Documentos de Académico
Documentos de Profesional
Documentos de Cultura
Conversion Factors
(Acceleration)
(Area)
X 4
(Density)
X 4
(Force)
(Length)
(Mass)
(Moment
of force)
(Moment (Moment
(Pressure,
stress)
(Spring (Velocity)
constant)
(Volume)
(Work, Energy)
:-'lass
W{ Pa
.1
(I.H52
km ih)
Al~o ~1)t'IIt'd
T M k h
d
102 10 10
j';.wmple:
\\
10
P
:1 :-Jumher woupm
r (Kxampll':
U';xample:
:321.04ti
JOHN
&
SONS,
INC.
ACQUISITIONS WITOR MARKETING MANAGER DEVELOPMENT EIlITOR SENIOR PRODUCTION EIJITOR SENIOR DESIGNER TEXT DESIG1-IER COVER DESIGNER ILLUSTRATION EDITOR ASSOCIATE PHOTO EIJITOR mONT COVER PHOTO BACK COVER PHOTO
Katherine
Hepburn
Christine Cervoni Dawn Stanley Nancy Field Sigmund Malinowski Lisa Gee Robert FrerckJOdyssey Productions of the Guggenheim Mu:;eum, Bilbao, Spain. Reproduced with permission.
Mechanics in Action:
Dr. James Lathrop Meriam, internationally known author of engineering mechanics textbooks and distinguished professor of engineering, merous and significant contributions to the engineering profession, Dr. Meriam is regarded as one of the premier engineering educators of the twentieth century. Dr. Mcriam (known as Lath to his friends) received
experience came at Pratt and Whitney Aircraft and the General Electric
fornia-Berkeley for twenty-one years. During this period he served as Professor of Engineering Mechanics, Assistant Dean of Graduate Stud-
iting professor at the University of California-Santa Barbara and retired for a second time in 1990. Recognition of his superb teaching abilities followed him wherever
Dr. Meriam began his Engineering Mechanics textbook series in 1950. The Statics and Dynamics texts reshaped undergraduate mechan-
versions and have been translated into many foreign lanWlages. His books have been characterized by clear and rigorous presentation of the theory, instructive sample problems, and numerous and realistic homework exercises. From the outset, a high standard of illustration has distinguished the series. riod of more than three years, a 23foot wooden sailboat named Kai, which is Hawaiian for Song of the Sea. Over the next several years, he and his fortunate sailing companions spent many happy hours sailing off the coast of Santa Barbara. Dr. Meriam also designed and built four homes, including a vacation home on the island of KauaL In addition to his many professional accomplishments, Lath Medam will be long remembered for his open friendliness, gentlemanly demeanor, mature judgment and leadership, generosity, and absolute com
PREFACE
find
Preface
vii
engineering
science
Engineering
Mechanics En-
gineering
Alechanics
viii
Preface
Problems.
selves. The solutions to typical statics problems are presented in detail. In addition, to the main presentation. There are 963 homework exercises, of which approximately 50 percent are new Introductory Problems Representative Problems. The first section consists of simple, uncomplicated prob-
lems are generally arranged in order of increasing difficulty. More difficult exercises Representative Problems . Computer-Oriented Problems, marked with an asterisk, appear in a special secReview Problems
ductory areas in which U.S. units are mentioned for purposes of completeness
and
principles and procedures inherent in the design and analysis of engineering structures and mechanical systems.
Illustrations. to
important to note that color is used consistently quantities: red for forces and moments, green for velocity and acceleration arrows, orange dashes for selected trajectories of moving points. Subdued colors are used for those parts of an illustration which are not central to the problem at hand. \Vhenever possible, mechanisms or objects which commonly have certain color will be portrayed in that color. All of the fundamental elements of technical illustration which have been an essential part of this Engineering Mechanics series of textbooks have been retained. The author wishes to restate the conviction that a high standard of illustration is critical to any written work in the for the identification of certain
Preface
ix
ORGANIZATION
Preface
representative.
Extension sample problems build on sample problems from the text and show how computational tools can be used to investigate a variety of "what if" Brian Harper at Ohio State University.
Island merits special acknowledgment for his excellent and careful review of the entire text. Professor Palm has inspected the structure of every sentence and, where necessary, has made modifications so that the presentation is clear, direct, concise, text more easily readable, and reorganized the Chapter Review sections so that the student can efficiently survey \\-'hat has been presented. Professor Palm has worked under a number of constraints and has done so in a friendly and timely manner. Special recognition is again due Dr. A. L. Hale, formerly of Bell Telephone Laboratories, for his continuing contribution in the form of invaluable suggestions and accurate checking of the manuscript. Dr. Hale has rendered similar service for all previous versions of this entire series of mechanics books, dating back to the figures. Dr. Hale carries out an independent solution to each new homework exercise and provides the author with suggestions and needed corrections to the solutions which appear in the Instructor's Manual. Dr. Hale is well known for being a great asset which aids every user of this textbook. equilibrium problems in the area of biomechanics. These new problems serve to
Preface
xi
University
of Kentucky Kettering University Ohlahoma State University University of Alaine University of Central Florida Ohio State University California State Polytechnic University, Colorado State Universi(v Oakland University Auburn University University of Wyoming Youngstown State University Rochester Institute of Technology University of Wyoming Oklahoma State University
Pomona
CONTENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TO
STATICS
3 23 lD3 165
APPENDICES A B C D AREA MASS MOMENTS MOMENTS TOPICS TABLES OF OF OF INERTIA INERTIA MATHEMATICS
463
SELECTED USEFUL
INDEX
CONTENTS
Chaeter
1
TO STATICS
INTRODUCTION
Mechanics Basic Concepts Scalars and Vectors Conventions for Equations and Diagrams Newton's Units Laws
11
and Approximations
Problem
Solving
in Statics
15
Formulating
16
2
FORCE SYSTEMS
SECTION
A.
TWO-DIMENSIONAL
FORCE
SYSTEMS
27
SECTION
B.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL
FORCE
SYSTEMS
64
QUI LI B R I U M
101
SECTION
A.
EQUILIBRIUM
IN TWO
DIMENSIONS
104
3/2
System
ISDlatiDn
and
the Free-BDdy
Diagram
3/3
Equilibrium
CDnditiDns
115
SECTION 3/4
B.
EQUILIBRIUM CDnditiDns
IN THREE DIMENSIONS
13B 13B
Equilibrium
Chapter
Review
156
Chapter
STR U CTU RES 4/1 4/2 IntrDductiDn Plane Trusses 165 165 167
4/3
MethDd
Df JDints
168
4/4
MethDd
Df SectiDns
179
4/5
Space
Trusses
188
4/6
Frames
and Machines
195
Chapter
Review
215
Chapter
DISTRIBUTED 5/1 IntrDductiDn A. CENTERS OF MASS AND CENTROIDS FORCES 225 225 227
SECTION
FRICTION
348
Contents
xvii
6/4 6/5
Wedges Screws
6/6 Journal Bearings 6/7 Thrust Bearings; Disk Friction 6/8 Flexible Belts 6/9 Rolling Resistance Chapter Review
359
360
369 376
Chapter
7/1 7/2
Introduction Work
7/3
Equilibrium
7/4
Potential
Energy
and Stability
405
Chapter
Review
Appendices
A/3 Composite
Areas
xviii
Contents
ENGINEERING
MECHANICS
STATICS
SI
VERSION
Structures which support large forces must be designed with the principles of mechanics foremost in mind. In this view of Sydney Harbor, one can see several examples of such structures.
Chapter
Mechanics Basic Concepts Scalars and Vectors 1/4 Newton's Laws Units Law of Gravitation Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations Problem Solving in Statics Chapter Review
MECHANICS
forces on objects. No other subject plays a greater role in engineering analysis than mechanics. Although the principles of mechanics are few, they have wide application in engineering. The principles of mechanics are central to research and development in the fields of vibrations, staspacecraft design, automatic control, engine performance, fluid flow, electrical machines and apparatus, and molecular, atomic, and subatomic behavior. A thorough understanding of this subject is an essential
of this subject is synonymous with the very beginnings of engineering. The earliest recorded writings in mechanics are those of Archimedes
of a
also conceived the idea of the infinitesimal in mathematical analysis. Substantial contributions to the development of mechanics were also others. principles of mechanics and their application. The principles of mechanics as a science are rigorously expressed by mathematics, and thus mathematics plays an important role in the application of these principles to
which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under the action of forces, and dynamics, which concerns the motion of bodies. Engineering Mechanics
Vol.
BASIC CONCEPTS
Statics
Vol.
Dynamics.
is the geometric region occupied by bodies whose positions are described by linear and angular measurements relative to a coordinate system. For problems, three independent coordinates are needed. For problems, only two coordinates are required. is the measure of the succession of events and is a basic quantity in dynamics. Time is not directly involved in the analysis of statics
force between it and other bodies. This force appears in many applications in statics. is the action of one body on another. A force tends to move a body in the direction of its action. The action of a force is characterized by its magnitude, by the direction of its action, and by its point of application. Thus force is a vector quantity, and its pl"Opertiesare discussed
sense, a particle is a body whose dimensions are considered to be near zero so that we may analyze it as a mass concentrated at a point. We a body as a particle when its dimensions are irrelevant to the description of its position or the action of forces applied to it.
internal deformations in the structural members of the boom. For the purpose, then, of determining the external forces which act on the boom, lation of external forces which act on rigid bodies in equilibrium. Deter-
Article
1/3
Scalars
and Vectors
free
V.
principle
oftmn
.. i!';sibility. m
Chapter
Introduction
to Statics
Figure
V, 1/2b.
V vector sum,
vector
scalar
2
+
V2 + VI'
Figure 1/3
nents.
1/4b
Article
1/3
Scalars
and Vectors
V'01
VI Ib)
Figure 1/4
x'
I I
x-, y-,
x-,
'"
Figure 1/5
vy
mV
l'2
+ m 2 + n2
uni-
Law II.
vector
isolate on
Principia
(1687)
Article
1/5
Unit.
In mechanics we use four fundamental quantities called dimensions. are length, ma.ss, force, and time. The units used to measure these quantities cannot all be chosen independently because they must be coo-
in science and technology will be used in this text. The four fundamental
QUA:\TITY
Length Time Force
DIMENSIONAL SYl\IBOL
ase
SYMBOL
umts
unt
51 Units
weight
IV(NI U.S. Customary Units (kg) X
g W(lb) g
2)
gravitational
mass-never
Primary Standards
Mass.
11
Time.
for
tf
In
m/s"
Unit Conversions
SI
In
;j2.2Ihl'
(~.~O 11>11 11,1:1.2 Nl
~IASS
I kg (2.20 Ibm)
10.454 kgl
(0.:30;)
LENGTH
Figure 1/6
12
Chapter
Introduction
to Statics
between selected quantities in the two systems appear inside the back cover for convenient reference. Although these charts are useful for obtaining a feel for the relative size of SI and U.S. units, in time enbTineers verting from U.S. units. ]n statics we are primarily concerned with the units of length and force, with mass needed only when we compute gravitational force, as explained previously. systems of units, to aid in visualizing their relative magnitudes. lAW OF GRAVITATION
In statics as well as dynamics we often need to compute the weight of a body, which is the gravitational force acting on it. This computation
law of gravitation.
ton. The law of gravitation is expressed by the equation
where F = the mutual force of attraction between two particles a universal constant known as the constant of gravitation
of the earth is the only gravitational force we need to consider for most engineering applications on the earth's surface.
Figure 1/7
Article
1/7
Accuracy.
Limits.
and Approximations
13
m
\V.
W g m
1/7
ACCURACY,
LIMITS,
AND
ApPROXIMATIONS
shown
Differentials
The order of differential quantities frequently causes misunder standing in the derivation of equations. Higher-order differentials may mathematical limit is approached. For example, the element of volume :, V h r to be a circular slice a distance x from the vertex and of thickness .lx. The expression for the volume of the element is
dV
Small-Angle Approximations
1/8
8
CD S
smO
lxO=8
and sin are very nearly the same. Also cos () is close to unity. Furthermore, sin () and tan () have almost the same values. Thus, for small angles we may write
0 '"
provided that the angles are expressed in radians. These approximations may be obtained by retaining only the first terms in the series expan sions for these three functions. As an example of these approximations, for an angle of 1
(J",
where the angles must be expressed in radians. (To convert degrees to 1T/180'.)
Article
1/8
Problem
Solving
in Statics
15
de
Using Graphics
16
Chapter
Introduction
to Statics
than with a direct mathematical solution. Graphical solutions are both a practical way to obtain results, and an aid in our thought processes. Because graphics represents the physical situation and its mathematical expression simultaneously, graphics helps us make the transition between the two. 3. Charts or graphs are valuable aids for representing results in a form which is easy to understand.
(b)
and approximations.
(b)
(d)
are consistent
(e)
calculations. Ensure that your answers are reasonable tudes, directions, common sense, etc. Draw conclusions. in terms of magni-
which seem complicated at first often become clear when you approach
17
Solution Methods
18
Chapter
Introduction
to Statics
method of solution is an important aspect of the experience to be gained from the problem work. There are a number in Vol. 1 Statics which are designated as Computer-Oriented Problems. These problems
advantage.
CHAPTER
REVIEW
This chapter has introduced the concepts, definitions, and units used in statics, and has given an overview of the procedure used to formulate and solve problems in statics. Now that you have finished this chapter,
1. Express vectors in terms of unit vectors and perpendicular components, and perform vector addition and subtraction. 2. State Newton's laws of motion. accuracy.
Chapter
Review
19
m =
Determine the weight in newtons of a car whose mass is 1400 kg'. Convert the mass of the car to slugs and then determine its weight in pounds.
Solution.
From relationship
1/3. we have
mg
1400(9.81)
13730 N we
From the table of conversion factors inside the front cover of the textbook, see that 1 slug is equal to 14.594 kg. Thus, the mass of the car in slugs is 1400 k 14.594 kg Finally, its weight in pounds is W 95.9
Ans.
Our 1:) 7::4 N. Cf>ing the ('ut1t-fi,l,>1.U'('display llACd in hook. we l't)und thl' written tour t;iglliticant fi!.l'tJ.n'~, ur Had I.hp numh!'r bCl,'l1n other th.m
rc~ult of or
h'xt~
mg
(95.9)(32.2)
3090 Ib
Ans.
good prdctict' with unit {;()IlYI'rsion ,-a ue
As another route to the last result, we can convert the table inside the front cover, we have
l4,fj!) { kg
m ~ 1400 kg[
1 Ibm k ] 0.45359 g.
3090 Ibm
The weight in pounds associated with the mass of 3090 lbm is 3090 lb, as calculated above. We recall that Ilbm is the amount of mass which under standard conditions has a weight of 1 Ib of force .. We rarely refer to the U.S. mass unit Ibm in this textbook series, but rather use the slug for mass. The sole use of slug, rather than the unnecessary use of two units for mass, will prove to be powerful and simple-especially in dynamics, :-.J'otuthat
and tlw de(quivuh'nt. J\lnkt th.lt cfl\lcpHdllon of the unit" leave" tilt unil!'; dc"ired; here the unitt; of kg cHncf'L leaving df'sired unit..;;;
the
me cdkul.ll.t'd re"ult (9,;.~) slng:-~, ml18t SlIl'l' tlUlt when a calculutNl number is ~llb:>equ('nt calnilarinn:>. rctnineo the it~ (9.).9:'Wg3 .. Ilt'l'ded. Thi~ it in a ] initial ano recalling We must not punch 9.i,9 into Ollr l'.:dcu!.uor nnd to mllltipl:~ :l~ .. practlc' ,\111 result in lo~:-. nUffierlcnl H{;('t!lT\ey. Some indi, idual,; Iikt' to pla<:e a :::;mallllldieatltll1 of tht' :-.toragl' thl' right maq,rill the \~ork direed.v bt.'s\do number
70 kg Use Newton's law of universal gravitation to calculate the weight of a 70~kg person standing on the surface of the earth. Then repeat the calculation by using and compare your two results. Use Table D/2 as needed.
Solution.
mg
70(9.81)
687 N
The discrepancy is due to the fact that Newton's universal gravitational law does not take into account the rotation of the earth, On the other hand, the value g 9.81 m/g:! used in the second equation does account for the earth's rotation. Note that had we used the more accurate valueg 9.80665 m/52 (which likewise accounts for the earth's rotation) in the second equation, the discrepancy would have been larger (686 N would have been the result).
cli5tdncl' het\'it'I.m mass conteI''' (If two volved I::; ~he rndius of the earth.
in
y
I
2 I (b) (c)
=4
V =
Solution
=
2 ~ 2
2 -
CDS
(b)
V 105 + 300)
+ 13.76
Sri
+j
+
5.43i + 1.328j
@ Then
Ans.
VI - V2
4(i
CDS
45
45) - 3(i
CDS
30 - j
30)
win
0.230i + 4.33j
b
+ (prinCiple;;,
Problems
21
by the direction of V.
AnN. Ox ~
112.6,
-0.385i
+ 0.923j
Determine the weight in newtons of a woman whose weight in pounds is Also, find her ma.ss in slugs and in kiloJ..,'Tams. Determine your own weight in newtons. An". W 578 N 4.04 slul-,TS, 58.9 kg Suppose that two nondimensional quantities are briven as A 8.69 and B Using the rules for sib'l1ificant figures as stated in this chapter, determine the four quantities IA IA and
1/9
fix.
solutions.
V = 14 uu
nits
= 18 units
60
Compute the mab'l1itude Fofthe force which the earth exerts on the moon. Perform the calculation first in newtons and then convert your result to pounds. Refer to Table D/2 for necessary physical quantities. Ans. F ~ 1.984110 N, F ~ 4.46110"1) Ib
mine the mat-,'l1itude of the vector difference V' V2 - VI and the angle which V' makes with the posib'Tllphical
176.5
F with the
and What is the percent error in replacing the sine of 20 by the value of the angle in radians? Repeat for the tangent of 20, and explain the qualitative ditTerence in the two error percentages.
What is the weight in both newtons and pounds of a 75-kg beam'? 736 N, 165.4 Ib From the gravitational law calculate the weight W (gravitational force with respect to the earth) of an 80kg man in a spacl->craft traveling in a circular orbit 250 km above the earth's surface. l<;xpress W in both newtons and pounds.
The properties of force systems must be thoroughly understood by the engineers who design systems such as this construction crane. Try to visualize the forces present in the various parts of the crane.