DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

I/Gii thiu: -Trong mt h thng mng cc my tnh lin lc vi nhau bng Protocol TCP/IP do cc my tnh ny phi c cu hnh theo mt thng s IP nht nh. -Mt h thng mng thng thng khong 20-30 my tnh tr xung th vic t a ch IP c th thc hin bng tay nhng nu c nhiu hn 30 my tnh th vic cu hnh th cng nh vy gp rt nhiu vn : +Cu hnh cng lc cho nhiu my c th dn n sai st nh: trng a ch IP gia cc my tnh,sai cc thng tin v Default Getway ,Prefrred DNS +Tn cng bo tr v nng cp h thng : Vd c s thay i thng s v DG hoc Preffered DNS , lp t thm nhiu my tnh mi.. - khc phc nhng nhc im trn bn c th trin khai dch v c tn l DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol).Dch v ny c nng cp pht mt cch t ng tt c cc thng s v a ch IP cho nhng my tnh tham gia vo h thng mng.

II/Ni dung ca bi vit bao gm: A/Ci t v cu hnh dch v DHCP. B/Qui trnh cp pht IP ca h thng mng s dng dch v DHCP. C/Cu hnh DHCP Relay Agent. D/Qun l,gim st hot ng dch v DHCP. E/Cc vn cn li ca dch v DHCP. III/Thc hin: A/Ci t v cu hnh dch v DHCP: -Mt my tnh sau khi ci t v cu hnh dch v DHCP th my tnh tr thnh DHCP server.iu kin ci t l my tnh ny phi chy h iu hnh Windows Server. -Cc my tnh trong h thng mng,sau khi c cu hnh nhn a ch IP ng t DHCP server gi l DHCP client. 1)Ci t dch v DHCP: +Bc 1: kch hot dch v DHCP trong Control Panel -> Add Remove Programs ->

Add/Remove Windows Components

Chn vo Networking -> Details... -> Ci dch v DHCP.

+Bc 2: M dch v DHCP t Administrative Tools

Nu l h thng Domain bn phi Authorize(ng tc ng k vi Active Directory)

2)Cu hnh cc thng s IP cp pht cho Client: Khi cp a ch IP cho DHCP Client l chng ta s cu hnh cc thng s trong Scope t DHCP Server.

Welcome to the -> Next

Trong mi Scope bao gm cc thng s:

-Tn Scope

-Dy IP v Subnet Mask cp cho Client :

-Dy a ch loi tr: Cu hnh chc nng ny nhm mc ch trnh vic cp a ch IP cho Client trng vi a ch IP tnh ca nhng Server chuyn dng trong h thng mng.

Lease Duration: Quy nh thi gian cc Client s dng a ch IP c cp t DHCP Server.Mc nh c cu hnh l 8 ngy.Nu ta cu hnh mc nh,c ngha: Bt du t khi c a ch IP Client s dng IP ny ht 50% thi gian cho php (4 ngy).Sau Client gi li gi tin DHCP Request n Server xin gia hn li thi gian s dng li a ch IP ny.Nu nhn c gi tin DHCP ACK tr li t Server,thi gian dng i ch IP ca Client c tnh li t u l 8 ngy. Nu khng nhn c tr li t Server.DHCP Client s vn tip tc duy tr lin lc n DHCP Server.n 87,5% thi gian cho php th Client s gi gi tin DHCP Discover yu cu c cp IP cho mnh ln ton h thng mng.

-Bn c th cu hnh Scope Options hoc cu hnh bn ngoi Console.

Chn Next -> Finish hon thnh cu hnh.

Sau khi cu hnh xong 1 Scope bn phi lm hnh ng l Activate Scope a Scope vo s dng.

Kho st cc thng s cp cho DHCP Client

Client xin a ch IP:

-Chnh card mng v ch -Obtain an IP address automatically. -Obtain DNS server address automatically.

Vo command line g lnh ipconfig /release loi b IP ng hin ti ang s dng.

Nhp tip ipconfig /renew xin a ch IP mi t DHCP Server

Kim tra a ch IP ca Client bng lnh ipconfig /all

-Tin hnh cu hnh Scope Options: Cho php bn tng thm thng s cu hnh cho Client.Vd: DNS Server,Default Getway(Router),WINS Server...Cc mc iu chnh trong Scope Options : Scope Level : Ch nh hng ln cc Client thuc Scope

Cu hnh thng s Router cho Client (Default GW)

Cu hnh thng s DNS Server.

Kim tra cu hnh Scopes

Server Scope: nh hng ln tt c Client xin cp a ch IP t DHCP Server.

Cu hnh thng s thi gian cho Client khi gia nhp h thng.

Kim tra Scope Level cng b nh hng.

Client xin li a ch IP sau khi DHCP Server cu hnh cc Scope: Tng t loi b a ch IP ang s dng sau xin li cu hnh IP va thay i:

Lc ny Client nhn y cc thng s cu hnh c bn hot ng trong h thng mng.

-Cu hnh Reservation: dnh cho cc my tnh cbit,chuyn dng.

ng k a ch IP thng qua a ch MAC/Physical Adrress.

Client xin li a ch IP c cp ring cho mnh.Cng tin hnh theo cc bc trn,cui cng kim tra bng lnh ipconfig /all kim tra kt qu.

B/Qui trnh cp pht IP ca h thng mng s dng dch v DHCP: Qui trnh ny din ra trong 4 bc: +Bc 1: Cc my tnh Client sau khi cu hnh xin a ch IP ng t DHCP server (Obtain an IP Address Automatically) th ln u tin tham gia h thng mng n s dng tn hiu Broardcast pht ra gi tin DHCP Discover.Ni dung gi tin yu cu cung cp cc thng s v a ch IP cho chnh mnh t DHCP server m Client ny s s dng khi tham gia vo h thng mng. Nu Client khng lin lc c vi DHCP Server th sau 4 ln truy vn khng thnh cng n s t pht sinh ra 1 a ch IP ring cho chnh mnh nm trong dy 169.254.0.1 n 169.254.255.254 dng lin lc tm thi.V Client vn duy tr vic pht tn hiu Broardcast sau mi 5 pht xin cp IP t DHCP Server. +Bc 2: DHCP server sau khi nhn c gi tin Discover t Client,n s tr li cho Client bng cch Broadcast gi tin DHCP Offer.Gi tin ny xc nhn n l DHCP Server v a li ngh s cp cho Client nhng thng s IP nht nh. +Bc 3: Nu nhn c gi tin DHCP Offer,Client Broardcast tr ngc cho Server gi tin DHCP Request xc nhn thng tin v mnh v yu cu cp cc thng s IP cho mnh.Do trong h

thng mng c th c nhiu DHCP Server nn khi Broadcast gi tin DHCP Request Client,cng s km theo nhng thng s nhn bit v Server m mnh chn xin IP.T cc DHCP khc s rt li gi tin Offer v dnh cho Client khc. +Bc 4: Nhn c li chp nhn t my Client,DHCP Server ngay lp tc gi gi tin DHCP ACK (Acknowledgment) y chnh l nhng thng s cu hnh a ch IP m DHCP Server ngh vi Client ngay t u. DHCP Server lc ny cng c th gi gi tin DHCP ACK nhng cng c th gi gi tin DHCP NAK (Negative Acknowledgment) nu li ngh lc u khng chnh xc na hoc thng s IP c my tnh khc s dng.V d nhin Client phi bt du li qui trnh xin cp IP. Lu : +Qui trnh xin,cp pht IP gia DHCP Client v DHCP Server tn hiu truyn i l tn hiu Broadcast. +V l tn hiu Broadcast nn khng th i qua Router.Do DHCP Server chng ta cu hnh hin ti ch c th cp thng s IP cho Client m n nhn gi tin DHCP Discover.

C/Cu hnh DHCP Relay Agent: DHCP Relay Agent l mt my tnh c cu hnh lng nghe nhng tn hiu Broadcast t DHCP Server mt mng khc v chuyn n cc Client trong cng h thng mng vi n.Dch v Routing & Remote Access ca Windows Server 2003 h tr tnh nng cu hnh nh mt DHCP Relay Agent nn chng ta khng cn ci thm chng trnh khc,m ch cn kch hot tnh nng ny trong Routing & Remote Access. hiu l do phi s dng DHCP Relay Agent Microsoft a ra cc chin lc sau: Nu mi mng chng ta dng ln 1 DHCP Server th tn km v khng cn thit,vic bo tr cng nh qun l rt kh khn. C th cu hnh Router cc tn hiu Broadcast i qua nhng vic ny s gy nhng rc ri khi h thng mng gp trc trc,bn khng th c lp tm ng hng gii quyt.Thm na l lu lng cc gi tn Broadcasd qu nhiu s lm tt nghn h thng mng.

M hnh h thng mng c DHCP Relay Agent.

 cu hnh DHCP Relay Agent ta ch cn m chc nng ny trong dch v Routing & Remote Access.

Chn Interface m DHCP Relay Agent dng lng nghe tn hiu Broadcast t Client.

Sau khi chn Interface tip nhn thng tin th bc tip theo ta cu hnh 2 thng s: Hop-count threshold : ngng bc m qui nh gi tin c th i qua bao nhiu Router sau tr li cho Client.Mc ch ca vic quy nh ny nhm trnh thng tin gi v t DHCP Server c khng cn chnh xc. Khi gi tin i qua 1 Router bc m ny gim xung 1,nu gi i vt ngng cho php m ta cu hnh th gi tin s b loi b.Gi tr ti a ta c th cu hnh l 16. Boot threshold(seconds) : L khong thi gian c tnh bng giy m DHCP Relay Agent s i DHCP Server tr li gi tin yu cu cp IP t Client.Tng kh nng chu li trong h thng,nu DHCP Server v mt l do no khng th tr li,th DHCP Relay Agent s chuyn hng gi tin yu cu ca Client sang 1 DHCP Server khc nhm duy tr vic cp pht IP cho Client.

Cu hnh DHCP Server cp a ch cho Subnet c DHCP Relay Agent:

B qua Exclusions,phn Lease Duration mc nh

B qua cu hnh WINS Server,Chn Yes Activate Scope

Chn Finish

Client xin a ch IP thng qua DHCP Relay Agent: Tng t cc bc xin IP sau kim tra bng lnh ipconfig /all

Qui trnh x l thng tin t DHCP Relay Agent:

1/Client Broadcasts gi tin DHCP Discover. 2/DHCP Relay Agent trn cng mng vi Client s nhn gi tin v chuyn n DHCP server bng tn hiu Unicast. 3/DHCP server dng tn hiu Unicast gi tr DHCP Relay Agent mt gi DHCP Offer. 4/DHCP Relay Agent Broadcasts gi tin DHCP Offer n cc Client. 5/Client Broadcasts tip gi tin DHCP Request. 6/DHCP Relay Agent nhn gi tin DHCP Request t Client v chuyn n DHCP server cng bng tn hiu Unicast. 7/DHCP server dng tn hiu Unicast gi tr li cho DHCP Relay Agent mt gi DHCP ACK. 8/DHCP Relay Agent Broadcasts gi tin DHCP ACK n Client.Hon tt quy trnh cp x l thng tin ca DHCP Relay Agent .

D/Qun l,gim st hot ng dch v DHCP: Ci t cu hnh dch v DHCP l mt phn ca gii php mng.V mi trng lm vic ca dch v DHCP l ng,thay i lin tc.Vy nn vic theo di hot ng ny l cn thit trnh nhng s c c th xy ra trong h thng mng.

Mc nh nhng File Gim st,C s d liu,Sao lu c lu theo cc ng dn trn. Gim s theo di cc s kin : s cp nht thng s ca Client,thm hoc bt my tnh trong h thng mng,thm bt mng con,thm vo cc Server chuyn dng -C s d liu bao gm cc Scopes,Reservations,Option..Nu khng c cc thng s ny DHCP Server khng th hot ng c.

- cu hnh mc nh ca Windows Server 2003 c s d liu ca DHCP c lu theo ng dn : %SystemRoot% \ System32 \ DHCP Sao lu phc hi d liu i vi dch v DHCP cng quan trng khng km,tng kh nng chu li ca DHCP Server khi gp s c v phn cng hoc phc hi trong trng hp c bit. -Mc nh dch v DHCP t ng sao lu trong mi 60 pht theo ng dn %SystemRoot% \ System32 \ DHCP \ Backup -Trong cc trng hp dch v DHCP khng th np d liu th n t ng khi phc li theo ng dn mc nh trn. Lu : Khi bn thay i ng dn sao lu th qu trnh sao lu v phc hi bn phi thao tc bng tay(Manual) ng b d liu: thng thng khi c mt s thay i v thng tin trong h thng mng hoc sau khi phc hi d liu ca DHCP th s ng b din ra cha kp thi nn gy ra nhng sai st. khc phc ta tin hnh ng b trn h thng. Khi i tin hnh ng b d liu dch v DHCP s tng hp 2 thng tin t Registry v trong c s d liu tng hp chnh xc cc thng s cu hnh hin ti.Ta c th thy trong Console qun l. a ra cc nh mc hot ng cho DHCP Server thng qua tt c nhng g lin quan n Server bao gm lun : cc services,memory,processor Theo di thng qua cc gi tin Discovers,Offer,Requests,Acks... Right Click ln DHCP Server chn Display Statistics.

Dng cc file log theo di s hot ng hng ngy.Cc File Log ghi nhn mi 24 gi : a)Khi DHCP Server va khi ng hoc qua ngy mi (sau 12h m) DHCP Server s vit 1 ghi nhn s kin mi ln File Log.C 2 trng hp: +Nu File Log ang c c hn 24h th DHCP Server s ghi ln d liu ny. +Nu File Log ghi nhn s kin cha qu 24h th DHCP Server s ghi ni tip. b)Sau khi cc d liu bt u ghi nhn th ta nn kim tra xem s hot ng cc File Log c kch hot cha,dung lng cc file log c tng t bin hay khng,kim tra chnh xc ngy gi h thng,dung lng a cng c lu File Log hay khng. + trng thi mc nh th cc File Log ch lu 50 s kin. +Nu dung lng cng khng nhu cu ti thiu l 20 megabytes th cc File Log dng li khng ghi tip.

+Trong Registry cng quy nh khng cho cc File Log ghi qu 1/7 dung lng trng trn Server (khng qu 10MB nu dung lng trng trn Server l 70MB).Trong trng hp ny DHCP Server s ng cc File Log ang c v t chi ghi nhn s kin tip theo.

E/Cc vn cn li ca dch v DHCP: -C cc trng hp Client t ci dch v DHCP trong h thng mng(DHCP Server gi mo) iu ny gy nh hng n cc Client mun c cp IP nhng nm xa v tr DHCP Server tht s.Do tnh hiu xin v cp a ch IP l Broadcast nn s c trng hp Client nhn khng ng thng s IP do DHCP Server gi mo cp.Bn cn ra sot k trong h thng mng ca mnh. -Cc thit b phn cng nh Router ADSL,Wireless.. cng c kh nng cp a ch IP,do cn tt chc nng cp IP ng trn cc thit b trc khi a vo s dng. -Ch c thnh vin ca nhm DHCP Administrators mi cu hnh v s ung cc tnh nng trong dch v DHCP.Ch cn cung cp quyn cho cc i tng lin quan n qun l duy tr hot ng ca dch v ny.