El Filibusterismo/Kabanata 30 : Si Huli

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[baguhin] Buod
Nabalita sa San Diego ang pagkamatay ni Kapitan Tiyago at ang pagkadakip kay Basilio. Dinamdam ng bayan nang higit ni Huli. Maari raw ipatapon o patayin ang binata. Enero rin daw nang bitayin ang tatlong martir sa Kabite. Mga pari na iyon, nabitay pa. Tiyak daw na bibitayin din si Basilio. Nagkagayon daw si Basilio, ayon kay Hermana Penchang, dahil di nag-aagwa bendita sa Simbahan dahil narurumihan sa tubig. Hindi raw nakasasakit ang agwa bendita. Nakagagaling pa nga raw ito. May ilan pa ang nanisi rin sa binata. Ngunit marami ang nagsasabing di dapat mangyari iyon kay Basilio.Tahimik ito. Naghihiganti raw lamang ang mga prayle dahil sa pagkakatubos ni Basilio kay Huli na anak ng tulisang si Tales. Mabuti raw at pinaalis na niya si Huli, ani Hermana Penchang. Ayaw daw niyang magalit ang mga prayle sa kanya. Ang totooy di niya ibig ipatubos si Huli. Si Hermana Bali ang nagbalita kay Huli ng tungkol kay Basilio. Hinimatay pa si Huli dala ng balita. Sa Pilipinas ay kailangan ang ninong sa ano mang pagkilos. Wala nang tagatangkilik si Basilio sa pagkamatay ni Kapitan Tiyago kayat tiyak na mabubulok sa bilangguan si Basilio o mabibitay wala mang kasalanan. Naisip niyang tulungan si Basilio. At may kung anong nagbulong sa kanya na patulong kay Padre Camorra, ang nakapagpalaya kay Tandang Selo. Kung sabagay, nang pasalamatan niya ang kura ay di ito nasiyahan. Humingi ito ng pagpapasakit pa. Mula nooy iniwasan na ito ni Huli. Gayunman, may mga binatang binambo ni Padre Camorra nang mangharana ang mga iyon sa dalaga. May nangagsapantaha na ng di mabuti kay Huli ukol kay Padre Camorra.Pinarunggitan siya sa paglalakad niya. Mula nooy naging malungkutin si Huli. Minsay naitanong kay Hermana Bali kung nahuhulog sa impiyerno ang nagpapakamatay. Di natuloy ang balak niya. Natakot siya sa impiyerno. Ipinayo ni Hermana Bali na magtanong sila sa tribunal. Kaunting pabagsak lang daw at papayuhan na sila nito. Ngunit ang tagasulat ay walang nagawa o naipayo kundi patunguhin ang dalawang babae sa hukom pamayapa. Sa wakas ay nagpayo ang hukom: Ang tanging makapagliligtas kay Basilio ay si Padre Camorra kung iibigin niya, sabay turo kay Huli. Hindi kumibo si Huli. Inaakala ni Hermana Bali na tumpak ang payo. Ayaw ni Huli na magtuloy sila sa kumbento. Batid ni Hermana Bali ang dahilan. Si Padre Camorra ay tinaguriang Si Kabayo sadyang malikot sa babae.

Nakiusap si Huli na ang manang na lamang sana pumasakumbento. Wika ng hukom ay higit na mabisa ang pamanhik ng isang dalagang may mukhang sariwa kaysa mukha ng isang matanda. Nanaog ang dalawa. Nang nasa daan nay ayaw na naman ni Huli. Ang pagpapakasakit na hinihingi ni Padre Camorra ay pinagbingihan ni Huli mangahulugan ng di kapatawaran ng sariling ama. Ngayon bay gagawin niya iyon dahil kay Basilio? Magiging isa siyang lusak. Maging si Basilioy mandidiri sa kanya. May ilang nagparunggit na di siya papatulan ng kura. Maraming dalaga sa bayan. Aanhin nito ang isang taganayon lamang. At babarilin si Basilio! Binangungot si Huli nang gabing iyon. Dugo! Sindak! Mga putok. Nakita ang ama. Si Basilioy naghihingalo. Kinahapunan ng sumunod ng araw ay kumalat ang balitang may mga binaril na sa mga estudyante. Ipinasiya ni Huli na kinabukasan uli ay magsasadya na siya sa kumbento, mangyari na ang mangyari. Ngunit nang mag-uumaga nay di rin siya nagtungo sa kumbento. Dumaan ang mga araw. Umasa si Huli sa isang himala. Gabi-gabiy di siya pinatulog ng mga pangamba. Sa wakas ay dumating ang balita mula sa Maynila na si Basilio na lamang ang nabibilanggo. Nakalaya ng lahat ang kasamahan. Ipatatapon na raw sa Carolinas si Basilio. Ito ang nag-udyok kay Huli na hanapin si Hermana Bali. Nagbihis ng pinakamahusay na damit. Kinagabihan ay naging usap-usapan ang nangyari kay Huli nang hapong iyon. Tumalon sa bintana ng kumbento at patay na dinampot sa batong nakabunton sa ibaba. Si Hermana Bali ay patakbong bumaba sa pinto ng kumbento at nilibot ang daan at nagsisigaw at nagpupukpok sa pinto ng kumbento si Tandang Selo. Itinaboy ito ng palo at tulak.
Kabanata 30: JULI

Naging malaking balita ang pagkakahuli kay Basilio at labis itong pinagalala ni Juli. Siya ay binabangungot sa kakaisip kay Basilio. Sa pagnanais niyang makalaya si Basilio ay naisip niya si Padre Camorra. Isang salita lamang ni Padre Camorra ay makakalabas ng kulungan si Basilio. Siya na lamang ang natira sa bilangguan dahil wala siyang tagapagtanggol at wala rin naman kamag-anak. Ayaw pumunta ni Juli sa kumbento dahil natatakot siya kay Padre Camora ngunit pinilit siya ni Hermana Bali. Nang makapasok na sila sa kumbento, kinahapunan ay may nangyaring hindi maganda. May babaeng tumalon sa bintana at namatay at may babaeng nagtatakbong lumabas ng kumbento na tila wala na sa katinuan. Pinuntahan ni Tata Selo ang kumbento at hinahanap si Juli ngunit hind siya pinapasok at sa halip ay pinagtabuyan pa. Hinanap niya ang gobernadorsilyo, Juan de Paz at tinyente ngunit wala ang mga ito. Narinig sa bayan ang panaghoy ni Tata Selo at kinabukasan ay dinala niya ang kanyang itak at nilisan ang lungsod. (Upang sumapi sa mga tulisan)
http://www.lifehack.org/articles/tag/students

Home made thermometers

Follow these instructions to make your own thermometer and learn about expansion and contraction.
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1 June 2006 | Updated 14 October 2011

What you need

To do this activity you will need to gather:

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a tomato sauce or mayonnaise squeeze bottle* plasticine or adhesive putty a clear, narrow drinking straw food colouring a waterproof marking pen water a wooden skewer, wire, or pipe cleaner (optional) an eye-dropper (optional).

*You can also use a plastic container or bottle with a water-tight lid but you will need to make a hole in the lid.
What to do 1. Half fill the bottle with water and add a few drops of food colouring. You may need to add more water depending on the size of your bottle and length of your straw. 2. Place the bottom of a straw in the bottle so it touches the water. The top of the straw should be sitting well above the mouth of the bottle. 3. Holding the straw in place, tightly seal around the straw and the top of the bottle with plasticine. Be careful not to crush the straw.

4. Blow a little air through the straw into the bottle so that the coloured water to rises up into the straw above the stopper. Be careful when you blow into the straw. If you blow too much air into the bottle a jet of water will squirt back at you. 5. If the water level in the straw drops, it means air is escaping through the seal. You need to make sure you have no leaks in your seal. 6. When there is water in the straw you may need to remove any air bubbles inside the straw by moving a skewer up and down in the straw.

What happens to the water level in the straw?

7. You may need to use an eye-dropper to add water to the straw so the water level is about five centimetres above the top of the bottle. 8. Mark the level of the water in the straw with a pen. 9. You have now calibrated your thermometer to room temperature. 10. Cup your hands around the bottle or place it near something warm in the room. Be careful not to place plastic too close to a heat source or it will melt. What do you notice about the water level in the straw? 11. Place the bottle in the fridge and after about ten minutes take it out and look at the water level in the straw. What's happening

The thermometer uses the fact that most things expand as they warm up and contract when they cool down. If you raise the temperature of a gas, the particles that make up the gas absorb heat energy and begin to move faster. This causes the gas to expand. When the air inside the bottle expands, the pressure inside the bottle increases, pushing down on the liquid inside the bottle and pushing more liquid up the straw. When you cool the air again, it loses energy and decreases the pressure. The coloured water will then be pushed back down the straw by the pressure of the air outside. A simple bulb thermometer works on a similar principle involving the expansion of liquids.

Standard thermometers use alcohol. Liquid alcohol contracts upon cooling and expands upon heating. Alcohol has a lower freezing point than water, so it will measure temperature below freezing. Adults might have noticed that when some alcohols are stored in the freezer at home they remain a liquid. A bulb thermometer uses a very small amount of liquid so that it changes temperature quite easily and the tube is extremely small, so slight changes are easily noticed.

Production and Performance Testing of Ceramic Pot-typed Water Filter

Written by Cherry Wednesday, 27 April 2011 Recently, the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) and the National Housing Authority (NHA) signed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) in Muntinlupa City for the beta testing of the latest water filter technology developed by the Industrial Technology Development Institute (ITDI) of DOST. The project was named Production and Performance Testing of Ceramic Pot-typed Water Filter. DOST-ITDI's goal is to develop an efficient, steady, low price and easy to use water distillation system that can improve the quality of drinking water particularly in areas where access clean water is difficult. The first recipient of the water system was Southville 3 residents in Muntilupa. DOST Secretary Mario Montejo stated that the project is in line with DOST's force to make local technology works for the people and to provide some solutions to the problems of the country today. He added that potable water is one of the major development concerns of President Aquino. The agency hopes that they can roll this out to other communities nationwide. The water purification system (WPS) is an innovation that consists of a container and filtering medium, which is the ceramic pot filter (CPF). The ceramic filter is made up of red clay which is covered with nanocolloidal silver which acts as the anti-microbial agent that substitutes the chlorination process in usual water filter systems. The ceramic pot typically sits or hangs on the top of a large plastic container that is fixed with a valve at the bottom. A cover is placed on top of the filter to avoid contamination. ITDI scientists proved the system is capable to purify tap water, deep well water, and raw water tainted with up to 3% suspended particles or silt and convert these into safe drinking water. The water filter has accepted by the Philippine National Standards (PNS) for drinking water in terms of microbiological and chemical analysis. According to Nuna Almanzor, ITDI Director, the cost per unit was measured in the development of the water filter. Almanzor said that the ceramic filter is easy to make, portable, inexpensive, user friendly, and made of local clay that accepts the required physical properties of ceramic pot filters. Almanzor added that the project will also provide jobs to pottery makers in the country. She said that DOST is willing to train possible manufacturers of the ceramic filters to provide additional jobs

for Filipinos. ITDI is waiting for feedbacks from the beta test, possible improvement and cutting down of production costs, the agency will fabricate the CPF units to roll out to other NHA identified beneficiaries. At present, the units are easy to install, handle, maintain and reasonably priced. NHA General Manager, Atty. Chito Cruz, said that NHA is very honored to work with DOST for the project. [via gmanews.tv]

Light water
Follow these instructions to try two activities that will introduce you to the principles behind

fibre optics. 8 June 2006 | Updated 14 October 2011

Working with real fibre optics is quite difficult as it requires fairly high tech equipment (including LASER light sources). However, here is an activity you can do at home that demonstrates the properties of optical fibres.
What you need

For this activity, you will need:

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a small soft-drink bottle with its label removed (one with straight sides works best) a torch milk correction fluid (such as liquid paper) or paint a very dark room (try to do the experiment when it is dark outside) sink, bucket or jar a thumbtack or safety pin sticky tape scissors

paper.

For this activity, we will need to make a thin, straight beam of light. Most torches produce a fairly wide beam, so you may need to use the paper to cover most of the end so only a thin beam of light comes out. Try for a beam with a width of one centimetre or less.
What to do

There are two parts to this activity. The first part shows how light bounces underwater.

The light beam is reflected back into the water.

1. 2. 3. 4. Fill your bottle partway with water. Add a drop of milk, to make it easier to see the path of the light through the water. Place the bottle near the edge of a table in your dark room. Hold the torch down fairly low and shine it up through the side of the bottle onto the bottom of the water's surface. You should find the light travels up through the water, through the surface and into the air. 5. Keep the beam of light aimed at the same point on the surface, but slowly lift the torch up so the angle between the light and the water becomes smaller and smaller. 6. When the angle between the water and the beam of light becomes small enough, the light will not go through the surface any more but will bounce off it, like it was a mirror.

The next part shows how to trap light in a stream of water.

1. With the thumbtack, make a small hole in the bottle, a couple of centimetres from the bottom. You might find this easier if the bottle is filled with water so the sides don't bend when you push on them. 2. Empty the bottle, dry off the outside and paint around the hole with correction fluid or paint. Paint at least one centimetre in each direction, and a couple of centimetres downwards. This ensures that the beam of light only travels down the stream of water. 3. Fill the bottle with water until the water squirts out the hole in a steady stream. Make sure you have a sink or bucket set up to catch the water. 4. Shine your torch at the hole from the other side of the bottle. 5. As the water comes out of the bottle, it will look clear until it starts to break up into drops. At that point, you may see some light glittering on the drops. Hold your finger in the water stream above the point where it breaks up. You should see a spot of light on your finger.

6. If you look closely, you should find that the point of light is actually below the level of the hole. The light has stayed inside the stream of water as it bent down. What's happening

Both of these activities rely on an effect called total internal reflection.

The beam of light stays inside the stream of water. When light hits a boundary between two substances, like the surface of water, it often bends. This is called refraction. In the case of water and air, light bends towards the surface of the water when it goes from water into air. As the angle on the water side becomes smaller, the angle on the air side gets smaller even faster. When the angle on the water side is just right, the angle on the air side would have to be zero, so the light would be trying to go along the surface. If the angle on the water side is any smaller, then instead of going through into the air, the light bounces off the surface of the water. This is called total internal reflection. For the surface between water and air, the critical angle is 48.5 degrees. In this activity, the light stayed inside the stream of water because of total internal reflection. To start with, the light and the water both come out of the hole horizontally. As the water curves down, the light eventually hits the surface. Since the angle between the surface and the light is very slight, the light bounces off. As the water keeps bending, the light inside it keeps bouncing off the surface, until the water starts to break up. The same effect happens inside other clear materials such as long thin strands of glass or plastic, even if the strand curves or goes around in circles. This is called an optic fibre.
Applications

Doctors can look inside a person's body using a bundle of optic fibres connected to a television camera outside the body. This has lead to 'keyhole surgery', where doctors carry out complicated operations through small holes in the skin, instead of having to make large incisions.

Optic fibres are also used to carry information, like telephone calls. By sending the information as carefully controlled pulses of different coloured light, it is possible for a single fibre less than a millimetre wide to carry thousands of phone calls. Optic fibres are becoming more important as scientists and engineers are developing technology called photonics, which is the study of ways to generate and harness light and other forms of radiant energy. http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Programs/Do-it-yourself-science/Physicsexperiments.aspx?page=2 http://www.investigatoryprojectexample.com/science-projects/ http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/Programs/Do-it-yourself-science/Physicsexperiments.aspx

Sparkler pictures
Follow these instructions to make your own sparkler pictures and learn a bit about how photography and sparklers work.
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23 April 2007 | Updated 14 October 2011 What you need Some helpful tips before you begin What to do Exposure

'Did you know that with many cameras you can change the shutter speed to stay open longer than usual? This is called a long exposure. While the shutter is open, it will record all the light it sees.

You can use this long exposure to make a sparkler picture. If you light a sparkler and wave it around, your camera's long exposure will record all the movements of the sparkler. The picture you create will be a record of all the points of light of the sparkler. Caution: Sparklers should only be used under careful adult supervision. Sparklers burn at a very high temperature and can be dangerous. Sparklers present a fire-hazard and this is especially true in drier areas.
What you need

To do this activity you will need:

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a digital camera (with a night-time setting or a full manual camera) a tripod (a tabletop tripod or something you can rest the camera on) sparklers a dark setting a torch a group of people with a lot of patience that are ready to have fun.

Some helpful tips before you begin

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The quicker you move the sparkler, the smaller the streak of light in the photo. The slower you move it, the thicker the streak appears. If you leave the sparkler in one spot, the camera will just keep recording the amount of light, making the ball of light bigger and brighter. If you don t want to see the people in the picture make sure they wear dark clothes and hold the sparkler away from themselves.

What to do 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Set your camera up on a tripod or place it on a table or some other stable structure. Turn your camera into full manual mode or night mode. Make certain there are no other light sources. Give your friends the sparklers and practice drawing or writing with the sparkler. Get everyone in place and then light all the sparklers at the same time. Start drawing the picture and then take your photo. Tell everyone when the photo has finished. Check out the photo and decide what you want to change. You are limited only by the number of sparklers you have and your own creativity.

Exposure

Exposure means how much light the picture is exposed to. In photography, shutter speed is the length of time the window in the lens stays open to let light through to the film. In a digital camera, it is the amount of time a sensor is exposed to light.

Somewhere in the camera is a shutter. In cameras that use film this can be some sort of metal door or a cloth screen. In digital cameras it may be purely electronic. The shutter opens (or turns on) and starts the capture of the image. When the image is correctly exposed, it closes (or turns off). The amount of time is usually very small. The slower the shutter speed, the longer the exposure time. The higher the shutter speed is, the more clearly a moving object can be shot. For more hands-on activities, join CSIRO's Double Helix Science Club.

Make an underwater viewer

Follow these instructions to make your own underwater viewer so you can study your aquatic friends.
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28 October 2008 | Updated 14 October 2011 What you need What to do

Are you spending your sunny summer days at the beach? Here is an activity that will help you to explore this sandy and salty world.
What you need

To do this activity you will need the following items:

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a plastic tube that you can hold and look through easily (a white plastic plumbing tube around 30 cm long and 2-4 cm in diameter works well) clear contact a rubber band scissors coloured contact for decoration.

What to do 1. Cut a square of clear contact and stretch it across the end of your tube, wrapping it firmly at the sides. 2. To make sure you have a water-tight seal, wrap an elastic band tightly around the contact. 3. Decorate your tube with funky shapes cut from coloured contact. 4. Put the end of the viewer covered with clear contact into the water. You will be able to see underwater clearly without the surface of the water interfering with your view.

http://en.allexperts.com/q/Physics-1358/2008/7/physics-262.htm http://www.csiro.au/en/Portals/Education/SbE-Activity-Archive/Technology-activities.aspx http://www.csiro.au/scope/activities/e120c01activity.htm

Activity: The Bounce Back

On SCOPE's Team Sports episode, you saw Nick make a ball do some strange bouncing. Here's how he did it: Watch this clip What you need
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A rubber bouncy ball (not all balls work, needs to be quite "grippy" on the bouncing surface) A portable flat surface (a tray, book, glass or plastic sheet) Water Friend

What to do 1. Hold the tray about 30cm above the table. 2. Ask your friend to try to bounce the ball onto the table, off the underside of the tray, back onto the table and out the other side. So it follows the path of a "W". 3. After they try (and fail) a few times, wet the ball and show them it can be done. What's happening? Sport is full of scientific concepts. And sports that use balls rely on two in particular spin and friction. And this experiment puts both to the test.

When your friend was unable to bounce the ball through you can tell them it is because of friction and spin. Friction is the force occurring when two surfaces are in contact. Rubber produces a lot of friction when it rubs against things, which is why we use it in things like tyres and shoes. Rubber balls are very elastic, meaning when they hit something they bounce back. But if we give the ball some sideways rotation it bounces off in the direction of the spin. Because of friction, the rubber grips the table and bounces back. This pushes the ball off to the side and reverses the direction it is spinning. And that is exactly what's happening with the ball bouncing experiment. When you first throw the ball it's moving forward, but friction between the table and ball makes the ball spin. The top of ball spins forward. So when it then hits the tray, friction pushes the ball backwards and reverses its spin. When it hits the table for the second time it pushes it again and goes back to the thrower. So what does a little water do? It makes the ball bounce through. That's because there is very little friction between the ball and the table or tray when the rubber ball is wet. When you throw the wet ball, it barely spins at all when it hits the table, and even if it did spin, it doesn't grip enough to bounce it backwards. So it follows the "W" path through to the other side. So there you go a sporty ball bouncing experiment to trick your friends.
http://www.csiro.au/Portals/Education/SbE-Activity-Archive.aspx http://www.csiro.au/scope/activities/e176c01activity.htm

What you need:

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2 large bowls 1.5 metres of clear plastic tubing (from the hardware store) Something to elevate one bowl e.g. bricks Thick tape Scissors Approx 50cm PVC pipe (from the hardware store) Food colouring

What to do: 1. Using the thick tape, attach one end of the plastic tubing to one end of the PVC pipe.

2. Twist the tubing around the outside of the pipe, making sure that each new coil begins on a slight angle. As you go, secure the tubing in place with the thick tape. 3. When you reach the other end of the pipe, cut off the tubing so there is about 5cm of it hanging over the edge. 4. Add water to one bowl. 5. Add food colouring to the water. 6. Place the empty bowl about 30cms away from the bowl of water, and elevate it about 10cm. 7. Place one end of the screw (with the tubing hanging over the edge) in the water, and place the other end over the empty bowl. 8. Keeping the end in the water, rotate the screw, making sure it turns in the correct direction so the tubing scoops up some water as it rotates. 9. Before long, the water will be move uphill, against gravity, to the empty elevated bowl! What's happening? Archimedes invented the screw around 2300 years ago. It was originally used to do things like help Egyptian farmers take water from the Nile to irrigate their fields. So how does it work? How can water seemingly travel upwards? For starters, the force of the rotation provides enough momentum for water to be scooped into the tube. Also, the slope of the screw means in the next rotation, the water is raised to a higher point in the tube, while another portion of water is scooped up into the tube. The constant rotation of the screw means the portions of water move further and further along the tube until they reach the other bowl. Today, we're still using Archimedes' invention. Of course there is the hardware screw but then there are also windmills, irrigation pumps and even fish hatcheries they use a similar principle to transport fish from one pool to another! Archimedes truly was ahead of his time!
http://www.csiro.au/helix/sciencemail/activities/RunBottle.html

Activity: Solar barbeque

On SCOPE's Outback Science episode, you saw Mac have a go at making a solar barbeque. Here's what he did. Watch the clip. CAUTION : You should not eat something that has been sitting in the sun all day. This activty also involves cutting a can, always wear gloves when dealing with sharp metal edges. Mac with his Solar Barbeque You will need
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A pair of gloves to protect your hands Tin snippers Sticky tape

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An aluminium can Aluminium foil A nail or hole punch A hammer Some wooden or metal skewers Scissors Chipolatas

What to do Firstly, you need to cut an empty aluminium can in half lengthways. Get an adult to help with this one. Make sure they have thier gloves on and be very careful; the edges of the can are really sharp. Cover all the sharp edges with sticky tape. Now you have the base of your BBQ, you need to line the inside of the can with aluminium foil. Pierce a hole at each end of the can to put your skewer through. To do this, you can either use a hole punch or a hammer and a nail through each end of your BBQ. Either way make sure you get an adult to help you. Place the hole not too far from the top edge. On the menu for today is the chipolata - or mini sausage. Thread the skewer through the centre of the chipolata and then place into the mini solar BBQ. Now we need to find a spot outside, where the barbeque is in full sun to get cooking. What's happening? The sun radiates light energy! The solar cooker converts the light into heat energy. It also soaks up some of sun's heat making it hot. These solar sausage sizzlers use the shape of the reflective dish to concentrate the sun's energy onto the skewer. Now this is not the fastest way to cook your snag, but if you wait, and give it the occasional turn, and wait some more, it will cook your chipolata just the way you like it. But, if you are having your mates over for lunch, you might want to get a real barbeque going. You shouldn't eat something that's been sitting in the sun all day. But this does show that solar energy can cook!