A Seminar On Electronic Engine Management

Guided by Prof. John Jacob Presented by Sam Sandeep. k M7 A,7337


1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Contents
Introduction Electronic Engine Management The ECU Fuel Delivery System Ignition Control System Sensors
Throttle Position Sensor Exhaust gas Oxygen Sensor Pressure Sensor MAF Sensor Coolant Temperature Sensor Knock Sensor Speed/Timing Sensors

Conclusion References

Introduction
Controlling of Engine operation electronically by electronic components. Benefits to the motorist, more power, better mileage, a smoother idle and reduced operation expenses. Cost of components come down. Engine become smaller in size.

Electronic Engine Management

Basic components are 1. 2. 3. 4. Electronic Control Module Fuel Delivery System Ignition System Sensors

1.Electronic Control Module

It is a extremely reliable piece of hardware. It process information hundreds of times per second. It is actually a microprocessor. It is programmed by the Manufacturer. It controls the fuel delivery and ignition timing by receiving information from sensors.

2.Fuel Delivery System

The fuel line passes through a which feeds each injector and it passes through a pressure regulator. The surplus fuel heading back to the tank in the return line. The air is taken from the atmosphere. It is mixed with fuel just before the inlet valve by the fuel injector. This fuel delivery system is controlled by ECU to provide lean and rich mixtures depending on operating conditions.

3.Ignition System
To maximize the Engine output, spark should be at the precise moment. Maximum combustion chamber pressure can be attained. A mechanical advance distributor is used for this. A spark advance map is developed and stored in the ECU. As the speed increases, the spark should be advanced further.

4.Sensors
1 Throttle Position Sensor The ECU senses how wide the throttle is opened. The ECU controls fuel delivery and spark timing. It consists of a wiper arm and resistor. At idle, resistance is high, Voltage is .6-.9v. As throttle presses, resistance decreases, voltage is 3.54.7v.

Operation Graph
As the throttle valve opens widely, the voltage increases correspondingly

2.Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor

It is placed in Engines exhaust system. Consists of Zirconium Dioxide cell, provide precise indication of stoichiometric A/F ratio.(14.7:1). Zirconium Dioxide is the outer cell exposed to exhaust gas and inner electrode is exposed to ambient air. The output varies from 0v-1v. At stoichiometric point it produces .45v It provides precise output voltage measurements.

Output Characteristics
It shows the variation of voltage with the variation of amount of air supplied, at three different temperatures.

3.MAP Sensor
It senses the degree of vacuum in the engine intake manifold. Vacuum decreases when throttle is opened/engine is under load. A silicon chip (piezoelectric) is provided with a reference pressure one side. Pressure to be measured is applied on the other side. Variation in pressure causes change in resistance of the silicon chip.

MAP Sensor
Intake manifold pressure directly related to the engine load. ECU calculate how much fuel to inject, when to ignite the cylinder. The Pressure Vs. MAP Sensor voltage graph. Pressure increases as throttle widens and sensor voltage increases.

4.MAF Sensor
It coverts the amount of air drawn into voltage. ECU senses it and calculate the engine load. It is located at the intake air stream, between the air cleaner and throttle body.

Hot Wire Type

It consists of a thermistor, Platinum hot wire and electronic circuitry. Pt hot wire is kept at a constant temperature. The thermostat and the Pt hot wire temperature is kept at a relation. Increase in air flow causes the Pt wire to lose heat.

Output Characteristics
It is compensated by sending more current to the Pt wire by electronic circuitry, corresponding voltage is measured. Intake air mass Vs. Voltage graph is shown in figure. As the air mass flow increases, the voltage also increases.

5.Coolent Temperature Sensor

ECU Senses the temperature and decides whether to activate/deactivate the cooling fans in water cooled engines. It helps to enrich the mixture for cold starting, and provide lean mixtures for fuel economy. It directly gives the engine operating temperature. It is located on the coolant passage.

5.Coolent Temperature Sensor

It Consists of a fixed value resistor, supplied with 5V. ECU Senses the change in voltage between the temperature sensor and the fixed value resistor. When the sensor is cold, resistance is high and voltage is increases. As the temperature increases, the sensor resistance and the voltage decreases.

6.Knock Sensor
It detects the engine knock occurs during combustion process, it is located in the engine block. Engine knock within a specific frequency range. It is a piezoelectric element, generates a voltage when a pressure or vibration is applied.

6.Knock Sensor
The piezoelectric element is tuned to the engine knock frequency. ECU senses this voltage and control the ignition timing.

6.Knock Sensor
When the knock occurs, the voltage output increases.

7.Throttle/Timing Sensor
It provides the information about how fast the engine is running or where the crankshaft is in its rotation. ECU senses this information and adjust the fuel injection and the spark timing so that the engine speed does not exceed the safe operating limits. These sensors use a target wheel with a missing or odd-shaped gear tooth to provide the reference position.

Pick-up Coil Type Sensor

It consists of permanent magnet, yoke and coil. Mounted close to a toothed gear. As each tooth moves, an AC voltage is induced in the coil by the sensor. When it rotates fast, more pulses are produced. ECU determines the speed based on the number of pulses.

Pick-up Coil Type Sensor

The position of the gear tooth and the pick-up coil is critical, because the further apart they are, the weaker the signal.

Conclusion
While electronic engine management is still a complex undertaking, the results can be worth it for small engine OEMS seeking an edge in performance, emissions or in minimizing the long-term operating costs of their product. Plenty of application assistance is available from the manufacturers of the ECU, fuel-delivery system and sensors needed to implement electronic engine management.

References
Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems, by Lino Guzzella, Christopher H.Onder Springer-Verlag Berlin-Hieldelberg,2004 Sensors for Electronic engine control systems by James E Acker, SAE Publications. www.wikipedia.com www.visionengineer.com

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