ABSTRACT

W e p ro p o se a n e w m e th o d fo r stre n g th e n in g th e se c u rity o f in fo rm a tio n th ro u g h a c o m b in a tio n o f

p ro c e ssin g , c ry p to g ra p h y a n d ste g a n o g ra p h y . C ry p to g ra p h y p ro v id e s th e se c u rity b y c o n c e a lin g th e c o n te n ts a n d ste g p ro v id e s se c u rity b y c o n c e a lin g e x iste n c e o f in fo rm a tio n b e in g c o m m u n ic a te d . S ig n a l p ro c e ssin g a d d s a d d itio n a l c o m p re ssin g a n d tra n sfo rm in g th e in fo rm a tio n . T h e p ro p o se d m e th o d , v iz . S te g a n o g ra p h y B a se d In fo rm a tio n P ro te c t (S B IP M ), c o n sists o f sc a n n in g , c o d in g , e n c ry p tio n , re sh a p in g , c o v e r p ro c e ssin g a n d e m b e d d in g ste p s.

W e th e n tu rn to d a ta -h id in g in im a g e s. S te g a n o g ra p h y in im a g e s h a s tru ly c o m e o f a g e w ith th e in v e n tio n

p o w e rfu l c o m p u te rs. S o ftw a re is re a d ily a v a ila b le o ff th e In te rn e t fo r a n y u se r to h id e d a ta in sid e im a g e s. T h e se so

d e sig n e d to fig h t ille g a l d istrib u tio n o f im a g e d o c u m e n ts b y sta m p in g so m e re c o g n isa b le fe a tu re in to th e im a g e .T h e m

te c h n iq u e is L e a st S ig n ific a n t B it in se rtio n , w h ic h w e w ill lo o k a t. A lso , w e lo o k a t m o re c o m p le x m e th o d s su c h a s m

filte rin g , a n d a lg o rith m s a n d tra n sfo rm a tio n s, w h ic h o ffe r th e m o st ro b u stn e ss to a tta c k , su c h a s th e P a tc h w o rk m e e x p lo its th e h u m a n e y e 's w e a k n e ss to lu m in a n c e v a ria tio n . W e w ill ta k e a b rie f lo o k a t ste g a n a ly sis, th e sc ie n c e o f d e te c tin g h id d e n m e ssa g e s a n d d e stro y in g th e m . W e

b y fin d in g th a t ste g a n o g ra p h y o ffe rs g re a t p o te n tia l fo r se c u rin g o f d a ta c o p y rig h t, a n d d e te c tio n o f in frin g e rs. S o o ste g a n o g ra p h y ,p e rso n a l m e ssa g e s,file s, a ll a rtistic c re a tio n s, p ic tu re s, a n d so n g s c a n b e p ro te c te d fro m p ira c y .

1. INTRODUCTION

N o w a d a y s, v a rio u s m o d e s o f c o m m u n ic a tio n lik e L A N , W A N a n d IN T E R N E T a re w id e ly u se d fo r c o m m u in fo rm a tio n fro m o n e p la c e to a n o th e r a ro u n d th e g lo b e . S u c h c o m m u n ic a tio n n e tw o rk s a re o p e n w h ic h a n y o n e e a sily . T h e y a re re g u la rly m o n ito re d a n d a n in te rc e p te d .

S te g a n o g ra p h y , fro m th e G re e k , m e a n s c o v e re d , o r se c re t w ritin g , a n d is a lo n g -p ra c tise d fo rm o f h id in g in fo rm

A lth o u g h re la te d to c ry p to g ra p h y , th e y a re n o t th e sa m e . S te g a n o g ra p h y 's in te n t is to h id e th e e x iste n c e o f th e m e ssa g e c ry p to g ra p h y sc ra m b le s a m e ssa g e so th a t it c a n n o t b e u n d e rsto o d . M o re p re c ise ly ,

'T h e g o a l o f ste g a n o g ra p h y is to h id e m e ssa g e s in sid e o th e r h a rm le ss m e ssa g e s in a w a y th a t d o e s n o t a llo w a n to e v e n d e te c t th a t th e re is a se c o n d se c re t m essa g e p re se n t." S te g a n o g ra p h y in c lu d e s a v a st a rra y o f te c h n iq u e s fo r h id in g m e ssa g e s in a v a rie ty o f m e d ia . A m o n g th e se m e in v isib le in k s, m ic ro d o ts, d ig ita l sig n a tu re s, c o v e rt c h a n n e ls a n d sp re a d -sp e c tru m c o m m u n ic a tio n s. A m e ssa g e is e m c o v e r m e d ia in a n in v isib le m a n n e r so th a t o n e c o u ld n o t su sp e c t a b o u t its e x iste n c e .

In th is p a p e r w e p re se n t a su b stitu tio n b a se d in fo rm a tio n p ro te c tio n m e th o d w h e re w e c o m b in e c ry p to

ste g a n o g ra p h ic a n d sig n a l p ro c e ssin g c o n c e p ts to g e th e r fo r a c h ie v in g se c u rity . T h e m e th o d is k n o w n a s S te g a n o g ra In fo rm a tio n P ro te c tio n m e th o d . In th is m e th o d w e su b stitu te th e in fo rm a tio n b it in ra n d o m ly se le c te d p ix e ls a t ra n w ith in L S B re g io n .

2. STEGANOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE

S te g a n o g ra p h y is th e a rt a n d sc ie n c e o f c o m m u n ic a tin g in a w a y w h ic h h id e s th e th e e x iste n c e o f th e se c re t

c o m m u n ic a tio n . It a im s to h id e in fo rm a tio n /c o v e re d w ritin g . In fo rm a tio n to b e p ro te c te d is h id d e n in a n o th e r d a ta

c o v e r o r c a rrie r. D a ta c o n ta in in g h id d e n m e ssa g e a re c a lle d a s S te g a n o s o r S te g o s. S te g a n o s lo o k lik e c o v e r d a ta a n d it to d iffe re n tia te b e tw e e n th e m . S te g a n o g ra p h y b a se d c o m m u n ic a tio n o v e r e a sily a c c e ssib le p la tfo rm s to p re v e n t in fo rm a tio n . 2. 1 Kerck Off Principle:

In c ry p to g ra p h y , th is p rin c ip le sta te s th a t " th e se c u rity o f th e sy ste m h a s to b e b a se d o n th e a ssu m p tio n th a t th

h a s fu ll k n o w le d g e o f th e d e sig n a n d im p le m e n ta tio n d e ta ils o f th e ste g a n o g ra p h ic sy ste m " . T h e o n ly m issin g in fo rm a e n e m y is a sh o rt, e a sily e x c h a n g e a b le ra n d o m n u m b e r se q u e n c e , th e se c re t k e y .

3. STEGANOGRAPHY METHODS;

A c c o rd in g to m o d ific a tio n in c o v e rs, th e m e th o d s c a n b e c a te g o riz e d a s

S u b stitu tio n T ra n sfo rm d o m a in S p re a d sp e c tru m S ta tistic a l D isto rtio n C o v e r g e n e ra tio n

3. 1 Substitution Method:

It is c o m m o n ly u se d sim p le m e th o d in w h ic h w e c a n p u t in fo rm a tio n b its in L S B se q u e n tia lly a t fix e d

ra n d o m ly a t fix e d p la c e o r ra n d o m ly a t ra n d o m p la c e s in c o v e r p ix e ls. T h e m e ssa g e to b e p ro te c te d p a sse s th ro u g h c o d in g , e n c ry p tio n p ro c e ss to fo rm a n e m b e d d e d m e ssa g e .

S c a n n in g , c o d in g , e n c ry p tio n ste p s m a k e th e in fo rm a tio n u n in te llig ib le so th a t o n e c a n n o t e x tra c t p la in m e ss E m b e d d in g m a k e th e m e ssa g e in v isib le so th a t o n e c a n n o t d e te c t it.

R e sh a p in g sp re a d s th e m e ssa g e so th a t e m b e d d e d m e ssag e c a n b e d e te c te d fro m d isto rte d ste g a n o s b y a u th o riz re c e iv e rs.

C o v e r p ro c e ssin g m a k e s d e te c tio n o f e m b e d d e d m e ssa g e m o re d iffic u lt sin c e th e d isto rtio n is e ith e r d u e to n o i a d d itio n o r d u e to m e ssa g e e m b e d d in g .

T h is w o u ld in c re a se s th e ro b u stn e ss a n d se c u rity . M a n y a tta c k s o n su c h ste g a n o g ra p h ic sy ste m s a re su g g e ste d . a tta c k s th a t c a n b e a p p lie d a re g iv e n b e lo w :

S te g o -O n ly A tta c k M e ssa g e -S te g o A tta c k C o v e r-S te g o A tta c k M e ssa g e -C o v e r-S te g o A tta c k

3.2 Proposed Method:

T h e fra m e w o rk o f p ro p o se d S te g a n o g ra p h y B a se d In fo rm a tio n P ro te c tio n m e th o d is sh o w n in F ig 1 . Its d e sc rip tio n is in th e fo llo w in g ste p s. FRAME WORK OF SBIPM

M ESSA G E

CRY PTO -K E Y S C RY PTO PA RT

S C A N N IN G

C O D IN G

E N C R Y P T IO N

R E S H A P IN G COVER STEG O PA RT E M B E D D IN G '-- - -- - -- - -- - - - - *--------- - -- - -- - -- - -

C O V E R IM A G E S T E G O IM A G E 3.3 Visual Perception:

STEGO KEYS

F o r a n y ste g a n o g ra p h y b a se d se c u re sy ste m , th e p e rc e p tio n o f ste g a n o s sh o u ld b e a s c o im a g e itse lf so th a t o n e c a n n o t d iffe re n tia te th e m a n d d e te c t th e e x iste n c e o f e m b e d d e d m e ssa g e .

3.4 Difference Analysis:

T h e "d iffe re n c e -im a g e s" o b ta in e d b y ta k in g th e d iffe re n c e b e tw e e n c o v e r, p ro c e sse d c o v e r a n d ste g o im a g e s a r

v isib le . F o r m a k in g th e d iffe re n c e v isib le in "d iffe re n c e -im a g e s" fo r v isu a l in te rp re ta tio n , w e first in c re a se d iffe re n m u ltip lic a tio n o f w e ig h t fa c to r a n d th e n re v e rt th e v a lu e s to g e t th e stre n g th e n e d STEG A N O G RA PH Y p ro c e ssin g o r m e ssa g e e m b e d d in g a n d h e n c e w e c a n sa y th a t th e m e th o d is sa fe fro m k n o w n c o v e r-ste g o a tta c k . 3.5 Distortion Analysis:

"d iffe re n c e -im a g e s" .F ro m a n a ly sis o f th e se " d iffe re n c e -im a g e s ", o n c o u ld n o t sa y th a t th e c h a n g e s a re e ith e r d u

D isto rtio n a n a ly sis o f ste g o im a g e s is c a rrie d o u t b y stu d y in g d isto rtio n / sim ila rity m e ssa g e s sta tistic a lly . T

m a n y m e th o d s fo r m e a su rin g d isto rtio n th a t c a n b e u se d fo r d isto rtio n a n a ly sis. D isto rtio n b e tw e e n tw o d iffe re n t m e a su re d b y c o n sid e rin g M e a n S q u a re E rro r (M S E ), M e a n A b so lu te E rro r (M A E ) o r H isto g ra m S im ila rity (H S ).

3.6 Depth Vs Distortion Analysis:

D isto rtio n o c c u rre d in d iffe re n t ste g a n o s is re q u ire d b y v a ry in g th e d e p th o f h id in g fo r e m b e d d in g in fo rm

c o v e r im a g e . T h e re la tio n b e tw e e n d e p th o f h id in g u se d a n d d isto rtio n o c c u rre d in th e ste g o im a g e s is sh o w n in F ig . th

h id in g w ith in so m e L S B re g io n is m o st su ita b le fo r m e ssa g e e m b e d d in g a s th e d isto rtio n is v e ry sm a ll in th is re g i

d e p th o f h id in g in c re a se s b e y o n d p re fe ra b le re g io n , th e d isto rtio n b e c o m e s n o tic e a b le a n d u n su ita b le fo r m e ssa g e h id in

DEPTH OF HIDING (D)----------------

3.7 Steganography in Images:

DISTORTION (MAE)

In th is se c tio n w e d e a l w ith d a ta e n c o d in g in still d ig ita l im a g e s. In e sse n c e , im a g e ste g a n o g ra p h y is a b o u t e x p lo itin g th e lim ite d p o w e rs o f th e h u m a n (HVS). W ith in re a so n , a n y p la in te x t, c ip h e r te x t, o th e r im a g e s, o r v isu a l sy ste m

a n y th in g th a t c a n b e e m b e d d e d in a b it stre a m c a n b e h id d e n in a n im a g e . W h e n e m b e d d in g d a ta , it is im p o rta n t to re m fo llo w in g re stric tio n s a n d fe a tu re s: S T E G A N O G R A_P_H Y_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ T h e c o v e r d a ta sh o u ld n o t b e sig n ific a n tly d e g ra d e d b y th e e m b e d d e d d a ta , a n d th e e m b e d d e d d a ta sh o u ld b e a s im p e rc e p tib le a s p o ssib le . (T h is d o e s n o t m e a n th e e m b e d d e d d a ta n e e d s to b e in v isib le ; it is p o ssib le fo r th e d a ta to b e h id d e n w h ile it re m a in s in p la in sig h t.) T h e e m b e d d e d d a ta sh o u ld b e d ire c tly e n c o d e d in to th e m e d ia , ra th e r th a n in to a h e a d e r o r w ra p p e r, to m a in ta in d a ta c o n siste n c y a c ro ss fo rm a ts. T h e e m b e d d e d d a ta sh o u ld b e a s im m u n e a s p o ssib le to m o d ific a tio n s fro m in te llig e n t a tta c k s o r a n tic ip a te d m a n ip u la tio n s su c h a s filte rin g a n d re sa m p lin g . S o m e d isto rtio n o r d e g ra d a tio n o f th e e m b e d d e d d a ta c a n b e e x p e c te d w h e n th e c o v e r d a ta is m o d ifie d . T o m in im ise th is, e rro r c o rre c tin g c o d e s sh o u ld b e u se d . T h e e m b e d d e d d a ta sh o u ld b e se lf-c lo c k in g o r a rb itra rily re -e n tra n t. T h is e n su re s th a t th e e m b e d d e d d a ta c a n still b e e x tra c te d w h e n o n ly p o rtio n s o f th e c o v e r d a ta is a v a ila b le . F o r e x a m p le , if o n ly a p a rt o f im a g e is a v a ila b le , th e e m b e d d e d d a ta sh o u ld still b e re c o v e ra b le .

STEGA NO G RAPH Y

4. STEGANOGRAPHY DIAGRAMAT1C FLOW

In fo rm a tio n to b e h id d e n

H id d e n docum ent

Sitego tool J

L a w e n fo rc e m e d in te rc e p tStego tool but doe! know th a t d o c u m e n t.

U se r c a n g e t th e h id d e n in fo rm a tio n u sin g p a ssw o rd

4. 1 Im a g e s: T o a c o m p u te r,image is a n a rra y o f n u m b e rs th a t re p re se n t lig h t in te n sitie s a t v a rio u s p o in ts, o r an

pixels. T h e se p ix e ls m a k e u p th e rasteredata. A n im a g e siz e o f 6 4 0 b y 4 8 0 p ix e ls, u tiliz in g 2 5 6 c o lo rs (8 b its p e r im a g 's

p ix e l) is fa irly c o m m o n . S u c h a n im a g e w o u ld c o n ta in a ro u n d 3 0 0 k ilo b its o f d a ta . D ig ita l im a g e s a re ty p ic a lly sto re d in e ith e r 2 4 -b it o r 8 -b it p e r p ix e l fd e s. 2 4 -b it im a g e s a re so m e tim e s k n

true colour im a g e s. O b v io u sly , a 2 4 -b it im a g e p ro v id e s m o re sp a c e fo r h id in g in fo rm a tio n ; h o w e v e r, 2 4 -b it im a g

g e n e ra lly la rg e

Dept OfCSE

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEG A N O G RA PH Y a n d n o t th a t c o m m o n . A 2 4 -b10 2 4 a g e e ls w id e b y 7 6 8 p ix e ls h ig h w o u ld h a v e a siz e in e x c e ss o f 2 m e g a b y te s. A s su c h it im p ix

la rg e file s w o u ld a ttra c t a tte n tio n w e re th e y to b e tra n sm itte d a c ro ss a n e tw o rk o r th e In te rn e t. Im a g e c o m p re ssio n is d e H o w e v e r, c o m p re ssio n b rin g s w ith it o th e r p ro b le m s, th a t sh a ll b e e x p la in e d sh o rtly .

A lte rn a tiv e ly , 8 -b it c o lo u r im a g e s c a n b e u se d to h id e in fo rm atio n . In 8 -b it c o lo u r im a g e s, (su c h a file s), e a c h p ix e l is re p re se n te d a s a sin g le b y te . E a c h p ix e l m e re ly p o in ts topalette, w ith 2 5 6 p obssib ler a c o lo u r in d e x ta le , o

c o lo u rs. T h e p ix e l's v a lu e , th e n , is b e tw e e n 0 a n d 2 5 5 . T h e im a g e so ftw a re m e re ly n e e d s to p a in t th e in d ic a te d c o l sc re e n a t th e se le c te d p ix e l p o sitio n . If u sin g a n 8 -b it im a g e a s th e c o v e r-im a g e , m a n y ste g a n o g ra p h y e x p e rts re c o m m e n d u sin g im a g e s fe a tu ri sh a d e s o f a s th e p a le tte , fo r re a so n s th a t w ill b e c o m e a p p a re n t. G re y -sca le im a g e s a re p re fe rre d b e c a u se th e sh a d e s gray v e ry g ra d u a lly b e tw e e n p a le tte e n trie s. T h is in c re a se s th e im a g e 's a b ility to h id e in fo rm a tio n . W h e n d e a lin g w ith 8 -b it im a g e s, th e ste g a n o g ra p h e r w ill n e e d to c o n sid e r th e im a g e a s w e ll a s th e O b v io u sly , a n im a g e w ith la rg e a re a s o f so lid c o lo r is a p o o r c h o ic e , a s v a ria n c e s c re a te d b y e m b e d d e d d a ta m ig h t b e O n c e a su ita b le c o v e r im a g e h a s b e e n se le c te d , a n im a g e e n c o d in g te c h n iq u e n e e d s to b e c h o se n .

4.2 Im a g e C o m p re ssio n : Im a g e c o m p re ssio n o ffe rs a so lu tio n to la rg e im a g e file s. T w o k in d s o f lossless a n d p re ssio n a re im a g e c o m

lossy c o m p re ssio n .

B o th m e th o d s sa v e sto ra g e sp a c e b u t h a v e d iffe rin g e ffe c ts o n a n y u n c o m p re sse d h id d e n d a ta in th e

L o ssy c o m p re ssio n , a s ty p ifie d b y JP E G (Jo in t P h o to g ra p h ic E x p e rts G ro u p ) fo rm a t file s, o ffe rs c o m p re ssio n , b u t m a y n o t m a in ta in th e o rig in a l im a g e 's in te g rity . T h is c a n im p a c t n e g a tiv e ly o n a n y h id d e n d a ta in

T h is is d u e to th e lo ssy c o m p re ssio n a lg o rith m , w h ic h m a y "lo se " u n n e c e ssa ry im a g e d a ta , p ro v id in g a c lo se a p p ro x

h ig h -q u a lity d ig ita l im a g e s, b u t n o t a n e x a c t d u p lic a te . H e n c e , th e te rm " T o ssy " c o m p re ssio n . L o ssy c o m p re ssio n is u se d o n tru e -c o lo u r im a g e s, a s it o ffe rs h ig h c o m p re ssio n ra te s.

L o ssle ss c o m p re ssio n m a in ta in s th e o rig in a l im a g e d a ta e x a c tly ; h e n c e it is p re fe rre d w h e n th e o r in fo rm a tio n m u st re m a in in ta c t. It is th u s m o re fa v o u re d STEG A N O G RA PH Y

b y ste g a n o g ra p h ic te c h n iq u e s. U n fo rtu n a te ly , lo ssle ss c o m p re ssio n d o e s n o t o ffe r su c h h ig h c o m p re ssio n ra te

c o m p re ssio n . T y p ic a l e x a m p le s o f lo ssle ss c o m p re ssio n fo rm a ts a re C o m p u se rv e 's G IF (G ra p h ic s In te rc h a n g e F o M ic ro so ft's B M P (B itm a p ) fo rm a t. 4.3 Image Encoding Techniques: In fo rm a tio n c a n b e h id d e n m a n y d iffe re n t w a y s in im a g e s. S tra ig h t m e ssa g e in se rtio n c a n b e d o n e ,

w ill sim p ly e n c o d e e v e ry b it o f in fo rm a tio n in th e im a g e . M o re c o m p le x e n c o d in g c a n b e d o n e to e m b e d th e m e ssa

" n o i s y a"re a s o f th e im a g e th a t w ill a ttra c t le ss a tte n tio n . T h e m e ssa g e m a y a lso b e sc a tte re d ra n d o m ly th ro u g h o u t th im a g e .T h e m o st c o m m o n a p p ro a c h e s to in fo rm a tio n h id in g in im a g e s a re :

L e a st sig n ific a n t b it (L S B ) in se rtio nin g a n d > M a sk

filte rin g te c h n iq u e s

A lg o rith m s a n d tra n sfo rm a tio n s

E a c h o f th e se c a n b e a p p lie d to v a rio u s im a g e s, w ith v a ry in g d eg re e s o f su c c e ss. E a c h o f th e m su ff

v a ry in g d e g re e s fro m o p e ra tio n s p e rfo rm e d o n im a g e s, su c h a s c ro p p in g , o r re so lu tio n d e c re m e n tin g , o r d e c re a se s in d e p th .

Dept Of CSE

SNGCE Kolenchery

4.4 Least Significant Bit Insertion: O n e o f th e m o st c o m m o n te c h n iq u e s u se d in ste g a n o g ra p h y to d a y is c a lle d le a st sig n ific a n t b it (L S B ) in T h is m e th o d is e x a c tly w h a t it so u n d s lik e ; th e le a st sig n ific a n t b its o f th e c o v e r-im a g e a re a lte re d so th a t th e e m b e d d e d in fo rm a tio n . T h e fo llo w in g e x a m p le sh o w s h o w th e le tte r A c a n b e h id d e n in th e first e ig h t b y te s o f th re e 2 4 -b it im a g e .

P ix e ls: (0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ) (0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 ) (1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 00100111 11101001)

A:

10000001

Dept Of CSE

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEG A N O G RA PH Y

R e su lt: (0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 ) (0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 ) (1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 00100111 11101001)

T h e th re e u n d e rlin e d b its a re th e o n ly th re e b its th a t w e re a c tu a lly a lte re d . L S B in se rtio n re q u ire s o n a v e ra g e th

h a lf th e b its in a n im a g e b e c h a n g e d . S in c e th e 8 -b it le tte r A o n ly re q u ire s e ig h t b y te s to h id e it in , th e n in th b y te o f th e p ix e ls c a n b e u se d to h id e th e n e x t c h a ra c te r o f th e h id d e n m e ssa g e . A slig h t v a ria tio n o f th is te c h n iq u e a llo w s fo r e m b e d d in g th e m e ssa g e in tw o o r m o re o f th e le a st sig n ific a n t

b y te . T h is in c re a se s th e h id d e n in fo rm a tio n c ap a c ity o f th e c o v e r-o b je c t, b u t th e c o v e r-o b je c t d e g ra d e s m o re sta tistic a l

m o re d e te c ta b le . O th e r v a ria tio n s o n th is te ch n iq u e in c lu d e e n su rin g th a t sta tistic a l c h a n g e s in th e im a g e d o n o t o c

in te llig e n t so ftw a re a lso c h e c k s fo r a re a s th a t a re m a d e u p o f o n e so lid c o lo r. C h a n g e s in th e se p ix e ls a re th e n a v o id slig h t c h a n g e s w o u ld c a u se n o tic e a b le v a ria tio n s in th e a re a . 4.5 Advantages Of LSB Insertion: M a jo r a d v a n ta g e o f th e L S B a lg o rith m is it is q u ic k a n d e a sy . T h e re h a s a lso b e e n ste g a n o g ra p h y so ftw a re d e v e lo p e d w h ic h w o rk a ro u n d L S B c o lo r a lte ra tio n s v ia p a le tte m a n ip u la tio n .

L S B in se rtio n a lso w o rk s w e ll w ith g ra y -sc a le im a g e s. A slig h t v a ria tio n o f th is te c h n iq u e a llo w s fo r e m b e d d in m e ssa g e in tw o o r m o re o f th e le a st sig n ific a n t b its p e r b y te . T h is in c re a se s th e h id d e n in fo rm a tio n c a p a c ity .

4.6 Masking And Filtering : M a sk in g a n d filte rin g te c h n iq u e s h id e in fo rm a tio n b y m a rk in g a n im a g e in a m a n n e r sim ila r to

w a te rm a rk s. B e c a u se w a te rm a rk in g te c h n iq u e s a re m o re in te g ra te d in to th e im a g e , th e y m a y b e a p p lie d w ith o u t fe a d e stru c tio n fro m lo ssy c o m p re ssio n . B y c o v erin g , o r m a sk in g a fa in t b u t p e rc e p tib le sig n a l w ith a n o th e r to m a k e th p e rc e p tib le , w e e x p lo it th e fa c t th a t th e h u m a n v isu a l sy ste m c a n n o t d e te c t slig h t c h a n g e s in c e rta in te m p o ra l d o m im a g e .

Dept Of CSE

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEGA NO G RAPH Y

T e c h n ic a lly , w a te rm a rk in g is n o t a ste g a n o g ra p h ic fo rm . S tric tly , ste g a n o g ra p h y c o n c e a ls d a ta in th e i

w a te rm a rk in g e x te n d s th e im a g e in fo rm a tio n a n d b e c o m e s a n a ttrib u te o f th e c o v e r im a g e , p ro v id in g lic e n se , o w c o p y rig h t d e ta ils. M a sk in g te c h n iq u e s a re m o re su ita b le fo r u se in lo ssy JP E G im a g e s th a n L S B in se rtio n b e c a u se o f th e ir im m u n ity to im a g e o p e ra tio n s su c h a s c o m p ressio n a n d c ro p p in g .

Dept Of CSE

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEGA NO G RAPH Y

5. Algorithms and transformations

B e c a u se th e y a re h ig h q u a lity c o lo u r im a g e s w ith g o o d c o m p re ssio n , it is d e sirab le to u se JP E G im a g e s n e tw o rk s su c h a s th e In te rn e t. In d e e d , JP E G im a g e s a re b e c o m in g a b u n d a n t o n th e In te rn e t.

JP E G im a g e s u se th e d isc re te c o sin e tra n sfo rm (D C T ) to a c h ie v e c o m p re ssio n . D C T is a lo ssy c o m p tra n sfo rm , b e c a u se th e c o sin e v a lu e s c a n n o t b e c a lc u la te d p re c ise ly , a n d ro u n d in g e rro rs m a y b e in tro d u c e d . V a ria n c th e o rig in a l d a ta a n d th e re c o v e re d d a ta d e p e n d s o n th e v a lu e s a n d m e th o d s u se d th e c a lc u la te th e D C T .

Im a g e s c a n a lso b e p ro c e sse d u sin g fa st F o u rie r tra n sfo rm atio n a n d w a v e le t tra n sfo rm a tio n . O th e r p ro p e rti a s lu m in a n c e c a n a lso b e u tilise d . T h e H V S h a s a v e ry lo w se n sitiv ity to sm a ll c h a n g e s in lu m in a n c e , b e in g a b le

c h a n g e s o f n o le ss th a n o n e p a rt in th irty fo r ra n d o m p a tte rn s. T h is fig u re g o e s u p to o n e p a rt in 2 4 0 fo r u n ifo rm re g im a g e . M o d e rn ste g a n o g ra p h ic sy ste m s u se sp re a d -sp e c tru m c o m m u n ic a tio n s to tra n sm it a n a rro w b a n d sig n a l o v e r la rg e r b a n d w id th so th a t th e sp e c tra l d e n sity o f th e sig n a l in th e c h a n n e l lo o k s lik e n o ise .

T h e tw o d iffe re n t sp re a d -sp e c tru m te c h n iq u e s th e se to o ls e m p lo y a re c a lle d d ire c t-se q u e n c e a n d fre h o p p in g . T h e fo rm e r h id e s in fo rm a tio n b y p h a se -m o d u la tin g th e d a ta sig n a l (c a rrie r) w ith a p se u d o ra n d o m n u m b e r se

b o th th e se n d e r a n d th e re c e iv e r k n o w . T h e la tte r d iv id e s th e a v a ila b le b a n d w id th in to m u ltip le c h a n n e ls a n d h o p s b e t c h a n n e ls (a lso trig g e re d b y a p se u d o ra n d o m n u m b e r se q u e n c e ).

T h e P a tc h w o rk m e th o d is b a se d o n a p se u d o ra n d o m , sta tistic a l p ro c e ss th a t ta k e s a d v a n ta g e o f th e h w e a k n e sse s to lu m in a n c e v a ria tio n . U sin gpattern encoding to re p e a te d ly sc a tte r h id d e n in fo rm a tio n th ro u g h o u t redundant th e c o v e r im a g e , lik e a p a tc h w o rk , P a tc h w o rk c a n h id e a re a so n a b ly sm a ll m e ssa g e m a n y tim e s in a im a g e . In th e m e th o d , p a irs o f im a g e p o in tsa re ra n d o m ly c h o se n . T h e b riga is edssc o f a se d b y o n e a n d th e b rig h is e ss o f n (a,b) h tn e re b tn in c re a se d b y o n e . F o r a

Dept OfCSE

10

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEG A N O G RA PH Y la b e le d im a g e , th e e x p e c te d v a lu e o f th e su m o f th e d iffe re n c e s o f th e n p a irs o f p o in ts is th e n 2 n . B e n d e r sh o w s th a t c o m p re ssio n , w ith th e q u a lity fa c to r se t to 7 5 , th e m e ssa g e c a n still b e d e c o d e d w ith a n 8 5 . T h is a lg o rith m is m o re ro b u st to im a g e p ro c e ssin g su c h a s c ro p p in g a n d ro ta tin g , b u t a t th e c o st o f m siz e . T e c h n iq u e s su c h a s P a tc h w o rk a re id e a l fo r w a te rm a rk in g o f im a g e s. E v e n if th e im a g e is c ro p p e d , th e re p ro b a b ility th a t th e w a te rm a rk w ill still b e re a d a b le . O th e r te c h n iq u e s e n c ry p t a n d sc a tte r th e h id d e n th ro u g h o u t th e im a g e in so m e p re -d e te rm in e d m a n n e

a ssu m e d th a t e v e n if th e m e ssa g e b its a re e x tra c te d , th e y w ill b e u se le ss w ith o u t th e a lg o rith m a n d ste g o -k e y to d e c A lth o u g h su c h te c h n iq u e s d o h e lp p ro te c t a g ain st h id d e n m e ssa g e e x tra c tio n , th e y a re n o t im m u n e to d e stru c tio n o f m e ssa g e th ro u g h im a g e m a n ip u la tio n .

Dept OfCSE

11

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEG A N O G RA PH Y

6. SYSTEM DESIGN:

T h e se a re th e ste p s fo llo w e d in im a g e h id in g w h ile tra n sm issio n a n d d e n o isin g a fte r re c e iv in g :

1. G e t a c o v e r im a g e (p u b lic ly a c c e ssib le m a te ria l) 2. T a k e th e in fo rm a tio n to b e h id d e n (m e ssa g e o r im a g e ) 3. C o m b in e c o v e r im a g e w ith th e in fo rm a tio n to b e h id d e n (w e fo llo w L S B a lg o rith m fo r th is) 4. W h ile tra n sm issio n it w ill b e c o rru p te d b y n o ise 5. U se a n y o f th e fd te rin g m e th o d s, e x : w ie n e r filte rin g fo r d e n o isin g in w av e le t d o m a in 6. H e re fd te r is e m p lo y e d in o rd e r to re m o v e th e n o ise 7. D u rin g e x tra c tio n a p a ssw o rd c h e c k is p ro v id e d 8. If p a ssw o rd is m a tc h e d th e n e x tra c tio n o f h id d e n in fo rm a tio n .
7. SECURITY:

A m e th o d , S B IP M , fo r p ro v id in g th e se c u rity o f o u r im p o rta n t in fo rm a tio n is b a se d o n th e te c h n iq u e s o

p ro c e ssin g , c ry p to g ra p h y , a n d ste g a n o g ra p h y . T h e se c u rity o f in fo rm a tio n h a s b e e n stre n g th e n e d b y a p p ly in g sc a n n in e n c ry p tio n , c o v e r p ro c e ssin g a n d e m b e d d in g te c h n iq u e s in th e m e th o d . R e sh a p in g ste p o f th e m e th o d p ro v id e s ro b

d e te c tin g m e ssa g e c o rre c tly in su c h situ a tio n w h e n ste g o im a g e is d isto rte d . T h e m e th o d d e v e lo p e d is sa fe fro m v a rio

S im u la tio n a n d ste g a n a ly sis re su lts sh o w n in th is p a p e r sh o w s th a t o n e w ill n o t b e a b le to d istin g u ish b e tw e e n c o v e r im a g e s. T h u s w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e stre n g th o f se c u rity a c h ie v e d is v e ry h ig h a n d u n a u th o riz e d re c e iv e r w ill n o t b e a b b a c k th e o rig in a l m e ssa g e u sin g e x h a u stiv e w ith o u t th e k n o w le d g e o f k e y p a ra m e te rs.

D ig ita l S te g a n o g ra p h y is in te re stin g fie ld a n d g ro w in g ra p id ly fo r in fo rm a tio n h id in g in th e a re a o f in fo

se c u rity .lta s a v ita l ro le in d e fe n c e a s w e ll a s c iv il a p p lic a tio n s. In fu tu re w e w ill m o re o f se c u re sy ste m s b a se d h

te c h n o lo g y . S e v e ra l m e th o d s fo r h id in g d a ta in , im a g e s w e re d e sc rib e d , w ith a p p ro p ria te in tro d u c tio n s to th e e n v iro

e a c h m e d iu m , a s w e ll a s th e stre n g th s a n d w e a k n e sse s o f e a c h m e th o d .T h e k e y a lg o rith m fo r d e sig n in g th e ste g

sy ste m h a s b e e n d e a lt. M o st d a ta -h id in g sy stem s ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f h u m a n p e rc e p tu a l w e a k n e sse s, b u t h a v e w e a k n e ss o w n . W e c o n c lu d e th a t fo r n o w , it se e m s th a t n o sy ste m o f d a ta -h id in g is to ta lly im m u n e to a tta c k .

H o w e v e r, ste g a n o g ra p h y h a s its p la c e in se c u rity . T h o u g h it c a n n o t re p la c e c ry p to g ra p h y to ta lly , it is in te

su p p le m e n t it. Its a p p lic a tio n in w a te rm a rk in g a n d fin g e rp rin tin g , fo r u se in d e te c tio n o f u n a u th o rise d , ille g a lly c o p ie is c o n tin u a lly b e in g re a lise d a n d d e v e lo p e d .

8.FUTURE SCOPE

In th is re p o rt m a n y re le v a n t issu e s w e re p re se n te d , fro m a te c h n ic a l p o in t o f v ie w . H o w e v e r, little h a s b e e

to m o tiv a te th e se stu d ie s. A m o re d e ta iled in v e stig a tio n o f a p p lic a tio n s, a n d a c o m p a riso n w ith c u rre n t te c h

ste g a n o g ra p h y w o u ld h a v e b e e n in te re stin g . F o r e x a m p le , a th o ro u g h e v a lu a tio n o f th e a d v a n ta g e s n a tu ra l la n g u te c h n iq u e s c a n o ffe r o v e r im a g e -b a se d te c h n iq u e s c o u ld h a v e o ffe re d v a lu a b le in sig h ts.

A n im p o rta n t c o n trib u tio n o f th is p ro je c t to n a tu ra l la n g u a g e ste g a n o g ra p h y is th e lin g u istic so p h istic a tio n

m o d e l fo r w o rd -su b stitu tio n p u t fo rw a rd . T h e le x ic a l m o d e ls e m p lo y e d in c u rre n t su b stitu tio n -b a se d sy ste m s w

Dept Of CSE

12

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEG A N O G RA PH Y

c ritic ise d a n d th e ir in a d e q u a te b e h a v io r u su ally d e sc rib e d w ith re sp e c t to la n g u a g e th e o ry . T h e se p h e n o m e n a c o u ld

d e m o n stra te d b y e x a m p le , sh o w in g te x ts a n d in a d e q u a te re p la c e m e n ts c a rrie d o u t b y c u rre n t ste g o sy ste m s. A m o

a n a ly sis o f h o w c o m m o n th e se c ritic a l situ a tio n s re a lly a re in ty p ic a l te x t c o u ld h a v e g iv e n c lu e s fo r th e c o n stru c ti sy ste m s, to d e c id e w h e th e r th e a d d itio n a l c o m p le x ity in tro d u c e d b y sta tistic a l w o rd -se n se d isa m b ig u a tio n is w o rth th e O th e r lin g u istic m o d e ls h a v e b e e n stu d ie d , in a d d itio n to th e le x ic a l o n e s, a n d p u t in re la tio n to e a c h o th e r th e ir u se fo r ste g a n o g ra p h ic p u rp o se s. T h e ste g a n o g ra p h ic a sp e c ts w e re th e n c o v e re d b y in fo rm a tio n -th e o re tic m o d e ls little h a s b e e n d o n e to ju stify th is c h o ic e . It m ig h t h a v e b e e n fru itfu l to p re se n t o th e r c h a ra c te riz a tio n s o f ste g a n o g ra c o m p a re th e ir su ita b ility to n a tu ra l la n g u a g e ste g a n o g ra p h y . A c e n tra l p a rt o f th e p ro b le m m o tiv a tin g th is re p o rt w a s th a t th e re a re n o m o d e ls fo rm a liz in g th e d e sig n a n d o f n a tu ra l la n g u a g e ste g o sy ste m s. A lth o u g h th e p re se n t re p o rt so m e w h a t im p ro v e s th e situ a tio n , b y p ro v id in g a

in v e stig a tio n o f th e to p ic , th e re is still n o sy ste m to b u ild u p o n fo r m a k in g fo rm a l c la im s a b o u t se c u rity o r ro b u stn n a tu ra l la n g u a g e sc e n a rio .

9. CONCLUSION:

S e v e ra l m e th o d s fo r h id in g d a ta in , im a g e s w e re d e sc rib e d , w ith a p p ro p ria te in tro d u c tio n s to th e e n v iro n m

e a c h m e d iu m , a s w e ll a s th e stre n g th s a n d w e a k n e sse s o f e a c h m e th o d .T h e k e y a lg o rith m fo r d e sig n in g th e ste g

sy ste m h a s b e e n d e a lt. M o st d a ta -h id in g sy stem s ta k e a d v a n ta g e o f h u m a n p e rc e p tu a l w e a k n e sse s, b u t h a v e w e a k n e ss o w n . W e c o n c lu d e th a t fo r n o w , it se e m s th a t n o sy ste m o f d a ta -h id in g is to ta lly im m u n e to a tta c k .

H o w e v e r, ste g a n o g ra p h y h a s its p la c e in se c u rity . T h o u g h it c a n n o t re p la c e c ry p to g ra p h y to ta lly , it is in te

su p p le m e n t it. Its a p p lic a tio n in w a te rm a rk in g a n d fin g e rp rin tin g , fo r u se in d e te c tio n o f u n a u th o rise d , ille g a lly c o p ie is c o n tin u a lly b e in g re a lise d a n d d e v e lo p e d .

A lso , in p la c e s w h e re sta n d a rd c ry p to g ra p h y a n d e n c ry p tio n is o u tla w e d , ste g a n o g ra p h y c a n b e u se d fo r c o v

tra n sm issio n . S te g a n o g ra p h y c a n b e u se d a lo n g w ith c ry p to g ra p h y to m a k e a n h ig h ly se c u re d a ta h ig h w a y .F o rm e in te re st o f th e m ilita ry , S te g a n o g ra p h y is n o w g a in in g p o p u la rity a m o n g th e m a sse s. S o o n , a n y c o m p u te r u se r w ill b e h is o w n w a te rm a rk o n h is a rtistic c re a tio n s. T h u s w e c o n c lu d e th a t th e stre n g th o f se c u rity a c h ie v e d is v e ry h ig h a n d u n a u th o riz e d re c e iv e r w ill n o t b e a b b a c k th e o rig in a l m e ssa g e u sin g e x h a u stiv e w ith o u t th e k n o w le d g e o f k e y p a ra m e te rs.

D ig ita l S te g a n o g ra p h y is in te re stin g fie ld a n d g ro w in g ra p id ly fo r in fo rm a tio n h id in g in th e a re a o f in fo se c u rity .lta s a v ita l ro le in d e fe n c e a s w e ll a s c iv il a p p lic a tio n s. h

Dept Of CSE

13

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEGA NO G RAPH Y

10. REFERENCE:

l.M .K u h n . W W W :ttp ://w w w jjtc x o m /S te g a n o g ra p h y /ste g list.h tm H , P riv a te S ite , H a m b u rg . G e rm a n y 1995.

2 .N .F .Jo h n so n . S te g a n o g ra p h y . W W W ttp ://\v w w .jjtc .c o m /steG d o rg e M a so n U n iv e rsity h: . ge c/

CONTENTS

1 . I N T R O D U C T .......................................................................................................................... IO N 1
2 . S T E G A N O G R A T E C H N I Q U.................................................................................... PH Y E S 2 2 . 1 K E R C K F FP R I N C I P .............................................................................................. O L E 2 3 . S T E G A N O G R A MH Y H O D S P ET ............................................................................................. 3

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4

S U B S T I T U T IM E T H O...................................................................................... O N D 3 P R O P O S E DE T H O.................................................................................................. M D 4 V I S U A PL E R C E P T I ................................................................................................ O N 4 D I F F E R E N A N A L Y S......................................................................................... CE IS 4

3.5 D E P T H S D I S T O R T I O N A L Y S.................................................................. V A IS 5 3.6 S T E G A N O G R A IP N I Y A G E............................................................................. H M S 7

4. STE G A N O G R A PH Y D IA G R A M A TIC W F L O ................................................................................................... 7 4 . 1 I M A G C O M P R E S S I.............................................................................................................. E O N 8 4 . 2 I M A GE EN C O D I N G T E C H N I Q U........................................................................................................................ E S 9

Dept Of CSE

14

SNGCE Kolenchery

STEGA NO G RAPH Y 4 . 3 L E A S S I G N I F I C A B I TT T N IN SER TIO N ........................................................................................................................... 10 4 . 4 M A S K I N G DF I L T E R I N G A N ..................................................................................................... 10 5 . A L G O R I T HAMN SDT R A N S F O R M A T ...................................................................... IO N S 12 6 . S Y S T E D E S I G .................................................................................................................................. M N 14 7 . S E C U R I .................................................................................................................................................. T Y 15 8 . F U T U RS E O P ..................................................................................................................................... C E 16 9 . C O N C L U S I ....................................................................................................................................... O N 17 1 0 . R E F E R E N ........................................................................................................................................ CE 18

Dept Of CSE

15

SNGCE Kolenchery