II. CHAPTER 10 REVIEW A. What characteristics define medieval west European civilization?

Feudalism was the major political institution in which one lord would rule over several other lords and use their armies and agricultural items. Serfs or peasants took up a large portion of the population, in which they would own their own land under a lord and then have dues to the lord. Christianity was a large defining point because it spread throughout Europe and throught thee middle ages. B. How did manorialism affect the legal, social, and economic position of the serfs? Manorialism started to create legal code that would give more rights to the people and prevent lords from talking advantage of the people, Magna Carta. Socially this split the class apart between the higher noble class and the lower serf class. Economically this system was able to flourish because the peasants were always making crops in order to sustain the economy. C. What economic and demographic developments changed Western society? One of the biggest developments was the spread of Christianity because it allowed the church to gain much more leverage and power allowing them to almost be the most powerful sect during this time period. Also during this time trade between other civilizations were very high allowing the merchants to become a high class and allowing to Europe to grow much faster. Other developments were usually taken from other civilizations like the paper machine and silk. D. How did feudal monarchies organize power? How was their power limited? Feudal monarchies usually gave land to the successful military leaders and in turn they would protect the kingdom from outside invasions. This organization strengthened the central state and allowed the kingship to have more control. Their power was limited because the people started to fight back and as a result created rights that the kingship had to abide by. Also the church stated that anything they said had to be done by the king so the church limited the governments power as well. E. Why did Europeans support the Crusades and how did they impact Europe? Europeans supported the crusades for many reasons which include winning back the holy land that they thought were rightfully theirs. Also they knew that the area was very wealthy and as a result wanted to raid the area and take all of their riches. In later crusades it became about destroying their commerce in order to increase European commerce. Europe brought back many new technologies from the crusades. F. What problems did the medieval church face and how did it solve them? Medieval churches found that the kingships would not listen to the churches and what they had to say. As a result they created laws with the people in order to increase their strength. Eventually the church became extremely powerful. G. How did the rise of universities affect religion, society, and learning?

H. What changes occurred in agriculture, towns, and commerce after 1000 C.E.? Everything increased after the year 1000 because trade in the area became much more popular. Agriculturally the manorial system was put in place which made serfs a dominant class in agriculture. Towns did not become too big but the amount of towns did grow to enormous amounts. Commerce increased a lot with the crusades and the different trades they had. I. What social, economic, religious and political changes ended this era? The major changes that ended this era is the increase in war technology, chivalrous ceremonies, the decrease in church influence, population growth, severe famines, black death and wars. All of these things caused the end of the middle ages for the continent could no longer keep the population sustained and unified. J. How did Christianity affect the social, legal, and economic status of women? Christianity really increased the role of Women in Europe because they gave them a larger role in leading the religion and services. Socially they were more powerful than Islamic women and were actually free to do what they wanted. Although it was still a male dominated society, women did have a say. Legally they were not on the insurance so they were not owned by the men which automatically made them stronger. K. What roles did upper class women play in the feudal and religious institutions? Upper class women sometimes lead different guilds in different crafts and often lead religious institutions. Women gained a lot of powerful roles during this time period. The patriarchal structure seemed to be taking a deeper root. III. VOCABULARY A. Medieval, Middle Ages- This was the time period between the fall of Roman Empire to 15th century. B. Manorialism- System of economic and social relationships between the landlords and the peasants. C. Serfs- These were the peasants that lived on the lords land. D. 3-Field System- One field would not be worked in order for the nutrients in the soil to grow. E. (Holy Roman) emperors This is a term used by historians to denote a medieval ruler who, as German King, had also received the title of "Emperor of the Romans" from the Pope. F. Feudal monarch; vassals- This was a political system in which the high lord would rule over the other lords and vassals were military elite who got land. G. Feudalism- This was a set of legal and military customs in medieval Europe that flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, which, broadly defined, was a system for ordering society around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labor.

H. Parliaments (Three estates) - These were bodies that represented privileged groups and started the idea that leaders should listen to the people. I. Crusades- These were a set of conquests to the Middle East in order to take back the holy land. J. Papacy- The system of government of the Roman Catholic Church of which the pope is the supreme head K. Investiture- This is used to describe the installation of individuals in institutions that usually have been extant from feudal times. L. Scholasticism- This is a dominant medieval philosophy from the universities that used logic for theology. M. Hanseatic League- An organization of cities in Germany and Scandinavia for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance. N. Guilds- Sworn associations of people in the same business or craft and helped to regulate the felid so no one person would do way better than another. P. Vikings- Seagoing Scandinavians raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe between the 8th to 11th centuries. Q. Gothic- This is a style of architecture that flourished during the high and late medieval period. R. Moldboard- Heavy plow created to permit deeper cultivation of heavy soils; this was a huge technological advancement. S. Black Death- This was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. Of several competing theories, the dominant explanation for the Black Death is the plague theory, which attributes the outbreak to the bacterium Yersinia pestis. T. Clovis- This was an early Frankish king who converted the franks to Christianity. U. Benedict of Nursia- This is a Christian saint, honored by the Roman Catholic Church as the patron saint of Europe and students. V. Carolingians- This is the royal house of the franks after the 8th century. W. Charles Martel- This was a Frankish military and political leader, who served as the ender of the Muslim threat to Europe. X. Charlemagne- Charles the great, he established a substantial empire in France and Germany. Y. Three estates- This was the three social groups considered most powerful, church, nobles and urban leaders. Z. William the Conqueror- He invaded England from Normandy and extended the feudal system to England and established an administrative system based on sheriffs. A1. Hundred years war- These were conflicts between England and France about land and feudal rights versus national states.

B1. Pope Urban II- He called the first crusade in 1095 and convinced people to free the holy land. C1. Peter Abelard- He is the author of Yes and No, he applied logic to problems in theology and demonstrated logical contradictions. D1. Pope Gregory VII- He is one of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal authority and the new canon law governing the election of the pope by the College of Cardinals. E1. Investitures- This is used to describe the installation of individuals in institutions that usually have been extant from feudal times. F1. Bernard of Clairvaux- He emphasized the role of faith in logic and stressed mystical union with God and drove Abelard for the universities. G1. Thomas Aquinas- He was an Italian Dominican priest of the Catholic Church, and an immensely influential philosopher and theologian in the tradition of scholasticism and also wrote summas. H1. Cluny- This is a commune in the Sane-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne in eastern France. I1. Magna Carta- This is an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and reissued later in the 13th century in modified versions, which included the most direct challenges to the monarch's authority to date. J1. K1. L1. M1. N1. O1. P1.