Está en la página 1de 10

(GRANT OBINUT DE COLECTIVUL DE SOCIOLOGIA DEVIANEI I A PROBLEMELOR SOCIALE N CADRUL PROGRAMULUI IDEI LANSAT DE C.N.S.C.I.S.) I.

Rezumat n prezent, n ara noastr, n pofida popularizrii sale prin mass-media, fenomenul maltratrii i neglijrii copilului de ctre proprii prini rmne constant ca amploare. Presa semnaleaz aproape zilnic cazuri de copii btui, crescui n condiii improprii, abandonai, trimii s munceasc, s cereasc, s se prostitueze sau s fure. Plecnd de la nevoia recunoscut att de ctre autoritile din domeniu, ct i de organizaiile non-guvernamentale, interne i internaionale, care militeaz pentru protecia drepturilor copilului, de a reforma sistemul de ocrotire i protecie social a acestora, proiectul i propune s abordeze aceast problematic de interes actual, att din punct de vedere tiinific ct i practic. Proiectul urmrete s ofere un model descriptiv i explicativ complex al fenomenului, care s suplineasc penuria de date existent n momentul de fa n literatura de specialitate de la noi din ar cu privire la formele de violen i neglijare svrite de ctre prini asupra copiilor, la caracteristicile victimelor i agresorilor, precum i la circumstanele i factorii determinani care determin fenomenul menionat, inclusiv la impactul negativ pe care violena n familie l are asupra vieii i viitorului copiilor. Unul dintre obiectivele proiectului este acela de a elabora o teorie de rang mediu cu privire la cauzele i motivaiile violenei contra copilului, adecvat realitilor sociale, economice i instituionale din ara noastr. Cercetarea va fi una empiric, utiliznd metode de cercetare cantitative (ancheta victimologic i analiza secundar de date) i calitative (interviuri n profunzime i focus-group-uri). Din punct de vedere practic, proiectul va propune o serie de soluii capabile s previn i s diminueze extensia violenei contra copilului n ara noastr. II. Obiectivele proiectului (1) Estimarea amplorii cu care se manifest n Romnia fenomenul de abuz exercitat de ctre prini asupra copilului. n raport cu acest obiectiv, proiectul vizeaz realizarea unei comparaii a frecvenei cazurilor de violen contra copilului n Romnia, cu incidena acestor cazuri n unele ri din Europa sau n S.U.A. La nivel naional proiectul i propune s efectueze comparaii ntre mediul rural i mediul urban att din punct de vedere al intensitii cu care se manifest n familie actele de agresiune contra copilului, ct i al caracteristicilor victimelor i agresorilor; (2) Evaluarea i ierarhizarea principalelor forme de abuz asupra copilului care se exercit la nivelul familiei (abuz fizic, sexual, emoional, neglijare etc.). Un accent aparte va fi pus asupra situaiei copiilor ai cror prini sunt plecai s munceasc n strintate, a copiilor provenii din familiile de etnie rrom, a celor ai cror prini se afl n conflict cu legea etc.; (3) Identificarea particularitilor (biologice, psihologice, sociale) ale copiilor care sunt supui cel mai frecvent riscului de a fi abuzai; (4) n mod complementar obiectivului nr. 3, identificarea caracteristicilor (biologice, psihologice, sociale) ale prinilor care i maltrateaz sau neglijeaz copiii; (5) Relevarea factorilor care acioneaz la nivelul familiei i care determin riscul apariiei sau amplificrii violenei contra copilului; (6) Identificarea efectelor abuzului svrit de prini asupra copiilor intereseaz, n cadrul acestui obiectiv, att efectele la nivelul personal i al micro-relaiilor sociale, ct i efectele la un nivel mai general, acela al stilului de via i al funcionrii sociale a copilului abuzat. (7) Propunerea unor msuri mai eficace de prevenire i control social a actelor de agresiune exercitate n cadrul familiei. Orice ncercare de a determina cauzele violenei contra copilului i de a identifica cele mai adecvate practici de prevenire i control trebuie s in seama de factorii economici i culturali, de mentaliti i atitudini, de stilurile de via, normele de conduit, modelele de comportament i resursele comunitare. Abuzul asupra copilului este un fenomen cu valene multidisciplinare, a crei etiologie nu const doar ntr-o simpl nsumare de factori, ci ntr-o determinare complex, care pune n relaie multiple lanuri cauzale i variabile intermediare. Realizarea obiectivelor proiectului implic, n mod evident, o abordare multidisciplinar, integrnd ipotezele i modele explicative ale diverselor discipline implicate n studiul acestui fenomen (criminologie, antropologie, sociologie, psihologie, pedagogie, drept etc.).

ABUZUL EXERCITAT N FAMILIE ASUPRA COPIILOR I PROTECIA SOCIAL A ACESTORA. STUDIU VICTIMOLOGIC MULTIDISCIPLINAR

III. Metodologie Obiectivele menionate se pot realiza prin utilizarea unor metode de cercetare att cu caracter cantitativ, ct i calitativ. Pentru realizarea primului obiectiv, de exemplu, va fi utilizat, cu precdere, analiza secundar a datelor provenite din alte studii i cercetri, precum i analiza datelor statistice oficiale. Pentru a realiza celelalte obiective, vor fi folosite, n mod complementar, urmtoarele metode:

analiza de pres asupra coninutului a trei ziare centrale din Romnia (Libertatea, Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Naional) din ultimii 2 ani. Fr a avea forma sau caracterul unei analize de coninut propriu-zise, care s fac evaluri asupra coninutului i calitii mesajelor, o astfel de analiz se va limita la punerea n corelaie a variabilelor indicate de articolele de pres, pentru a culege mai multe informaii despre acest subiect; interviuri cu copiii din familii probleme menionate de poliie sau de Direciile pentru Protecia Copilului i cu copiii aflai n centre de reeducare sau penitenciare; convorbiri cu prinii copiilor abuzai; interviuri cu diferii infractori care execut pedepse privative de liberate; interviuri i focus-grupuri cu factorii responsabili de protecia i ocrotirea copilului i cu aceia implicai n prevenirea i controlul social al actelor de abuz (asisteni sociali, poliiti, judectori, procurori, reprezentani ai ONG-urilor care i desfoar activitatea n acest domeniu, pedagogi colari, psihologi etc.); anchet victimologic cu caracter exploratoriu, reprezentativ la nivel naional, ntreprins n rndul elevilor de coal general i liceu. Utilizate n numeroase ri, acest gen de anchete ofer informaii cu privire la ponderea i tipurile actelor de agresivitate i violen experimentate de populaie, circumstanele n care s-au produs aceste evenimente i consecinele lor, identificarea trsturilor agresorului i ale victimei i a pattern-urilor specifice unor asemenea evenimente. Trebuie menionat c la noi n ar, pn n prezent nu s-au efectuat astfel de anchete datorit costurilor ridicate pe care aceasta le implic. Studiul nostru ar putea deschide astfel seria unor cercetri bazate pe folosirea unei asemenea metode.

IV. Echipa de cercetare

Director de proiect: cercet. t. gr. I, dr. Sorin M. Rdulescu Membri ai echipei: - lector dr. Gheorghe Florian - cercettor t. drd. Mihaela Puca - cercettor t. drd. Cristina Dmboeanu

Sorin M Rdulescu este cercettor tiinific gradul I la Institutul de Sociologie al Academiei Romne i redactor ef al Revistei Romne de Sociologie. De 25 de ani, respectiv din anul 1982, cnd a trecut n activitatea de cercetare la fostul Centru de Cercetri Sociologice (actualul Institut de Sociologie al Academiei Romne), a efectuat, singur sau n colaborare, numeroase studii i cercetri n domeniul sociologiei devianei i problemelor sociale. Sorin M. Rdulescu a obinut mai multe granturi acordate de diverse instituii de profil din ar. Astfel, n perioada 2000-2002, a fost coordonatorul proiectului Violena domestic n Romnia, n perioada de tranziie, finanat de Academia Romn. ntre anii 2003-2005, a fost directorul de proiect al grantului acordat de C.N.C.S.I.S. - Percepia corupiei n administraia public local. n prezent este director al grantului intitulat Rolul justiiei restaurative n cadrul sistemului de justiie pentru minorii din Romnia, finanat de C.N.C.S.I.S. Din punct de vedere publicistic, autorul a publicat din anul 1976 i pn n 2007, 34 de cri (13 singur i 21 n colaborare), 36 studii n volume de specialitate i 114 articole n reviste de profil, dedicate, ntre altele, cercetrii anomiei, devianei i raionalitii, criminalitii i delincvenei juvenile, bolii, sexualitii i problemelor sociale ale vrstelor. Un loc la fel de important n preocuprile sale l-au ocupat subiectele tradiionale din sociologia problemelor sociale, printre care corupia, sinuciderea, consumul de droguri i violena (intra)familial. De asemenea, autorul a participat constant att la conferine tiinifice naionale, ct i la conferine internaionale, n cadrul crora a susinut lucrri prin care a promovat cercetarea din Romnia i a diseminat rezultatele acesteia. Dintre cele mai recente cri publicate de profesorul Sorin M. Rdulescu amintim: Sorin M. Rdulescu, Cristina Dmboeanu, Sociologia consumului i abuzului de droguri, Bucureti, Edit.

LUMINA LEX, 2006, 398 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, Dan Banciu, Cristina Dmboeanu, Justiia restaurativ. Tendine i perspective n lumea contemporan, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2006, 302 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, ntre Homo Oeconomicus i Homo Sociologicus. O istorie a sociologiei moderne din perspectiva raionalitii i iraionalitii aciunii umane, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2006, 388 p., Dorinica Ioan, Dan Banciu, Sorin M. Rdulescu (coordonatori i autori), Corupia n Romnia. Realitate i percepie social, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2005, 310 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, Dicionar selectiv. 100 de termeni cheie n domeniul patologiei sociale, criminologiei i sociologiei devianei, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2004, 240 p. Un alt aspect care trebuie amintit cu privire la domeniile de competen se refer la activitatea didactic realizat. Dup anul 1990, pn n anul 2000 - cnd s-a retras complet din aceast activitate, a predat cursuri de sociologia devianei, sociologia medicinei i sociologia vrstelor n nvmntul particular i de stat, astfel: 1973-1989 - Cursuri i seminare inute la urmtoarele faculti: Catedra de Sociologia Medicinei (Institutul Medico-Farmaceutic Bucureti); Catedra de Filosofie (Institutul Politehnic Bucureti); Catedra de Filosofie (Academia de Studii Economice); 1990-1994 Cursuri i seminare inute la Facultatea de Sociologie (Universitatea Bucureti); 1990-1997 Cursuri i seminarii inute la Facultile de Sociologie-Psihologie ale Universitilor Hyperion, Spiru Haret, Gheorghe Cristea i Europa Ecor; 1998 2000 - Cursuri i seminarii inute exclusiv la Facultatea de Sociologie-Psihologie a Universitii Hyperion. Din anul 1994 a obinut dreptul de a conduce activiti doctorale, ndrumnd doctoranzii nmatriculai la Institutul de Sociologie al Academiei Romne. Sub conducerea sa tiinific, au obinut titlul de doctor n sociologie mai muli doctoranzi, care i-au susinut tezele de doctorat alegnd ca problematic de baz domeniile de referin n care s-a specializat ndrumtorul. n anul 2000 a fost ales ca profesor universitar asociat onorific la Facultatea de Istorie-Filosofie a Universitii Babe-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca. Gheorghe Florian este doctor n psihologie din anul 1995. n perioada 1990-1996 a fost ef al Serviciului Studii, Documentare i Formare Profesional din Directia Generala a Penitenciarelor. Ulterior, ntre anii 1997-1999 a fost director al Penitenciarului de Maxim Siguran Bucureti-Rahova. n 2000 a devenit eful Serviciului Cultural-Educativ din Direcia General a Penitenciarelor, Ministerul Justiiei, iar n 2001 directorul Direciei Educaie, Studii i Psihologie Penitenciar din Direcia General a Penitenciarelor, Ministerul Justiiei. n perioada 2002-2007 a fost ncadrat ca psiholog la Institutul Naional de Criminologie, Ministerul Justiiei. Din anul 2001 este lector universitar la Catedra de Asisten Social a Facultii de Sociologie i Asisten Social a Universitii Bucureti. Este preedinte al Filialei de Penologie din cadrul Societii Romne de Criminologie, Criminalistic i Penologie. Rezultatele practice ale activitii sale s-au concretizat sub mai multe aspecte. Gheorghe Florian a coordonat colectivul care a realizat primul proiect al Legii de executare a pedepselor privative de libertate pentru aduli. De asemenea, a organizat mpreun cu Comitetul Olandez Helsinki seminarii privind Promovarea drepturilor omului n sistemul penitenciar romnesc, la care a participat personal din 21 de penitenciare. A organizat traducerea n limba romn a manualului internaional pentru personalul din penitenciare A pune regulile n aciune. Cu sprijin financiar olandez el a fost multiplicat n 10.000 exemplare i distribuit gratuit la personalul din unitile de detenie romneti (500 exemplare au fost trimise pentru penitenciare in Republica Moldova). A coordonat colectivul care a realizat proiectul Legii privind executarea msurii educative a internrii ntr-un centru de resocializare a minorilor delincveni; Dintre cele mai semnificative lucrri publicate de Gheorghe Florian le putem meniona pe cele aprute la Editura Oscar Print volumele Psihologie penitenciar n anul 1995, Dinamic penitenciar. Reforma structurilor interne n anul 1998, Fenomenologie penitenciar n anul 2003 i Prevenirea criminalitii. Teorie i practic, n anul 2005. Pentru lucrrile Psihologie penitenciar i Prevenirea criminalitatii. Teorie si practica, autorul a obinut premiul V.V.Stanciu al Uniunii Juritilor din Romnia. Cristina Dmboeanu este cercettor tiinific la Institutului de Sociologie al Academei Romne, unde a luat parte activ la mai multe studii efectuate de departamentul de Sociologia Devianei i Problemelor Sociale. Astfel, n anii 2003 i 2004 a participat n calitate de cercettor la evaluarea programului experimental de justiie restaurativ n Romnia. n perioada 2003-2005 a fcut parte ca membru din echipa grantului CNCSIS cu tema Percepia corupiei n administraia public local. n prezent, este implicat n realizarea unui alt grant CNCSIS intitulat Rolul justiie restaurative n cadrul sistemului de justiie pentru minorii din Romnia. Cu toate c principalele sale domenii de interes sunt sociologia devianei i a criminalitii, Cristina Dmboeanu i-a demonstrat competena profesional i n alte arii de cercetare. De pild, n perioada 2004-2006 a coordonat un amplu proiect de cercetare, derulat n parteneriat (Institutul

de Sociologie Institutul Naional de Cercetare Dezvoltare pentru Urbanism i Amenajarea Teritoriului Urbanproiect), privind relaia dintre migraie i dezvoltarea rural. O atenie deosebit a acordat tot timpul valorificrii i diseminrii rezultatelor muncii de cercetare, prin publicarea mai multor articole i studii n reviste de specialitate, volume colective, ca i prin participarea la conferine, seminarii, workshop-uri i colocvii. Este co-autor la dou cri, una care abordeaz problematica justiiei restaurative, i una care are ca tematic consumul de droguri. n anul 2004, Cristina Dmboeanu s-a nscris i a fost admis, cu nota 10, la doctorat la forma fr frecven, cu proiectul intitulat: Etiologia i prevenirea fenomenului de recidiv. V. Fragmente din sinteza prezentat ctre CNCSIS n cadrul fazei a III-a a proiectului (anul 2009) 1. Scop Cercetarea efectuat n cadrul celei de a treia etape a proiectului a avut ca obiectiv principal identificarea principalelor tipuri de abuz i rele tratamente la care sunt supui copiii de ctre proprii prini i evidenierea factorilor care acioneaz la nivelul familiei i care determin riscul apariiei sau amplificrii violenei contra minorilor. 2. Metodologia cercetrii Din punct de vedere metodologic, a fost efectuat o analiz calitativ n cadrul creia au fost realizate 32 de interviuri cu copii abuzai n familie, fa de care s-a dispus o msur de protecie social (8 interviuri cu copii neglijai, 3 cu copii exploatai prin munc, 11 cu copii maltratai fizic i 10 cu copii molestai sexual), 16 convorbiri cu prini care i-au abuzat ori chiar i-au omort copiii, 5 interviuri cu tineri (brbai i femei) maltratai n copilrie i care, la momentul studiului, se aflau n penitenciare unde executau o pedeaps privativ de libertate, inclusiv pentru faptul c i-au ucis printele agresor, 10 interviuri i un focus-grup cu factorii responsabili de protecia i ocrotirea drepturilor copilului, precum i cu cei implicai n prevenirea i controlul social al actelor de abuz. 3. Principalele rezultate ale cercetrii (1) Nu exist tipuri pure de maltratare, ci forme mixte, corelate. De exemplu, abuzul fizic este nsoit de cele mai multe ori de neglijare, uneori de epsisoade de molestare sexual (tentative i chiar fapte consumate), precum i de numeroase abuzuri emoionale (critici, reprouri, insulte, ameninri etc.). (2) n ceea ce privete factorii de risc, cei mai importani sunt urmtorii:

starea material precar, inclusiv condiiile de locuire improprii; consumul excesiv de buturi alcoolice; nivelul redus de colarizare al prinilor; modelul educaional oferit de familia de origine; tulburrile psihice de care sufer prinii abuzatori; mentalitatea i ideile preconcepute care i determin pe unii dintre acetia s adere la principiul btaia este rupt din rai; experiena proprie traumatizant, supunerea printelui agresor la diferite forme de abuz, neglijare i rele tratamente n perioada copilriei.

(3) Caracteristici ale victimelor: vrsta majoritatea victimelor au ntre 7-17 ani, dei exist cazuri, mai izolate, de victime aflate sub aceste limite de vrst; mediul de provenien - cele mai multe victime se afl n mediul rural;

forma de organizare a familiei cea mai mare parte dintre victime aparin unor familii dezorganizate, unde ori mama ori tatl natural sunt abseni (prin deces, divor, abandon, plecarea temporar la munc n strintate sau n alt localitate); caracteristicile mediului familial - acolo unde sunt prezeni ambii prini (sau triesc n concubinaj), iar acetia au, un nivel sczut de colarizare, sunt consumatori, n mod excesiv, de alcool i ntre ei exist conflicte i relaii tensionate, sporete riscul ca una dintre fiice s fie victimizat; caracteristicile prinilor - existena n cadrul familiei a unui tat caracterizat printrun slab nivel educaional i de calificare sau care nu are un loc de munc stabil,

muncete cu ziua, este alcoolic sau bea n exces, are antecedente penale i se confrunt cu traume psiho-emoionale, fiind, el nsui, o victim abuzului n familia de origine este, de asemenea, un factor de risc pentru fiic (fiice). Existena unei mame cu conduite imorale. (4) Trsturi ale abuzatorilor:

vrsta - n general, abuzatorii au vrsta cuprins ntre 30-55 ani; mediul de provenien - cei mai muli abuzatori se afl n mediul rural i n ariile marginale ale oraelor; familia personal - cea mai mare parte dintre abuzatori fac parte din familii dezorganizate, monoparentale, unde unul dintre parteneri este absent; nivelul de instrucie, gradul de calificare i de educaie abuzatorii sunt, n genere, persoane cu un nivel sczut de instrucie, calificare i educaie sau care nu au niciun fel de ocupaie, prestnd munci ocazionale; alcoolismul sau consumul excesiv de alcool o parte majoritar dintre abuzatori este format din persoane alcoolice sau care consum alcool n exces. existena unor probleme sau chiar tulburri psihice o parte dintre abuzatori se confrunt cu asemenea tulburri, fiind instabili din punct de vedere psihoemoional, ntre altele i datorit traumelor din perioada copilriei; existena antecedentelor penale - n unele cazuri, abuzatorii au antecedente penale, fiind familiarizai cu abuzurile sexuale care au loc, frecvent, n spaiul dedup gratii; perpetuarea abuzului numeroi abuzatori aduli au fost abuzai, ei nii, n perioada copilriei, de ctre proprii prini.

(5) Propuneri i sugestii pentru o eventual mbuntire a cadrului legislativ i instituional cu privire la protecia copilului

Definirea clar a conceptului de interes superior al copilului i reflectarea acestuia n actele normative i legislative naionale; Dezvoltarea serviciilor sociale primare, care evalueaz necesitile copilului i ale familiei n vederea prevenirii intrrii n starea de dificultate. Redefinirea de ctre structurile existente unitile de nvmnt, de sntate, de asisten social etc. a misiunii lor pentru a aciona n vederea respectrii interesului superior al copilului i prevenirii instituionalizrii acestuia; Legiferarea unor pedepse clare pentru prinii care ncalc drepturile copilului; Simplificarea i clarificarea legii pentru interveniile n regim de urgen, inclusiv prin acordarea unei puteri decizionale asistentului social ori poliistului. nfiinarea Tribunalelor pentru Minori; ncurajarea adopiei ca masur special de protecie a copilului aflat n dificultate; Multiplicarea programelor de consiliere i a cursurilor pentru prini; Suplimentarea numrului de specialiti din centrele aflate n subordinea Direciilor Generale de Asisten Social i Protecia Copilului, precum i formarea profesionitilor (poliiti, procurori, judectori, asisteni sociali din cadrul primriilor) specializai n lucrul cu copiii victime ale violenei i abuzurilor; Necesitatea popularizrii drepturilor copilului i sensibilizarea opiniei publice, prin diverse campanii, n vederea mbuntirii atitudinii i comportamentului general al oamenilor cu privire la problema copilului i a familiei aflat/e n dificultate sau n situaii de risc.

I. Abstract At the moment, in our country, despite all made progress and its media popularization, the phenomenon regarding childs maltreatment and neglecting by their own parents is still constantly large. Cases are signaled in media almost every day with children that are beaten, raised in inappropriate conditions, abandoned, sent to beg, to prostitute or to steal etc. Pursuant to the need admitted by both special authorities and national and international non-governmental organizations, that support childs rights protection, our project is meant to approach this current issue, both scientifically and practical. The theoretical objective is to offer a complex descriptive

and explicative model for the phenomenon, meant to reduce the lack from our national literature of current data on abuse made by parents on their children, on victims and aggressors characteristics, on the circumstances and determining factors, on the negative impact such aggressions have on childrens life and future. The research will be empirical, using quantitative research methods (victimological survey and secondary data analysis) and qualitative research methods (deep interviews and focus groups). From the practical point of view, this project aims to present a series of practical solutions, able to prevent and to diminish the extension of child abuse in our country. II. Projects objectives (1) An appraisal on the ampleness of child domestic abuse phenomenon in Romania. Within this objective, we plan to make a comparison between the frequency of child violence cases in Romanian with those from Europe or USA. At the national level, we will make a comparison between the rural and the urban environment from the point of view of the intensity child aggressions are performed within a family; (2) The assessment and hierarchy of child domestic abuse main forms (physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect etc.). A special focus will be children whose parents are left to work abroad, of children coming from Roma families, children whose parents are having legal problems etc.; (3) Identification of particularities (biological, psychological, social) of children most frequently exposed to abuse hazard; (4) Complementary to objective no. 2, identification of particularities (biological, psychological, social) of parents who maltreat or neglect their children; (5) Presentation of the factors within the family that determine the violence occurrence hazard or increase of violence against children; (6) Identification of the effects of parents abuse on children it is of interest for us within this objective both the effects at the personal level and of social micro-relations, and the effects to a wider level, namely lifestyle and social functioning of the abused child. (7) Proposal of efficient measures for social prevention and control of aggressions within the family. Any attempt to determine the causes of violence on children and to identify the most appropriate prevention and control practices shall take into consideration such factors as economic, cultural, mentalities and attitudes, lifestyles, behaviour rules, behaviour patterns, community resources etc. Child abuse is a phenomenon with multidisciplinary valences, whose aetiology is not a mere sum of factors, rather a complex determination, which relates multiple causal chains and intermediary variables. Meeting the objectives of our study obviously involves a multidisciplinary approach, integrating hypotheses and explicative models of various fields involved in the study of this phenomenon (criminology, anthropology, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, law etc.). Beyond such broad interdisciplinary research directions, the sociologic approach itself we shall focus on is far from being unitary, since it involves in its turn many research directions. Thus, the deviance sociology is the sub-branch that deals with the phenomenon of child violence. However, at the same time the scope of the research we have chosen also needs elements from family sociology, education sociology etc. III. Methodology We aim at meeting the objectives mentioned above by using scientific research methods specific to sociology, both regarding the quantity and the quality. As such, we shall use the following methods: In order to meet the first objective, we will mostly use the secondary analysis of data provided by other studies and research activities, such as statistic data analysis (to the extent they are available) of different institutions and authorities with field-related activities. In order to meet the other objectives, we will complementarily use the following methods:

Press analysis of the central Romanian newspapers (Libertatea, Evenimentul Zilei, Jurnalul Naional) within the last 2 years. Without taking the form or the characteristics of a proper content analysis, which would assess the content and quality of messages, such an analysis will deal with the correlation of the variables indicated in the press articles, in order to gather as much information on the matter as possible; Interviews with children from problematic families mentioned by the police or the Child Protection Departments, and also interviews with children whose parents are left to work abroad or are imprisoned; Discussions with abused childrens parents;

Interviews and focus-groups with child protection stakeholders and those in charge with the social prevention and control of abuse cases (social workers, policemen, judges, district attorneys, representatives of non-governmental organisations with activities in this field, school tutors, psychologists etc.); Exploratory victimological survey, representative at the national level and carried out throughout children of lower and upper secondary school age. Used in many countries, this type of investigations offer information on the percentage and types of aggressions and violence for population, the circumstances of such events and their consequences, identification of the aggressors and victims characteristics and the specific patterns for such cases. Mention should be made that in our country there have been carried out no such types of surveys because of the high involved and related costs. Our study might thus open a series for research based on the use of such methods.

IV. Research Team

Project Manager: cercet. t. gr. I, dr. Sorin M. Rdulescu Team members: - lector dr. Gheorghe Florian - cercettor t. drd. Mihaela Puca - cercettor t. drd. Cristina Dmboeanu

Sorin M. Rdulescu is senior researcher I at the Sociology Institute of the Romanian Academy and editor-in-chief of the Romanian Sociology Magazine. For 25 years, i.e. since 1982, when he started his research activity in the former Sociologic Research Centre (todays Sociology Institute of the Romanian Academy) has run, alone or in collaboration, many studies and research activities in the field of sociology of deviance and social problems. Sorin M. Rdulescu has obtained many financings granted by various institutions from our country. Thus, during 2000-2002 he was the coordinator of the project Domestic violence in Romanian, during the transition period, financed by the Romanian Academy. Between 2003-2005, he was the project manager of the grant The perception of corruption in the local public administration, awarded by C.N.C.S.I.S. At the moment, he is the manager of the grant called The restorative justice role in the justice system for underage children of Romania, financed by C.N.C.S.I.S. From the point of view of his published work, the author has published since 1990 and 2007, 34 books (13 alone and 21 as a co-author), 36 studies in special tomes and 114 articles in magazines related, among others, to the anomie, deviance and rationality, to juvenile criminality and delinquency, to illness, sexuality and ages. An equally important place of his work is represented by such traditionalist concerns from social problems sociology, among which corruption, suicide, drug taking and (intra)familial violence. The author has also constantly attended national and international scientific conferences, within which he has presented papers promoting the Romanian research and has disseminated his results. His recent books are: Sorin M. Rdulescu, Cristina Dmboeanu, Sociologia consumului i abuzului de droguri, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2006, 398 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, Dan Banciu, Cristina Dmboeanu, Justiia restaurativ. Tendine i perspective n lumea contemporan, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2006, 302 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, ntre Homo Oeconomicus i Homo Sociologicus. O istorie a sociologiei moderne din perspectiva raionalitii i iraionalitii aciunii umane, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2006, 388 p., Dorinica Ioan, Dan Banciu, Sorin M. Rdulescu (coordonatori i autori), Corupia n Romnia. Realitate i percepie social, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2005, 310 p., Sorin M. Rdulescu, Dicionar selectiv. 100 de termeni cheie n domeniul patologiei sociale, criminologiei i sociologiei devianei, Bucureti, Edit. LUMINA LEX, 2004, 240 p. Another aspect that should be mentioned with respect to the competence domains refers to the didactic activity achieved. After 1990, and until 2000, when he completely retired from this activity, he taught courses of Sociology of Deviance, Sociology of Medicine and of Sociology of Age in the particular and state' s education as follows: 1973-1989 - Courses and seminars in the following faculties: Sociology of Medicine Department (Medico-Pharmaceutical Institute from Bucharest); Philosophy Department (Polytechnic Institute from Bucharest); Philosophy Department (Academy of Economic Studies); 1990-1994 - Courses and seminars taught at the Department of Sociology (University of Bucharest); 1990-1997 - Courses and seminars taught at the Faculties of Sociology-Psychology of Hyperion, Spiru Haret, Gheorghe Cristea and Europa Ecor UIniversities; 1998 2000 Courses and seminar held exclusively at the Department of Sociology-Psychology of Hyperion University. In 1994 he has the right to coordinate doctoral theses, guiding PhD students enrolled at the Sociology Institute of the Romanian Academy. Under his scientific coordination, more PhD

students have been granted the title of doctor in sociology; they have approached the reference domains in which their coordinator is a professional specialist. In 2000, he was honorific visiting professor at the History-Philosophy Department within the Babe-Bolyai University of ClujNapoca. Gheorghe Florian has been a PhD in Psychology since 1995. During 1990 and 1996 he was the director of the Studies, Documentation and professional Formation Department in Penitentiaries General Department. After that, between 1997 and 1999, he was a director of the Bucharest-Rahova Maximum Security Penitentiary. In 2000, he became the director of the CulturalInstructive Department from the Penitentiaries General Department, the Ministry of Justice, and in 2001, he became the director of the Education Department, Penitentiary Studies and Psychology as part of the Penitentiaries General Department, the Ministry of Justice. Between 2002 and 2007, he was a psychologist at the National Institute of Criminology, the Ministry of Justice. Since 2001, he has been a university lecturer in the Social Assistance department of the Department of Sociology and Social Assistance, of the University of Bucharest. He is the president of the Penology Branch as part of the Romanian Society of Criminology, Criminology and Penology. The practical results of his activity have been carried out in various ways. Gheorghe Florian coordinated the team that accomplished the first project of The law of execution of the privative punishments of freedom for adults. He also organized together with the Dutch Committee Helsinki seminars regarding The promotion of human rights in the Romanian penitentiary system, attended by the staff from 21 penitentiaries. He organized the translation in Romanian of the international manual written for the penitentiaries staff To put the rules into practice. With Dutch financial help, he succeeded in multiplying the manual into 10,000 copies, distributed for free in all the Romanian detention centers (500 copies were sent to penitentiaries from the Republic of Moldova). He coordinated the team that made the project of The law regarding the execution of the instructive measure concerning the delinquent minors' confining into a resocializing center; Among the most important works published by Gheorghe Florian we can mention those published by Oscar Print publishing house: Penitentiary Psychology in 1995, Penitentiary Dynamics. The Reform of the Internal Structures in 1998, Penitentiary Phenomenology in 2003 and Criminality Preventing. Theory and Practice, in 2005. For his works Penitentiary Psychology and Criminality Preventing. Theory and Practice, the author won the V.V.Stanciu Award given by the Jurists' Union from Romania.

Cristina Dmboeanu is a scientific researcher at the Institute of Sociology of the Romanian Academy, where she took active part in several studies carried out by the Sociology of Deviance and Social Problems Department. Thus, in 2003 and 2004, she participated as researcher in the assessment of the experimental restorative justice in Romania. Between 2003 and 2005 she was a member of the team of the CNCSIS grant: The perception of corruption in the local public administration. At present, she is involved in the carrying out of another CNCSIS grant entitled The role of restorative justice in the justice system for minors in Romania. Although her main fields of interest are the sociology of deviance and criminality, Cristina Dmboeanu has proved her professional skills in other research areas as well. For example, between 2004 and 2006 she coordinated an ample research program carried out in a partnership (The Institute of Sociology and the Urbanproiect National Research and Development Institute for Urban Planning and Land Use), on the relation between migration and rural development. She has always granted special attention to the use and dissemination of the results of the research activity, by publishing several articles and studies in specialized magazines and collective volumes, as well as by participating in conferences, seminars, workshops and colloquia. She is the co-author of two books, one which approaches the issue of restorative justice and one focusing on drug consumption. In 2004, Cristina Dmboeanu applied and was admitted with a maximum grade of 10 for a PhD program without attendance, with the project entitled: The etiology and prevention of the crime relapse phenomenon. V. Excerpts from the summary presented by the CNCSIS in the 3rd stage of the project (2009) 1. Aim The main objective of the research carried out in the third stage of the project was to identify the main types of abuse experienced by children in their families and to emphasize the

factors active at family level and which determine the risk of the emergence and amplification of violence against minors. 2. Research methodology From a methodological point of view, a quality analysis was carried out, including 32 interviews with children who suffered abuse in the family and with respect to whom a social protection measure was issued (8 interviews with neglected children, 3 with children who were exploited for work, 11 with physically molested children and 10 with sexually molested children), 16 dialogues with parents who abused or even killed their children, 5 interviews with young adults (men and women) who were abused during their childhood and who, at the time of the study, were in a penitentiary serving an imprisonment sentence, including for the fact of having killed their aggressor parent, 10 interviews and a focus-group with the decision makers in the field of child rights protection and defense, as well as with those in involved in the prevention and social control of acts of abuse. 3. The main results of the research (1) There are no pure types of abuse, only mixed, correlated forms. For example, physical abuse is most of the times accompanied by neglect, sometimes by episodes of sexual molestation (attempts and even actual deeds), as well as by numerous emotional abuses (criticism, reproaches, insults, threats, etc.). (2) With respect to risk factors, the most important are the following: the precarious material condition, including, inappropriate housing conditions; the excessive consumption of alcohol; the parents low level of education and schooling; the educational model offered by the family of origin; the mental disturbances that affect abusing parents;

the mentality and preconceived ideas determining certain parents to adhere to the principle there is no means of education better than a good beating; the own traumatizing experience, the aggressor parent having been subjected to different forms of abuse and maltreatment during childhood.

(3) Victim characteristics: age the majority of victims are between 7 and 17 years old, although there are more isolated cases of victims below this age group; the environment of origin most victims live in the rural environment; the family form of organization most victims belong to disorganized families, where either the mother or the natural father are absent (due to death, divorce, abandonment, temporary absence due to working abroad or in another locality); the characteristics of the family environment where both parents are present (or living together), and they have a low level of education, are excessive users of alcohol and there are conflicts and tense relations between them, there is an increase of the risk for one of the daughters to be victimized; the characteristics of the parents the existence within the family of a father having a low level of education and qualification and who does not have a stable job, he is a day worker, he is an alcoholic or an excessive drinker, has a criminal record and is facing mental and emotional traumas, being himself a victim of abuse in his family of origin is also a risk factor for the daughter(s). The existence of a mother with an immoral behavior. (4) Features of abusers: age in general, abusers are aged between 30 and 55 years; the environment of origin most abusers live in the rural environment and in the outskirts of cities; personal family most abusers are part of disorganized, single parent families, where one of the partners is absent; the level of training, the degree of qualification and education the abusers are, generally, people with a low level of training, qualification and education or who have no occupation and have occasional jobs; alcoholism or excessive consumption of alcohol a large part of abusers is formed by alcoholics or persons who consume alcohol in excess.

the existence of mental problems or even mental diseases a part of abusers are facing such affections, being mentally and emotionally instable, among others because of traumas suffered during childhood; the existence of a criminal record in some cases, abusers have a criminal record, being familiarized with sexual abuses which commonly take place behind bars; perpetuation of abuse numerous abusers were themselves abused during childhood by their own parents.

(5) Proposals and suggestions for a possible improvement of the legislative and institutional framework with respect to child protection

The clear definition of the concept of the higher interest of the child and how it reflects in national legal and regulatory instruments; The development of primary social services, which assess the needs of the child and the family with a view to preventing a difficult situation. The redefinition by the existing structures education, health, social assistance institutions, etc. of their mission in order to act with a view to respecting the higher interest of the child and for preventing the institutionalization thereof; The transposition into legal acts of clear punishments for parents infringing children rights; The simplification and clarification of the law for emergency interventions, including by granting decision power to the social assistant or the law enforcement officer. The establishment of the court for minors; Encouraging adoption as a special measure for protecting the child in difficulty; The multiplication of counseling programs and of courses for parents; Increasing the number of specialists in centers subordinated to the General Directorate for Social Assistance and Child Protection, as well as training professionals (police officers, judges, social assistants within city halls) specializing in working with children victims of violence and abuses; The necessity of informing people with respect to children rights and of raising the awareness of the public opinion, through various campaigns, with the purpose of improving the attitude and general behavior of people with respect to the issue of the child/family in difficulty or facing risk situations.

10

También podría gustarte