Chapter 27: End of World War II

AP European History

Japan

 March of Japanese aggression

Recall: adoption of Western values during Age of Imperialism; victory in RussoJapanese War; takeover of German colonies after WWI Internal tensions drive expansionist policy September 1931: seizure of Manchuria

Japan goes on the offensive.

1931 Japan invades Manchuria. 1937 Japan invades China. 1940 Japan invades French Indochina and the Dutch East Indies.

Rape of Nanjing over 300,000 killed

Tripartite Pact
September 1940 Germany, Japan, and Italy agree to a world wide alliance

Japanese Goals entering WWII

1. Japan wanted living space for their growing population. 2. Japan wanted more natural resources for their economy and military (US blockade). 3. Japan wanted new markets for their goods.

US reaction to Japanese expansion

The US was upset with Japans invasions of other Asian nations. As a result, the U.S. cut off trade with Japan until they promised to withdraw from the occupied territories.

Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 A Day that will live in infamy

Germany and Italy declare war on the US on Dec 11, 1941 Grand Alliance adopts Europe First Strategy

War rationing and women working War Labor Board War Production Board Office of Price Administration

Colonel Fabyan researchers help break the Japanese code Purple.

Battle of Midway
The US uses good intelligence to sink 4 Japanese carriers while only losing 1. This is the turning point in the Pacific.

War in Pacific

The US launched an Island hopping campaign across the Pacific. After winning key battles at Coral Sea, Midway, Guadalcanal, and Luzon, the U.S. began to push the Japanese back. After Midway the Japanese Navy never fully recover.

Code of Bushido stressed loyalty and service: Kamikazes

USS BUNKER HILL hit by two Kamikazes in 30 seconds off Kyushu, resulting in 372 dead and 264 wounded. May 11, 1945

Flag being raised on Iwo Jima

Manhattan Project: secret US program to build the atomic bomb Col. Paul Tibbets and Hiroshima

Nagasaki Japan surrenders

Gen. MacArthur signs the treaty on September 2, 1945

V-J Day

Life on the British Home Front

Mobilization 55% in war work Women civil service, agriculture Grow Your Own Food Campaigns German submarine attacks Rationing (bacon, sugar, eggs, fats) Home Guard elderly War economy = planned economy (transition from consumer to war industry)

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Soviet Union
Great Patriotic War 40% of all casualties = Soviet Siege of Leningrad Relocation of factories Food/Housing shortages Increase of women in the workforce +60% (combat) 47% of farmland destroyed Extreme hardship/suffering

Germany
Hitler never reached full mobilization until 1944 (Albert Speer) no dramatic cuts to consumer goods until too late (closing of schools, theatres, cafes) Traditional roles of women maintained despite conscription in 1943 Civilian targetsBattle of Britain, 1942-45 GB/US aerial bombing Germany cities over 100,000 Use of incendiary bombs Dresden 35,000 killed Goal: break the civilian will to support war limited impact

Dresden - 1910

Dresden - 1945

Mosquito marker planes dropped the target indicators, which glowed red to guide the bombers.

A Lancaster dropping bundles of 4 lb (1.8 kg) stick incendiaries over Duisburg on 1415 October 1944. Seconds later, the same aircraft releases the main part of its load, a 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) HC cookie and 108 30 lb (14 kg) "J" incendiaries.

Dresden 90% of city center - destroyed

Dresden mass bodies before cremation

Frauenkirche - 1991

Frauenkirche - today

Costs of WWII 21 million soldiers dead 40 million civilian dead 100 million dependent upon food relieve 30 million displaced persons (German, Japan) Infrastructure destroyed $4 trillion cost to the war

Kane County deaths in WWII

WWII deaths
Country USSR China Germany Poland Japan Military 13,600,000 1,324,000 3,250,000 850,000 Civilian 7,700,000 10,000,000 3,810,000 6,000,000 Deaths 21,300,000 11,324,000 7,060,000 6,850,000 2,000,000

Yugoslavia
Rumania France

300,000
520,000 340,000

1,400,000
465,000 470,000

1,706,000
985,000 810,000

Hungary
Austria Greece

380,000 -

145,000 -

750,000
525,000 520,000

United States
Italy Czechoslovakia

500,000
330,000 -

80,000 -

500,000
410,000 400,000

Country

Military 326,000 198,000 76,000

Civilian 62,000 12,000 12,000

Deaths 388,000 210,000 88,000

Great Britain
Netherlands Belgium

Finland
Canada India Australia Albania Spain Bulgaria New Zealand Norway South Africa

39,000 36,000 29,000 12,000 19,000 12,000 9,000

10,000 2,000 -

84,000
39,000 36,000 29,000 28,000 22,000 21,000 12,000 10,262 9,000

Luxembourg
Denmark Total

4,000 -

5,000
4,000 56,125,262

From WWII to the Cold War

Planting of Cold War seeds in WWII

 Churchill and Roosevelt issue joint proclamation declaring that they were fighting the Axis powers to "ensure life, liberty, independence and religious freedom and to preserve the rights of man and justice."

Atlantic Charter Aug. 1941

 French Gen. Henri Giraud, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Gen. Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill. Roosevelt announced the "unconditional surrender" of Germany, Italy and Japan.

Casablanca Conference Jan. 24, 1943

 Teheran (Nov 1943)

Planning of strategy to invade Europe
Disagreement over strategy (Churchill: Balkan invasion) Consequences of strategy

Agreement to postwar partition of Germany into zones of occupation

 Yalta (Feb 1945) Eastern Europe Reality of military situation Desire of US and GB self-determination Desire of USSR creation of buffer against possible future aggression sphere of influence Approval of Declaration on Liberated Europe Freely elected but pro-soviet govt. in Eastern Europe Seeking of Soviet help against Japan (state of the atomic bomb?) Creation of United Nations Treatment of Germany (4-zones)

 WWII allies against the common enemy End of war and return of disagreements West supported the White Russians over the Red Lend Lease termination before the war US refusal of $6B to Soviets for reconstruction (West to keep USSR weak) Soviet meddling Romania (coup), Poland (installation of comm. govt.) Liberalism vs. communism

Growing US distrust and suspicions US feared losing all of Eastern Europe Failure of USSR to uphold promise of free elections Romania - Soviet coup led to pro communist govt under Petra Groza called Little Stalin Poland arrested the London Poles and put the pro-Soviet Lublin Poles in power

 Potsdam (July 1945) New president (Harry S. Truman) and new prime minister (Clement Attlee) Agreement to denazification and punishment of war criminals Arrival of word of atomic bomb The New Big Three: Attlee, Truman, & Stalin and Americas demand for free elections Stalins refusal for free elections Only war would remove USSR
Not favored by the Western Powers