Waveguides and Transmission Lines

General Formulation for Guided Waves

Consider a cylindrical co-ordinate system with axis taken along z-axis
for
v
= 0 , J=0
The wave equations in phasor form are

2
E

s
+ k
2
E

s
= 0

2
H

s
+ k
2
H

s
= 0
where k =

The 3-dimensional

2
may be broken in to 2 parts

2
E

s
=

t
2
E

s
+

2
E

s

2
z
= 0
where

t
2
E

s
is the 2-dimensional Laplacian in the transverse plane
if wave propagation is in +z direction, all field components will have the z dependance of the form
e
z

2
e
z
z
2
=
|
\

|
\

e
z
=
2
e
z
or

2
E

s
z
2
=
2
E

s
or

2
z
2

2
and

z

above wave equation can be re-written as

t
2
E

s
+

2
E

s

2
z
=

2
E

s
= k
2
E

s
or

t
2
E

s
+
2
E

s
= k
2
E

s

t
2
E

s
=
|
\

2
+ k
2
|

E

s
= h
2
E

s

t
2
H

s
=
|
\

2
+ k
2
|

H

s
= h
2
H

s
to express all other components in terms of E

zs
and H

zs
,
The Curl Equations with e
jt
time dependence and

E

s
= jH

s
and

H

s
= jE

s
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

E
xs
E
ys
E
zs
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
= jH

s
and
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

H
xs
H
ys
H
zs
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
= jE

s
first equation implies
a
x

y
E
zs

|
\

E
ys
(

= jH
xs
a
x
or

y
E
zs
+ E
ys
= jH
xs
a
y
[

x
E
zs
()E
xs
] = jH
ys
a
y
or -

x
E
zs
E
xs
= jH
ys
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a
z

x
E
ys


y
E
xs
(

= jH
zs
a
z
or

x
E
ys


y
E
xs
= jH
zs
similarly 2nd equation implies

y
H
zs
+ H
ys
= jE

xs
, -

x
H
zs
H
xs
= jE

ys
,

x
H
ys


y
H
xs
= jE

zs

E

s
= jH

s

y
E
zs
+ E
ys
= jH
xs

x
E
zs
E
xs
= jH
ys

x
E
ys


y
E
xs
= jH
zs

H

s
= jE

s

y
H
zs
+ H
ys
= jE

xs

x
H
zs
H
xs
= jE

ys

x
H
ys


y
H
xs
= jE

zs
1st and 4th equations give

y
E
zs
+ E
ys
= jH
xs
and

x
H
zs
H
xs
= jE

ys
or E
ys
=
1

jH
xs

1

y
E
zs
and
1
j

x
H
zs


j
H
xs
= E

ys
or
1

jH
xs

1

y
E
zs
=
1
j

x
H
zs


j
H
xs
rearranging

y
E
zs
+
1
j

x
H
zs
=
|
\

j
|

|
H
xs
=
|
\

j
2

2
j
|

|
H
xs
=
|
\

k
2

2
j
|

|
H
xs
j

y
E
zs
+

x
H
zs
=
|
\

2
+ k
2
|

H
xs
Similarly other components can also be expressed in terms of E

zs
and H

zs
and can be given as
E
xs
=
1

2
+k
2
|
\

E
zs
x
+ j
H
zs
y
|
|
E
ys
=
1

2
+k
2
|
\

E
zs
y
+ j
H
zs
x
|
|
H
xs
=
1

2
+k
2
|
\
j
E
zs
y

H
zs
x
|
|
H
ys
=
1

2
+k
2
|
\
j
E
zs
x
+
H
zs
y
|
|
and

t
2
E
zs
= h
2
E
zs

t
2
H
zs
= h
2
H
zs
where h
2
=
2
+ k
2
and k
2
=
2

Rectangular Waveguides
we start with

t
2
E
zs
= h
2
E
zs

t
2
H
zs
= h
2
H
zs
1st eq implies
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2
x
2
E
zs
+

2
y
2
E
zs
= h
2
E
zs
now using the method of separation of variables
E
zs
(x, y, z) = X(x)Y( y)Z(z) = X(x)Y(y)e
z

2
x
2
E
zs
+

2
y
2
E
zs
= h
2
E
zs
implies

2
x
2
|
\
XYe
z|
|
+

2
y
2
|
\
XYe
z|
|
= h
2
XYe
z
X"Y + XY" = h
2
XY
dividing both sides by XY
X"
X
+
Y"
Y
= h
2
= (
2
+ k
2
)
X"
X
+
Y"
Y
+
2
= k
2
X"
X
+
Y"
Y
+
2
= k
x
2
k
y
2
k
z
2
As R.H.S is a constant each term on L.H.S must be a constant
or
X"
X
= k
x
2
,
Y"
Y
= k
y
2
,
2
= k
z
2
or X" + k
x
2
X = 0 and Y" + k
y
2
Y = 0
so
X = Ae
jk
x
x
+ Be
jk
x
x
= A[cosk
x
x + jsink
x
x] + B[cosk
x
x jsink
x
x]
= (A + B)cosk
x
x + j(A B)sink
x
x
X = C
1
cosk
x
x + C
2
sink
x
x where C
1
= A + B , C
2
= j(A B)
X = C
1
cosk
x
x + C
2
sink
x
x, this solution is selected because the wave is not travelling wave
in x-direction
Similarly
Y = C
3
cosk
y
y + C
4
sink
y
y
As X = C
1
cosk
x
x + C
2
sink
x
x ,Y = C
3
cosk
y
y + C
4
sink
y
y and E
zs
(x, y, z) = XYe
z
implies
E
zs
(x, y, z) = [C
1
cosk
x
x + C
2
sink
x
x][C
3
cosk
y
y + C
4
sink
y
y]e
z
Similarly
H
zs
(x, y, z) = [B
1
cosk
x
x + B
2
sink
x
x][B
3
cosk
y
y + B
4
sink
y
y]e
z
E
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
x
+ j
H
zs
y
|

E
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
y
+ j
H
zs
x
|

H
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
y

H
zs
x
|

H
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
x
+
H
zs
y
|

where h
2
=
2
+ k
2
= k
x
2
+ k
y
2
TM Modes
H
z
= 0
E
z
= ?
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Boundary Conditions
At the walls (perfect conductor) of the waveguide
. E
tan
|
y =0, y =b, x =0, x =a
= 0
. E
tan
|
y =0, y =b, x =0, x =a
= 0
As E
z
is tangential to all four waveguide walls
y=0 bottom wall, . E
zs
|
y =0
= 0
y=b top wall, . E
zs
|
y =b
= 0
x=0 right wall, . E
zs
|
x =0
= 0
x=a left wall, . E
zs
|
x =a
= 0
As E
zs
(x, y, z) = [C
1
cos(k
x
x) + C
2
sin(k
x
x)][C
3
cos(k
y
y) + C
4
sin(k
y
y)]e
z
thus
, C
1
= C
3
= 0
or , k
x
=
m
a
, k
y
=
n
b
, E
0
= C
2
C
4
H
zs
= 0 and E
zs
= E
0
sin(
m
a
x)sin(
n
b
y)e
z
other components can easily be determined using the previously derived equations, namely
E
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
x
+ j
H
zs
y
|

E
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
y
+ j
H
zs
x
|

H
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
y

H
zs
x
|

H
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
x
+
H
zs
y
|

implies
E
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
x
|

E
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
y
|

H
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
y
|

H
ys
=
1
h
2
|
\
j
E
zs
x
|

H
zs
= 0 and E
zs
= E
0
sin(
m
a
x)sin(
n
b
y)e
z
E
xs
=
1
h
2
|
\

E
zs
x
|

=
1
h
2


x
|
\
E
0
sin(
m
a
x)sin(
n
b
y)e
z
|

=
1
h
2
E
0
|
\
m
a
|

cos
|
\
m
a
x
|

sin
|
\
n
b
y
|

e
z
Similarly
E
ys
=

h
2
|
\
n
b
|

E
0
sin
|
\
m
a
x
|

cos
|
\
n
b
y
|

e
z
H
xs
=
j
h
2
|
\
n
b
|

E
0
sin
|
\
m
a
x
|

cos
|
\
n
b
y
|

e
z
H
ys
=
j
h
2
|
\
m
a
|

E
0
cos
|
\
m
a
x
|

sin
|
\
n
b
y
|

e
z
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