Enfermedades del tracto gastrointestinal (GI)

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Envenenamiento por alimentos

Qu es? Causantes principales Campylobacter jejune Staphylococcus aureus Clostridium perfringens C. botulinum Bacillus cereus

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Enterotoxicosis estalococal

Enterotoxinas A y D: inaman la cubierta de los intestinos e impiden absorcin de agua. Son emticos. Cualquier alimento se puede contaminar, especialmente los que tienen almidn y crema (derivada de leche).

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Symptoms usually appear 8 - 36 hours after you eat contaminated food. There is NO fever with this infection. In adults, symptoms may include: Abdominal cramps Breathing difficulty that may lead to respiratory failure Difficulty swallowing and speaking Double vision Dry mouth Nausea Vomiting Weakness with paralysis (equal on both sides of the body)

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001624/

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El mejor tratamiento es descanso, mucho fluido y medicamentos para el dolor de estmago.

Los pacientes no son contagiosos pues la toxina no se transmite entre personas.

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Botulismo Causado por Clostridium botulinum. Se adquiere por la comida pero su efecto es en el sistema nervioso.

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Clostridium botulinum is found in soil and untreated water throughout the world. It produces spores that survive in improperly preserved or canned food, where they produce toxin. When eaten, even tiny amounts of this toxin can lead to severe poisoning. The foods most commonly contaminated are home-canned vegetables, cured pork and ham, smoked or raw fish, and honey or corn syrup. Botulism may also occur if the bacteria enter open wounds and produce toxins there. Infant botulism occurs when a baby eats living bacteria or its spores and they grow in the baby's gastrointestinal tract. The most common cause of infant botulism is eating honey or corn syrup. About 110 cases of botulism occur in the U.S. per year. Most of the cases are in infants.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001624/

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NEVER give honey or corn syrup to infants younger than 1 year old -- not even just a little taste on a pacifier. Prevent infant botulism by breastfeeding only, if possible. Always throw away bulging cans or foul-smelling preserved foods. Sterilizing home-canned foods by pressure cooking them at 250 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 minutes may reduce the risk for botulism. Keep foil-wrapped baked potatoes hot or in the refrigerator, not at room temperature.

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 Infant botulism occurs when C. botulinum spores germinate and produce toxin in the gastrointestinal tract of infants. There is no person-to-person transmission. The risk factors and vehicles of transmission of C. botulinum for the most cases remain unclear. A survey of foods commonly fed to infants revealed C. botulinum in specimens of corn syrup as well as honey but in no other category of foods tested. Investigators have noted environmental conditions that might expose infants to environmental sources of C. botulinum , such as vacuum cleaner dust, soil, nearby building construction, or dusty and windy locales. These exposures, however, have not been fully evaluated by control studies.

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Individuals suffering from a mild case of botulism may experience muscular weakness, cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea, while more severe cases lead to peripheral muscular weakness and respiratory paralysis. The type of paralysis caused is a flaccid paralysis, without muscular stiffening or contracting

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Botulism1and2.JPG/795px-Botulism1and2.JPG

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La toxina
"a single gram of crystalline toxin, evenly dispersed and inhaled, would kill more than 1 million people"

Es la neurotoxina ms potente en la naturaleza. Existen A-G Es una toxina AB

http://www.ppdictionary.com/bacteria/gnbac/a-b_toxin.jpg

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http://toxipedia.org/download/attachments/12729/Picture%201.png Thursday, December 8, 2011

Enteritis bacterianas
Qu son? Invaden y daan la mucosa intestinal. Cuando afecta al ID causa diarrea. Cuando es al IG causa disentera. Si se esparce a travs del cuerpo causa ebre entrica (e.g. disentera).
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Salmonelosis Causada por tres especies de Salmonella: S. typhi, choleraesuis y enteritidis. Estn en el tracto gastrointestinal de muchos animales (aves, roedores, etc.).

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Most persons infected with Salmonella develop diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps 12 to 72 hours after infection. The illness usually lasts 4 to 7 days, and most persons recover without treatment. However, in some persons, the diarrhea may be so severe that the patient needs to be hospitalized. In these patients, the Salmonella infection may spread from the intestines to the blood stream, and then to other body sites and can cause death unless the person is treated promptly with antibiotics. The elderly, infants, and those with impaired immune systems are more likely to have a severe illness.

http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/#what

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Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often do not require treatment other than oral fluids. Persons with severe diarrhea may require rehydration with intravenous fluids. Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin, are not usually necessary unless the infection spreads from the intestines. Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, largely as a result of the use of antibiotics to promote the growth of food animals.

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http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/salmonellosis/#what

Salmonella are usually transmitted to humans by eating foods contaminated with animal feces. Contaminated foods usually look and smell normal. Contaminated foods are often of animal origin, such as beef, poultry, milk, or eggs, but any food, including vegetables, may become contaminated.

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An estimated 1.4 million cases occur annually in the United States; of these, approximately 40,000 are culture-confirmed cases reported to CDC

Estimated 400 fatal cases each year; a few cases are complicated by chronic arthritis.

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Thursday, December 8, 2011

Shigelosis
Shigellosis is caused by a group of bacteria called Shigella. There are several types of Shigella. Shigella sonnei, also called "group D" Shigella, is responsible for most cases of shigellosis in the United States. Shigella flexneri, or "group B" Shigella, cause almost all other cases. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 is rare in the U.S. but can lead to deadly outbreaks in developing countries.

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Outbreaks of shigellosis are associated with poor sanitation, contaminated food and water, and crowded living conditions. Shigellosis is common among travelers in developing countries and workers or residents of refugee camps. There are about 18,000 cases of shigellosis per year in the United States. The condition is most commonly seen in day care centers and similar places.

The symptoms usually last 2 to 7 days. The goal of treatment is to replace fluids and electrolytes (salt and minerals) lost in diarrhea.

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Clera Causada por Vibrio cholerae (clsica y El Tor) Produce colergeno Afecta a 3-5 millones de personas a travs del mundo (en EEUU menos de 10 casos por ao). Causa 100,000-130,000 muertes por ao.
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En regiones endmicas mueren 5-15% de los pacientes. En algunas epidemias pueden morir hasta 75% de los pacientes Solucin bsica de rehidratacin:
30 ml (6 level tsp) of sugar 2.5 ml (1/2 level tsp) of salt, dissolved into 1 litre (4.25 Cups) of clean water
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_rehydration_solution#Basic_Solution

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Diarrea del viajero

Most TD cases begin abruptly. The illness usually results in increased frequency, volume, and weight of stool. Altered stool consistency also is common. Typically, a traveler experiences four to five loose or watery bowel movements each day. Other commonly associated symptoms are nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramping, bloating, fever, urgency, and malaise. Most cases are benign and resolve in 1-2 days without treatment. TD is rarely life-threatening. The natural history of TD is that 90% of cases resolve within 1 week, and 98% resolve within 1 month.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/travelersdiarrhea_g.htm

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Bacterial enteropathogens cause approximately 80% of TD cases. The most common causative agent isolated in countries surveyed has been enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). ETEC produce watery diarrhea with associated cramps and low-grade or no fever. Besides ETEC and other bacterial pathogens, a variety of viral and parasitic enteric pathogens also are potential causative agents.

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Cepa enterohemorrgica: E. coli O157:H7

The symptoms of STEC infections vary for each person but often include severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. If there is fever, it usually is not very high (less than 101F/less than 38.5C). Most people get better within 57 days. Some infections are very mild, but others are severe or even life-threatening.
http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ecoli_o157h7/#what

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Rotavirus

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children. It is a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae. By the age of ve, nearly every child in the world has been infected with rotavirus at least once. With each infection, immunity develops, and subsequent infections are less severe;[3] adults are rarely affected.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotavirus

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Incidencia de rotavirus

http://www.cdc.gov/surveillance/nrevss/images/Rota/rot4.png

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Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhea among children. Prior the introduction of rotavirus vaccines in the United Sates in 2006, rotavirus resulted in the hospitalization of approximately 55,000 U.S. children each year. Globally, rotavirus is estimated to cause 527,000 deaths in children annually. The incubation period for rotavirus disease is approximately 2 days. The disease is characterized by vomiting and watery diarrhea for 3 to 8 days, and fever and abdominal pain occur frequently. Immunity after infection is incomplete, but repeat infections tend to be less severe than the original infection. There are ve species of this virus, referred to as A, B, C, D, and E. Rotavirus A, the most common, causes more than 90% of infections in humans.
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Norovirus

Thursday, December 8, 2011

Causa el 90% de las gastroenteritis no bacterianas en el mundo. Afecta a nios y adultos.

Thursday, December 8, 2011