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Book
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SALT
Servant and Leadership Training Courses
A Survey of the
Old Testament
July 2004
A S U R V E Y O F T H E O L D T E S T A M E N T
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1 .........................................................................................................................................5
THE BOOKS OF THE LAW: GENESIS TO DEUTERONOMY ..................................................................5
The Bible – the most priceless possession of the human race .......................................................5
Genesis...........................................................................................................................................6
Exodus............................................................................................................................................8
Leviticus .......................................................................................................................................10
Numbers .......................................................................................................................................11
Deuteronomy................................................................................................................................12
CHAPTER 2 .......................................................................................................................................14
THE BOOKS OF HISTORY: JOSHUA TO ESTHER .............................................................................14
Joshua ..........................................................................................................................................14
Judges ..........................................................................................................................................15
Ruth ..............................................................................................................................................16
1 Samuel.......................................................................................................................................17
2 Samuel.......................................................................................................................................19
1 Kings .........................................................................................................................................20
2 Kings .........................................................................................................................................20
1 and 2 Chronicles .......................................................................................................................21
Ezra ..............................................................................................................................................23
Nehemiah .....................................................................................................................................24
Esther ...........................................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................................27
THE BOOKS OF POETRY: JOB TO SONG OF SONGS ......................................................................27
Job................................................................................................................................................27
Psalms ..........................................................................................................................................28
Proverbs.......................................................................................................................................30
Ecclesiastes ..................................................................................................................................31
Song of Songs...............................................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................................34
THE BOOKS OF THE MAJOR PROPHETS: ISAIAH TO DANIEL..........................................................34
Isaiah............................................................................................................................................35
Jeremiah.......................................................................................................................................37
Lamentations................................................................................................................................38
Ezekiel ..........................................................................................................................................39
Daniel...........................................................................................................................................40
CHAPTER 5 .......................................................................................................................................42
THE BOOKS OF THE MINOR PROPHETS: HOSEA TO MALACHI.......................................................42
Hosea ...........................................................................................................................................42
Joel...............................................................................................................................................43
Amos.............................................................................................................................................44
Obadiah........................................................................................................................................45
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Jonah............................................................................................................................................46
Micah ...........................................................................................................................................47
Nahum ..........................................................................................................................................47
Habakkuk .....................................................................................................................................48
Zephaniah ....................................................................................................................................49
Haggai..........................................................................................................................................50
Zechariah .....................................................................................................................................51
Malachi ........................................................................................................................................52
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
Welcome to SALT’s Leadership Training Courses. In the coming months, as you regularly
study God’s Word and work through the courses in SALT, we hope that you will develop a
closer walk with the Master and Author of the Bible.
This manual is an interactive course inviting your personal involvement. This course has five
lessons, which will each require 2 hours for completion. If you spend this kind of time in God’s
Word, we assure you, He will change your life. While you are taking the course, ask God what
He wants to say to you personally.
This book introduces five principle questions. Each question is derived from one of the five
lessons. Discussing the answers to these questions in a small group will help ensure each
person’s basic understanding of the material.
In addition to these five content-oriented questions, you will find personal discussion questions
in each lesson. These learning activities help group members personally apply the material to
their own lives. These are formatted for discussion.
No one will ever be expected to share personal experiences with the group. Sharing is strictly
voluntary and we hope no one will share anything causing himself/herself or others discomfort.
Please answer the questions in each lesson whether or not you choose to share them in the
small group. Any questions you skip will reduce the effectiveness of the study in your personal
life. We want you to get the very most out of this journey! God will do amazing things among us
if we grant Him full access to our minds, wills, and emotions.
Each lesson will invite your full participation through Bible reading and various kinds of questions
and activities. These interactive exercises are designed for your sake.
Allow God to do a fresh work in your life for the courses ahead. Let every journey through His
Word be a new experience, a new opportunity. Resist comparisons to other studies. Welcome
change. Invite Him to have His perfect way in your life in the days you study these courses and
His Word.
We conclude each lesson with a question asking you to consider how God
P I C T U R E K E Y
wants you to respond to what He showed you today. Record what God
H Valuable information does and teaches you as you pursue this journey.
Test your knowledge
Pictures from the “Picture Key” will help you understand and locate
Discuss practical exercises throughout the manual.
Read
Five Questions We Will Consider:

$ What are the Books of the Law and what are they about?
$ What are the Books of History and what are they about?
$ What are the Books of Poetry and what are they about?
$ What are the Books of the Major Prophets and what are they about?
$ What are the Books of the Minor Prophets and what are they about?
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C H A P T E R 1
The Books of the Law: Genesis to Deuteronomy

The Bible – the most priceless possession of the human race
Why is the Bible so priceless? Because it is the Book, which came from God, it is the complete
revelation of God to man. Because this is true, it must be infallible, inerrant, and eternal. And, it
is! Over the centuries a multitude of men and women have placed their entire confidence in its’
truthfulness. Some have died rather than renounce the truth of the Bible. More have lived
godly, unselfish lives by following its teaching. The Bible reveals the truth about God, explains
creation and the origin of man. It points out the only way to salvation and eternal life. It explains
the age-old problem of sin and suffering. It welcomes investigation. It is resistant to destruction.
It is applicable to every culture and ethnic group. It is the Living Word from God (Hebrews 4:12).
The Old Testament comprises three fourths of the entire Bible. It is largely the work of over 30
men, inspired of God. Approximately 1100 years passed during its writing. It is mostly the story
of a rather obscure race of people called the Jews. God chose this group of people to reveal
His will and character to the world, as well as to convey the only path to salvation and eternal
life. It is easy to divide the Old Testament into five parts.
The books of the Law cover Genesis to Deuteronomy
The books of History include Joshua to Esther
The books of Poetry are Job to the Song of Songs
The books of the Major Prophets are Isaiah to Daniel
The books of the Minor Prophets are Hosea to Malachi
Another division of the Old Testament would separate it into two parts, each covering thousands
of years of history. The first part would be Genesis 1 – 11 and covers four important events ---
the Creation story, the Fall of man, the great Flood of Noah’s day, and the division of the human
race at the Tower of Babel. Of course, we do not know how much time these 11 chapters
cover, but it is not millions or billions of years.
The second division would begin with Genesis 12 and it would include the remainder of the Old
Testament. This covers about 2000 years. Genesis 12 is the cornerstone chapter of the Bible.
It is here that God selects a man by the name of Abraham and enters into an eternal,
unconditional covenant with him and his descendants.
The Old Testament is incomplete in itself. It looks forward to the revelations of the New
Testament, which completes the spiritual message. Each book in the Old Testament offers a
particular ministry to the believer. The books in the Old Testament are not arranged
chronologically, but by subject. It is one large book, which contains 39 smaller books. A person
will never properly understand the New Testament Scriptures if the Old Testament remains a
mystery to him. For example, there are about 350 direct quotes from the Old Testament found
in the book of Revelation alone.
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The pre-existence of the Messiah is affirmed in the Old Testament. This is stated in Psalm 2:7,
“I will proclaim the decree of the LORD: He said to me, ‘You are My Son; today I have become
Your Father.’” On five different occasions, Jesus claimed to be the theme of the Old Testament:
Mathew 5:17 –
Luke 24:27 –
Luke 24:44 –
John 5:39 –
Hebrews 10:7 –
What is the theme of the Old Testament?
There is no substitute for the simple reading of the Scriptures. Each book must be read and re-
read to gain the message God is conveying to His people. God is interested in believers using
His Book and understanding His message in each book. He gives believers the Holy Spirit, who
reveals His message as we prayerfully read and study. The message throughout the Old
Testament reveals the Messiah, the Son of God. When great buildings and giant bridges lie
crumbled in the ruin of the centuries, God’s Word will continue to be as bright and shining and
alive as it is today. It is eternal.
The first five books (Books of the Law) of the Bible are commonly called the “Pentateuch.” In
ancient times, books were in the form of scrolls rather than bound as pages in book form.
These scrolls were stored in sheath-like containers. The Greek word for “five-roll” is
pentateuchos. We get the word “Pentateuch” from this Greek word.
Jews refer to the Pentateuch as the “Torah” (law or instruction), and treat it as the most
important part of their Bible. A fourth common title of these volumes is the “Books of Moses.”
The Jews often call their books by their first few words in the Hebrew text. Thus, Genesis is
called %LLOÏ¬O (In the beginning).
Genesis
Meaning of the
Title The title means “The Beginnings” and is the book of origins.
It was written first to tell us clearly and definitely that God created all
things Himself. The entire organized universe was brought into existence by the
powerful, all-knowing, creator God.
Second, Genesis was written to record the beginning of many other elements that exist
in our world today. The beginnings of such important matters as marriage, languages,
nations (government), sin, and worship are recorded.
A third purpose of Genesis is to relate how Israel, through Abraham, was selected from
among the peoples of the world to become God’s chosen nation and to reveal His love.
The Author According to Exodus 17:14 and Deuteronomy 31:24, Moses, the lawgiver, is the
author. The time of writing is approximately 1446 – 1406 BC. The first five
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books of the Old Testament are called the Pentateuch (meaning five books). Undoubtedly, it
was written in the wilderness. Genesis is the fourth largest book in the Bible. It covers more
than 2500 years of human history.
The Theme The theme of Genesis is life. It is the true story of how all things began. It is the
introduction to the magnificence of God Almighty. In Genesis, we see the
beginning of sin and the effects of sin upon mankind and the earth. The key word is
“beginnings.”
The key verses are:
The Key Verses
Genesis 3:15 “…..and I will put enmity between you and the woman, and
between your offspring and hers; he will crush your head, and you will strike his heel.”
Genesis 12:3 “I will bless those who bless you, and whoever curses you I will curse; and all
peoples on earth will be blessed through you.”
The first verse (1:1) in the book is a masterpiece of all literature. This verse refutes atheism,
pantheism, polytheism, materialism, secularism, and agnosticism. The book is simple, written
with direct honesty. It is selective, choosing to single out one family (Abraham) and one nation
(Israel), as it passes by the story of many other nations. It is possible that 25 million people
perished in the flood. The date of creation is not told to us.
Divisions of Genesis can be divided into two parts.
Genesis
Chapters 1 – 11, God deals with mankind in general.
Chapters 12 – 50, God deals with the nation of Israel.
Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

God is eternal (21:33). There has never been a time when God did not exist and there
will never be a time when He will cease to exist. He existed before all creation.
God supernaturally created all things in the universe (1:1 and 2:4). He created out of
nothing, bringing into existence everything required for the task (Hebrews 11:3).
The fact of sin is a solemn reality (chapter 3). The entire human race is included in the
sin of Adam (Romans 5:12).
God is greatly concerned with man’s redemption. His first act after the fall of man was to
provide garments of skin through the shedding of blood (Genesis 3:21).
The depths of the sinfulness of man are illustrated in the cold-blooded murder of Abel by
his brother. In addition, after several hundred years, mankind became so sinful there
was no remedy left except death for all (the flood). One righteous family was found
(Noah), and God started fresh with this family (chapters 5 – 9).
The judgment of the Tower of Babel marks the beginning of the nations of the world and
their languages (11:7 – 9).
The God of eternity found pleasure in the fellowship of a man made of earthly clay.
Abraham is called the “friend of God” based on his faith (chapters 12 – 15).
Joseph is one of the Bible’s greatest types or pictures of the coming Messiah in
numerous comparisons and analogies (chapters 37 – 50).
All truth later found in the Bible has its roots in Genesis.
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Messianic Genesis moves from the general to the specific in its Messianic predictions.
Implications The Messiah is shown to be -----
The seed of a woman (3:15)
From the line of Seth (4:25)
The son of Shem (10:21)
The descendant of Abraham (12:3), of Isaac (21:12), of Jacob (25:23), and of
the tribe of Judah (49:10)
The Messiah is also seen in people and events that serve as pictures. (A “picture” is a historical
fact that illustrates a spiritual truth.) Adam was “a pattern of the One to come” (Romans 5:14).
Both entered the world through a special act of God as sinless men. Adam, who sinned, is the
head of the old creation. The Messiah, who did not sin, is the Head of the new creation.
Melchizedek (“king of righteousness”) is “like the Son of God” (Hebrews 7:3). He is the king of
Salem (“king of peace”) who brings forth bread and wine and is the priest of the Most High God.
Joseph is also a picture of the Messiah. Both are loved by their fathers, both are hated by their
brothers, both are rejected as rulers over their brothers, both are conspired against and sold for
silver, both are condemned (though innocent), and both are raised from humiliation to glory by
the power of God. The Messiah is the perfect God-man.
Exodus
Exodus means “the way out” in Greek.
Meaning of the
Title
The Author In the ‘womb’ of Egypt, Israel increased to approximately 2,000,000 people.
A change in the reigning Pharaoh (king) sentenced them to slavery. Exodus
is the record of Israel’s birth as a nation. The writer is Moses (Exodus 24:4) and the time
covered is about 80 years from his birth.
The Theme The theme is threefold: the faithfulness, the power, and the wisdom of God.
First, God was faithful to His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. By His
power, He opened the gates of slavery and the nation of Israel was born in
freedom. When Sinai was reached, God provided law and wisdom by which His people were to
live. This book breathes the presence of holy God, as He divinely protects, feeds, and nurtures
His people.
The Key Word The key word is redemption. Israel was redeemed from bondage in Egypt and
and Chapters into a covenant relationship with God. Key verses are Exodus 6:6 and 19:5, 6.
Key chapters are 12 –14. The climax of the entire Old Testament is recorded in
these three chapters. The salvation of Israel is seen through the blood at the Passover and
through God’s power at the Red Sea. The exodus is the central event of the Old Testament.
Divisions of Exodus can be divided into two parts. The first part of Exodus is the
Exodus redemption from Egypt, chapters 1 – 18. After 400 years of slavery, the people
cry out to the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob for deliverance. God has
Moses prepared for this purpose.
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Pharaoh hardens his heart (5:2) and God begins to reveal Himself to Pharaoh through a series
of object lessons, the ten plagues. The plagues grow in severity until the firstborn in each
household in Egypt dies. God is with the Israelites. He is protecting, guiding, and sustaining
them throughout their journeys.
The second part of Exodus is chapters 19 – 40, called the revelation from God. The people
have experienced God’s deliverance, guidance, and protection. They are ready to be taught
what God expects of them. The redeemed people must be set apart to walk with God. The
emphasis moves from narration in chapters 1 – 18, to legislation in chapters 19 – 40. On Sinai,
Moses receives God’s moral, civil, and ceremonial laws, as well as the pattern for the tabernacle
to be built in the wilderness. After God judges the people for their worship of the golden calf, the
tabernacle is constructed and consecrated. It is a building of beauty in a barren land and
reveals much about the person of God and the way of redemption.
Exodus is particularly the story of a great servant of God, Moses ---a man who talked with God
face to face (33:11). The Law of God given through Moses shows God’s interest in every detail
that concerned His people. Their journey to the Promised Land is an object lesson for the
believer today. Chapter 32 begins the sad story of man’s failure, which was repeated
continually in Israel’s history.
Moses’ life was divided into three periods:
40 years in the schools of Egypt
40 years in the school of God (tending sheep in the desert)
40 years of service (leading the nation). At the end of his life, he was still strong
and able (Deuteronomy 34:7).
The ten plagues were directed against the Egyptian government, but were also a demonstration
against the gods of Egypt. For example: the first two plagues showed Yahweh superior to the
god of the Nile. The third plague was against the earth god, Seb, and the priests who could not
perform official duties with the gnats (lice) upon them.
The Israelites could not be delivered until they came “under the blood” of the Passover lamb
(Hebrews 9:22). This is a central fact in God’s relationship with man and a continual reminder of
sin and the need for cleansing.
God immediately took up His residence with His people and they could see the visible sign of
His presence in the pillar of fire by night and the cloud by day.
The Ten Commandments are given as the heart of the Law: easily taught, easily remembered.
Messianic Exodus contains no direct Messianic prophecies, but is full of symbols and
Implications pictures of the Messiah. Here are seven:
Moses: In dozens of ways Moses is a picture of the Messiah
(Deuteronomy 18:15). Both the Messiah and Moses are prophets, priests, and kings
(although Moses was never made King, he functioned as the ruler of Israel). Both are
kinsman-redeemers. Both are endangered in infancy. Both voluntarily renounce power
and wealth. Both are deliverers, lawgivers, and mediators.
The Passover: John 1:29, 36 and 1 Corinthians 5:7 make it clear that the Messiah is our
Passover Lamb who was slain for us.
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The seven feasts: Each of these feasts portrays some aspect of the ministry of the
Messiah.
The Exodus: Paul relates baptism to the exodus event because baptism symbolizes
death to the old and identification with the new (Romans 6:2 – 3; 1 Corinthians 10:1 – 2).
The manna and the water: The New Testament applies both to the Messiah
(John 6:31 – 35, 48 – 58; 1 Corinthians 10:1 – 4).
The tabernacle: In its materials, colors, furniture, and arrangement, the tabernacle clearly
speaks of the person of the Messiah and the way of redemption. The development is
progressive from suffering, blood, and death, to beauty, holiness, and the glory of God.
The tabernacle is theology in a physical form.
The High Priest: In several ways, the high priest foreshadows the ministry of the
Messiah, our great High Priest (Hebrews 4:14 – 16; 9:11 – 12, 24 – 28).
Exodus is geographically and historically accurate. Today, we are to apply the message to the
believer’s daily walk with God.
Leviticus
Meaning of the Leviticus is a manual for the Levites. This is the reason for the name.
Title
The Author Also written by Moses (Romans 10:5), this is the third in the series of five Books
of the Law. The name means “pertaining to or concerning the Levites.” Levites
are members of the tribe of Levi especially set aside for the work of God. Leviticus was written
at Sinai. The time span is about a month or less. It is an instruction manual for God’s newly
redeemed people, showing them how to worship, serve, and obey a holy God.
The Theme The theme of Leviticus is that in viewing the holiness of God, how can sinful
man approach Him and walk before Him? Moses writes that the way to
approach God is by way of sacrifice. To walk in God’s way, one must be separated from sin
and the world. This is taught through the sacrifices, feasts, tabernacle, and laws. The work of
the high priest is explained in 16:32 – 34. The Messiah is called the High Priest in
Hebrews 9:11 – 12.
The Key Verse Key verses are Leviticus 11:44, the command to be holy because God is holy,
and Chapters and 17:11, the need to shed blood to cover sin. The key chapter is 11, which
gives the requirement to be holy.
Divisions of The basic outline of Leviticus divides the chapters in this way:
Leviticus

Chapters 1 – 17 detail the way to God. Leviticus discusses the offerings,
and the consecration of the priests and the people. It ends by discussing
national atonement. The blood sacrifices remind the worshipers that because of sin, holy
God requires the costly gift of life (17:11).
Chapters 18 – 27 discuss Israel’s walk with God in fellowship. Laws of sanctification for
the people and for the priests are given. In addition, there are laws of sanctification
related to worship, the land, and vows.
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God requires holiness in His followers (Leviticus 19:2).
Specific horrible sins were named, because their evil neighbors were involved in
these things.
Priests were an integral part of God’s plan for Israel. Provision was made for
them in the offerings and tithes of the people. The Levites, who were not priests,
were assistants to the priests as teachers, scribes, musicians, judges, and
officers. God sent swift death to the sons of Aaron when they entered the
tabernacle where they should not have gone and when they used fire not taken
from the altar. God does not allow carelessness in divine things.
God required capital punishment for many crimes. Some mentioned in chapters
19 and 20 are murder, kidnapping, negligence, cursing a parent, and idolatry.
“Love your neighbor as yourself” (19:18) is a high point of the law. It is generally
considered to be a New Testament truth. Many of the provisions of the Law
reveal that God desired His children to love Him and one another. When they did
this, He would care for their physical needs.
Numbers
Meaning of the
Numbers, as the name suggests, includes a numbering of the people, or
Title census—one at the beginning and another at the end of the book. The Hebrew
title for the book, “In the Wilderness” (%LPKIH),” is more expressive,
since Numbers tells about the historical events experienced by the Israelites in
their wilderness wanderings.
The Author Moses is the author. The time of this book covers approximately 40 years. As
stated above, it is called Numbers because of the two times the people were
counted. Numbers gives the progress from Sinai to the borders of the Promised Land.
The Theme Numbers is a book of instructions similar to Leviticus with actions similar to
Exodus. Essentially, it tells the story of the wanderings of the Israelites from
Sinai to Kadesh Barnea. After 39 years of useless wanderings, camped on the plains of Moab,
they were poised to enter the land. It is the story of a forty-day journey, which took forty years.
It reveals the complaints of the people and how the majority was wrong. Associating with the
world, as did Balaam (Numbers 25:1 – 8), is exceedingly dangerous for God’s people. God
miraculously feeds and sustains them in the desert. He preserves their clothing
(Deuteronomy 29:5), gives them manna, meat, water, leaders, and a promise (14:34).
Messianic The clearest portrait of the Messiah in Numbers is the bronze serpent on the
Implications stake, a picture of the crucifixion (21:4 – 9 compare with John 3:14). The rock
that quenches the thirst of the multitudes is also a picture of the Messiah
(1 Corinthians 10:4). The daily manna pictures the Bread of Life who later comes from heaven
(John 6:31 – 33). Balaam foresees the rulership of the Messiah in 24:17. The guidance and
presence of the Messiah is seen in the pillars of cloud and fire. The sinner’s refuge in the
Messiah may be seen in the six cities of refuge. The red heifer sacrifice (chapter 19) is also
considered a picture of the Messiah. Numbers 21:4 – 9, John 3:14 – 15, and 2 Corinthians 5:21
picture the Messiah as the judgment for sin.
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The Key Verse The key word is wandering. The key verses are 14:26 – 35. The key chapter is
and Chapters chapter 14, which relates the unbelief at Kadesh Barnea.
Divisions of A basic outline of Numbers:
Numbers
The first section begins with the journey from Sinai to Kadesh
Barnea, chapters 1 – 12.
The second section deals with Israel in the wilderness. This was a time of
transition, chapters 13 – 19.
The third and last section is the journey from Kadesh Barnea to Moab, chapters
20 - 36.

The 39 years of shame ---- no progress, no increase.
God was grieved at the unbelief of the people (Psalm 95:10), but turned those years into
preparation. Boys grew into men, ready and trained for war.
Jesus used the illustration from Numbers 21:5 – 10 when talking to Nicodemus in
John 3:14.
Balaam was an example of a heathen prophet among the Gentiles, who seemed to have
some knowledge of the true God. He compromised and coveted wealth (2 Peter 2:15,
Jude 11, and Revelation 2:14). He met an untimely end (31:8).
The command of God to kill the inhabitants of Canaan was because God knew Israel
could not stay pure in the midst of such wickedness (33:51 – 56). In addition, the
wickedness of the Canaanites had reached its full measure (Genesis 15:16).
It pays to serve God faithfully. Consider Caleb and Joshua who were allowed to live,
while the others died. In addition, these two lived as healthy, strong men.
Deuteronomy
The Author Deuteronomy is the fifth and last book of the Pentateuch or Law, and the last
book written by Moses. Moses is the author of Deuteronomy as a whole, though
the Lord may have used inspired editors to retell and update some details. The last chapter,
which records his death, could have been written by him prophetically, or may have been added
by Joshua or someone else.
The title means “the second law” or “the law repeated.” The actual time span of
Meaning of the
this book is about a month, but a review is made of the past forty years. The
Title
place of writing is the southeast entrance into the Promised Land, about
1406 BC.
The Key Verse The key verses are 11:26 – 28. Other key verses are Deuteronomy 10:12 – 13
and Chapters and 30:19 – 20 . The key chapter is 27 where the formal approval of the
covenant occurs as Moses, the priests, the Levites, and all Israel affirm they are
the people of the Lord their God (27:9).
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It contains a vast amount of legal detail, but its emphasis is on the ordinary believer rather than
the priests. Moses reminds this new generation of the importance of obedience if they are to
learn from the sad example of their parents.
Deuteronomy was Moses’ magnificent farewell. It looked back and then looked forward to the
glorious victories of the future. He encouraged and urged the new generation to see God’s
faithfulness and challenged them to walk with the Lord.
Messianic The most obvious portrait of the Messiah is found in 18:15, but also read
Implications 18:16 – 19 and Acts 7:37. Moses is a picture of the Messiah in many ways as
he is the only biblical figure other than the Messiah to fill the three offices of
prophet (34:10 – 12), priest (Exodus 32:21 – 35), and king [although Moses was not king, he
functioned as ruler of Israel (33:4 – 5)]. Moses is one of the greatest men who ever lived,
combining not just one or two memorable virtues, but many.
The Theme The primary theme of the book is the renewal of the covenant. Originally
established at Mount Sinai, the covenant is enlarged and renewed on the plains
of Moab.
Divisions of The book of Deuteronomy may be outlined around three sermons of Moses,
Deuteronomy which he delivered to Israel.
First, what God has done for Israel, chapters 1:1 through 4:43
Second, what God expects of Israel, chapters 4:44 through 26:19
Third, what God will do for Israel, chapters 27:1 through 30:20

There is a stern review of moral laws for this generation who has grown up during the
journey.
The love of God is spoken of in verses 4:37; 7:7 – 8, and 10:15. The love of God is not
just a New Testament teaching.
The Ten Commandments are repeated in chapter 5.
The importance of daily, ceaseless training of children is emphasized in chapter 6.
The necessity for the complete extermination of the people of Canaan is detailed in
chapter 7.
Moses was not allowed to enter the land (32:51), yet 14 centuries later we find him in the
land with the Messiah at the transfiguration (Matthew 17:3).
Provisions were made for the continual reading of the Law (31:9 – 13) after Moses’
death, and also for the Law to be recorded in plaster on Mount Ebal (27:2 – 4 and
Joshua 8:30 – 32) where it could be read. When the people obeyed the Law, they
prospered. When they neglected the Law, they suffered.
Write down the meaning of the title of each of the Books of the Law. Write down at least 1
key verse for each Book.
Discuss in your small group the outstanding teachings of Numbers and Deuteronomy.
Discuss in your small group the 7 pictures of the Messiah from Exodus.
< How does God want you to respond to what He has showed you?
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C H A P T E R 2
The Books of History: Joshua to Esther

For the millions of people who love a good story, especially a true story, the second main
division of the Old Testament is unusually captivating. It picks up the story of God’s people
where Deuteronomy left off and takes it forward a thousand years to the end of Old Testament
history. While all of these events really occurred, the selection and presentation by God’s
human writers under His Spirit’s inspiration was to make it easy for the reader to see the lessons
that God wants him to learn. For example, we can learn lessons from David’s life, from the
division of the Kingdom, or from the return of the Jewish remnant after the exile.
The historical books extend from about 1400 BC to about 400 BC, or 1000 years of Hebrew
history. This long period divides naturally into three main eras:
The Theocratic Period (1406 – 1050 BC) ----- A theocracy is supposed to be a government
directly ruled by God. Ancient Israel from Joshua to Saul (1406 – 1050 BC) was such a rule by
God. Three books cover the theocratic era: Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.
The Monarchical Period (1050 – 586 BC or from Saul to the destruction of Jerusalem)-----
Here we see the Hebrews ruled by various kings. There are also three books (Samuel, Kings,
Chronicles) covering the era of the monarchy (1050 – 586 BC), but they have been divided into
six books for convenience in all modern versions.
The Restoration Period (538 to 430 BC) ------After the seventy-year exile in Babylon, the
nation that was once a theocracy, then a monarchy, became a mere province of world Gentile
powers—first of Persia, then of Greece, then of Rome. The period covered is 538 – 430 BC.
Joshua
The Author The writer is Joshua (24:26) and it was written about 1406 – 1390 BC. While the
book is anonymous, the ancient tradition is that it is largely written by Joshua
himself, completed after his death by Eleazar the high priest and his son Phinehas (24:29 – 33).
The Key Verse The key verses are 1:8 and 11:23. It is a book of action and victory. The book
and Chapters begins with a statement of promise “Moses my servant is dead. Now then, you
and all these people, get ready to cross the Jordan River....I will give you every
place where you set your foot…” (1:2 – 3). The book of Joshua ends with the
statement of the completion of the conquest --- “you know with all your heart and soul that not
one of all the good promises the LORD your God gave you has failed. Every promise has been
fulfilled” (23:14). Joshua forges a strong link from the Books of Law to the twelve Books of
History.
Divisions of This book can be seen in two divisions:
Joshua
First, the conquest of Canaan, chapters 1:1 through 13:7
Second, the settlement of Israel into Canaan, chapters 13:8 through 24:33
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Messianic Although there are no direct Messianic prophecies in the book, Joshua is clearly
Implications a symbol of the Messiah. His name is the Hebrew equivalent of the name
Jesus. In his role of triumphantly leading his people into their possessions, he
foreshadows the One who will bring “many sons to glory” (Hebrews 2:10). “But thanks be to
God, who always leads us in triumphal procession in the Messiah” (2 Corinthians 2:14 and
Romans 8:37). Joshua succeeds Moses and wins the victory unreached by Moses. The
Messiah will surpass the Mosaic Law and win the victory unreachable by the Law (John 1:17;
Romans 8:2 – 4; Galatians 3:23 – 25; Hebrews 7:18 – 19).
The “Commander of the army of the LORD” (5:13 – 15) met by Joshua is evidently a pre-
incarnate appearance of the Messiah (compare Joshua 5:15 with Exodus 3:5). Also, the scarlet
cord of Rahab portrays safety through the blood (Hebrews 9:19 – 22).
Events demonstrating important spiritual principles:

The memorials (chapter 4) are a remembrance of God working miracles for His people.
The rite of circumcision at Gilgal (chapter 5) demonstrates separation from the world.

The fact that God goes before His people is demonstrated by the fear He put into the
hearts of the inhabitants of Canaan (2:10 – 11).
The incredible grace of God is shown in the inclusion of Rahab (chapter 2), into the line
of the Messiah (Matthew 1:5).
While the land had been given to Israel (Genesis 15:18 – 21), it was still necessary for
them to possess it. As they did, God gave victory.
The slaughter of the Canaanites (6:21; 10:28) was by God’s order. It was to cleanse the
land. God had given the Canaanites 400 extra years in which to repent (Genesis 15:16).
Victory at Jericho was by complete observance of God’s directions. The defeat at Ai was
due to the disobedience of one man.
The miracles of the sun standing still and of the great hailstones in the battle of Gibeon
(10:11 – 13) were a part of the many miracles of God as He fought for His people,
beginning in Egypt.

Judges
The Author The book of Judges was most likely written by Samuel before David’s capture of
Jerusalem. The period of Judges covers about 325 years (1375 BC – 1050 BC).
This book is in stark contrast to Joshua. In the book of Joshua, an obedient
The Theme
people conquer the land through trust in the power of God. In Judges, a
disobedient, idolatrous people are defeated time after time because of their
rebellion against God.
In seven distinct cycles of sin to salvation, Judges shows how Israel set aside God’s law and
every man did “as he saw fit” (21:25). There is no mention of the tabernacle, no reference to
reading the law, or no praises lifted to God for His continued goodness. The emphasis is on the
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tribes, not the nation. The judges God raised up were not of exceptional ability like Moses and
Joshua, but people who simply performed their duty and died. Both men and tribes seemed
intent on personal success or possessions.
Gideon was the greatest of the judges. His recruited army of 32,000 was cut down to 300 and
given no weapons. Never in history was there a greater victory. Gideon’s exploits are referred
to in Psalm 83:9 – 10; Isaiah 9:4, 10:26, and Hebrews 11:32. His “fleece experience” is an
encouragement to all believers.
The book of Judges is written primarily on a thematic rather than chronological basis. The
author uses the stories of the various judges to prove the utter failure of living when “everyone
did as he saw fit” (21:25). To accomplish his goal, the author uses a five-point cycle to tell the
repeated spiral of disobedience, destruction, and defeat. The five parts are:
Sin
Slavery
Crying out God for help; repentance
Deliverance
Silence
Their sin was serving Baal and other gods of the people around them. The Lord’s anger
came upon them and He allowed pagan people (Midianites, Moabites, Philistines, and
others) to ravage them. The people cried out to God and He had pity on them. He raised up
a judge to deliver them. However, when the judge died, the people reverted to their old
ways. Therefore, the pattern continued.
The Key Verse The key verses are 2:20 – 21 and 21:25.
and Chapters
Divisions of A basic outline of this book would have three divisions:

Judges
Part 1 is chapters 1 – 3 in which is recorded the disobedience of
Israel.
Part 2 covers chapters 3 – 16 and covers the judges of Israel.
Part 3 covers chapters 17 – 21, and gives illustrations from the era of the judges.
Ruth
The Author The author of Ruth is not given. Jewish tradition says that Samuel is the author
of Ruth, though the book is anonymous. Since the book ends with the mention
of David, it cannot have been written before his time. Samuel, who anointed David as king, may
well have provided the book to show the new monarch’s lineage. Although most likely written
during the time of David, the events occurred during the time of the judges.
The Theme Ruth is the story of a virtuous woman of Moab, who forsakes her pagan heritage
in order to cling to the people and God of Israel. She was faithful in a day of
national unfaithfulness. God rewards this widowed lady by giving her a new husband (Boaz), a
son (Obed), and a privileged position in the lineage of David and the Messiah.
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The Key Word The key word of the book is redeem. Another key word is kinsman or relative,
occurring twelve times. Boaz is a redeeming relative who buys back the land,
which belonged to Elimelech and raises up posterity to continue the family name.
Messianic Boaz is a symbol of the Messiah, the true Redeeming Relative. Ruth, the
Implications Moabitess, pictures the church as the Bride of the Messiah, redeemed by His
wonderful grace. The concept of the kinsman-redeemer [or close relative] in 3:9
is an important portrayal of the work of the Messiah. The kinsman-redeemer must:
Be related by blood to those he redeems (Deuteronomy 25:5 – 10; John 1:14,
Romans 1:3, Philippians 2:5 – 8, Hebrews 2:14 – 15)
Be able to pay the price of redemption (4:9 – 10, 1 Peter 1:18 – 19)
Be willing to redeem (3:11, Matthew 20:28, John 10:15 – 18, and Hebrews 10:7)
Be free Himself (the Messiah was free from the curse of sin).
Divisions of Ruth The book may be outlined using two divisions:

First, Ruth’s love is demonstrated in chapters 1 – 2.
Second, Ruth’s love is rewarded, shown in chapters 3 – 4.

The central teaching in this short book is that only trouble results from leaving the place where
God called you to be. Blessing will not come until there is repentance and a return to God’s
plan. In the times when rebellion and immorality prevail, there are those who will hear the call of
God.
The Law completely shut out the Moabite from participating in the blessing of Israel
(Deuteronomy 23:3). Here we see the grace of God, which lifts Ruth from the curse to heights
of privilege, placing her in the Messianic line (Matthew 1:5).
Boaz was the son of Rahab of the Jericho (Joshua 2:1 and Matthew 1:5). In this, we again see
the grace of God demonstrated, because King David was the great-grandson of a Moabite and
great great-grandson of a Canaanite.
Ruth’s lovely confession to Naomi (1:16 – 17) is one of the greatest examples of literature the
world possesses. This fell from the lips of a heathen maiden who distinctly saw the reason for
life in the lives of her dead husband’s family, particularly her mother-in-law.
1 Samuel
The book of First Samuel describes the transition of leadership in Israel from judges to kings.
The three important characters in this book are:
Samuel, the last judge and first prophet
Saul, the first king of Israel
David, the king-elect, anointed but not yet recognized as Saul’s successor
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The Author
The author of First Samuel is not known, but Jewish tradition says that it was
written by Samuel. He may have written the first portion, but 1 Samuel 25:1
records his death. Therefore, this would make it clear that he did not write this
entire book. Samuel did write a book (10:25). In addition, as head of a group of prophets
(10:5 and 19:20), Samuel would be a logical person for writing this Biblical record.
First Chronicles 29:29 refers to “the records of Samuel the Seer,” “the records of Nathan the
prophet,” and “the records of Gad the Seer.” All three men may have participated in writing First
and Second Samuel.
Divisions of The books of First and Second Samuel were originally one book in the Hebrew
1 Samuel Bible, known simply as “Samuel.” The Septuagint (the translation of the entire
Old Testament from Hebrew into Greek) divides Samuel into two books, even
though it is one continuous account. It was called “First Kingdoms” and “Second Kingdoms.”
This division into two books was followed in all succeeding translations. The Septuagint,
translated in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, ministered to the Jews living outside their homeland.
The Septuagint was the Bible of early Christianity before the New Testament was written.
First Samuel may be outlined by following three distinct transitions:
First, the transition of national leadership was from Eli to Samuel, chapters 1 – 7.
The second transition was from Samuel to King Saul, chapters 8 – 15.
The third transition of leadership was from Saul to David, chapters 16 – 31.
Outstanding teachings in First Samuel are these:

Both Eli and Samuel were men of godly integrity. Evidently being busy in the service of
God, both neglected their sons with tragic results (2:12 – 17; 8:3 – 5).
The Ark of the Covenant was a blessing to God’s people, but a curse to the enemies of
the Lord (chapter 5).
Saul was the people’s choice for king. He started well, but did not learn submission of
his will to God (chapter 15).
Saul’s errors as king were impatience as he waited for Samuel (13:8 – 14), an
unreasonable vow made as he saw his army being victorious (chapter 14), and
disobedience to the clear command of God and going his own way (chapter 15). Along
with this was his insane jealousy of David (18:8 – 9) and his visit to the witch
(Leviticus 20:27, Deuteronomy 18:10 – 12, and 1 Samuel 28:3 – 25).
Samuel is a type of the Messiah. Both are the trusted prophets, priests, and judges
(1 Samuel 2:35 and Luke 2:49).
David is introduced in chapter 16. He is probably the most colorful figure in the Bible. He was a
combination of soldier, statesman, shepherd, musician, singer, and poet. His victory over
Goliath was a demonstration of the uncommon courage that may accompany simple faith in
God. Three of David’s inner qualities stand out boldly:
His deep love for his friend, Jonathan
His loyalty to King Saul
His patience in waiting for God’s time to take the throne.
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2 Samuel
The Author
The author for Second Samuel is given in the discussion of 1 Samuel, as
originally these books were joined as one book. This book continues the
account of the monarchy in Israel. Second Samuel is the record of the reign of
David, Israel’s greatest king.
The Key Word, The key word is David. The key verses are 7:8 – 16 and 12:7 – 14. In 7:8 – 16,
Verses, Chapter God is giving his answer to King David’s concern about building a permanent
house for God. In His answer, God makes several promises to David, known as
the Davidic Covenant. The Messiah is foreshadowed as the coming king through this
covenant (2 Samuel 7:4 – 17, Matthew 21:9, and Luke 1:32).
The key verses are 12:7 – 14, which records the words of the prophet Nathan to his King after
the events involving Bathsheba and Uriah. Nathan tells King David, “You are the man!” King
David acknowledges his sin against God.
The key chapter is Chapter 7, the great Davidic Covenant. The key characters, besides David,
are Nathan, Abner, Joab, and Absalom.
Divisions of Second Samuel may be outlined and its message viewed in the following
2 Samuel manner:
Chapters 1 – 10 tell of David’s triumphs

Chapter 11 gives the details of David’s greatest transgressions
Chapters 12 – 25 relate David’s troubles
The Theme The message of 2 Samuel is that obedience brings blessing, while disobedience
brings judgment.
Outstanding teachings in Second Samuel are as follows:

David’s greatest praise was to be called “a man after His (God’s) own heart”
(1 Samuel 13:14). How could this be in view of his great sin? The answer is his deep
repentance. Whatever else, David had a heart to please God. The many Psalms he
wrote are a testimony to this. His weakness made him dependent upon the Lord and his
heart was soft toward God, rather than hardened.
David was gracious and forgiving. He utterly discouraged revenge. He went out of his
way to be kind to Saul’s relatives (chapter 9).
God’s covenant with David (chapter 7) is one of the great chapters of the Bible (See also
Psalms 89:27 – 29; Jeremiah 33:20 – 26, and Luke 1:30 – 33).
David’s great capacity for worship was evidenced…….
In his bringing the Ark of the Covenant to Jerusalem (6:13 – 15),
In his praise (22 and 23:1 – 7),
In the Psalms he wrote.
God forgave David’s sins, but their consequences followed him all his life
(chapters 11 – 13 and 15 – 18).
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1 Kings
The Author The author of 1 and 2 Kings is unknown. Various traditions suggest that
possibly either Ezra, Ezekiel, or Jeremiah wrote it. 1 Kings covers a period of
about 125 years, starting with Solomon’s rule and ending with Jehoshaphat’s reign in Judah and
Ahaziah’s rule in Israel. This book is not merely historical, but is a commentary on the great
spiritual issues, which brought about those events.
The Key Word, The key word is division. Solomon and the building of the Temple in Jerusalem
Verses, Chapter are central to the content and message of 1 Kings. Following this time of
blessing, the message of 1 Kings records the decline of Solomon as king. He
became disobedient to the Davidic Covenant and fell under the disciplining hand of God
(9:10 – 11:43). The key chapter is 12, relating the division of the kingdom. The key verses are
8:22 – 26 and 12:16. Solomon dedicates the new Temple in 8:22 – 26. In 12:16, Rehoboam
rejects wise counsel and the people reject him as their king.
Divisions of The basic outline of this book would be in two parts:
1 Kings
First, in chapters 1 – 11, Solomon reigns over the united kingdom.
Second, chapters 12 – 22 present the early days of the divided kingdom.
The books of 1 and 2 Kings present the political aspects of the time while 1 and 2 Chronicles
present the priestly aspect of the same time.
Outstanding teachings in 1 Kings are as follows:

David has failed to make public which son is to ascend to the throne, but at the last
moment names Solomon (1:27)
Solomon’s reign began in splendor (1:38 – 40) and in deep humility, he asks God for
wisdom (3:7 – 9). He received wisdom, wealth, and honor (3:13). The downfall of the
world’s wisest man came in his failure to follow God with his whole heart (11:4).
He became involved in the idolatry introduced by his heathen wives (11:5). Unlike David,
he did not show repentance and confess his sin (11:10 – 11).
He over-taxed the people (12:4).
Rehoboam’s foolish decision split the kingdom into two nations (12:13 – 14).
The prophet Elijah appears in chapter 17. Elisha is called by God in chapter 19:19 – 21.
The Messiah is the true, reigning King of Kings (1 Kings 9:5 and Luke 1:31 – 33).
Solomon’s reign is a picture of the Messiah as King and Prince of Peace. Solomon’s
peaceable kingdom was a result of the victories David obtained. It is because the
Messiah has fought and conquered our enemies that we can enjoy the peace of His
glorious reign in our hearts (1 Chronicles 22:9 and Romans 14:17).
2 Kings
Second Kings was written to continue the story of the divided kingdom period and to record the
captivity of both the Northern and Southern Kingdoms as they fell under God’s discipline.
The Key Word, The key word is captivity. The key chapters are 17 (which relates the captivity
Verses, Chapter of the Northern Kingdom) and 25 (which tells of the captivity of the Southern
Kingdom). The key verses are 17:7 – 23, 23:26 – 27, and 25:8 – 12. The key
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characters include Elisha, Jehu, Jeroboam II, Hezekiah, Josiah, and Manasseh.
Divisions of An outline of the book would be in two parts:
2 Kings
Part 1 is chapters 1 – 17, concerning the history of Israel and Judah, the
divided kingdoms.
Part 2 covers the remaining chapters, 18 – 25, which is the history of Judah, the single
remaining kingdom.
Second Kings begins with the reign of King Ahaziah of Israel and concludes with King Zedekiah,
the last king of Judah. This covers approximately 250 years.
Second Kings completes the life of the prophet Elijah (chapters 1 and 2). In chapters 1:1 – 2:11,
we read the last of his ministry. This section records fire being called down from heaven
(1:9 – 12), crossing the Jordan River on dry ground (2:8), and his departure to heaven in a
whirlwind (2:11).
The ministry of Elisha is covered in chapters 2:12 – 13:21. Elisha received a double blessing
from God (2:9 – 12) and performed more miracles than did Elijah. He labored during a time of
spiritual and moral decay in Israel. His ministry covered about 50 years. He was significant
among the “sons of the prophets,” who were a group of young men trained at Bethel and Gilgal
to serve the Lord in the Northern Kingdom. However, his influence and ministry extended
beyond the borders of Israel, into Syria.
1 and 2 Chronicles
Chronicles, originally one large book, occupies the last position in the Hebrew Bible. Since, at
first glance, 1 Chronicles seems to repeat 1 and 2 Samuel, and 2 Chronicles seems to cover the
same material as 1 and 2 Kings, what unique contribution does Chronicles make?
Chronicles shows marked differences from Samuel and Kings. Those books emphasize the
historical side of things whereas Chronicles emphasizes the spiritual. Thus, Chronicles
concentrates on the reign of David and his successors, and on the temple and its worship. It
gives details not previously found concerning the priests, Levites, musicians, singers, and
doorkeepers. It elaborates on the transporting of the Ark to Jerusalem, on preparation for
building the temple, and on reforms under some of the good kings of Judah.
The northern kingdom is mentioned only in its dealings with David’s dynasty. The chronicler
even passes over the tragic stories of Amnon, Absalom, and Adonijah, and the faithlessness of
Solomon. Therefore, the Books of Chronicles are by no means an unnecessary repetition.
Rather, they are a spiritual interpretation of the history in the preceding books.
First and Second Chronicles are not dull history books. They are a priestly interpretation of
sacred history from Adam through Israel’s return from the Babylonian Captivity. They are
written for us believers and apply to our daily life.
The Author Tradition says that Ezra the scribe is considered the author of these books
(1 Chronicles 9:1 and 2 Chronicles 12:15). He was certainly qualified
(Ezra 7:10 – 11). The date for both books is 450 BC. First and Second Chronicles are
complementary to 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings. They were intended to strengthen the
remnant of the nation who had made it through the period of the Babylonian captivity. This
remnant needed encouragement that the Lord God was with them. It also reminded them of
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their glorious future because the Lord is faithful to His covenants. Unfaithfulness to God brought
them down, but there was hope for the nation and hope for the people.
The Key Word, The key word is Temple in 1 Chronicles and this is the major unifying theme in
Verses, Chapter both books. In 2 Chronicles, the key idea is the priestly view of Judah.
Chapter 11 and 17 are the key chapters in 1 Chronicles. In 2 Chronicles,
chapter 34 is the key. The key verses for 1 Chronicles are 17:11 – 14 and 29:11.
In 2 Chronicles, the key verses are 7:14 and 16:9.
Divisions of The two books may be outlined separately in this way:
1 and 2 Chronicles
1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles
The genealogies, chapters 1 – 9 The united kingdom under King Solomon,

chapters 1 – 9
The death of King Saul, chapter 10
The anointing and reign of King David, The southern kingdom under Judean kings,
chapters 11 – 29 chapters 10 – 36
The genealogies of chapters 1 – 9 trace the lineage from Adam and end with those going into
the Babylonian captivity. In this list, certain names stand out as persons selected by God to
reveal His hand at work among His people. It is plain that the author is most interested in the
line of David and the tribes of Levi, Judah, and Benjamin.
Even though Saul reigned for 32 years, little is given about his rule. His unfaithfulness and
disobedience receive a brief treatment in order to contrast him with God’s choice of a godly king
--- King David. David is the standard used in Scripture for a righteous king. He brings the
nation together, making it into a powerful force for the Lord. Emphasis is placed on David’s
desire to make Jerusalem the religious capital of the land and on his desire to build a temple for
the Lord.
In Second Chronicles, the reign of Solomon centers on the two visions he received.
The first vision was at Gibeon (1:1 – 13).
The second vision was at Jerusalem (7:12 – 22).
The emphasis of chapters 10 – 36 is on the godly kings of Judah who ruled after Solomon in
the southern kingdom. The focus is on Asa (14:1 – 16:14), Jehoshaphat (17:1 – 20:37),
Hezekiah (29:1 – 32:33), and Josiah (34:1 – 35:27). Evil kings are given little space by the
author. The final chapter describes the fall and deportation of Judah.
Because of the contents of these two books, there is repetitive material in the books of Kings
and Samuel. It is helpful to see the relationship of the Chronicles to other Old Testament
material.
Discuss in your small group the major differences between Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.
Discuss in your small group outstanding teachings in Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles.
Compare the books of Samuel and Kings to the Chronicles:
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Samuel and Kings Chronicles
Viewed both northern and southern kingdoms Viewed only the southern kingdom
The emphasis was on the throne Emphasis was on the Temple
Gave both civil and political history Gave the sacred history
Emphasis on the prophet Emphasis on the priest
Wars were prominent Wars were less prominent
Charges are brought against the two kingdoms Written to encourage the people
Ezra
The Author Jewish tradition states Ezra wrote this book. It is clear that he was qualified, as
he is called “a man learned in matters concerning the commands and decrees
of the Lord” (7:11). Verse 12 calls him “the priest a teacher of the Law of the God of heaven.”
He is the great-grandson of Hilkiah, an Aaronic priest-scribe (7:1 and 2 Kings 22:8). The time of
this writing is around 450 BC. The time span for the book is a period of about 88 years. There
is a large gap of time between chapters 6 and 7. Almost 80 years of time may be placed in this
space between the two returns of exiled peoples. Israel had been in captivity for 70 years. A
remnant chose to leave Babylon and return to their homeland. The book of Ezra records these
two groups who return. The purpose of this book is to record the faithfulness of God in
re-establishing the Jews in their land.
The Key Word, The key words are spiritual restoration. The key chapter is chapter 6, which
Verses, Chapter tells of the rebuilding of the Temple. Key verses are 1:1 – 4 and 6:14 – 15. Key
characters are Zerubbabel, Joshua (the high priest), and Ezra.
Divisions of A basic outline would follow two divisions.
Ezra
Part 1 covers chapters 1 – 6 and tells of the events of those who
returned to the homeland under Zerubbabel’s charge. There were about
50,000 people in the first group who returned to the desolate land of Palestine. The
objective of this group was the restoration of the Temple.
Part 2 includes the remaining chapters, 7 – 10, and details the events of those who
returned to the homeland under the charge of Ezra. Part 2 might be titled the
Reformation of the people, as the spiritual condition of Israel was on the heart of Ezra.
About 80 years had elapsed when Ezra took his smaller group of 1500. Ezra had most
likely not been born when the first return took place and that initial group was probably
deceased by now. Ezra’s purpose was to take a substantial offering to the people to
assist them and he felt called to teach the law of God (chapter 7).
Earlier, the southern kingdom of Judah was taken captive to Babylon. It must be kept in mind
that since the beginning of the divided kingdoms, there were elements of the northern kingdom
who at times emigrated south (2 Chronicles 11:14 – 16, 15:9, 30:11, and 34:9). According to
Ezra 1:5, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin were the leaders in the restoration. Yet, the northern
cities of Bethel and Ai are included among those in the return (2:28). It can be said with
certainty that all Israel “came home” during the time of the restoration, because in the New
Testament time all the tribes were represented (Acts 26:6 – 7 and James 1:1).
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Chapter 9 reports that the Israelites were once again compromising God’s laws, especially by
marrying pagan wives. Ezra knew the law and recent history. He knew that God’s discipline
would fall on them if they did not repent. Broken-hearted, Ezra began to grieve for Israel. As
Ezra mourned and cried out to God, people began to repent. One godly man, who knows and
obeys the Word of God, can impact large numbers of people. Revival (which is a new
beginning of obedience) came to the people of Israel.
Messianic The Messiah is seen in the books of both Ezra and Nehemiah in His ministry
Implications and work of forgiveness and restoration. Ezra reveals God’s continued
fulfillment of His promise to keep David’s descendants alive. The remnant has
returned to the land of promise (7:6 – 9 and Nehemiah 2).
Nehemiah
The Author Nehemiah is the author of this book (1:1). The date of writing would be around
440 – 430 BC during the reign of Artaxerxes, king of Persia.
The Theme The book was written to show the work of God through a godly leader,
Nehemiah. Nehemiah leads the third and last group of exiles back to their
homeland. This record of events demonstrates what one person can accomplish when he is
empowered, encouraged, and called by God. The book records the building, fortifying, and
re-establishing of the city of Jerusalem and its people. Also revealed is the beautiful balance in
the life of Nehemiah. He balanced a zealous human effort and detailed planning with God’s
divine empowering. Living and ministering with Nehemiah during this same period was Ezra. In
addition, Malachi preached during this time.
The Key Word, The book of Nehemiah covers a period of twelve years from 445 – 433 BC
Verses, Chapter (1:1 and 13:6). The key words are political and spiritual restoration. The key
verses are 1:4 – 11, 2:17, 5:14, and 6:15. Key characters are Nehemiah,
Artaxerxes, and Ezra. Chapter 6 is the key chapter. It is about the rebuilding of the walls of
Jerusalem.
Divisions of A basic outline divides the book in two parts:
Nehemiah
First, the reconstruction of the walls, chapters 1 – 7.
Second, chapters 8 – 13 on the restoration of the people.
The walls of Jerusalem were almost rebuilt after 464 BC when Artaxerxes the 1st began his rule
in Persia. Then, Nehemiah heard that opposition led to their second destruction and he felt
intense sorrow (1:3 – 4). He spent four months in prayer. Since no one was to be sad in the
king’s presence, Nehemiah was afraid when the king noted his sadness (2:1 – 2). However, this
provided an opportunity to request a leave of absence from the king’s service in order to go to
Jerusalem. Nehemiah was given permission to go and was given access to building materials
for the project.
The people at Jerusalem shared Nehemiah’s vision to rebuild the walls. In chapters 4 – 6,
opposition arose from the enemies on the outside and from certain Jews on the inside. Being
a man of prayer and wisdom, Nehemiah led the people through the difficult days. In only 52
days of work, the walls of Jerusalem were completed (6:15). There was still much work
necessary in strengthening the walls and in rebuilding the city itself. Nehemiah organized the
city and a militia to defend it.
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It is a mistake to think that Nehemiah was only interested in a physical restoration of the nation.
In 8:1 – 18, we see that he was deeply committed to teaching the nation to live according to the
Law of God. Ezra read from the Law (the Scriptures) and explained its meaning to the
thousands who gathered. Genuine revival occurred based on the Word of God. Genuine
revival brings about changed behavior. These chapters record not only the confession of sin
(9:2 – 3) but also a change in living (10:30 – 39).
When Nehemiah left Jerusalem, much of his influence also left. During his absence, certain
sins were tolerated in national life. Nehemiah returns 12 years later (13:7 – 11, 23 – 25) and he
dealt with the offenders. With the reforms of Nehemiah, the Old Testament closes. After this,
there is no inspired record for over 400 years. The next Word from God will be the angel
Gabriel announcing the coming birth of John the Baptist. The book of Nehemiah closes the
history of the nation of Israel.
Esther
The Author The author of this book is not identified. It likely was written about 475 BC
during the reign of Ahasuerus (Xerxes). The author is believed to be a Jew who
lived through the events described. The writer knew Persian customs and words. He describes
in detail the palace at Susa (1:6 – 8 and 7:8).
The Theme The purpose of this book was to show God’s care for His people, even while
they were in captivity and in a poor spiritual condition.
Esther’s story took place in the time of the book of Ezra, during the period between Ezra
chapters 6 and 7.
The Key Word, The key word is the providence of God. The key chapter is 6, when the hand of
Verses, Chapter God changes the situation. Key verses are 4:13 – 14, 6:13, and 9:26 – 28. The
key characters are Mordecai, Esther, Haman, and Ahasuerus (Xerxes). It takes
place in the land of Persia.
Divisions of A basic outline of the book divides it into two parts:
Nehemiah

First, in chapters 1 – 4, a royal crisis creates a threat for God’s people.
Chapter 1 gives the story of Queen Vashti’s dismissal. Chapter 2 tells of
the search for a woman to replace her. Chapter 3 gives the murderous plot of Haman.
In chapter 4, Mordecai’s intercession is made apparent.
The second part of the book deals with God’s protection of His people, which results in
the triumph of the Jews (chapters 5 – 10). Queen Esther risks her life to approach the
king in chapter five. Chapter 6 relates how Haman was forced to publicly praise the man
he hates. The viewpoint of Haman and his family suggests that God’s hand often moves
on behalf of His people. Chapter 7 gives the execution of Haman, and in chapter 8, the
Jews are avenged. Chapter 9 tells how the Feast of Purim is instituted and the last
chapter (10) relates the elevation of Mordecai to a prominent position in Persia.
The name of God never appears in the book of Esther, nor is there any reference to this book
made in the New Testament. However, there is no other portion of the Bible where God’s
sovereign hand is more evident.
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Messianic Esther is a picture of the Messiah when she places herself in the place of death
Implications for her people, but received the approval of the king. She portrays His work on
our behalf as our Advocate (4:14 and 2 Corinthians 5:21). This book reveals
another satanic threat to destroy the Jewish people and the Messianic lineage divinely
established through them.
The Chronology of the Restoration

Persian King Dates Biblical Characters Scripture Event
Cyrus 539 – 530 Zerubbabel Ezra 1 – 4 Zerubbabel leads first
group of exiles to
Jerusalem
Joshua (priest) Temple begun
Haggai Temple stopped
Zechariah
Cambyses 530 – 521 No work on Temple
Darius I 521 – 486 Haggai Ezra 4 – 6 Temple work completed

Zechariah
Xerxes 486 – 465 Esther Esther1–10 Story of Jew’s preservation

(Ahasuerus) Mordecai Nehemiah
Artaxerxes 465 – 423 Ezra Ezra 7 – 10 Ezra leads second group of

exiles
Nehemiah Nehemiah Nehemiah leads third group

of exiles
Malachi Ministry of Malachi
Discuss in your small group the two basic divisions of the book of Ezra.
Discuss in your small group how Nehemiah and Ezra worked together.
Discuss in your small group the meaning of the “key word” in Esther.
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C H A P T E R 3
The Books of Poetry: Job to Song of Songs

Old Testament poetry is characterized by certain factors. Hebrew poetry does not possess
meter or rhyme. It uses parallelism, which means there is a rhythm in the expression given.
This rhythm is based upon thought arrangement rather than word arrangement. In one
instance, there is a repetition of the same thought with equivalent expressions, where the first
line reinforces the second (example: Psalm 34:10). In another instance, there is a building up of
thought with each succeeding line adding to the first (example: Psalm 1:3). Hebrew poetry is
pleasing to the mind and the ear. Hebrew poetry is highly figurative as well as being rhythmic. It
expresses thoughts with feeling.
Job
Job probably lived even before the time of Abraham. This would make the book of Job the
earliest book of the Bible. Job is referred to as a historical figure in Ezekiel 14:14 and 20 and
James 5:11. In Job’s era, men lived longer lives. The length of Job’s life points to that fact. He
lived 140 years after the traumatic events in the book (Job 42:16). He functioned as a priest for
his family, a typical role in the days of the patriarchs. This book is part of the Old Testament
Wisdom Literature which presents the philosophy of the Hebrew mind on practical godly living.
The Theme The book of Job addresses the issue of the suffering of righteous people. Many
people have been confused when the righteous suffer. If God is sovereign and
loving, why do righteous people suffer? Although the book of Job suggests some answers to
this age-old question, an intellectual solution is not given. A spiritual answer is given. The
answer is the sovereignty of God. The focus of the book is upon what Job learns from his
suffering.
The Key Word, The key words are suffering and sovereignty. The key verses are 1:20 – 22,
Verses, Chapters 8:3 – 7, and 40:1 – 2. The key chapter is chapter 1, which sets the stage for the
drama of Job. The key characters are Job, Eliphaz, Bildad, Zophar, and Elihu.
Divisions of A basic outline of the book divides the book into four parts:
Job
Part 1, The Beginning is 1 – 2, which sets the stage with a testimony by
God, who declares Job is a righteous man. Job is also a wealthy man. Satan declares
that Job only worships God because it was profitable for him to do so (1:9 – 10). In order
to reveal satan’s faulty thinking, God allowed satan to attack Job. In a series of four
catastrophic events, Job lost his wealth and his 10 children (1:13 – 19). The broken-
hearted Job still worshiped God. Next, satan inflicted Job with a horrible disease
(2:4 – 8; 7:5). In all this, Job remained true to the Lord. Here the dilemma of Job is
described.
Part 2 contains the majority of the book, (3:1 – 37:24). It is on Human Wisdom and
Suffering. Three of Job’s friends hear of his misfortunes and come to see him. The
majority of the book covers their three rounds of speeches. The friends saw these
events, which happened to Job, as unusual. They believed that truly righteous people
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are not punished by God, but wicked men are punished. Since God was clearly
punishing Job, he must not be truly righteous. He must be guilty of secret sin. It is Elihu,
a younger man, who is closer to truth when he speaks. He rebuked the elders for talking
a lot, yet showing little wisdom. He rebuked Job for justifying himself before God. Elihu
points out that suffering can be for instruction rather than punishment. Moreover, the
debates of Job are given in detail.
Part 3 covers Divine Wisdom and Suffering, (38:1 – 42:6). God breaks the silence of
heaven and reveals Himself to Job (38:1 – 42:6). In two magnificent addresses, Job
learns how great God is and how insignificant he is. God did not explain why Job was
suffering, but simply asked Job to trust Him.
Part 4 is called the Epilogue (42:7 – 17). In the conclusion of the drama, God severely
rebukes the three friends because they misrepresented Him. The story ends with Job
restored to health, with twice the wealth he had before, and once again being blessed
with 10 children (42:7 – 17). In this last section, the deliverance of Job is distinguished.
Messianic The Messiah is seen as the ever living Redeemer and Mediator (9:32 – 33,
Implications 19:25 – 27, Hebrews 4:15, 8:6, and 1 Timothy 2:5).
Psalms
The Author Approximately two-thirds of the Psalms have known authors and the remaining
one-third are anonymous. Of the one hundred psalms with identifiable authors,
David wrote the most. Seventy-three are said to be authored by David. Many of those called
anonymous may also have been written by him. Asaph, one of David’s court musicians, wrote
twelve; ten were written by the sons of Korah; two were written by Solomon; and one each was
written by Moses, Heman, and Ethan.
It is clear that the majority of the psalms were written during the era of the united kingdom.
Technically, the psalms cover a thousand years of history, from Moses to the post-exile times.
However, the vast majority was written in the 100 year period from 1030 – 930 BC.
The Key Word, The key word is worship. The key chapter is 100. The key verses are 19:14,
Verses, Chapters 145:21, and 150:6.
Divisions of The Book of Psalms is actually five books organized into one. The easiest way
Psalms of outlining the book is to use these five natural divisions called books. Each
book has a theme, which can be compared to one of the Books of the Law.
Each of the five books contain a closing doxology. Notice this as you study through the Psalms.
Book 1 includes chapters 1 – 41 and the theme corresponds to Genesis: Man and
Creation. The closing doxology is 41:13.
Book 2 covers chapters 42 – 72 and the theme corresponds to Exodus: the Deliverance
and Redemption. The closing doxology is 72:18 – 19.
Book 3 is composed of chapters 73 – 89 and the theme corresponds to Leviticus:
Worship and Sanctuary. The closing doxology is 89:52.
Book 4 includes chapters 90 – 106 and the theme corresponds to Numbers: Wilderness
and Wandering. The closing doxology for this portion is 106:48.
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Book 5 is composed of chapters 107 – 150 and the theme corresponds to Deuteronomy:
Scripture and Praise. The closing doxology for this section is 150:1 – 6. This also serves
as a doxology for the book of Psalms.
No other book in the Bible magnifies the Word of God as does Psalms. This book also gives
much evidence on the character of God. Notice these examples:
God is omnipotent (107:25 – 29, 108:12 – 13)
He is omniscient (139:1 – 4, 147:4 – 5)
He is omnipresent (139:7 – 16)
He is holy (99:3, 5, 9)
He is just (10:18, 11:4 – 7, 19:9)
He is perfect goodness (34:8, 65, 145:9)
He is eternal (9:7, 90:2, 93:2, 102:12, 145:13)
He is immutable/unchanging (33:11, 119:89)
He is faithful (119:90)
He is merciful (86:13)
He is forgiving (32:5, 103:3)
He is a righteous judge (7:11)
He is love (36:7)
Messianic Many of the Psalms specifically looked forward to the life and ministry of the
Implications Messiah. The Promised One came centuries after these Psalms were written.
Some of the Messianic prophecies in the Book of Psalms include the following:
Psalms Prophecy Fulfillment
2:7 God will declare Him to be His Son. Matthew 3:17
8:6 All things will be put under His feet. Hebrews 2:8
16:10 He will be resurrected from the dead. Mark 16:6, 7
22:1 God will forsake Him in His hour of need. Matthew 27:46
22:7, 8 He will be scorned and mocked. Luke 23:35
22:16 His hands and feet will be pierced. John 20:25, 27
22:18 Others will gamble for His clothes. Matthew 27:35
34:20 Not one of His bones will be broken. John 19:32 – 36
35:11 He will be accused by false witnesses. Mark 14:57
35:19 He will be hated without a cause. John 15:25
40:7, 8 He will come to do God’s will. Hebrews 10:7
41:9 He will be betrayed by a friend. Luke 22:47
45:6 His throne will be forever. Hebrews 1:8
68:18 He will ascend to God’s right hand. Luke 24:51
69:9 Zeal for God’s house will consume Him. John 2:17
69:21 He will be given vinegar and gall to drink. Matthew 27:34
109:4 He will pray for His enemies. Luke 23:34
109:8 His betrayer’s office will be fulfilled by another. Acts 1:20
110:1 His enemies will be made subject to Him. Matthew 22:44
110:4 He will be a priest like Melchizedek. Hebrews 5:6
118:22 He will be the chief cornerstone. Matthew 21:42
118:26 He will come in the name of the Lord. Matthew 21:9
The inspired and preserved Psalms accurately reflect the full range of human emotions. The
Psalms help God’s people find their way through the many experiences of life. They serve as
expressions of human feeling in joy or sorrow, in depression or jubilation, in darkness or light.
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This book constituted the hymnal of ancient Israel and has served as the basis for many hymns
to the present day.
Proverbs
The Hebrew word for “proverb” means “comparison, similar, parallel.” A proverb uses a
comparison or figure of speech to make a quick but sharp observation. Proverbs has been
defined as simple illustrations that expose fundamental realities of life. These sayings are not
theoretical, but practical. They are easily memorized. They are based on real-life experiences,
and are designed for use in our daily life. The proverbs are general statements and illustrations
of timeless truth, which allow for (but do not condone) exceptions to the rule.
The Author King Solomon wrote all of Proverbs (1 – 29) except the last two chapters. The
book itself testifies to his authorship (1:1, 10:1, 25:1). First Kings 4:29 – 34
speaks of both the great wisdom and the prolific writing of Solomon. Chapters 30 and 31 were
written by Agur and King Lemuel. We know nothing about either of these men. Proverbs was
written about 970 – 930 BC, during the reign of Solomon.
The Key Word, The key word is wisdom. The key verses are 1:5 – 7 and 3:5 – 6. The key
Verses, Chapters chapters are 1 and 2, which describe and tell the importance of wisdom and
understanding. Chapter 31 illustrates wisdom and understanding with the high
and noble illustration of a wise woman. This is unique for ancient literature to have such a view
of women. The woman in chapter 31 is a good woman, a good wife, a good neighbor, and a
good business woman. Her conduct, concern, speech, and life are in sharp contrast to the
women Solomon mentioned several times in chapters 1 through 29. He warned young men to
stay away from those kinds of women (chapter 7 is a good example).
Proverbs is one of the few biblical books that clearly spells out its purpose. The purpose
statement in 1:2 – 6 is twofold.
First, to give moral discernment and discretion (1:3 – 5)
Second, to develop wisdom and understanding (1:2, 6).
Proverbs deals with practical righteousness before God in every area of life. This requires
knowledge, experience, and a willingness to put God first (3:5 – 7).
Divisions of To better understand the book, divide Proverbs into six parts:
Proverbs
Part 1 is the prologue, which gives the purpose and theme in 1:1 – 7.
The second part, 1:8 – 9:18, are proverbs for youth. It is a father’s encouragement for
his children, or the wisdom he hopes his children will live by.
The third section is 10:1 – 24:34, the proverbs of Solomon. It is principles and counsel
for the one who seeks wisdom.
The fourth segment is 25:1 – 29:27, proverbs of Solomon copied by Hezekiah’s men.
The fifth section is chapter 30, the words of Agur.
The sixth and last section is chapter 31, the words of Lemuel. Chapter 31:10 – 31 is the
passage that magnifies the woman of wisdom or the virtuous woman.
The most intensely practical book in the Old Testament, Proverbs includes instruction on every
aspect of human life. It touches on wisdom and folly, the righteous and the wicked, the tongue,
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pride and humility, justice and vengeance, the family, laziness and work, poverty and wealth,
friends and neighbors, love and lust, anger and strife, masters and servants, life and death.
Proverbs touches upon every facet of human relationships. Its principles know no limits of time
or culture.
Messianic The Messiah is shown as our Wisdom in both Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.
Implications Wisdom is personified in Proverbs as He gives us laws from heaven for life on
earth. Wisdom is from the Messiah as Creator (Proverbs 8:22 – 31), and the
source of spiritual life (8:35 – 36). Wisdom is righteous and moral (8:8 – 9), available to all who
will receive Him (8:1 – 6, 32 – 35). This Wisdom became incarnate through the Messiah in life,
death, and resurrection (1 Corinthians 1:22 – 24, 30 and Colossians 1:9).
Ecclesiastes
The Hebrew title is a rare term found only in this book. The root word means “to convene an
assembly,” thus, here, it means “one who addresses an assembly, a preacher.”
The Author Evidence, in both the text and external evidence, conclude Solomon probably is
the author. The probable time of this writing is late in Solomon’s life, about 935
BC. Although Solomon began his reign walking with God and ruling with great wisdom, he
sinned by turning from the Lord and serving idols. During this time, he experienced life apart
from the true God. He understood from experience the emptiness of life away from God.
The Theme The theme of this book is vanity. Ecclesiastes records man’s struggle to find
meaning and fulfillment in life. The basic theme is that life is empty and
meaningless apart from a right relationship with God. Unless a man comes to know the Creator,
nothing in creation can bring him peace, satisfaction, and contentment.
Solomon wrote Ecclesiastes from a concealed premise. He did not say people need to have a
right relationship with God in order to be happy and contented in life. Instead, he took an
approach that seems secular, intending to meet the secular man on his own level. This writing
is really an apologetic (defense) for living according to God’s standards (12:13).
The Key Word, Key verses are 2:24 and 12:13, 14. Chapter 12 is the key chapter, which
Verses, Chapters concludes the issue. Looking back, the Preacher gives the perspective of a
natural man, who only sees life “under the sun” and concludes, “that all is
vanity.” Every activity of life, though pleasant for the moment, is purposeless, and futile. No
amount of activities or possessions has satisfied the craving of his heart. Every earthly
prescription for happiness has left the same bitter aftertaste. Only when the Preacher views his
life from God’s perspective “above the sun” does life take on meaning as a precious gift from
God’s hand (2:24). Chapter 12 resolves the book’s extensive inquiry into the meaning of life
with the single conclusion, “Fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty of
man” (12:13).
Messianic The Messiah is seen in this book as Wisdom. Ecclesiastes clearly speaks of the
Implications powerlessness of the world to satisfy the soul. It is one long comment on the
words of the Messiah, “Everyone who drinks this water will be thirsty again”
(John 4:13). Each person has eternity in his heart (Ecclesiastes 3:11) and it is only the Messiah,
who gives abundant life (John 10:9 – 10).
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Divisions of Ecclesiastes is extremely difficult to outline, say Bible scholars, but the following
Ecclesiastes is one way to study this book. Divide it into three parts:
The first section states the theme: All is Vanity, 1:1 – 11. This introduces
vanity and illustrates it.
The second section is 1:12 – 6:12, in which the proof of vanity declares, Life is vain.
Proof for this statement comes from experience (1:12 – 2:26) and observation
(3:1 – 6:12). God pre-determines events and conditions of life (3:1 – 15). God judges all
(3:16 – 22). In addition, there are inequalities in life (4:1 – 16). There are insufficiencies
in human religion (5:1 – 7) and insufficiencies in wealth (5:8 – 20). It is impossible to
escape the vanity of life, because there is no satisfaction in wealth (6:1 – 2), in children
(6:3 – 6), in labor (6:7 – 8), and no satisfaction in the future (6:9 – 12).
The third section is Solomon’s counsel for living in the presence of vanity (7:1 – 12:14).
He discusses coping in a wicked world (7:1 – 9:18). Then he gives his counsel for the
uncertainties of life in 10:1 – 12:8. Lastly, Solomon concludes with his findings that it is
better to fear God and keep His commandments (12:9 – 14).
Song of Songs
The Author The Song of Songs is a love song written by Solomon (sometimes the book is
called The Song of Solomon).
The Theme It communicates that love comes from God. It has many metaphors (figures of
speech used as pictures) and much picture language. Historically, it depicts the
wooing and wedding of a shepherdess by King Solomon, including the joys and heartaches of
marital love. The book gives every indication that this story is not fiction, but it really happened.
Looking at the book as an allegory (symbolic representation), it pictures Israel as God’s bride-to-
be (Hosea 2:19 – 20) and the church as the bride of the Messiah. Human life finds its highest
fulfillment in the love of man and woman, so spiritual life finds its highest fulfillment in the love of
God for His people and the Messiah for His church. The allegorical view may be an application,
but it should not be the primary interpretation.
Messianic The Messiah is seen as both the Lover and the Bridegroom (2:1 – 2 and
Implications Matthew 25:1 – 13). Israel in the Old Testament is regarded as the bride of the
Lord (Isaiah 54:5 – 6) and the church is seen in the New Testament as the bride
of the Messiah (2 Corinthians 11:2).
Divisions of Song The book is arranged like scenes in a drama with three main speakers: the bride
of Songs (the Shulamite), the king (Solomon), and a chorus (the daughters of Jerusalem).
This book is called the Song of Songs because it contains a number of lyrics.
This song was written most likely early in Solomon’s reign, about 965 BC. There is a problem
regarding how a man with a harem of 140 women (6:8) could experience the love of the
Shulamite as though she were his only wife. It may be that Solomon’s relationship with the
Shulamite was the only pure romance he ever experienced. The most of his marriages were
political arrangements. It is significant that the Shulamite was a vineyard keeper of no great
wealth. This book was also written before Solomon plunged into gross immorality and idolatry
(1 Kings 11:4).
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The Key Word, The key word is love in marriage. The key verses are 2:4, 7:10, and 8:7. No
Verses, Chapters key chapter can be chosen since the entire book is a unity. All 8 chapters
beautifully depict the love of a married couple. To divide the book for closer
study, two sections can be seen.
Section 1 is 1:1 – 5:1 and is called the beginning of love. Courtship and falling in love is
seen in 1:1 – 3:5. In 3:6 – 5:1, comes the wedding and fulfillment of love.
The second section is the broadening of love (5:2 – 8:14). With this, come problems and
frustration (5:2 – 7:10), followed by the growth and faithfulness of love (7:11 – 8:14).
Explain “parallelism” in Hebrew poetry.
Discuss in your small group the Bible concepts of “suffering” and “sovereignty.”
Discuss in your small group how your church or home group can use the Psalms.
Explain at least 5 Messianic prophecies in the Psalms and their fulfillment.
Discuss in your small group how you would recommend that a new believer use the book
of Proverbs.
Discuss in your small group how you would teach Ecclesiastes and the Song of Songs.
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C H A P T E R 4
The Books of the Major Prophets: Isaiah to Daniel

The section of the Old Testament from Isaiah through Malachi is often spoken of as “the
Prophets.” Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel are known as the Major Prophets, simply
because their books are longer than most of the others. The twelve shorter prophets are known
as the Minor Prophets.
In the Old Testament, the prophetic period began in the time of Samuel (about 1100 BC), when
the priesthood had failed. The prophets continued their ministry through the end of Old
Testament history (about 400 BC), including the return from captivity and the rebuilding of
Jerusalem and the Temple.
However, the writing prophets of the Old Testament did not come upon the scene until the time
of the divided kingdom (about 930 BC). Thus, they fit into the events recorded in 1 and 2 Kings
and 1 and 2 Chronicles, and also extend through Ezra and Nehemiah.
These men were raised up in periods of sin and idolatry. They accused the people of their sin
and predicted the judgment of God if they did not repent. These prophets had a profound
impact on the national life of Israel. There was a prophet in every era of Israel’s history, yet at
times the Word from God was scarce (1 Samuel 3:1). The prophet Amos states that prophets
were a gift from God (Amos 2:11). Jeremiah proclaims that the office of the prophet is a divine
call from God and that the office began with Moses (Jeremiah 7:25).
A primary passage in understanding the prophetic office is Deuteronomy 18:9 – 22. In this
passage, Moses declared that God would raise up the prophetic office and that someday a
great Prophet would arise. Moses told the people that they were to never involve themselves
with the Canaanite practices of witchcraft, spells, omens, spiritism, and similar practices.
Instead, he said, God would give them a Prophet (Deuteronomy 18:18) from whom they could
obtain information or direction.
THE PROPHETIC BOOKS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER
During the Divided Kingdom
Prophet Date (BC) Message to Rulers_________________
Obadiah 853-841 Edom Joram, Jehoram
Joel 835-796 Judah Joash
Jonah 793-753 Nineveh Jeroboam II
Amos 760-750 Israel Jeroboam II
Hosea 753-715 Israel Jeroboam II to Hoshea
Isaiah 740-681 Judah Uzziah to Manasseh
Micah 742-687 Judah Jotham to Hezekiah
During the Single Kingdom

Prophet Date(BC) Message to Rulers_________________
Nahum 663-612 Nineveh (Assyria) Manasseh
Zephaniah 640-621 Judah Josiah
Jeremiah 627-586 Judah Josiah to Zedekiah
Habakkuk 612-588 Judah Jehoiakim
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Prophets during the Exile

Prophet Date (BC) Message to Rulers_____________
Daniel 605-535 Jews in Babylon Nebuchadnezzar
Ezekiel 593-571 Jews in Babylon Nebuchadnezzar
Prophets after the Exile

Prophet Date (BC) Message to Rulers______________
Haggai 520-480 Jews of the first return Governor Zerubbabel
Zechariah 520-480 Jews of the first return Governor Zerubbabel
Malachi 440-430 Jews in the land of Israel Governor Nehemiah
The roles of prophets were preachers, predictors, and watchmen.

First, they were to preach God’s law already given them. Every generation of Israelites
needed to be instructed in God’s Word and to be reminded of their obligation. The
prophets also expounded forcefully truth that was neglected, misunderstood, or unknown
(Jeremiah 11:1 – 5, Daniel 9:4 – 13, and Malachi 4:4).
Second, prophets predicted coming persons and events.
Third, the prophets functioned as watchmen over the leaders and the people of Israel.
The topics spoken by the Old Testament prophets may be summarized as follows:
1. The holiness of God
2. The sin and failure of God’s chosen people
3. A call to repentance
4. God’s judgment on them if they would not repent
5. God’s judgment on the surrounding nations
6. The return of part of the nation from captivity
7. The coming of the Messiah and His rejection
8. The Messiah’s coming in power and great glory
9. The restoration of God’s chosen people
10. The Messiah’s universal reign
It should be noted at this point that the church is not the subject of Old Testament prophecy.
We would not expect the church to be found here since we are distinctly told in the New
Testament that it is a mystery, which was hidden in God from the foundation of the world
(Ephesians 3:4 – 6).
Isaiah
Isaiah is the author. His name means, “Jehovah is salvation.” He was the son
The Author of Amoz, who had a vision (1:1).
Isaiah is like a miniature Bible---
The first 39 chapters (like the 39 books of the Old Testament) are filled with judgment upon
immoral and idolatrous men. Judah has sinned. The surrounding nations have sinned. The
whole earth has sinned. Judgment must come, for God cannot allow such open sin to go
unpunished forever.
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However, the final 27 chapters (like the 27 New Testament books) declare a message of
hope. The Messiah is coming as a Savior and a Sovereign to bear a cross and to wear a
crown.
Isaiah’s prophetic ministry covers about 60 years. Four different kings [Uzziah and Jotham,
who were for the most part good kings; Ahaz, a wicked king; Hezekiah, a very good king and a
personal friend of the prophet] sat on the throne of Judah (1:1) during this time (740 to 681 BC).
He was a contemporary of Hosea and Micah. He prophesied during the last years of the
northern kingdom, but then ministered to the southern kingdom of Judah, who was following the
sins of her northern sister, Israel. He lived and ministered in Jerusalem, where he was the court
preacher. His wife was a prophetess and they had at least two sons (7:3 and 8:3). According to
rabbinic tradition, he was sawed in two by order of the wicked King Manasseh (Hebrews 11:37).
Isaiah was a poet, orator, statesman, and prophet. He was bold and fearless and thoroughly
sincere. He never hesitated to denounce sin, whether he was before a multitude of people or
before a king.
Isaiah was raised up by God to speak of the coming judgment on Judah and to reveal the
coming of “the servant of the Lord.” Isaiah was one of the last prophets to offer the nation (as a
whole) the opportunity to repent and avoid a national calamity.
Messianic He was also among the greatest revealers of truth about the person, work, and
Implications kingdom of the coming Messiah. A passage of interest is 14:12 – 17, which
reveals the nature of satan’s rebellion and its consequences. One of the Old
Testament’s greatest prophecies is 7:14 where our Lord’s virgin birth is foretold. The climax of
the prophet’s Messianic message is chapter 53.
A remarkable prediction (41:25, 44:28 – 45:4) names Cyrus as God’s deliverer for His people
almost 200 years before the birth of this ruler.
The Key Word, The key phrase is “Salvation is of the Lord.” This is also the theme of the book
Verses, Chaptersand the meaning of Isaiah’s name. The key verses are 9:6 – 7 and 53:6. The
key chapter is Isaiah 53. Along with Psalm 22, Isaiah 53 prophesies in detail the
most remarkable and specific events in the Old Testament of the atonement of the Messiah.
Divisions of An outline of this book is in three parts:
Isaiah

Part 1, Prophecies of Condemnation, covers chapters 1 – 35. Chapters
1 – 23 are prophecies of condemnation against Judah and the nations.
Chapters 24 – 35 are prophecies of the day of the Lord and prophecies of judgment and
blessing.
The second section includes chapters 36 – 39. These chapters are Historic and give a
transition to the next section. In this second section, King Hezekiah is saved from
Assyria. He gets sick, but does not die. Hezekiah also commits a foolish act, which
causes the downfall of the nation later.
The third and last section is called Prophecies of Comfort, chapters 40 – 66. Chapters
40 – 48 tell of:
God’s character
His greatness
His Servant who is coming
The comfort in knowing Israel will be restored
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The knowledge that God will use Cyrus for His own means
The comfort in knowing Babylon will be destroyed
In chapters 49 – 57, Isaiah prophesies about a Deliverer who is to come. Isaiah discusses---
His mission
His obedience
His encouragement to Israel
His atonement
His invitation to the whole world
Chapters 58 – 66 give prophecies of Israel’s glorious future. God’s people will confess their sins
and trust in Him. God’s enemies will be judged. The Messiah will reign in Zion. Peace,
prosperity, and justice will prevail and God will make all things new (65:17 and 66:22).
Jeremiah
The book of Jeremiah is the prophecy of a man divinely called from the womb (1:5) and again
from his youth (1:6). Jeremiah was from Anathoth. A heart-broken prophet, he was called to
deliver a heart-breaking message. Jeremiah labors for more than 40 years proclaiming a
message of doom to the stiff-necked people of Judah. Despised and persecuted by his
countrymen, Jeremiah bathes his harsh prophecies in tears of compassion. Throughout his
sermons and signs, he faithfully declares that surrender to God’s will is the only way to escape
calamity.
The Author Jeremiah was the son of Hilkiah the priest. They lived 1.6 km north of
Jerusalem in Anathoth. In 1:1, Jeremiah is declared the author of the book,
while the actual writing was by Baruch, his scribe. Only chapter 52 was not written by Jeremiah
(51:64). In fact, chapter 52 is almost identical to 2 Kings 24:18 through 25:30. It may have been
added by Baruch.
As an object lesson to Judah, Jeremiah was not allowed to marry (16:2). Because of his harsh
message, Jeremiah was threatened in Anathoth, his hometown (11:19). He is wounded by a
priest and put in stocks (20:2), daily mocked and ridiculed (20:7), imprisoned in a dungeon
(37:15 – 16), imprisoned in a cistern (38:6 – 13), tried by the priests and prophets in Jerusalem,
and always labeled as a pessimist. All the false priests and prophets were predicting peace,
while Jeremiah, as a true spokesman for Yahweh, announced war. The false prophets foretold
prosperity while Jeremiah told of coming calamity for a sinful and hypocritical nation. The false
prophets were spoken of as patriots, while Jeremiah was spoken of as a traitor. Jeremiah’s
sorrow is God’s sorrow.
The Key Word, The key verses are Jeremiah 7:23 – 24 and 8:11 – 12. The key phrase is
Verses, Chapters Judah’s last hour. In this book, God is seen as patient and holy. He delays
judgment and appeals to His people to repent before it is too late. The object
lesson at the potter’s house demonstrates that a ruined vessel can be repaired while it is still wet
(18:1 – 6). However, once a marred vessel has dried, it is fit only for the garbage heap
(19:10 – 11). The key chapter is Jeremiah 31. Along with all the judgment and condemnation,
there are the wonderful promises of this key chapter. Even though the people have broken the
covenants of God, God will make a new covenant when He puts into their minds His law and
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writes it in their hearts (31:31 – 34). The Messiah instituted that “new covenant” with His death
and resurrection (Matthew 26:26 – 29).
Messianic The Messiah is clearly seen in 23:1 – 8 as the coming Shepherd and Righteous
Implications Branch who “will reign wisely and do what is just and right in the land. In His
days, Judah will be saved and Israel will live in safety. This is the name by
which, He will be called: The Lord Our Righteousness” (23:5 – 6).
Divisions of An outline of this book is in four parts:
Jeremiah
Part 1 includes chapter one, which gives the call of Jeremiah the
prophet.
Part 2, chapters 2 – 45 is God’s prophecies to Judah. There is the condemnation of
Judah (2 – 25), the conflicts of Jeremiah (26 – 29), the future restoration of Jerusalem
(30 – 33) and the present fall of Jerusalem (34 – 45).
Part 3 is the prophecies to the Gentiles (chapters 46 – 51). Included in this section is the
condemnation of nine nations.
The fourth and last section of the outline is the fall of Jerusalem (chapter 52).
Lamentations
Lamentations describes the funeral of a great city. It is a tear-stained portrait of the once proud
Jerusalem, now reduced to rubble. Babylon invaded it and left it wasted. In a five-poem
“funeral” hymn, Jeremiah exposes his emotions. A death has occurred. Jerusalem lies barren.
These funeral hymns are composed by a heart-broken, weeping prophet. This book is
remarkable for the variety of sorrowing pictures it shows. It is also rich in expressions of
repentance and trust, which are offered to God by the one afflicted.
Jeremiah is the author. The time it was written is set at 586 BC.
The Key Word, The key word is lament or lamentations. Key verses are 2:5 – 6 and
Verses, Chapters 3:22 – 23. The key chapter is chapter three. The purpose of this book is to
lament over the great destruction of Jerusalem at the hands of the Babylonian
armies. In a devastating siege of many months, the city suffered and starved. A sequel to the
book of Jeremiah, Lamentations displays enormous emotional and physical pain.
Divisions of An outline of the book looks at each chapter as a section:
Lamentations

Chapter 1 is a lament by Jeremiah (1:1 – 11) followed by a lamentation
by Jerusalem (1:12 – 22). The city has been left desolate because of its
grievous sins, and her enemies “laughed at her destruction” (1:7). Jerusalem pleads with
God to regard her misery and repay her enemies.
Chapter 2 is the Anger of Yahweh. In this chapter, Jeremiah describes Jerusalem’s
destruction. It is God who brings discipline upon her for her sins. Babylon is only the
instrument God used. He presents an eyewitness account of the destruction. Using
Babylon, God has brought to an end all religious practices. The priests are gone, as are
the prophets, and the temple has been destroyed. Jeremiah grieves over the suffering
people brought upon themselves through rebellion against God.
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Chapter 3 is called the prayer for mercy. In the first 18 verses, Jeremiah enters into the
miseries and despair of his people and makes their suffering his own. There is an abrupt
turn in verses 19 – 39. Here the prophet reflects on the faithfulness and loyal love of the
compassionate God of Israel. These truths help him find comfort and hope in dismal
circumstances.
Chapter 4 describes the siege of Jerusalem. The prophet rehearses the siege and
remembers the suffering and starvation of both rich and poor. He also reviews the
causes for the siege. He remembers the sins of the prophets and priests and their
foolish trust in human aid. The chapter closes with a warning to Edom and a spark of
hope for Jerusalem.
The last chapter, chapter 5, is the last funeral song of Lamentations, and is called the
prayer for restoration. Jeremiah gives his last melancholy description of the people.
Their punishment is complete and the prophet prays for the restoration of his nation.
Messianic The Messiah is seen in Lamentations, as in Jeremiah, as the weeping prophet
Implications and the man of sorrows (Lamentations 1:1 – 3 and Matthew 23:37 – 38).
Jeremiah, like the Messiah, identified himself personally with the plight of
Jerusalem and with the human suffering caused by sin. Lamentations also includes elements
predicted and fulfilled in the life and ministry of the Messiah. Both Jeremiah and Jesus were
afflicted, despised, and ridiculed (1:12, 2:16, 3:14, and 3:19).
Ezekiel
The Author Ezekiel, the son of Buzi (1:3), had a wife who died as a sign to Judah when
Nebuchadnezzar began his final siege on Jerusalem (24:15 – 24). He was one
of the captives taken to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar 11 years before Jerusalem fell
(2 Chronicles 36:6 – 7). There, he ministered to the exiles. Like Jeremiah, he was a priest who
was called to be a prophet of the Lord. Ezekiel, the author of the book, writes in first person
singular, indicating his authorship (1:3 and 24:24). His prophetic ministry shows a priestly
emphasis in his concern with the temple, the priesthood, the sacrifices, and the Shekinah (the
glory of God). Ezekiel was privileged to receive a number of visions of the power and plan of
God. He was careful and artistic in his written presentation. He ministered during the darkest
days of Judah’s history, the 70-year period of Babylonian captivity.
Nebuchadnezzar destroyed Jerusalem in three stages:
First, in 605 BC, he overcame Jehoiakim and carried off key hostages including Daniel
and his three friends.
Second, in 597 BC, the rebellion of Jehoiakim and Jehoiachin brought further
punishment. Nebuchadnezzar made Jerusalem submit a second time and carried off ten
thousand hostages including Jehoiachin and Ezekiel.
Third, in 586 BC, Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city after a long siege and disrupted all
of Judah.
If the “thirtieth year” in 1:1 refers to Ezekiel’s age, Ezekiel was 25 years old when he was
taken to Babylon and 30 years old when he received his prophetic commission (1:2 – 3).
This means he was about 17 when Daniel was deported in 605 BC. Therefore, Ezekiel and
Daniel were about the same age. Both men were about 20 years younger than Jeremiah.
According to this chronology, Ezekiel was born in 622 BC, deported to Babylon in 597 BC,
prophesied from 593 BC to at least 571 BC, and died about 560 BC. Thus, he lived during
the later years of Jeremiah’s ministry and the beginning of Daniel’s ministry. By the time
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Ezekiel arrived in Babylon, Daniel was already well known. Daniel is mentioned three times
in the book of Ezekiel: 14:14, 20, and 28:3.
From 593 - 586 BC, Ezekiel found it necessary to convince the Jewish exiles in Babylon that
there was no hope for immediate rescue from captivity. However, it was not until the exiles
heard that Jerusalem had been destroyed, that they abandoned their hope of returning home
soon. Ezekiel probably completed writing this book soon after the events occurred.
The Key Word, The key word here is the future restoration of Israel. The broad purpose of
Verses, Chapters Ezekiel is threefold.
It is to remind the generation born during the exile of the cause of Israel’s
current destruction.
It is to alert this generation of the coming judgment on the gentile nations.
The final purpose is to encourage the people because there will be a national restoration
of Israel.
The key verses are Ezekiel 36:24 – 26 and 36:33 – 36. The key chapter is Ezekiel 37. This
chapter describes Ezekiel’s vision of the valley of dry bones. This chapter clearly outlines the
steps to Israel’s future.
Divisions of An outline of Ezekiel is in four parts:
Ezekiel
Part 1 is the commission of Ezekiel (chapters 1 – 3). In these chapters,
Ezekiel is called and commissioned to the work of a prophet.
Part 2 covers chapters 4 – 24. Called the judgment of Judah, this passage includes the
signs, messages, visions, and parables of judgment. These first two parts happen
before the siege.
Part 3 covers chapters 25 – 32. This takes place during the siege, and is the judgment
of gentile nations around Israel. These gentile nations are the enemies of Israel.
The fourth and last part is called the restoration of Israel. It is covered by chapters
33 – 48. This takes place after the siege. Chapters 33 – 39 speaks of Israel’s return to
the Lord.
Messianic Chapters 40 – 48 discuss the restoration of Israel in the kingdom. When the
Implications people repent of their sins, God will put His Holy Spirit within them. The
Messiah will come to His people and destroy their last enemies. The temple
will be rebuilt, and the glory of the Lord will return to it. These prophecies have not yet been
fulfilled. However, they look forward to the Messiah’s one- thousand-year reign on earth, the
Millennium.
Daniel
Daniel’s life and ministry bridge the entire 70-year period of Babylonian captivity. He was
deported to Babylon when he was 15 or 16 years old and was handpicked for government
service. Daniel became God’s spokesman to the gentile and Jewish world declaring God’s
present and eternal purpose. Nine of the twelve chapters in this book revolve around dreams.
The life of Daniel displays God’s guidance, intervention, and power in the affairs of men. The
name Daniel means “God is my judge.” Daniel and his three friends were evidently born into
noble Judean families, “without any physical defect, handsome, showing aptitude for every kind
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of learning, well informed, quick to understand, and qualified to serve in the king’s palace” (1:4).
He was given 3 years of training in the best of the Babylonian schools (1:5).
As part of the process to make them “Babylonians,” he was given a new name that honored one
of the Babylonian gods, Belteshazzar. Daniel’s wisdom and divinely given interpretative abilities
brought him into a position of prominence, especially in the courts of Nebuchadnezzar and
Darius. He is one of the few well-known Bible characters about whom nothing negative is
written. His life was characterized by faith, prayer, courage, consistency, and a lack of
compromise. This greatly beloved man (9:23 and 10:11, 19) was mentioned 3 times by his
contemporary, Ezekiel, as an example of righteousness. He probably lived 90 years, 72 years
as a high government official.
The Author Daniel states that he is the author of this book (12:4).
The Key Word, The key word is God’s program for Israel. The book was written to encourage
Verses, Chapters the exiled Jews by revealing God’s sovereign plan for Israel during and after the
time of captivity. Daniel repeatedly emphasizes the sovereignty and power of
God over human affairs (4:25). God, who directs the forces of history, has not deserted His
people. They must continue to trust in Him, because His promises of preservation and ultimate
restoration are as sure as the coming of the Messiah.
The key verses are Daniel 2:20 – 22 and Daniel 2:44. The key chapter is Daniel 9. Daniel’s
prophecy of the seventy weeks (9:24 – 27) provides the chronological frame for Messianic
prediction from the time of Daniel to the establishment of the kingdom on earth.
Divisions of Daniel has three divisions, which outline the book:
Daniel
Part 1 is chapter 1, which contains Daniel’s personal history.
Part two covers chapters 2 through 7. In these chapters, Daniel reveals God’s prophetic
plan for the gentiles. It includes visions of Nebuchadnezzar, Belshazzar, and a decree of
Darius and the four beasts.
The third and last section deals with the prophetic plan for Israel in chapters 8 – 12.
In this portion, Daniel has three dreams, which are interpreted by an angel.
The Theme An amazing detailed and comprehensive sweep of prophetic history is
presented by Daniel. The theme of God’s sovereign control in the affairs of
world history clearly emerges and provides comfort to the future church, as well as to the Jews
whose nation was destroyed by the Babylonians. Babylonians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, and
others will come and go, but God will establish His kingdom through His redeemed people
forever.
Tell from memory who were the prophets during the divided kingdom, during the single kingdom,
during the exile, and after the exile.
Why is the book of Isaiah like a miniature Bible?
Discuss in your small group how Jeremiah used object lessons. Would you be able to that in your
home group?
What subject did Ezekiel preach in the early part of his ministry? Why?
Discuss in your small group Daniel’s emphasis of the sovereignty of God. What key verses did
Daniel use?
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C H A P T E R 5
The Books of the Minor Prophets: Hosea to Malachi

As we have learned, the books of the Minor Prophets are called minor simply because they
were shorter than the Major Prophets. However, their ministries were just as instrumental
in God’s kingdom as were the Major Prophets.
Hosea
Hosea’s name means “salvation’ or ‘the Lord saves.” Hosea ministered to the northern kingdom
of Israel (also called Ephraim, after the largest tribe). Outwardly, Israel is enjoying a time of
prosperity and growth, but inwardly there is moral corruption and spiritual idolatry. Even the
princes were murderers, immoral, and indecent. The priests were deceitful and shameless.
The people sank to the lowest level of indecency and idolatry. Hosea is instructed by God to
marry a woman named Gomer (1:3). This marriage is a “mirror image” of the spiritual condition
of Israel. Gomer, as the unfaithful wife, is the picture of Israel, unfaithful to Yahweh. During his
40 years of ministry, Hosea preaches three points: God hates the sins of His people; judgment
is certain; but God’s loyal love stands firm. As God’s messenger, Hosea offers the possibility of
salvation if only the nation turns from idolatry and returns to God.
The Author Hosea is the author of this book. Little is known of Hosea, except the few
statements in this book. His father is Beeri (1:1). He is the husband of Gomer
(1:3), and father of three children (1:4, 6, 9). The time of this book places Hosea as a younger
contemporary of Amos, both ministering in the northern kingdom. Ministering in the southern
kingdom during the time of Hosea, were Isaiah and Micah. Hosea evidently wrote during the
reign of Hezekiah.
As he began his ministry, there was a temporary period of prosperity under the reign of
Jeroboam II. Assyria began to build up armies and to harass Israel and the last six kings ruled
only a brief time. Four were murdered and a fifth was carried captive to Assyria. Confusion and
decline characterized the last years of the northern kingdom and the people refused to heed
Hosea’s warning that judgment was near. The people were in a spiritual stupor, riddled with sin
and idolatry.
The Key Word, The key word is the loyal love of God for Israel. The key verses are
Verses, Chapters Hosea 4:1 and 11:7 – 9. The key chapter is chapter 4. Central to the chapter
and the book is 4:6, “my people are destroyed for lack of knowledge. Because
you have rejected knowledge, I also reject you as my priests; because you have ignored the law
of your God, I will also ignore your children.”
Divisions of To study this book, it is helpful to divide it into two parts:
Hosea
In part 1, chapters 1 – 3 speak of the adulterous wife and the faithful husband.
First, there is the prophetic marriage. Marriage is a relationship that all can see.
Everyone sees Gomer going after her lovers (chapter 2). She leaves home with a lover and
stays gone awhile. She returns home, but leaves again. Men give her gifts and compete for her
attention. After much time, the day comes that her lovers do not want her. There are no more
gifts and no more lovers. She seeks the men she knows, but all reject her. In chapter 3, Hosea
finds his wife in a slave market and redeems her for 15 shekels of silver and one and one-half
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homers (196 liters) of barley. He takes her home and cleans her up. He again woos her gently
and slowly as though she were a young girl. He buys pretty clothes for her. He re-instates her
place of honor in his home.
Part 2, Chapters 4 – 14, speaks of the adulterous nation of Israel and her faithful Lord.
Chapters 4 and 5 tell of Israel’s spiritual condition. Chapters 6 – 8 speak of Israel’s refusal to
repent. Chapters 9 and 10 describe the judgment of God, which is near. Chapters 11 – 14
describe God’s great love for His people. Even though He must discipline them, He promises to
restore their favored position if they will live for Him.
This book represents God’s last effort to turn the nation from idolatry and sin. Hosea’s personal
tragedy is an intense illustration of Israel’s national tragedy. It is a story of one-sided love and
faithfulness that represents the relationship between Israel and God.
Messianic The Messiah fulfilled Hosea 1:10 (1 Peter 2:10). Hosea 3:4 describes the
Implications present state of Israel, whereas verse 5 describes their glorious future when
they return and seek their Messiah. Hosea 6:2 refers to the resurrection of the
Messiah and the believers’ resurrection in Him. In 11:1, a reference to the Messiah is shown in
Matthew 2:15. Hosea 11:4, 13:4 and 14 are all fulfilled in One Savior, as taught and
demonstrated in the Messiah.
Joel
Disaster strikes the southern kingdom of Judah without warning. A black cloud of locusts settle
upon the land and eat every green plant within hours. Joel was God’s spokesman during the
reign of Joash (835 – 796 BC). He used this dreaded calamity as an occasion to proclaim
God’s message. The locust plague was a terrible judgment for sin, but the future judgments
during the day of the Lord will make that judgment pale by comparison. In that day, God will
destroy His enemies and bring unparalleled blessing to those who faithfully obey Him. The
forces of nature and the power of nations are in God’s hands and this book emphasizes God’s
sovereign work in the past and in the future.
The Author Although there are several Joels in the Bible, the prophet Joel is known only
from this book. The introductory verse (1:1) identifies Joel as the son of
Pethuel. The frequent references to Zion and the house of the Lord (1:9, 13 – 14, 2:15 – 17, 23,
32) suggest that he probably lived not far from Jerusalem. Joel was a clear, concise, and
uncompromising preacher of repentance.
The book includes no time references. Therefore, it cannot be dated with certainty. However,
the evidence seems to suggest a date of 835 – 796 BC.
The Key Word, The key words are day of the Lord. The key verses are 2:11, 28, and 29. The
Verses, Chapters key chapter is chapter 2. In this chapter, the prophet calls for Judah’s
repentance and promises that God will not bring judgment (2:13 – 14) if they
turn from their sin to God. Judah does not turn from her sin and judgment follows.
Messianic In that judgment, however, God does promise an outpouring of His Spirit on two
Implications different occasions. The first was at Pentecost and Peter said, “this is what
was spoken by the prophet Joel” (2:28 – 32, Acts 2:16 – 21). The second
occasion will come when the Messiah returns and brings about the “day of the Lord.”
Joel also portrays the Messiah as the One who will judge the nations in the Valley of
Jehoshaphat (3:2, 12).
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The Theme The theme of disaster runs through this book (locust, famine, raging fires,
invading armies, and disturbances in the sky).
Divisions of Joel Joel can be divided into two parts:
Section 1 is looking back at judgment, 1:1 – 20. Joel describes the
locust plague that has devastated the land. There will be no harvest this year. The
economy has also suffered from a drought. The people are in a desperate situation.
Section 2 is looking forward to future judgment (chapters 2 and 3). Joel makes effective
use of the locust as an illustration of a far greater judgment to come. Compared to the
terrible day of the Lord, the present devastation is insignificant. Even so, it is not too
late for people to avert the coming disaster. Promises of hope are woven through the
disasters. The judgment of nations is predicted, but Joel ends by saying Judah and
Jerusalem will abide forever (3:20).
Amos
The Author Amos, the author of the book, prophesies during a period of national optimism in
Israel. Business is booming, but below the surface, there is greed and injustice.
Religious rituals have replaced true worship. Amos is a Judean farmer whom God calls. He is
sent to the northern kingdom with an unpopular message. Amos tells about his personal
background in 7:14. Called by God, he left his farm for a time to preach. He was burdened by
his message for Israel (3:8 and 7:15). Although he was from the country, Amos was well
educated in the Scriptures. His keen sense of morality and justice is obvious. He delivered his
message in Bethel because it was the residence of the king of Israel and a center of idolatry.
His direct attack on the greed, injustice, and self-righteousness of Israel made his words
unpopular.
The Key Word, Amos prophesied about 760 – 760 BC. The key word is the judgment of
Verses, Chapters Israel. Key verses are 3:1 – 2 and 8:11 – 12. The key chapter is 9.
Divisions of Amos There are four clear divisions in the book of Amos:
The first part covers the first two chapters. This part is called the eight
prophecies. Amos has a harsh message. Each of his eight oracles in chapters 1 and 2
begin with the statement “...for three sins of... even for four.” The fourth transgression
means their iniquity is complete. Amos begins with the nations around Israel itself, but
soon points to Israel. Seven times God declares that He will send a fire, which means
judgment.
Part 2 covers chapters 3 – 6. In these chapters, Amos preaches three sermons, each
beginning with the phrase “hear this word.” The first sermon (chapter 3) is a general
pronouncement of judgment because of Israel’s sins. The second sermon, chapter 4,
exposes the crimes of the people. He describes ways God has chastened them in order
to draw them back to Himself. Five times, he says, “yet you have not returned to Me.”
The third sermon (chapters 5 and 6) lists the sins of Israel and calls the people to repent.
However, the people hate integrity, justice, and compassion. They refuse to turn to
Yahweh. They will have to go into exile. Although they live in luxury now, this will end
abruptly.
In part 3 (7:1 – 9:10), are five visions of coming judgment upon the northern kingdom.
The harsh sermon is interrupted when a priest tells the king in 7:10 that Amos has plotted
to kill him by the sword. The real words of Amos are seen in verse nine. Then the priest
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comes to Amos and rudely tells him to go home. God gives Amos a blunt message for
Amaziah, the lying priest, which includes a dire prediction for the future of his family.
After this, Amos is able to complete his mission.
In part 4 (9:11 – 15), there are five promises God makes to Israel. These are promises
to restore Israel. Amos is able to give hope and comfort if the people remember his
words. God promises to reinstate the Davidic line, to renew the land, and to restore the
people.
Messianic The Messiah is clearly seen and predicted in Amos. Calling for true repentance,
Implications the prophet declares the Messiah has all authority to judge (1:1 – 9:10). The
Messiah will also restore His people (9:11 – 15).
Obadiah
The Author Obadiah was an obscure prophet who probably lived in Judah. Nothing is
known of his home, town, or family. Since his father is not mentioned (1:1), it is
likely that he did not come from a kingly or priestly line. There are thirteen ”Obadiahs”
mentioned in Scripture and scholars have attempted to identify this Obadiah with one of those.
Since no king or great event is mentioned, the date for this book is hard to know. Verses
10 – 14 provide the only historical reference point to aid in determining the book’s date and
setting. Jerusalem has been plundered several times and scholars disagree as to which time
these verses refer. This may refer to the reign of Jehoram (2 Chronicles 21:16 – 17). That raid
happened between 848 and 841 BC.
Since Obadiah prophesied to the Edomites, it is important to know some of their history. The
history of Edom began with Esau, who was given the name Edom (red) for the red stew for
which he traded his birthright. Esau moved to the mountainous area of Seir and absorbed the
Horites, the original inhabitants. Edom refused to allow Israel to pass through their land on their
way to Canaan. The Edomites opposed Saul and were subdued under David and Solomon.
They fought against Jehoshaphat and successfully rebelled against Jehoram. They were
again conquered by Judah under Amaziah. However, they regained their freedom during the
reign of Ahaz. Edom was later controlled by Assyria and Babylon.
In the 5th century BC, they were forced to leave their territory and moved to southern Palestine.
There, they became known as the Idumeans. Herod the Great (37 – 4 BC) was an Idumean
and king of Judea under Rome. The Idumeans participated in the rebellion of Jerusalem
against Rome. They were defeated along with the Jews in AD 70. Ironically, the Idumeans
applauded the destruction of Jerusalem in 586 BC (Psalm 137:7), but died trying to defend it in
AD 70. After that time, they were never heard of again.
The Key Word, The key word is the judgment of Edom. The key verses are 10 and 21.
Verses, Chapters Obadiah (the shortest book in the Old Testament) can be divided into two
parts.
Divisions of The first part covers verses 1 – 18. This is the judgment of Edom. First,
Obadiah there are predictions of judgment in verses 1 – 9. Verses 10 through 14
list the reasons for judgment. Verses 15 through 18 give the results of
judgment.
The second division, part two, is the restoration of Israel. This covers verses 19 – 21.
These verses give hope to Israel, saying that God will give the land of Edom and Philistia
to Israel.
45
Messianic The Messiah is seen in Obadiah as the Judge of the nations (15 – 16), and the
Implications Savior and Deliverer of Israel (17).
Jonah
The Author The first verse in this book identifies Jonah as the son of Amittai. Another
reference to Jonah in 2 Kings 14:25 identifies him further as a prophet during
the reign of Jeroboam II of Israel. He was from a town 5 kilometers north of Nazareth. When
the Pharisees said that no prophet had come from Galilee (John 7:52), they were wrong.
Jonah was a Galilean. In this book, a gentile city comes to faith in God. The Messiah supported
the historical accuracy of the book in Matthew 12:39 – 41.
Nineveh is northeast of Galilee and Tarshish (Spain) is west. When God calls the prophet to
preach to the Ninevites, Jonah turns down the assignment and heads west. The cruelty of the
Assyrians (Ninevites) is now legendary. Jonah knows the love and mercy of Yahweh. God
discouraged Jonah’s rebellion by moving him out of the water and into a fish. Jonah realizes
God is serious about this assignment. Therefore, he goes to Nineveh. The preacher delivers
his message in an unenthusiastic method. When the city fasts and receives the message of
God, Jonah’s bad attitude grows worse and he is angry. He learns personally of God’s
compassion for the lost.
The Key Word, The key word is revival in Nineveh. God’s loving concern for the lost is not
Verses, Chapters only in the New Testament. This is the clearest demonstration of God’s love
and mercy for all mankind in the entire Scriptures. The key verses are Jonah
2:8 – 9, 4:2. The key chapter is 3, which records perhaps the greatest revival of all time as the
entire city of Nineveh “believed God. They declared a fast, and all of them, from the greatest to
the least, put on sackcloth” (3:5).
Divisions of The outline of this book is in two parts:
Jonah

Part 1 is the first commission of Jonah, chapters 1 and 2. These
chapters include the disobedience of Jonah to God’s call, the judgment
of God on Jonah, Jonah’s prayer in the belly of the fish, and his deliverance from the fish.
Part 2 is composed of the last two chapters and is the second call of God to Jonah to go
preach to the Ninevites. Included in these chapters is his obedience to go and the
judgment of God not given to Nineveh when the people repent. Also included is the
prayer of Jonah when he prays to die. God rebukes him. God’s love and mercy are
contrasted with Jonah’s anger and lack of compassion. He is unhappy at the good
results, because he believes Nineveh deserves judgment. God uses a plant, a worm
and wind to teach Jonah a lesson in compassion.
Jonah’s emotions shift from fierce anger (4:1) to despondency (4:3). Then, his emotions
shift from great joy (4:6) to despair (4:8). In a humorous but meaningful account, Jonah
is forced to see that he has more concern for a plant than for 120,000 people. Jonah’s
lack of a divine perspective makes his repentance a greater problem than the
repentance of Nineveh.
Messianic Jonah is the only prophet whom the Messiah likened to Himself (see
Implications Matthew 12:39 – 41). Jonah’s experience is a type of the death, burial, and
resurrection of the Messiah.
46
Micah
The Author The author of this book is declared in the first verse. Moresheth Gath, the
hometown of Micah (1:14), was located 40 kilometers southwest of Jerusalem
on the border of Judah and Philistia. This is part of a productive agricultural area. It seems
Micah is not as aware of the political situation as was Isaiah or Daniel, but 3:8 tells of his heart
for the message God has given him. Micah is called from his village home and familiar
surroundings to deliver a stern message of judgment to the princes and people of Jerusalem.
The prophet is burdened by the abusive treatment of the poor by the rich and influential. Micah
preached during the time of Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (kings of Judah from 739 – 686 BC).
Although Micah preaches primarily to Judah, he also speaks to Israel and predicts the fall of
Samaria (1:6). When Micah predicted that Babylon (under control of the Assyrians) would
conquer Judah (4:10), it must have seemed unlikely to the people.
The Key Word, The key words are judgment and restoration of Judah. The key verses are
Verses, Chapters 6:8 and 7:18. The key chapters are 6 and 7. In this section, Micah describes a
courtroom scene. God has a controversy with His people. He calls the
mountains and hills to form the jury as He sets forth His case. The people have replaced heart-
felt worship with empty ritual. They think that this is all that God demands. They have divorced
God’s standards of justice from their daily dealings in order to cover their corrupt practices.
They failed to understand what God wanted from His people. There was only one verdict: guilty.
Nevertheless, the book closes on a word of hope. The same God who brings judgment also
delights to extend mercy (7:7).
Divisions of The book can be outlined by dividing it into three sections:
Micah
The first part consists of chapters 1 – 3. Here is the prediction of
judgment on the people and on their leaders.
The second part, chapters 4 and 5, bring a prediction of restoration. There is the
promise of a coming kingdom and the promise of the coming King (the Messiah).
The third part includes chapters 6 and 7. This is God’s call for repentance. His two
controversies with His people are presented. They spurned God’s grace, choosing to
revel in wickedness. Micah closes the book with a series of promises that the Lord will
pardon their sin and renew their nation in accordance with His covenant.
Messianic One of the clearest and most important of all Messianic prophecies is found in
Implications Micah 5:2. This is the prophecy about the birthplace and eternity of the
Messiah, spoken of by the chief priests and scribes in Matthew 2:5 – 6. This
fulfilled prophecy was made 700 years before the Messiah’s birth. Micah 2:12 – 13, 4:1 – 8, and
5:4 – 5 give strong descriptions of the righteous reign of the Messiah over the whole world.
Nahum
The Author The only mention of Nahum in the Old Testament is 1:1 where he is called an
Elkoshite. Elkosh is believed to be a city of southern Judah between Jerusalem
and Gaza. This would make Nahum a prophet of the southern kingdom and may explain his
interest in the triumph of Judah (1:15, 2:2). Nahum 3:8 – 10 refers to the fall of ancient Thebes
(Egypt) as a recent event, so this book must be dated after that event in 612 BC. The date of
Nahum’s ministry is thought to be about 663 – 612 BC, as we have noted above.
The conversion of Nineveh took place about 760 BC. The revival was evidently short-lived,
because the Assyrians soon returned to their cruel practices. Soon Nineveh was the mightiest
47
city on earth with walls 30 meters high and wide enough to accommodate three chariots riding
side-by-side. Dotted around the thick walls were huge towers that arose 30 meters above the
walls. In addition, the walls were surrounded by a moat 45 meters wide and 18 meters deep.
She boasted that she could withstand a 20-year siege. It appeared that Nineveh would stand
forever. Thus, when Nahum predicted that Nineveh would fall, it seemed most unlikely.
Nahum predicted Nineveh would end with “an over-whelming flood” (1:8) and that is what
happened. The Tigris River overflowed its banks and the flood destroyed part of Nineveh’s wall.
The Babylonians invaded the breach in the wall and plundered the city. Then they set it on fire.
Nahum also predicted that Nineveh would be “hidden” (3:11). After its destruction in 612 BC,
the site was not discovered until AD 1842.
The Key Word, The key word is the judgment of Nineveh. The key verses are 1:7 – 8, 3:5 – 7.
Verses, Chapters The key chapter is chapter 1 which records the principles of divine judgment.
This judgment resulted in the deliverance and celebration of Judah. Nineveh’s
judgment is divinely decreed by the righteous God who no longer delays His wrath. Assyria’s
arrogance and cruelty to other nations will come to a sudden end. Her power will be useless
against the mighty hand of Yahweh.
Nahum 1:2 – 8 portrays the patience, power, holiness, and justice of the living God. He is slow
to wrath, but God settles His accounts in full. This book concerns the downfall of Assyria, but it
is written for the benefit of Judah, the one surviving nation. (Israel had been swallowed up by
Assyria). The people of Judah who trust in the Lord are comforted to hear of God’s judgment
upon the proud and brutal Assyrians.
Divisions of An outline of this book will be divided into three parts:
Nahum
Chapter 1, part 1, deals with the prophecy of the destruction of Nineveh.
First, Nahum gives the general principles of divine judgment. He then
tells that Nineveh will fall and Judah will be delivered.
Part 2 covers chapter 2. Here is the description of the destruction of Nineveh.
Chapter 3 is part 3. In this last chapter, Nahum gives God’s reasons for the destruction
and reports that it was inevitable.
Messianic The Messiah is the Avenger (1:2 and Romans 12:19) against the adversaries
Implications to true faith and obedience. Nahum 1:2 – 8 declares the divine attributes, which
are consistent with the Messiah’s work as the Judge of the nations at His
second coming. Nahum offers comfort to the oppressed as does the Messiah (Nahum 1:7).
Habakkuk
The Author In the introduction to the book (1:1) and in the closing prayer (3:1), the author
identifies himself as Habakkuk, the prophet. The closing statement at the end of
the book --- “For the director of music. On my stringed instruments.”--- suggests that Habakkuk
may have been a priest connected with the temple worship in Jerusalem. This prophet
ministered during the death of Judah as a nation. Repeatedly called to repentance, the nation
stubbornly refused to change her sinful ways. Knowing the hard hearts of his countrymen,
Habakkuk asks God how long will this intolerable condition continue. God replies that the
Babylonians will be His rod of correction upon the nation. This sends the prophet to his knees.
He concludes by praising God, even though he doesn’t fully understand God’s ways.
48
The Key Word, The key phrase is “the righteous will live by his faith.” The key verses are 2:4
Verses, Chapters and 3:17 – 19. The key chapter is 3. The book builds to a triumphant climax
reached in the last 3 verses. The book begins in mystery and questioning, but
ends in the most majestic of all Scripture and records the glory of God in the past as well as in
the future.
Divisions of The book can be outlined in two divisions:
Habakkuk
The first division gives the problems of Habakkuk in chapters 1 and 2.
God answers each question the prophet puts to Him.
In chapter 3, which is the second division, the prophet writes his praise of an all-powerful
and all-present God.
Zephaniah
The Author During the reign of Josiah, there is a revival. Zephaniah’s forceful messages
may be a factor in bringing revival. The outward reforms that characterized the
nation at this time did not fully remove the inward heart of corruption of some people.
Zephaniah preaches the message that the day of the Lord [judgment day] is coming. The
disease of sin will be dealt with at that time. Israel and her gentile neighbors will experience the
crushing hand of God’s wrath. After judgment will come blessing in the person of the Messiah.
This will be a cause for celebration.
The Key Word, In the first verse, Zephaniah traces his lineage back four generations to
Verses, Chapters Hezekiah. This is thought to be King Hezekiah, making Zephaniah the only
prophet of royal descent. Zephaniah probably lived in Jerusalem. This book
can be dated between 640 to 621 BC. The key phrase is ‘the day of the Lord.’ The key
verses are 1:14 – 15 and 2:3. Chapter 3 is the key chapter.
Divisions of An outline would break this book into two sections.
Zephaniah
Section 1 covers 1:1 – 3:8 and is judgment in the day of the Lord. This is
also the Day of Wrath. Zephaniah moves three times from the general
to the specific:
• From universal judgment (1:1 – 3) to judgment upon Judah (1:4 – 2:3)
• From judgment upon surrounding nations (2:4–15) to judgment upon
Jerusalem (3:1 – 7)
• From judgment and cleansing of all nations (3:8 – 10) to restoration of Israel.
Section 2 covers 3:9 - 20. This part is called Salvation in the day of the Lord, or the Day
of Joy. Verses 3:9 – 13 cover the promise of conversion. Verses 3:14 – 20 cover the
promise of restoration.
The Day of the Lord has more than judgment. It includes salvation. The nation will be
cleansed. Israel will call upon the name of God (3:9 – 10). The remnant of Israel will be re-
gathered, redeemed, and restored (3:11 – 20). They will rejoice in their Redeemer and He will
be in their midst. Zephaniah opens the book with idolatry, wrath, and judgment, but he closes
with true worship, rejoicing, and blessing.
Messianic The Messiah probably alluded to Zephaniah on at least one occasion (compare
Implications 1:15 to Matthew 24:29). This passage about the “ the great day of the Lord” is
associated with the second coming of the Messiah. In addition, it is clear in
49
Zephaniah 3:9 – 20 that the Messiah is the One who will fulfill the great promises and gather His
people.
Prophets after the Exile
Prophet Date (BC) Message to Rulers____________
Haggai 520-480 Jews of the first return Governor Zerubbabel
Zechariah 520-480 Jews of the first return Governor Zerubbabel
Malachi 440-430 Jews in the land of Israel Governor Nehemiah
Haggai
The Author Haggai’s name is mentioned 9 times in chapter 1. The date of the book is
520 BC. In 538 BC, Cyrus, ruler of Persia, issued a decree allowing Jews to
return to their homeland and to rebuild their temple. The first return was led by Zerubbabel and
in 536 work on the temple began. Ezra chapters 4 – 6 give the background to Haggai. It
describes how the Samaritans hindered the building of the temple and wrote a letter to the
Persian king. This opposition added to the growing discouragement of the Jews. They had left
the comfort of a large city and found their homeland desolate. There was crop failure, hard
work, hostility from neighboring peoples, and they became discouraged. It was easier to work
on their own land than to fight hostile peoples in rebuilding the temple. Thus, they gave up the
task and became preoccupied with their own projects and making a living. Their pessimism led
to spiritual lethargy. They probably reasoned that with opposition to rebuilding the temple, they
should wait until the city was rebuilt before they worked on the temple.
It was in this context that God called Haggai and Zechariah to the same task of urging the
people to complete God’s house. Thus, after 16 years of neglect, work on the temple was
resumed in 520 BC and completed in 516 BC.
The Key Word, The key word is the reconstruction of the temple. Haggai’s basic theme is
Verses, Chapters clear: the people must order their priorities and complete the temple before they
can expect God’s blessings. The key verses are 1:7 – 8 and 2:7 – 9. The key
chapter is 2. Verses 6 – 9 record some of the most startling prophecies in Scripture concerning
the tribulation and Second Coming.
Divisions of Haggai can be divided into four sections:
Haggai
Chapter 1 is section 1 and concerns the completion of the latter temple. Haggai
preaches to the people that they have fine homes (1:4), but they offer God
excuses for not working on the temple. Thus, God said that He withdrew blessings from them.
He withheld the rain and their economy suffered. The people understood God’s message and
in 23 days they began work on the temple.
The Glory of the latter temple is the subject for section 2 (2:1 – 9). In a few short weeks of work,
pessimism again fell on the people. This time they are compared the original temple with what
they were able to do. They recalled the glory and magnificence of the previous temple. Haggai
told the people they should not worry, because God is going to bless this latter temple with the
presence of the Messiah.
The third section is a message on the present blessings of obedience (2:10 – 19). Haggai
illustrates the concept of contamination and applies it to the nation. The Lord requires holiness
50
and obedience. The contamination of sin blocks the blessing of God. Because the people have
obeyed God in rebuilding the temple, God will bless them.
The fourth and last section of Haggai is on the future blessings of promise (2:20 – 23). In this
section, Haggai gives a message to Zerubbabel. God is going to move in judgment against the
nations. At that time, Zerubbabel, who is a symbol of the Messiah, will be honored.
Messianic The promise of Haggai 2:9 points to the crucial role the latter temple will have.
Implications Herod the Great spent a fortune enlarging and enriching the temple. Then,
when the Jesus the Messiah visited Jerusalem and the temple, it was filled with
the glory of God. The Messiah is also pictured in the person of Zerubbabel (2:23). Zerubbabel
becomes the center of the Messianic line and is like a signet ring, sealing both branches
together.
Zechariah
The Author For 16 years, no rebuilding took place on the half-completed temple. Zechariah
was commissioned by God to encourage the people to complete their
unfinished responsibility. Zechariah could use rebuke to get them started, but instead reminded
the people of the future importance of the temple. The Messiah’s glory will inhabit the building.
They have a future blessing to prepare for. His theme is that Israel will be blessed because
Yahweh remembers the covenant He made with the patriarchs.
Zechariah (God remembers) was a popular name shared by 29 Old Testament people. This
Zechariah, son of Berekiah, was of priestly lineage (1:1,7, Ezra 5:1, 6:14, Nehemiah 12:16). He
was born in Babylon and was brought by his grandfather Iddo to Palestine when the Jewish
exiles returned under Zerubbabel (538 BC). If he was the “young man” of 2:4, he was called to
prophesy at an early age in 520 B.C.
Jesus said (Matthew 23:35) that this prophet Zechariah was “murdered between the temple and
the altar.” In addition, 2 Chronicles 24:20 – 22 tells of another Zechariah, son of Jehoida the
priest, who was “stoned…to death in the courtyard of the Lord’s Temple” by King Joash (about
800 BC, 300 years earlier).
The historical setting for chapters 1 – 8 is 520 – 518 BC. Zechariah took over the public ministry
of the older Haggai to encourage the remnant. Work was resumed on the temple in 520 BC
and completed in 516 BC. Zechariah had a long ministry and wrote chapters 9 – 14 probably
much later. References to Greece indicate a date about 480 BC.
The Key Word, The key word is prepare for the Messiah. The key verses are Zechariah 8:3
Verses, Chapters and 9:9. The key chapter is 14. Zechariah builds to a tremendous climax in the
14th chapter when he discloses the last siege of Jerusalem. He adds that this
was only the initial victory of the enemies of Israel.
Messianic Clear Messianic passages abound in this book. Zechariah describes the
Implications Messiah as both Servant and King, referring to both advents. He tells of the
Messiah splitting the Mount of Olives and the Lord’s defense of Jerusalem with
His visible appearance on Mount of Olives. He refers to the Messiah as:
The Angel of the Lord (3:1 – 2)
The Righteous Branch (3:8; 6:12 – 13)
The Stone with seven eyes (3:9)
The King-Priest (6:13)
51
The humble King (9:9 – 10)

The cornerstone, tent peg, and battle bow (10:4)
The good Shepherd who is rejected and sold for thirty pieces of silver, the
price of a slave (11:4 – 13)
The pierced One (12:10)
The cleansing Fountain (13:1)
The smitten Shepherd who is abandoned (13:7)
The coming Judge and righteous King (14)
Divisions of To outline the book of Zechariah, divide it into three sections:

Zechariah
First, in chapters 1 – 6, there is a brief call to repentance (1:1 – 6),
followed by the eight visions (1:7 – 6:8) and the crowning of Joshua
(6:9 – 15).
In the second section, chapters 7 to 8, come the four messages.
The last section includes chapters 9 – 14 and describes the rejection and the reign of
the Messiah as Zechariah looks at the future.
Malachi
The Author Malachi was a prophet in the days of Nehemiah. He directs his message of
judgment to a people plagued with corrupt priests and a people who practiced
wickedness. Malachi said they had a false sense of security in their privileged relationship with
God. Asking hard questions, Malachi probes deeply into their problems of hypocrisy, infidelity,
mixed marriages, divorce, false worship, and arrogance. They are so sinful they no longer have
an impact for God upon the lost. For 400 years, after these burning sermons, God is silent. He
speaks next through John the Baptist (3:1).
Malachi means My Messenger or possibly messenger of Yahweh. He has the distinction of
being the last of the prophets. He is bridge between the two Testaments, looking forward both
to John the Baptist and the Lord Jesus Himself. Nothing is known about this author, as the only
mention of him is in 1:1. It is thought that Malachi preached during the 12 years Nehemiah
spent in Babylon, before Nehemiah’s last return to Jerusalem.
The Key Word, The key word is an appeal to backsliders. The key verses are 2:17 – 3:1 and
Verses, Chapters 4:5 – 6. The key chapter is chapter 3. This last book in the Old Testament
concludes (chapter 3) with a dramatic prophecy of the coming of the Messiah
and John the Baptist (3:1). Israel flocked to the Jordan River 400 years later and heard “a voice
of one calling in the desert, ‘prepare the way for the Lord---‘” Matthew 3:3 broke the silence from
the Lord. Malachi 3 and 4 record the coming of the Messiah and His forerunner, John the
Baptist. (Compare 3:1 to Isaiah 40:3.)
Divisions of To outline this book, divide it into three sections:
Malachi
The first section is the privilege of the nation in 1:1 – 5. He tells how God
loves this nation and how God cared for Israel in times past.
52
Part 2 deals with the corruption of the nation (1:6 – 3:15). Malachi presents the sin of the
priests and the sin of the people.
The third and last section is God’s promise to the nation (3:16 – 4:6). In this part, the
Lord assures His people that a time is coming when the wicked will be judged and those
who fear Him will be blessed. The day of the Lord will reveal that it is not “futile to serve
God” (3:14).
Malachi ends on the bitter word “curse.” Although the people are finally cured of idolatry, there
is little spiritual progress. Sin abounds and the need for the Messiah is greater than ever.
Since we read the Old Covenant in the fuller light of the New, what better way to end the Old
Testament than by quoting an Old Testament scholar, who binds the two Covenants together:
“The Law and prophets bore witness of the Messiah, and the Messiah came not to destroy the
law or the prophets, but to fulfill them. Upon the Mount of the Messiah’s Transfiguration, there
appeared both Moses, the founder of the law and mediator of the old covenant, and Elijah the
prophet, as the restorer of the law in Israel.
They were there to talk with Jesus of His death, which He was to accomplish in Jerusalem.
They were there, for a practical testimony to the apostles and to us all. That testimony is Jesus
the Messiah, who laid down His life for us, to bear our sin, and redeem us from the curse of the
law. He is the beloved Son of the Father. We are to listen to Him. By believing in His name, we
may become children of God and heirs of everlasting life.
Discuss in your small group what God wants us to learn from Hosea and Gomer.
Discuss in your small group the key lesson to be learned from the book of Jonah.
Discuss in your small group the key verses of Habakkuk. During difficult times, how you
tie these verses together?
What are the themes and messages of the Minor Prophets? Please list as many as you
can.
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Book

Five Questions We Will Consider:

The Books of the Law: Genesis to Deuteronomy

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

The Books of History: Joshua to Esther

Events demonstrating important spiritual principles:

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

Divisions of A basic outline of this book would have three divisions:

Divisions of Ruth The book may be outlined using two divisions:

Outstanding teachings found in this book are as follows:

Outstanding teachings in First Samuel are these:

 Chapters 1 – 10 tell of David’s triumphs

Outstanding teachings in Second Samuel are as follows:

Outstanding teachings in 1 Kings are as follows:

The genealogies, chapters 1 – 9 The united kingdom under King Solomon,

The death of King Saul, chapter 10

Samuel and Kings Chronicles

The emphasis was on the throne Emphasis was on the Temple

Emphasis on the prophet Emphasis on the priest

Wars were prominent Wars were less prominent

The Chronology of the Restoration

Joshua (priest) Temple begun

Haggai Temple stopped

Cambyses 530 – 521 No work on Temple

Darius I 521 – 486 Haggai Ezra 4 – 6 Temple work completed

Xerxes 486 – 465 Esther Esther1–10 Story of Jew’s preservation

Artaxerxes 465 – 423 Ezra Ezra 7 – 10 Ezra leads second group of

Nehemiah Nehemiah Nehemiah leads third group

Malachi Ministry of Malachi

The Books of Poetry: Job to Song of Songs

Explain “parallelism” in Hebrew poetry.

Explain at least 5 Messianic prophecies in the Psalms and their fulfillment.

The Books of the Major Prophets: Isaiah to Daniel

During the Single Kingdom

Prophets during the Exile

Prophets after the Exile

The roles of prophets were preachers, predictors, and watchmen.

The Books of the Minor Prophets: Hosea to Malachi

 The humble King (9:9 – 10)

Divisions of To outline the book of Zechariah, divide it into three sections:

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Chapters 1 – 10 tell of David’s triumphs

The humble King (9:9 – 10)