGR HO PLVPR SDWUyQ D OD L]TXLHUGD \ D OD GHUHFKD HQ FDGD LQWHUYDOR
VXFHVLYRGHORQJLWXG π


'HODJUiILFDVHWLHQH$PSOLWXG 3HULRGR π \'HVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVH

&XUYDVVHQR\FRVHQRJHQHUDOL]DGDV

/DVFXUYDVVHQR\FRVHQR

\ = $VHQ ω[ − φ \ \ = $ FRVω[ − φ ω >

π
WLHQHQDPSOLWXG $ SHULRGR 7 = \GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVH
φ
ω ω

(MHUFLFLR7UDFHODJUiILFDGHFDGDIXQFLyQSDUDXQVRORSHULRGR

D I [ = + VHQ[ E I [ = − FRV [

6ROXFLyQ

D /D JUiILFD GH OD IXQFLyQ
\ = + VHQ[ HV OD PLVPD TXH
ODJUiILFDGH \ = VHQ[ SHURVH
GHVSOD]D KDFLD DUULED
XQLGDGHV


E/DJUiILFD \ = − FRV [ HVODUHIOH[LyQGHODJUiILFDGH \ = FRV [ HQHOHMH[3DUD
HVWD ~OWLPD IXQFLyQ REWHQHPRV TXH OD DPSOLWXG HV HO SHULRGR HV π \ HO
GHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVHHV

(MHUFLFLR 'HWHUPLQH OD DPSOLWXG
SHULRGR \ GHVSOD]DPLHQWR GH IDVH
GH
\ = VHQ [ − \JUDILTXHXQSHULRGRFRPSOHWR
π

6ROXFLyQ
π
$SDUWLUGHODIXQFLyQGHWHUPLQDPRV$PSOLWXG $ = 3HULRGR 7 = = π

'HVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVH [ − =
π

GHGRQGHVHREWLHQH [ =
π

3XHVWRTXHHOGHVSOD]DPLHQWRGHIDVH
HV π \HOSHULRGRHV π VHWLHQHXQ

SHULRGRFRPSOHWRHQHOLQWHUYDOR

  π π 
 + π   
π π

/XHJRJUDILFDPRVXQDFXUYDVHQRFRQDPSOLWXGFRPRVHPXHVWUDHQODILJXUD

,'(17,'$'(675,*2120e75,&$6

/DVIXQFLRQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDVVHUHODFLRQDQHQWUHVLPHGLDQWHHFXDFLRQHVOODPDGDV
LGHQWLGDGHVWULJRQRPpWULFDV/DVPiVLPSRUWDQWHVVRQODVVLJXLHQWHV

• ,GHQWLGDGHVUHFtSURFDV

FVF [ = VHF [ = FRW [ =
VHQ[ FRV [ WDQ [

VHQ[ FRV [
WDQ [ = FRW [ =
FRV [ VHQ[


• ,GHQWLGDGHVSLWDJyULFDV

VHQ [ + FRV [ = WDQ [ + = VHF [ + FRW [ = FVF [

(MHUFLFLR6L FRV [ = \[HVWDHQHOFXDUWRFXDGUDQWHFDOFXOHORVYDORUHVGHWRGDV

ODVIXQFLRQHVWULJRQRPpWULFDVHQ[

6ROXFLyQ

'H DFXHUGR FRQ ODV LGHQWLGDGHV WULJRQRPpWULFDV VH WLHQH VHQ [ + FRV [ =

UHHPSOD]DQGR FRV [ = VHQ [ + =

GHGRQGHGHVSHMDQGRHOVHQRVHWLHQH VHQ[ = ±

3XHVWR TXH HVWH SXQWR HVWD HQ HO FXDUWR FXDGUDQWH VHQ[ HV QHJDWLYR GH PRGR TXH

VHQ[ = − /DV RWUDV IXQFLRQHV WULJRQRPpWULFDV VH FDOFXODQ XVDQGR ODV LGHQWLGDGHV

UHFtSURFDV

VHQ[
= =−
−
WDQ [ = FVF [ = = − VHF [ = =
FRV [ VHQ[ FRV [

FRW [ = =−
WDQ [

(MHUFLFLR6LPSOLILTXH + VHQ[VHF [ − WDQ [

6ROXFLyQ&DPELDQGRODVHFDQWH\ODWDQJHQWHDVXHTXLYDOHQWHHQVHQRV\FRVHQRV

VHQ[
+ VHQ[VHF [ − WDQ [ + VHQ[
FRV [ FRV [
−

− VHQ[
+ VHQ[
FRV [
− VHQ [

FRV [

FRV [
= FRV [
FRV [


(&8$&,21(675,*2120e75,&$6

8QD HFXDFLyQ TXH FRQWLHQH IXQFLRQHV WULJRQRPpWULFDV VH GHQRPLQD HFXDFLyQ
WULJRQRPpWULFD 3RU HMHPSOR ODV H[SUHVLRQHV VLJXLHQWHV VRQ HFXDFLRQHV
WULJRQRPpWULFDV

VHQ[ − = VHQ [ + FRV [ = WDQ [ − =

3DUD UHVROYHU XQD HFXDFLyQ WULJRQRPpWULFD DSOLFDPRV HO iOJHEUD SDUD GHVSHMDU OD
IXQFLyQWULJRQRPpWULFD\DFRQWLQXDFLyQVHGHWHUPLQDQORVYDORUHVGHODYDULDEOHTXH
VDWLVIDJDQODHFXDFLyQ

(MHUFLFLR5HVROYHUODHFXDFLyQ VHQθ = VL θ ∈ [π [

6ROXFLyQ

6L VHQθ = HQWRQFHVHOiQJXORGHUHIHUHQFLDSDUD θ HV θ 5 = VHQ − =
π

&RPR VHQθ > HQWRQFHV ODV VROXFLRQHV GHEHQ HVWDU HQ HO SULPHU \ VHJXQGR
FXDGUDQWHFRPRVHYHHQODILJXUDSRUORWDQWRODVVROXFLRQHVVRQ

π π
θ = \ θ = π − =
π

π π 
)LQDOPHQWH &6 =  
 

(MHUFLFLR5HVROYHUODHFXDFLyQ VHQ [ − FRV [ − = VL [ ∈ [π [

6ROXFLyQ3ULPHURVHH[SUHVDODHFXDFLyQVRORHQWpUPLQRVGHFRV[\OXHJRVHUHVXHOYH
SRUIDFWRUL]DFLyQ
VHQ [ − FRV [ − =
− FRV [ − FRV [ − =
6LPSOLILFDQGRVHWLHQH FRV [ + FRV [ − =
)DFWRUL]DQGR FRV [ − FRV [ + =

6HREWLHQH FRV [ = FRV [ = −

6L FRV [ = HOiQJXORGHUHIHUHQFLDHV \SRUORWDQWRHOiQJXOR[HVWD
π

π π
HQHOSULPHURFXDUWRFXDGUDQWHSRUFRQVLJXLHQWH [ = RELHQ [ = π − =
π

π 
6L FRV [ = − HQWRQFHV [ = π SRUORWDQWR &6 =  π 
π
 

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G [ = \ [ = − VRQVROXFLRQHVGHODHFXDFLyQ [ [ + =

     

     

     − − −  − −

     

VLVWHPDFRRUGHQDGRUHFWDQJXODU

/D HFXDFLyQ GH XQD UHFWD GH SHQGLHQWH P \

D /DFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHODILJXUDWLHQHFHQWUR & \UDGLR U = 3RUORWDQWRVX

D & D = E =

E &RPSOHWDQGRFXDGUDGRV WHQHPRV

ÈUHD $%& =

$7 = $/ + $% = + = FP

⇒ $7 = $% + $7 = + = FP

7DPELpQ VH OH GHILQH FRPR OD SRUFLyQ GH FRQR

SDUDFDGDSXQWR[\HQHOJUiILFRHOSXQWR[\

• (OYDORUPtQLPRRPi[LPRRFXUUHHQ[ K<N IKHVHOYDORUPtQLPRVLD!\

• II±[ [SDUDWRGR[HQGRPI

(MHPSORV ORJ [ = [ H OQ [ = \ \ ORJ [ =

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G [ =  \ [ = − VRQVROXFLRQHVGHODHFXDFLyQ [ [ +  =  

      

                  

          − − −   − −

           

VLVWHPDFRRUGHQDGRUHFWDQJXODU    

/D HFXDFLyQ GH XQD UHFWD GH SHQGLHQWH P \

D /DFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHODILJXUDWLHQHFHQWUR &   \UDGLR U =  3RUORWDQWRVX

D &    D =  E = 

E &RPSOHWDQGRFXDGUDGRV WHQHPRV

ÈUHD $%& =

$7 = $/ +  $% =  +  =  FP 

⇒ $7 = $% + $7 =  +  =  FP 

7DPELpQ VH OH GHILQH FRPR OD SRUFLyQ GH FRQR

SDUDFDGDSXQWR [\ HQHOJUiILFRHOSXQWR [\

• (OYDORUPtQLPRRPi[LPRRFXUUHHQ[ K<N I K HVHOYDORUPtQLPRVLD!\

• I I± [ [SDUDWRGR[HQGRP I

(MHPSORV  ORJ [ = [  H OQ [ = \ \  ORJ  [ = 

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G [ = \ [ = − VRQVROXFLRQHVGHODHFXDFLyQ [ [ + =

     

     

     − − −  − −

     

VLVWHPDFRRUGHQDGRUHFWDQJXODU

D /DFLUFXQIHUHQFLDGHODILJXUDWLHQHFHQWUR & \UDGLR U = 3RUORWDQWRVX

D & D = E =

E &RPSOHWDQGRFXDGUDGRV WHQHPRV

$7 = $/ + $% = + = FP

⇒ $7 = $% + $7 = + = FP

SDUDFDGDSXQWR[\HQHOJUiILFRHOSXQWR[\

• (OYDORUPtQLPRRPi[LPRRFXUUHHQ[ K<N IKHVHOYDORUPtQLPRVLD!\

• II±[ [SDUDWRGR[HQGRPI

(MHPSORV ORJ [ = [ H OQ [ = \ \ ORJ [ =