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Cmo construa el Antiguo Egipto y la Mesopotamia 2001 Carlos Alberto Molinos Reservados todos los derechos, Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorizacin escrita del titular del "Copyright", bajo las sanciones establecidas en las leyes, la reproduccin parcial o total de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, inlcludos la reprografa y el tratamiento informtico. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the author. Autorizacin del Autor / Permission from the Author El autor autoriza nicamente a los visitantes de "Copyright" www.copyright.limited.to a bajar el archivo que contiene la obra de su Copyright. Queda expresamente entendido que dicha autorizacin es al slo efecto de su difusin con propsitos educativos / culturales, sin fines de lucro, ni comerciales de ningn tipo. The author kindly invite to the World Wide Web surfers to download the file that contains the abovereferenced work Copyright reserved. This special permission is only for educational purposes. Commercial uses are prohibited. Any other terms of the Copyright remain unchanged. A los editores / To the Publishers La presente obra es indita en grfica. Asimismo, como "Libro virtual" (e-book), permanece sin comercializar. Cualquier Editor interesado en publicar y/o comercializar la misma puede contactar directamente al autor a su direccin de e-mail: carlos_molinos@yahoo.es The abovementioned work has not been edited yet (paper), still more, It remains without commercialization as a e-book. If any Publishers have an interest in it, please e-mail to the author to the following address: carlos_molinos@yahoo.es

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