Capitulo 1

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prindpi'J.!'Msio:osd'lil Llllix.ro. Consutuyc los clI. Li mcciink" "ht5J~<I, (I~!' S_,relacicmil'lIt' ~.... k>$ ('j IjJ]~~, bre se 11", con el movimiemo de fl~ictos ~l-i~1'I Ia(! t, tras den ci~;o; fi~iic<l~; lu ~ltll: su umeveu a "(!I(id~ade.s pe~Yrdflmll.i~ J~ (l,lliJllk,:~ }' 1:-;, go,'!O(,,-;gf:-:L <:!;l<);h~.:nm~.rn,d:ru;: COil l:llICloci-, L<! I_,c·II.eI"~de 1.:1H~ic~ rndlka ell. J,.~ dad deb lu~ ~in'p(jdJ;ld d~ sus 'I~(>d~sIimd.iLmcn-· 2.. LI re~~ti:~'id;'ld" CJLIC ·C5In lc:£l(ri.'1 CJue' I~J~S'~ en I;t mancra en clue siilo unes dcc$<;.I"lbe t)i~[Je~()~flue se .L'rm~~'<!!n iI miliIl1liJ<3 oo~L;ci:nt:. , ccuaclones Y SllPC-' .
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fi:sic','l, {'.~ b ,rj.t"i'lei<L m;:;.~ .• fimdarno:mi.!II' aborda los
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de i,l fi~i.c;t;
estadisrico de d~ g~",'.i.cfl;d;j:,S 'L EI electromagnensmo, qlle 'COIDprende 1:1[~.."I":l de la .le':II~ki(l.:t(l! el m;lglleti~mo y los c~mpr;)5 elecu:0iI.mlgnc,Dio::o5 50, 1.;a DDHxanlca t:mlllilk<l, unu teeria '1u~ "~l1,ldia el cmnf'",n:ilmi~llln de
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cualquler \..::·.Ioddl~a1, ifld!!l~o ~(I!,!J;:-' !iicio!1!l.'S .fmnlilll!J~UL;lle~ pl'~fl~n ~11M';lI.1,· l~QS ~l)'1\:\ ~~I.-..ciclrlde.~:'04!:aproxunan LlI p'T"imer~ r~J'l!i! de "'~[L~ lilrro d~" 11;!'1rJ~,wier nuastra ~~~(in del rnundo n 1<11 de I.. 1m: 'l'IJX~tI ,_utlnh la TrLO::!;;~lIiGl" en OGW!)' C[U~ nos maca. :r :tel, I)lillll!:'l de fCll6ml::no~ fi~ic<j5~ n $, 1..-:) 1't1'mod.in;;\'ro.i,c-;I., qtl;;> I.mr:~ 00'11 ~I JH!S conocida jliI. S~:1 como mC!~~niql, calor, cl iJ·'LlliljO. l;l templ:m!il!l.l Y d,OO(;li , '{HlIO !rn!i:frrLt.ta newton lana. nuestro riml 'til !'UJi $(.10 una r.rli"l!i: de
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!JQh'il~.!:~ r!I~~~ de ~~MlJ. I!P !~ y lI1!ol'"FiIi p.:ir1!~ dtll tt!"l!!D!;C ,cI@.~criblri.!t!I ~i!~ m1~ amp;I):;; gamOiJ !iI~'f~UIOmBOO.s t:1,~1t puc!IHciiI ~_(·r{QlDpHJndlifllio.S nl'I!, e~U1 id~;s fi:l!fl~'!~!es:.
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[APiTULO
Fisica y medicion
IIlllNdlrm~~tWlIiIjbl~~rjJla Irl~ ( IE~~lllnada k~OO1Ii~Ii!il!
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.lLfisi£,l es lin;)! ~~llei:1 fllmbm~l1l,::11~laciQmldil mil bl (5(1I"Lpl:~nRione rm d flll)Omenoo II,IlLmdes que ocnrren ",m &ll!~~'I''''' Univcsso, Com"" eodas las ciencii I:l H~k;1 &>~rtc "lJser"lI Jones experhneniales '! rnedicioliU:~ caande .imli\·JJi.. n prln dl..:i:i objcti~~J de iii fi~!Gl.. ~ lIIilizall" d limj:ti~o:!t'l.i;:j.i:ue,tO de Ie} ~ qne ':'.lbi ernan los fenollle"""u nauunles para dC!<il'!'roll:n: ieorias .que puedan predeclr !,lS resulculos de fll turos cK:rl'L"t·~mCniiQS. L'3:5Ieyes flJlnd~ml!wii:aI.,es cmpten,(I:tS;CII el dot:sru'l'!olk. de !.eorh~ se ~firos:;jn ell el .I.!:ngl!~ie01~IM.ffiatemiU:Li:.1IlI, IJer~, rniiIJIlI~ '1LLI:! rintb un pl~en'i<:; entre In wlO_d~ y -eI xpcrimemo, h Ouiim'Lkl~(""'gl~ Ima di3CI.'t:p<lli:td~ Gil tre In !lCOrLll ')' ("1 e:<:r~rim(.'T.I.t.o. deben ibfJUUi<1L~~ n1;l~'<i~ lC-[I.;r.r<1~:!, ~):;pL'!lim!!:TIL05 P<OIt<'l l lnnnar I~.discrepancia. c MIlCh~~ IICCC5 UITI~ i:eor.i~.:~-5 Sftll:ifll.:MltiH ~61,o t::t:li:lJ,'1i"imlc~ Lurn;lt~o::IrlS; m.m teoria m;ii~~"':~n<!or,~1 en po(lri·~ M:rr~"'i;isf~Cl'f}ri;;'l hl il'3IM ]imitaduliC-s, Un .L":i~mplo d.1.si(O ~(IiI] Iiru!: leyes dd mcvlmieu~ to de N.·..... flue Ut'8o.;l'h~jl ';'(lfl pr~ .:hi(l,~1~I mfWim~ento de (;~;o£'iJ'~~n \l"c~odcLw.c..; I.OIl normales, V~l'(l· que 1'10 se "l~]j,"[ll~. ~. ol1Jietm flue S~ rnllC;!VCII 8. ... ltl"[id;;d~~ ;;omplJJra.c bk:~ ,(>1) 1:1\'d~,dd~<;l de la luz, Li~ t~·Otra especial de J;). l~~>:J,(ivida.d. ,jCSJiIT·QUitd:\1){lf [;inru:in Vfl)dke 1:.011 bm~lI()s.resultados d II!j~ ·mi!!!iI1.l:o de ob.ie~1')S;).l:~j:!l vetoddad l' <1 ... elO(id:adc~ (Iue ~,,,:!oDC("Ci!11 i! 1'],l!~lociA:llldde la I.l!~, pm eso es !J/[I<! teOf'''- (I~ movi-
Iniot:im; .ni!; gc]H!'I.'.d,
L'i fiaca induyc
c.I"i.'I.k~. CjL'C '~Ll~liwlle a torl;J la Ji~iC;;I.desarrollada oon .."Cptu)~.I(!YC5
h~~'1.'-l.antes de "]900"
y cxperimeruos de 1<1 mt:dinic>l cli!!i •.,1:1 Ic.rm~ d~nii.m.i.;a y el d'ctn:.rn:lglll!~i~I1l.o. ,,,.Ii])(> C'''-illid. (I !J.64.-I,(i42,) !~:i7-0irnpQ>'I, mes concfl.b11uuIles ,\ b m~~J1I~ dOI@t;,u:mJ su mllxiUO wb.-e eI ]1,'O'lnmIUIlLQ de cu 'rl'o~ COEI
:i35li!!odax,
acc'ler~dQn ';()n~rj,'lllre, ~11[a :mi~f~1:;1 ~rQ('~.J")h~lIIJ;''','; Kepler {15'l'1-1 'll:.Hl} analizo (iaw$ • ~!rQmjJ1]i.l:{).!! an d,eSf!"'~llI;.u;, leyes ~mp'irica~ p p:Ii'.~ el 1)J""iJ)!i'l!IJ to de 'I.:l!ej'pos planetartos, L:JIli eonlriEmdmt[:s n:1j~ im]XITt::llllf)$;1 Ia i1K~.iJ]i.ca ibi~cl flJol<lOJ!:lP')1 !.:ild·:I~pm' Isaac Ne\"tQ" (l612-17V~, qnien de!;:,lI."ol!6 I;) rm:C~l'ik'l diil~~c", um U.lU rLmri., m SISt~"IT.Ii1.tiC<l -fuc l.UW do(!I()~creadores del .:;ikulo como Wl~ II ' 1'l';;'Ili]k~1 ta 1II;ll.c'l:Ilf1I.lE (II. A pe6:'II' (Ie ~Iue !O~ prindJXI]~. d,,!l:lffQ 11m "I] 1;1fisk" di,i~ic"conu Il unron ell. el ':;Igk' ~;"'II].Ia u~nnCJdin.~,rl:l;k." I.. 'lectri,d([;;u:I,}, cl m:~ll"lleti~mo ':'0) ~. ~1C!~!r~QII;;!r~1I1 sino h.~~1;1 !.1 iUl.lm;l parte del .!rigUr..U~. debldo i~,rjJ[dJl(ill men te :1 tlllA:: IC!~· l ,;I[):~r:Ut"!~ p:ririt =p.•. "f".imel:!i.oA cot1Jl;r:oOiladQ~ ernn rn u)" lrurdos CItml'1lvia n".!Ie CI)F1I<l,I:r<tcon ellcs, 0 .li:n e~te ]jllr~1W ll'iU;il1-.11l.In.Hlivcr JS di~ciplil'[I$ do)' ];1(jMC~ d.isica en seccioncs inrkpendientes; l.iil1l ~mh:li'go, se >'t'rii 'll.!ct las diHLllplinas (Ie Ia meffl"i(O) ) el dc.::[rum~g'lel;is((t~) ~.:l.Il, fu:n,rj;ml!!!11 ml~~ ~.I-:1! lod~~ 1;1:.< nml~~ de I:;~ r.lsiC11I jl-fka ft,wJ"rtUl.S'~illlci() ....
hada. el fill a:i rkl ~tg1~lXI;';:. e dp.-u'mIl6 gracl..LS prineipahneme S al o:1~r.nhlimii!!nli) de (y1b~ 1.IU!Ci'l(>~O;lIolm:n~ f 1'i5iGru no. pocH:u~ ~I' 'el<.I~1 ... !J'j r b~t\:~1.~'1 ;hll:<l, Los i~~,(l"5 d (los d~~"H'ollo~ .IlJ:;i~ imp.orlli,ln<B~ .e~1 .e~~;L 'I!:J<J. lIIoti.-E'I"l'l'Rt1'l~m!l.I~" L,~.~ri:;j~i[Q 1:1. :rcl~ti!lh:l~L1 "f (!. I~ m~I;i!lIk~ cI.l<Lntica.. 1...iIl£a1.H ..-I", ~a I'el;l! i 'il.l",J 'imr 'il.1 revolu.:joliQ pO ...eomplete .ll)s.c~~rlWpi s l!·,~dkiu[lide~ de espacio, uempo y cl1Icrgia. En!:r'
t'"
ctras C~5., I~ 1001'1<1 de 'imte:in oonigio· Jas k~" ~ ~ ,I 1nffi'imieIHo de Newton [)ilt"o.II d~h'IJ' d mmrlll1licJU.o de dl;!1:~()S l~f!JQoIiilbi]lJ..uire '.l velocidndes OOiI.n.p;lI:~I)k~ ,J lavel ..... ·
cidad de la In~. '1..<1 rcor-J'l de 1<1eli1Lih.;jd~d r e ellimite superioJ: d I. velocldad de un
I:!. m:l~:l uI11-juid.olJ.s. p;~1<l Il'rint)~" (JO}xd I:tciQIIC;';de los f(:l:Iomenos fisi;OOSa ui",~I'lt.6U[1im., I..m.·ci~111{i1lm 1i:.LI};~an c·j)'rIR[~[ri·~m!!!,[ll;((> en m~jG'r<lr nuestra cnl.l~~~[I~h~1I1I dG la<;, le)iM fIJilci'lIn':'T.Illl~as. 'Df~_ ;cC'U ,Jiot ~~ IOb'TIllJ ImCVO<i rJe:lctlhrimien tos, En mm:h",. il:n:,~ de i:n.\<eslI.ig:\ ·i6,], h,1"' Uill "ran tr:lSI.;;pL~ .:nll'C IL, 6~":3. la qnImi.m 'Ilia hi{)I,~,.,b., inmI)i<f,n con I;. lngcnterta. ,'\lgUJ~ill d·' lc d~s;l.rroIl0~ m~~ Il<)labl~s SOil ]) numerosas III.i5iQnl!'!~ esrmd~le,!; y ~~. Il.eWld~. cl~ ~S·li'()Jl~l.lt~~·1 h1 Lumn, 2)0 mkf·oi;il"~lli.I.Q~ ~ < conrpurudcras de al 1,:1 \)f'I{l.C"k)ad, r 3) loecniclL!l dr: :im,I~!l"..s .)t)Il'tI}lqr<J..!i l]lili~;l.(bus: en 1;1 im'eslig:ldI61~ d~'ntiliG1 },. n la III .did.w, I...<,)~ ililp"cw~ de cs,i,o.> d~:rmlh1.s)1 dellf,.\Ibrirnieruos en mle~I" SQoCi 'dad SITI dnd~ 11;;].11. g)';;'lld ,1' e~ VIIlJ)' probable £j I'IC ~i!fi!o IO<!l~1'~~~lll,rim leruos '! ,IeS:IHOU(1.8 fu ttl I.'U~ M:niL, igu;].lllJem e f'll.IOriQI1,;,.t]llf':S \. (lesllfbrl1tc~. ;Ut {~l.lWJ ~'Iqkl> pua b hllm~~lif.l~1.
la \,dodd,)d de b Iuz .i~.IY m l!'I.!~tl'11,,~relaci 'II entre I;)Cl]t'r.g:i'l. L;~ mCi!;lnk;1f·l.l~mielt.fllefOl!"mulru:I.'1pan ries d .ilIHiI'N disO::lICq:MHl S
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1.1 PATHOrlES IDE UlNG'lrLlD, M.AU Y lilEMPO

Las kC}'es de 1:1 ITs[(<"!. e C'l'Iprr"MllJ en !'1m Ci{~11d,~ C;'I'lltitl;;ld{!~ fundamenrales s 4:Iuc rsIll)! ,I'en I.IIIi1 defirticibll. clara, for c:jen:lplo,. Gurl.id~~·d~g I'si a' C<.nlll;;1fu 'I-l~. vc!oo, dad.velurnen )' ~li:d.l!'r<lciifll plnc~hn describlrse ~'n IImci.61~ de can l:ifl:lL1~~, Ql~S ~i~~s que, " 1;1lvez, ~;::d~iJ1 ell fund6n de' mce.l:i.ci'jr!('-S <) de lit ~()r.n~p~r;I!ri6n ~OI:~ p;uronl!'S esaablecldos, £:0 :r.n!.."ci.r~ic:n, D~A~~ c~II:Lillil{lt:~ LI!IIlf.li~mcn1~IIf!A &CI,n J{)n:!li~1ld (I.), masa fM)', tlempo (T)_ Las or .... c.,ntitl;ldcs Ii kns E!I~lilL ./Ili ·1l).~(:;tlli·iI pueden ~lIpn:~r...~~mJuncion de ~i.~ tres ~:;mi.iJdild~~·_
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al,i:;~dc[\que (la~eil J'<':protlud~- dichn mcdid,'in, debe tldlnl~~e lLIl pi!.tr6n_ No I.cLlcir.i~. ;!iC:1~(jd;i) (jiie un vhi.tant<:: de "l'l"'O El;lllcti' rim hablara de ,m:~ l~otlgil(;tI Ie" ""glitd,t:s" ~ 110' conOC(l[)UIR elsignill.;m:lo de Is lIuldilll. glil;(he, PUl' ~)H·.;I p;lrtc, si ;llguiell r~mruiJiorri,mdo (0'-' U11'.'-StnO si;!;tc:m:~ de m ...:l.kl.a IJtftJl"m-;.,ilU[! unn pared I.i<>:n, 2 n:I<1'~fQ~·!~ t
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