PRESENT SIMPLE OF BE (= BITI)

POTVRDNI OBLIK 1. I am (Im) 2. you are (youre) 3. he she is (shes) it UPITNI OBLIK 1. Am I? 2. Are you? 3. he Is she? It ODRINI OBLIK 1. I am not (Im not) 2. you are not (arent) 3. he she is not (isnt) it 1. we are not (arent) 2. you are not (arent) 3. they are not (arent) 1. Are we? 2. Are you? 3. Are they? 1. we are (were) 2. you are (youre) 3. they are (theyre)

PRESENT SIMPLE

Sadanje vreme koje se koristi: 1. za radnju koja se redovno ponavlja (every week, every day, every year.) e.g. She gets up at 8 oclock every morning. 2. za opte konstatacije i injenice e.g. The earth goes round the sun. 3. za izraavanje budunosti kada govorimo o rasporedima, programima i sl. e.g. The train leaves Plymoth at 11.30 and arrives in London at 14.45. What time does the film start?

GRAENJE POTVRDNI OBLIK Glagol je u infinitivu za sva lica, osim za 3. lice jednine (he/she/it) kada se na infinitiv dodaje nastavak -s. Na glagole koji se zavravaju na ch, -sh, -s, - x, z ili -o dodaje se nastavak es (e.g. watches, goes).

1. I like 2. you like 3. he she likes it UPITNI OBLIK

1. we like 2. you like 3. they like

U pitanju se uvek mora uvesti pomoni glagol DO (za sva lica), odnosno DOES (za 3. lice jednine) 1. Do I like? 2. Do you like? 3. he Does she like? it 1. Do we like? 2. Do you like? 3. Do they like?

ODRINI OBLIK I u odrinim (negativnim) reenicama se uvek mora uvesti pomoni glagol DO / DOES 1. I do not (dont) like 2. you do not (dont) like 3. he she does not (doesnt) like it 1. we do not (dont) like 2. you do not (dont) like 3. they do not (dont) like

OBRATITE PANJU da uvek za 3. lice jednine (he/she/it) u pitanjima i odrinim reenicama koristimo pomoni glagol DOES, pri emu se glavni glagol vraa u infinitiv (tj. gubi nastavak s/-es)!!! NEPRAVILNI OBLICI: 1. Tree lice jednine glagola HAVE je HAS.

2. 1. 2. 3.

HAVE GOT I have got / Ive got you have got / youve got he she has got / shes got it

1. we have got / weve got 2. you have got / youve got 3. they have got / theyve got

1. Have I got? 2. Have you got? 3. Has he got? she it

1. Have we got? 2. Have you got? 3. Have they got?

1. I have not got / I havent got 1. We have not got / we havent got 2. you have not got / you havent got 2. you have not got / you havent got 3. he 3. they have not got / they havent got she has not got / she hasnt got it OBRATITE PANJU: HAVE GOT ima samo sadanje vreme! U svim ostalim vremenima se koristi glagol HAVE. e.g. Did you have a nice time during the holiday? / Will you have something to eat?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS Present Continuous je sadanje vreme koje se koristi: 1. za radnju koje se deava u trenutku govora e.g. I am reading about Present Continuous now. 2. za radnju koja je poela da se deava, ali jo nije zavrena (a ne mora da se deava ba u trenutku govora) e.g. 1. Dragana is learning English. 2. I'm reading an interesting book. Present Continuous se esto koristi sa prilozima now, at the moment. 3. za planiranu i ugovorenu buduu radnju, koja e se desiti u skorijoj budunosti e.g. 1. Im playing tennis this afternoon. 2. Janes seeing her boyfriend tonight.

TO BE + GLAGOL + - ING potvrdni oblik 1. I am playing 2. you are playing 3. he she is playing it upitni oblik - inverzija 1. Am I playing? 2. Are you playing? 3. he Is she playing? it odrini oblik 1. I am not (I'm not) playing 2. you are not (aren't) playing 3. he she is not (isn't) playing it

1. we are playing 2. you are playing 3. they are playing

1. Are we playing? 2. Are you playing? 3. Are they playing?

1. we are not (aren't) playing 2. you are not (aren't) playing 3. they are not (aren't) playing

NE ZABORAVITE da postoje glagoli koji nikada ne mogu imati Continuous oblik: like love know believe hate want need prefer realize suppose mean understand remember belong contain consist depend seem have kada znai imati/posedovati see (I am seeing = I am having a meeting with) hear smell taste think (kada znai believe, tj. kada znai imati mieljenje ALI kada znai razmiljati ima Continuous!) e.g What do you think of the film? (ne moe What are you thinking?) What are you thinking about? Im hungry. I want something to eat (a, ne I am wanting). Do you understand what I mean? (a, ne Are you understanding what Im meaning).

PAST SIMPLE e.g. 1. I went to the cinema yesterday. 2. He was in Belgrade 2 days ago. Prolo vreme koje se koristi za radnju koja je poela i zavrila se u prolosti (zavrena prola radnja). Obino je vreme, kada se neto desilo, precizirano (last year, two days ago, last summer, yesterday)

TO BE

POTVRDNI OBLIK 1. I was 2. you were 3. he she was it 1. we were 2. you were 3. they were

UPITNI OBLIK 1. Was I? 2. Were you? 3. he Was she? it 1. Were we? 2. Were you? 3. Were they?

ODRINI OBLIK 1. I was not (wasnt) 2. you were not (werent) 3. he she was not (wasnt) it 1. we were not (werent) 2. you were not (werent) 3. they were not (werent)

OSTALI GLAGOLI

POTVRDNI OBLIK U potvrdnom obliku PRAVILNI GLAGOLI na infinitiv dodaju nastavak ed / -d (-d se dodaje na glagol koji se u infinitivu zavrava na e; e.g. like liked)

1. I worked 2. you worked 3. he she worked it

1. we worked 2. you worked 3. they worked

IZGOVOR: -ed se moe izgovarati na 3 naina: kao T ako se glagol u izgovoru zavrava na: p, k, f, , , s e.g. stop, walk, work, laugh, watch, wash, mix.... kao ID ako se glagol zavrava na: t / d e.g. want, visit, decide, wait... kao D u svim ostalim sluajevima Dok NEPRAVILNI GLAGOLI koriste 2. kolonu nepravilnih glagola 1. I came 2. you came 3. he she came it 1. we came 2. you came 3. they came

UPITNI OBLIK U pitanju se uvek mora koristiti pomoni glagol DID, pri emu se glavni glagol vraa u infinitiv 1. Did I work/come? 2. Did you work/come? 3. he Did she work/come? it 1. Did we work/come? 2. Did you work/come? 3. Did they work/come?

ODRINI OBLIK U odrinoj reenici se takoe uvek mora koristiti pomoni glagol DID, pri emu se glavni glagol vraa u infinitiv 1. I did not work/come 2. you did not work/come 3. he she did not work/come it 1. we did not work/come 2. you did not work/come 3. they did not work/come

did not = didnt

PAST CONTINUOUS Prolo vreme koje se koristi: 1. Kada elimo da kaemo da je neka radnja bila u toku u odreenom momentu u prolosti. e.g. 1. Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They began at 10 and finished at 11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playing tennis. 2. This time last year I was living in Brazil. 3. What were you doing at 10 oclock last night? 2. Za radnju koja je u prolosti bila u toku (deavala se) kada se dogodila neka druga radnja (odnos duge (Past Continuous) i kratke radnje (Past Simple). e.g. 1. I was walking home when I met Dave. 2. Ann was watching television when the phone rang. 3. When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. 3. Za dve paralelne radnje koje su se deavale due vreme u prolosti (obe radnje su u Past Continuous-u). Ovde se esto koristi veznik WHILE (= dok, u toku). e.g. 1. While I was reading a book, my parents were watching TV. 2. My mother was cooking while I was ironing. 4. Za dugu prolu radnju. e.g. 1. She was studying all day yesterday. 2. What were you doing all day yesterday? I was swimming the whole day.

GRADI SE od prolog vremena glagola TO BE (was/were) + glagol na koji se doda nastavak ing WAS/WERE + GL - ING POTVRDNI OBLIK: 1. I was sleeping 2. you were sleeping 3. he she was sleeping it

1. we were sleeping 2. you were sleeping 3. they were sleeping

UPITNI OBLIK INVERZIJA: 4. Was I sleeping? 5. Were you sleeping? 6. he Was she sleeping? it ODRINI OBLIK: 1. I was not (wasnt) sleeping 2. you were not (werent) sleeping 3. he she was not (wasnt) sleeping it

1. Were we sleeping? 2. Were you sleeping? 3. Were they sleeping?

1. we were not (werent) sleeping 2. you were not (werent) sleeping 3. they were not (werent) sleeping

NE ZABORAVITE glagole koji nikada ne mogu imati Continuous oblik!

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PRESENT PERFECT KORISTI SE ZA: 1. Prolu radnju koja nije zavrena, nego se nastavlja do sadanjeg trenutka e.g. Have you ever eaten caviar? We have never had a car. Have you read Hamlet? 2. Prolu radnju ije se posledice osete u sadanjosti e.g. John has eaten all the cookies. (nema vie kolaa) He has lost his keys. (jo uvek ih nije naao) OBRATITE PANJU da kod Present Perfect-a UVEK mora da postoji veza sa sadanjou. Ukoliko ta veza ne postoji, ne koristi se Present Perfect!!! e.g. Shakespeare wrote many plays. Mozart was a great composer.

KORISTI SE UZ SLEDEE IZRAZE: recently/lately, in the last few days, so far, up to now, all my life, once, twice e.g. I havent seen him recently/lately. Ive met a lot of people in the last few days. We havent had any problems so far/up to now. Ive lived in Novi Sad all my life. Hes been to London twice in his life. today, this morning/evening ukoliko ovi periodi jo traju e.g. Have you heard from George recently? Ive met a lot of people in the last few days. Ive drunk four cups of coffee today. Its the first/second/third.... time something has happened

Its the first time he has driven a car. Linda has lost her passport again. Its the second time this has happened. ever, never. Have you ever been to London?

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I have never seen such a beautiful girl. just (za radnju koja se upravo zavrila) e.g. He has just finished his lecture. We have just returned from Italy. yet (samo u upitnim i odrinim reenicama, uvek stoji na kraju reenice) e.g. I have not finished yet. Have you seen Shrek yet? already Dont forget to visit the doctor. Ive already visited him. since (od neke vremenske take u prolosti do sada) e.g. He has been ill since February. for (obuhvata ceo vremenski period od prolosti, do sadanjeg momenta) e.g. They have been married for five years. how long? e.g. How long have you lived in Novi Sad? OBRATITE PANJU da, kada se pita za precizan momenat kada se neto desilo (sa WHEN/WHAT TIME), tada se koristi Past Simple. e.g. When did you see Shrek? Takoe, ako se precizira kada se neto desilo, koristimo Past Simple. e.g. I watched TV last night.

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HAVE / HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE (glagol + -(e)d ; 3. kolona)

POTVRDNI I ODRINI OBLIK I We have (ve) You have not (havent) They

been / worked

He She It PITANJA How long have

has (s) has not (hasnt)

been / worked

How long

has

I we you they he she it

been / worked?

been / worked?

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Gradi se od HAS/HAVE + BEEN + GLAGOL-ING

POTVRDNI I ODRINI OBLIK I We have (ve) You have not (havent) They

been working

He She It PITANJA How long have

has (s) has not (hasnt)

been working

How long

has

I we you they he she it

been working?

been working?

UPOTREBA 1. Za radnju koja je zapoeta u prolosti, a nastavlja se i u sadanjosti e.g. Weve been waiting here for hours. Its been raining for days. 2. Za prolu radnju ije se posledice osete i proteu u sadanjosti e.g. Im hot because Ive been running. I havent got any money because Ive been shopping.

OBRATITE PANJU Da ponekad postoji jako mala ili skoro nikakva razlika izmedju Present Perfect Simple-a i Present Perfect Continuous-a e.g. How long have you worked here? How long have you been working here?

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Glagoli, koji prenose ideju dugotrajnosti radnje, npr: wait, work, learn, travel, play... se esto koriste u Present Perfect Continuous-u e.g. Ive been playing tennis since I was a boy

Glagoli koji ne prenose ideju dugotrajnosti radnje, npr. find, start, buy, die, lose, break, stop... se uglavnom ne koriste u Present Perfect Continuous-u, nego u Present Perfect Simple-u e.g. Ive bought a new dress. My cat has died. My radios broken.

Present Perfect Simple izgleda kao zavrena radnja. Zato, ukoliko u reenici stoji odreeni broj ili koliina, se koristi Present Perfect Simple, a ne Continuous e.g. Ive written three letters today

NE ZABORAVITE glagole koji nikada ne mogu imati Continuous oblik!

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PAST PERFECT Davno prolo vreme koje se koristi za: Prolu radnju koja se desila PRE neke druge prole radnje. e.g. 1. When Sarah arrived at the party, Paul had already gone home. 2. When we got home last night, we found that somebody had broken into the flat. 3. Karen didnt want to go to the cinema with us because she had already seen the film. GRADI SE: HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE (glagol + -(e)d ; 3. kolona) POTVRDNI I ODRINI OBLIK I you he she it we you they PITANJA I you he she it we you they

had (d) come / worked. had not (hadnt)

come / worked?

Had

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GOING TO + INFINITIVE UPOTREBA eg 1. She is going to be a ballet dancer when she grows up. 2. We are going to stay in a villa in France this summer. eg 1. Look at the clouds! It is going to rain. Kada postoje jasne naznake (znaci) da e se nesto desiti Koristi se za izraavanje buduih planova (isplaniranih radnji)

TO BE + GOING TO + INFINITIVE

Potvrdni oblik 1. I am going to (stay) 2. you are going to (stay) 3. he she is going to (stay) it 1. we are going to (stay) 2. you are going to (stay) 3. they are going to (stay)

Odrini oblik 1. I am not going to (stay) 2. you are not going to (stay) 3. he she is not going to (stay) it 1. we are not going to (stay) 2. you are not going to (stay) 3. they are not going to (stay)

Upitni oblik (inverzija) 1. Am I going to (stay)? 2. Are you going to (stay)? 3. he Is she going to (stay)? it 1. we 2. Are you going to (stay)? 3. they

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WILL / SHALL FUTURE WILL / SHALL + INFINITIVE ODLUKE DONETE U MOMENTU GOVORA (nije prethodno neto planirano, niti ugovoreno). e.g. 1. Oh, Ive left the door open. Ill go and shut it. 2. Mr Smith is here to see you, sir. Very well, Ill see him. 3. Would you like something to drink? Yes, Ill have an orange juice, please. PLANOVI SA IZRAZIMA MOGUNOSTI ILI USLOVIMA (perhaps, maybe, if, think, dont think, suppose, probably, expect) e.g. 1. Will you take that exam in June? Maybe I will. 2. I think (dont think) SCG will win the European Basketball Championship. PONUDE: e.g. 1. That book looks heavy. Ill help you with it. OBEANJA: e.g. 1. Thanks for lending me the money. Ill pay you back on Friday. 2. I wont tell anyone what happened. I promise. MOLBE: e.g. 1. Will you please be quiet? Im trying to concentrate. 2. Will you shut the door, please? ODBIJANJE (wontt + infinitive): e.g. 1. Ive tried to advise her but she wont listen. 2. The car wont start. I wonder whats wrong with it. PONUDE I SUGESTIJE (Shall I / Shall we?): e.g. 1. Shall I open the window? 2. Ive got no money. What shall I do? 3. Shall we go? 4. Where shall we go this evening?

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OBRATITE PANJU da se shall koristi jedino uz 1. lice jednine i mnoine (I / we)! PREDVIANJE BUDUNOSTI (ako ne postoji spoljni znak da e se neto desiti) e.g. 1. Jane wont pass the exam. She hasnt studied enough for it. 2. The population of the world will reach six billion by 1995.

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MODALNI GLAGOLI CAN i MUST CAN = moi, znati, umeti POTVRDNI OBLIK: 1. I can 2. you can 3. he she can it UPITNI OBLIK (INVERZIJA): 1. Can I? 2. Can you? 3. he Can she? it ODRINI OBLIK: 1. I cannot (cant) 2. you cannot (cant) 3. he she cannot (cant) it SPECIFINOSTI: CAN se javlja samo u prezentu, Jedini je glagol iji se odrini oblik pie zajedno sa negacijom NOT (cannot), Za sva lica ima isti oblik, tj. u 3. licu jednine ne dodaje nastavak (e)s, Odrini i upitni oblik ne gradi dodavanjem pomonog glagola DO/DOES, tj. sam je sebi dovoljan, 5. Iza CAN stoji glagol u infinitivu, bez TO (I can drive a car) 1. 2. 3. 4.

1. we can 2. you can 3. they can

1. Can we? 2. Can you? 3. Can they?

1. we cannot (cant) 2. you cannot (cant) 3. they cannot (cant)

PROLO VREME od CAN je COULD i ima iste odlike gore spomenute kao i CAN

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MUST = morati POTVRDNI OBLIK: 1. I must 2. you must 3. he she must it UPITNI OBLIK (INVERZIJA): 1. Must I? 2. Must you? 3. he Must she? it ODRINI OBLIK: MUST NOT = NE SMETI 1. we must not (mustnt) 2. you must not (mustnt) 3. they must not (mustnt) 1. Must we? 2. Must you? 3. Must they? 1. we must 2. you must 3. they must

1. I must not (mustnt) 2. you must not (mustnt) 3. he she must not (mustnt) it

NEED NOT (NEEDNT) = NE MORATI

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HAVE TO Oblici su HAS/HAVE TO + INFINTIV = MORATI Pitanja i odrine reenice se grade upotrebom pomonog glagola DO/DOES Prolo vreme je HAD TO + INFINITIV. Pomoni glagol u pitanjima i odrinim reenicama je DID.

I had to get up early yesterday. Why did you have to work last weekend? They liked the hotel because they didnt have to do any cooking.

UPOTREBA: HAVE TO izraava jaku obavezu. Obavezu koja dolazi od spolja, u vidu npr. zakona, pravila ili autoriteta. e.g. You have to have a driving licence if you want to drive a car. (Thats the law.) I have to start work at 8.00.

DONT/DOESNT HAVE TO izraava odsustvo obaveze. Neto nije potrebno, neophodno da se uradi. e.g. You dont have to do the washing-up. Ive got a dishwasher. She doesnt have to work on Monday. Its her day off.

MUST

MUST + INFINITIV bez TO = MORATI Oblik MUST je isti za sva lica Pitanja sa MUST su mogua, mada je uobiajenije da se koristi HAVE TO u pitanjima e.g. Must I take the exams? / Do I have to take the exams? MUST NOT = NE SMETI NEED NOT = NE MORATI

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UPOTREBA: MUST izraava obavezu, koja dolazi od samog govornika (vie je lino obojena nego kod have to). e.g. I must get my hair cut. (I think its necessary) Poto MUST izraava autoritet govornika, veoma lako moe da zvui suvie jako, kao da nekome neto nareujemo! e.g. You must help me. (Im giving you an order) MUST moe da se koristi i kada nekome neto predlaemo e.g. You must see the Monet exhibition. Its wonderful. MUST je samo oblik za sadanje vreme, u svim ostalim vremenima koristimo HAVE TO

SHOULD

SHOULD + INFINITIV bez TO = TREBA, BI TREBALO SHOULD ima isti oblik za sva lica Pitanja se grade inverzijom

UPOTREBA: SHOULD koristimo da iskaemo nae miljenje, ta mislimo da je dobro ili najbolje da se uradi, kada dajemo neki savet. e.g. I should do more work. (This is my opinion) Poto izraava neije miljenje, veoma esto moe da se koristi uz I think / I dont think e.g. Do you think we should stop here? (Im asking you for your opinion) SHOULDNT izraava negativni savet e.g. You shouldnt sit so close to the TV. Its bad for your eyes.

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ODNOSNE (RELATIVNE) REENICE

Reenice koje se odnose na neku re iz prethodne reenice.

Ako se odnose na ljude, tada poinju relativnom zamenicom WHO/THAT e.g. The woman who/that works with me is very beautiful. My sister who/that you can see now.... Ako se odnose na stvari, poinju sa WHICH/THAT e.g. The car which/that I sold last moth.... WHOSE e.g. He is the man whose dog ran away last week. WHERE e.g. The villa where we stayed was very spacious. PRAVILA Kada su WHO, WHICH i THAT objekat u reenici, tj. odmah iza njih sledi subjekat relativne reenice, tada se ove relativne zamenice mogu izostaviti

e.g. The girl (who/that) I wanted to meet was ill. Have you seen the film (which/that) we talked about. Ukoliko iza njih stoji glagol, zamenice se NE MOGU izostaviti. e.g. My brother who lives in New York is going to Mexico next week. I told you about the man who works with me. Zamenice WHOSE i WHERE se NIKADA ne mogu izostaviti.

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Conditional Clauses

I First Conditional

OBLIK If + Present Tense, will/can. + infinitive without to If I work hard, Ill pass my exams. (=Ako puno budem radio/radim, poloiu ispite.) If we dont hurry up, well be late. (=Ako ne pourimo/budemo pourili, zakasniemo.) What will you do if you dont go to university? (=ta e raditi ako ne bude iao/ode na fakultet?)

Kondicionalna reenica if moe da stoji na poetku i na kraju reenice. Ako stoji na poetku, stavljamo zarez na kraju, tj. zarezom razdvajamo dve proste recenice (pogledajte prva dva primera gore). UPOTREBA: 1. Prvi kondicional se koristi za izraavanje realnih, moguih, ostvarljivih radnji ili situacija. Postoji velika mogunost da e se radnja desiti. e.g. Sue: I think I left my watch at your house. Have you seen it? Ann: No, but Ill have a look when I get home. If I find it, Ill tell you. OBRATITE PANJU U engleskom, u kondicionalnoj reenici se koristi present tense, a ne future form! Iako esto u prevodu koristimo budue vreme. e.g If it rains (not If it will rain), Ill stay at home (Ako bude padala kia....)

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II Second Conditional OBLIK If + Past Tense, would/could/might + infinitive without to If I had more money, Id buy a CD player. (=Da imam vise novca, kupila bih CD plejer.) If I didnt have so manu debts, I wouldnt have to work so hard. (= Da nemam toliko dugova, ne bih morao da radim tako puno.)

UPOTREBA: Drugi kondicional se koristi za izraavanje nerealnih, imaginarnih (zamiljenih) situacija. Znaenje je sadanje ili budue. OBRATITE PANJU Iako se u ovde koristi Past Simple i would, znaenje NIJE prolo, nego sadanje ili budue. e.g. If I won a thousand pounds, Id buy a new house. (= Kada bih osvojio/Da osvojim 1000 funti, kupio bih novu kuu) U ovim reenicama se koristi were umesto was uz I/he/she

e.g. If I were rich, Id travel around the world.

Would se ne koristi u if reenici

e.g. If I had more money (ne If I would have...) iako je znaenje Kad bih imao vise novca.

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III Third Conditional

IF + PAST PERFECT, WOULD/COULD/MIGHT... HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

Ovu vrstu kondicionalnih recenica koristimo kada priamo o prolim, neostvarljivim situacijama ili radnjama. Vreme u ovim reenicama je uvek PROLO, a uslov NIJE OSTVARLJIV! e.g. 1. If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you = Da sam znala (a, nisam!!!) da si bio u bolnici, posetila bih te (a, nisam!!!) 2. If he had gone away, I would have been very sad = Da je on otiao (a, nije!!!), bila bih veoma tuna (a, nisam!!!) 3. We would have gone jogging last weekend if it hadnt rained = Ili bismo na dogiranje/tranje (a, nismo) prolog vikenda da nije padala kia (a, jeste)

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Time Clauses
Sledei veznici uvode vremenske reenice: When While As soon as After Before Until / till = dok (do odreenog momenta kad....) As long as = dok (sve vreme dok)

e.g. He couldnt speak German until he was 13. I was up till three oclock last night. As long as he wants me to cook, I wont marry him. OBRATITE PANJU U vremenskim reenicama koje se odnose na budunost ne koristi se future form, nego Present tense e.g. When I get home, Ill have a shower (= Kad budem stigla kui/stignem kui....)

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Indirect (Reported) Speech

Kada izvetavamo ta je neko rekao, koristimo indirektni/neupravni govor. Ako je glagol u glavnoj, uvodnoj reenici u sadanjem ili buduem vremenu, tada glagol u zavisnoj reenici ostaje u istom vremenu. e.g. Im ill. I know that he is ill. ALI, ako u glavnoj reenici stoji glagol u prolom vremenu, tada se primenjuje pravilo o SLAGANJU VREMENA, tj. glagol u zavisnoj reenici se pomera za jedno vreme unazad (za jedno prolije vreme)!!!

DIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PRESENT I never eat meat, he explained. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Im waiting for Ann, he said. SIMPLE PAST I took it home with me, she said. PAST CONTINUOUS I was playing tennis yesterday PRESENT PERFECT I have found a flat, he said. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS I have been painting my flat

INDIRECT SPEECH
SIMPLE PAST He explained that he never ate meat. PAST CONTINUOUS He said that he was waiting for Ann. PAST PERFECT She said that she had taken it home with her. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He explained that he had been playing tennis the day before. PAST PERFECT He said that he had found a flat. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS He told us that she had been painting her flat. PAST PERFECT She told me that they had lived there before they had moved. CONDITIONAL I said that I would be in Paris on Monday. TO + INFINITIVE / NOT TO + INFINITIVE He told me to shut up. She told me not to smoke in there. COULD WOULD MIGHT

PAST PERFECT We had lived here before we moved. FUTURE I will be in Paris on Monday. IMPERATIVE Shut up!, he told me. Dont smoke in here!, she said. CAN WILL MAY

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MUST SHOULD MIGHT

MUST/HAD TO SHOULD MIGHT

OBRATITE PAZNJU da poto u srpskom ne postoji slaganje vremena, ove reenice prevodimo u onom vremenu u kojem je glagol u direktnom/upravnom govoru! e.g. She said (that) she studied music. = Rekla je da studira muziku. (a ne, da je studirala) He said that Mary would be happy. = Rekao je da e Mary biti srena. U indirektnom govoru, pored vremena u zavisnoj reenici, se menjaju i zamenice i prisvojni pridevi. e.g. He said: Ive forgotten the combination of my safe. He said (that) he had forgotten the combination of his safe.

Izuzetak je jedino kada sam govornik stavlja svoje reci u indirektni govor. e.g. 1. I said: I like my new house. I said (that) I liked my new house. Takoe se menjaju i prilozi za mesto i vreme

DIRECT SPEECH
this these today yesterday tomorrow next week/year... a year/month.... ago

INDIRECT SPEECH

that those that day the day before the next day the following week/year... a year/month... before/the previous year/month... here there now then last night the night before tonight that evening/that night IZUZETAK OD SLAGANJA VREMENA

Ako indirektnim govorom iskazujemo injenice/stvari koje jo uvek vae ili opte istine, pravilo o slaganju vremena se ne mora potovati. e.g. 1. Jupiter is the largest planet. He told us that Jupiter is the largest planet.

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QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirektna pitanja se uvode glagolima tipa: ask, want to know, inquire, wonder... Direktna pitanja koja poinju upitnim reima (WH- reima: what / where / who / how...), poinju na isti nain i u indirektnim pitanjima. e.g. He said: What do you want? He asked what I wanted. Direktna pitanja koja poinju pomonim glagolom, u indirektnim pitanjima poinju sa IF / WHETHER. e.g. He said: Do you know Bill? He asked me if/whether I knew Bill.

ALI kada u pitanju postoji izbor, tj. veznik OR, takvo pitanje se uvodi sa WHETHER a ne if. e.g. He asked me: Did you go to France or Spain last winter? He asked me whether I had gone to France or Spain the previous winter.
OBRATITE PANJU da je red rei u indirektnim pitanjima isti kao i u potvrdnim reenicama, tj. glagol dolazi iza subjekta (a ne kao u direktnim pitanjima, kada pomoni glagol ide ispred subjekta)!!! Sva direktna pitanja koja poinju sa DO/DOES/DID, kada se prebacuju u indirektni govor, se ponaaju isto kao potvrdne reenice, tj. pomoni glagol DO/DOES/DID nam vie ne treba!!! e.g. The policeman asked: Do you know Bill? The policeman asked if/whether I knew Bill. Kada je glagol glavne reenice u prolom vremenu, onda se glagol u indirektnom pitanju pomera za jedno vreme unazad (jedno prolije vreme), tj. koristi se pravilo o SLAGANJU VREMENA.

DIRECT QUESTION
WH + pomocni glagol + S + glavni glagol What time does the film begin? POMOCNI GLAGOL + S + GLAVNI GLAGOL Did you go out last night?

INDIRECT QUESTION
WH + S + GLAGOL He asked me what time the film began. IF/WHETHER + S + GLAGOL He asked me if/whether I had gone out the previous night.

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THE PASSIVE VOICE

Pasive se gradi tako to se glagol to be stavi u isto vreme u kojem je glagol iz aktivne reenice + the past participle (gl + -ed / 3. kolona) aktivnog glagola. Subjekat aktivne reenice se u pasivu stavlja na kraj reenice, a prethodi mu by. Objekat aktivne reenice u pasivu dolazi na prvo mesto, tj. na mesto subjekta.

e.g. 1. We keep the butter here. ACTIVE The butter is kept here by us. PASSIVE 2. They broke the window. ACTIVE The window was broken by them. PASSIVE ACTIVE: S + GLAGOL + O O + glagol u pasivu + BY + S (u padeu objekta ako je u pitanju zamenica)

PASSIVE:

TENSE
SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST PAST CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS FUTURE CONDITIONAL MODALS

ACTIVE
keep/keeps am/is/are keeping kept was/were keeping has/have kept has/have been keeping had kept had been keeping will keep would/should keep must/can/could... keep

PASSIVE
am/is/are kept am/is/are being kept was/were kept was/were being kept has/have been kept has/have been being kept had been kept had been being kept will be kept would/should be kept must/can/could... be kept

OBRATITE PANJU da kada aktivna reenica ima dva objekta, tada moe imati 2 verzije u pasivu: e.g. Tom gave her a bulldog. ACTIVE 1. Oi + glagol u pasivu + Od +by + S She was given a bulldog by Tom. PASSIVE 2. Od + glagol u pasivu + TO + Oi + by + S A bulldog was given to her by Tom. PASSIVE Prvi objekat u reenici (lice) se zove indirektni objekat (Oi), a drugi (stvar) direktni objekat (Od).

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SUBJECT/OBJECT QUESTIONS Wh- question words Kada postavljamo pitanje sa upitnim zamenicama (Wh- question words), moemo imati razliit red rei u pitanju: 1. Kada su upitne zamenice subjekat pitanja, tada je red rei u ovom pitanju identian redu rei u potvrdnoj, izjavnoj reenici!!! e.g. 1. Somebody phoned Jim. Who phoned Jim? 2. Something strange happened. What happened? U ovakvim pitanjima WHO znai KO. 2. Kada su ove zamenice objekat, tada je red rei kao u klasinom pitanju: e.g. 1. Jim phoned somebody. Who did Jim phone? 2. I heard something. What did you hear? U ovakvim pitanjima WHO znai KOGA, KOME, SA KIM, O KOME (tj stoji u nekom drugom padeu osim nominativa).

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A BUSINESS LETTER

Manesty Clothes Ltd

15 Clifton Court Manchester MR3 5PY Tel: 0161 932 2628 Fax: 0161 932 2884

Production Manager Suntrek Fabrics Box 167 Brown Street PO Singapore 2nd November 1999

Dear Sir or Madam Re: Visit to Singapore I am now planning my next trip to South East Asia, and I would be very pleased if we could meet to discuss our production requirements for next year. I hope to be in Singapore on February 3 or 4. Would it be convenient to visit you on February 3 at 10.30am? I would be grateful if you would tell me exactly where your offices are located. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully C.R. Burrows Christine Burrows Senior Buyer

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A FORMAL LETTER

59 Ashby Road London N19 36R 10th November 1999 Mr G Wood Customer Services Southern Rail Charlton House London W4 4NT Dear Mr Wood I am writing to complain about the London to Folkstone line. The service is often late, and the trains are dirty and crowded. This is totally unacceptable, especially as the cost of tickets is so high. I would like to know what steps your company is taking to improve this service. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely A P Thomson Alison Thomson

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AN INFORMAL LETTER

4 Jul 1999

Dear Jo, Just a quick word to thank you for a brilliant weekend. It was lovely to see you again, and the kids really enjoyed going round London - hope we didn't tire you out too much! It would be great to see you up in Liverpool some time - it's ages since you've been. We'll be celebrating Jim's fortieth(!) in September, and it would be great if you could come. Anyway, let me know nearer the time if you can make it. Take care, hope to see you soon. Love, Clare XXX PS Jim sends his love.

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FORMAL Ako ne znate ime, niti pol osobe kojoj piete, trebalo bi da ponete pismo sa:

Dear Sir or Madam, a zavrite ga sa Yours faithfully Ako znate ime, pol i titulu osobe kojoj piete, trebalo bi da ponete pismo sa:

Dear Mr/Ms . (prezime), a zavrite ga sa Yours sincerely. INFORMAL Ponite pismo sa Dear . (lino ime), a zavrite ga sa Best wishes/Yours/(Kind) regards/Love/Kisses (Vae ime) (u zavisnosti koliko ste dobri, tj. intimni sa osobom)

USEFUL TERMS FOR BUSINESS LETTERS less formal Thank you for your letter about... I'm writing to ask about... I'm writing to say that... I'm pleased to say... I'm sorry to tell you that... I hope this has been useful. Remember me to Peter./ Regards to Peter. Thank you for your time/help. I look forward to hearing from you soon. Thanks for your time/for all you have done. I hope to hear from you soon.

formal Thank you for your letter of 22 January concerning... I am writing to inquire about... I am writing to inform you that... I am pleased to inform you that... I regret to inform you that... I hope this information has been of use. Please give my regards to Peter Hogan.

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SPELLING RULES Imenice i glagoli + -s / -es -es se dodaje kada se re u izgovoru zavrava na /s/ (bus buses), /z/ (house-houses), /t/(match matches), /d / (bridge-bridges), ili / / (bush-bushes), a nastavak es se izgovara /iz/. glass glasses watch watches brush brushes... Rei koje se zavravaju na y, ispred kojeg stoji suglasnik: y se menja u ie ispred nastavka s (za mnoinu imenica i 3. lice jednine Present Simple) baby babies country countries hurry hurries try tries y se menja u i ispred nastavka ed (nastavak koji dodajemo na pravilne glagole za Past Simple) hurry hurried try tried y se menja u i ispred nastavaka er (za komparativ) i est (za superlativ) easy easier the easiest heavy heavier the heaviest

y se menja u i ispred nastavka ly (za priloge) easy easily happy happily OBRATITE PANJU da se y NE MENJA : ispred nastavka ing cry crying try trying kada ispred y stoji samoglasnik play plays played Rei koje se zavravaju na e: Glagoli koji se zavravaju na e, gube krajnje e ispred nastavka ing come coming smoke smoking IZUZECI glagoli koji se zavravaju na ee, u tom sluaju se e ne gubi!!! see seeing agree agreeing glagoli koji se u infinitivu zavravaju na ie. Kada na ove glagole dodamo ing, -ie se menja u y die dying lie lying

enjoy enjoys enjoyed

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 Dupliranje (udvajanje) krajnjeg suglasnika ako se jednoslona re zavrava na suglasnik ispred kojeg stoji kratak samoglasnikm (u izgovoru), kada se doda nastavak (osim s), krajnji suglasnik se duplira (udvaja). stop stopping stopped plan planning planned big bigger the biggest Ovi dvosloni glagoli takoe dupliraju poslednji suglasnik: forget forgetting begin beginning travel travelling

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