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CHAPTER 3:
Force, Momentum and Impulse
(5 Hours)
1
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.0 Force
is defined as something capable of changing state of
motion or size or dimension of a body .
There are four types of fundamental forces in nature:
Gravitational forces (refer to figures 3.1 and 3.2)
The forces involve attraction between massive
body.
is a long-range forces.
the weakest forces in nature.
Figure 3.5
is a vector quantity.
The dimension of the force is given by
[ F ] = [ m][ a] [ F ] = MLT −2
The S.I. unit of force, F is kg m s-2 or newton (N)
4
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
3.1 Newton’s laws of motion (2 hours)
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d dm dv
F = ( mv ) = v +m
dt dt dt
Explain Newton’s Third Law.
5
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.1 Newton’s laws of motion
3.1.1 Newton’s first law of motion
states “an object at rest will remain at rest, or continues to
move with uniform velocity in a straight line unless it is
acted upon by a external forces”
forces
OR
Fnett = ∑ F =0
The first law gives the idea of inertia.
Inertia
is defined as the tendency of an object to resist any change
in its state of rest or motion.
motion
is a scalar quantity.
6
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Figures 3.6a and 3.6b show the examples of real experience of
inertia.
Figure 3.6a
Figure 3.6b
7
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Mass, m
is defined as a measure of a body’s inertia.
is a scalar quantity.
quantity
The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
(kg)
The value of mass is independent of location.
location
If the mass of a body increases then its inertia will increase.
mass ∝ inertia
Weight, W
is defined as the force exerted on a body under gravitational
field.
It is a vector quantity.
quantity
It is dependant on where it is measured,
measured because the value
of g varies at different localities on the earth’s surface.
surface
8
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
It always directed toward the centre of the earth or in the
same direction of acceleration due to gravity, g.
The S.I. unit is kg m s-2 or newton (N).
(N)
Equation:
W = mg
3.1.2 Newton’s second law of motion
states “the rate of change of linear momentum of a moving
body is proportional to the resultant force and is in the
same direction as the force acting on it”
it
OR
its can be represented by
dp where
∑ F ∝ dt ∑ F : resultant force
dp : change in linear momentum
dt : time interval 9
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
From the Newton’s 2nd law of motion, it also can be written as
dp
∑ F=
dt
and p = mv
d ( mv) dm
dv
∑ F = dt ∑ F = v dt + m dt
Case 1:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity but with
changing mass.
mass For example : Rocket
dm
dv dv
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
and
dt
=0
dm
∑ F = v dt
10
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 2:
Object at rest or in motion with constant velocity and constant
mass.
mass
dm
dv dm dv
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
where
dt
= 0 and
dt
=0
∑ F = 0 Newton’s 1st
law of motion
dp
Thus ∑ F = =0
dt
p = constant
11
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Case 3:
Object with constant mass but changing velocity.
velocity
dm
dv dm
∑ F =v
dt
+m
dt
and
dt
=0
dv dv
∑ F =m
dt
and a =
dt
∑ F = ma where ∑ F : resultant force
m : mass of an object
a : acceleration
The direction of the resultant force always in the same
direction of the motion or acceleration.
acceleration
12
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Newton’s 2nd law of motion restates that “The acceleration of
an object is directly proportional to the nett force acting on
it and inversely proportional to its mass”.
mass
OR
a∝
∑ F
m
One newton(1 N) is defined as the amount of net force that
gives an acceleration of one metre per second squared to a
body with a mass of one kilogramme.
kilogramme
OR 1 N = 1 kg m s-2
Notes:
∑ F is a nett force or effective force or resultant force.
The force which causes the motion of an object.
B (wall)
A (hand)
FAB = − FBA
FBA FAB
Figure 3.7
Where FAB is a force by the hand on the wall (action)
FBA is a force by the wall on the hand (reaction)
14
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
When a book is placed on the table. (refer to figure 3.8)
Force by the table on the book (reaction)
Figure 3.8
Force by the book on the table (action)
In all cases when two bodies interact, the action and reaction
forces act on different bodies.
bodies
15
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.1.4 Applications of Newton’s 2nd law of motion
From the Newton’s second law of motion, we arrived at equation
∑ F = F = ma
nett
There are five steps in applying the equation above to solve
problems in mechanics:
Identify the object whose motion is considered.
Determine the forces exerted on the object.
Draw a free body diagram for each object.
is defined as a diagram showing the chosen body by
itself, with vectors drawn to show the magnitude and
directions of all the forces applied to the body by the
other bodies that interact with it.
it
Choose a system of coordinates so that calculations may be
simplified.
Apply the equation above,
Along x-axis:
∑ Fx = ma x
Along y-axis: ∑ Fy = ma y 16
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 1 :
Three wooden blocks connected by a rope of negligible mass are
being dragged by a horizontal force, F in figure 3.9.
T1 T2
F m1 m2 m3
Figure 3.9
Suppose that F = 1000 N, m1 = 3 kg, m2 = 15 kg and m3 = 30 kg.
Determine
a. the acceleration of blocks system.
b. the tension of the rope, T1 and T2.
Neglect the friction between the floor and the wooden blocks.
17
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. For the block, m1 = 3 kg
a
∑ F x = F − T1 = m1a
F m1 T ∑F
1 x = 1000 − T1 = 3a
T1 + 3a = 1000 (1)
For the block, m2 = 15 kg
T1
a
∑F x = T1 − T2 = m2 a
m2 T2 ∑F x = T1 − T2 = 15a
T
For the block, m3 = 30 kg 1
− T2 = 15a (2)
a ∑F x = T2 = m3 a
T2 m3 T2 = 30a (3)
18
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. By substituting eq. (3) into eq. (2) thus
T1 − 45a = 0 (4)
1000
Eq. (1)−(4) : a=
48
a = 20.8 m s −2
19
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 2 :
Two objects of masses m1 = 10 kg and m2 = 15 kg are connected
by a light string which passes over a smooth pulley as shown in
figure 3.10. Calculate
a. the acceleration of the object of mass 10 kg.
b. the tension in the each string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2) Simulation 3.1
Solution : m1
a. For the object m1= 10 kg,
m2
T1 ∑F y = T1 − m1 g = m1a
Figure 3.10
where T1 = T2 = T
a
T − 10 g = 10a (1)
W1 = m1 g 20
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. For the object m2= 15 kg,
T2 ∑F y = m2 g − T2 = m2 a
∑F y = 15 g − T = 15a
− T + 15 g = 15a (2)
Eq. (1) + (2) : a = 5 g = 5( 9.81)
a
25 25
−2
a = 1.96 m s
W2 = m2 g
b. Substitute the value of acceleration into equation (1) thus
∑F = (m
x A+ mB ) a
F = ( m A + mB ) a
200 = (10 + 30 ) a
a = 5.0 m s −2 22
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
b. For the object
A,
a ∑F x = F − FBA = m A a
200 − FBA = 10( 5.0)
F A FBA
FBA = 150 N
24
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.1 :
One 3.5 kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless cord from
another 3.5 kg paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord
as shown in figure 3.13. If the two buckets are pulled upward
with an acceleration of 1.60 m s−2 by the upper cord, calculate
the tension in each cord.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
Figure 3.13
25
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
3.2 Conservation of linear momentum and impulse
www.kmph.matrik.edu.my/physics
(2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
State the principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Explain and apply the principle of conservation of
momentum in elastic and inelastic collisions
Define and use the coefficient of restitution, e
v2 − v1
e=−
u 2 − u1
to determine the types of collisions.
Define impulse J = Ft and use F-t graph to determine
impulse
26
PHYSICS CHAPTER
3.2 Conservation of linear 3
momentum
and impulse
3.2.1 Linear momentum, p
is defined as the product between mass and velocity.
velocity
is a vector quantity.
Equation :
p = mv
The S.I. unit of linear momentum is kg m s-1.
The direction of the momentum is the same as the direction
of the velocity.
velocity
It can be resolve into vertical (y) component and horizontal (x)
component.
py
p p x = p cos θ = mv cos θ
p y = p sin θ = mv sin θ
θ
px 27
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.2.2 Principle of conservation of linear momentum
states “In an isolated (closed) system, the total momentum
of that system is constant.”
constant
OR
“When the net external force on a system is zero, the total
momentum of that system is constant.”
constant
In a Closed system,
∑ F =0
From the Newton’s second law,
thus
dp
∑ F= =0
dt
dp = 0
28
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Therefore p = constant then
∑p x = constant
∑p y = constant
29
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Linear momentum in one dimension collision
Example 4 :
u B = 3 m s −1 u A = 6 m s −1
B A
Figure 3.14
50
m1 v1
Before collision After collision
Figure 3.15
32
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
The y-component of linear momentum,
∑ piy = ∑ p fy
0 = m1v1 y + m2 v2 y
( )
0 = ( 0.250) − 4 sin 50 + ( 0.900) v2 y
v2 y = 0.851 m s −1
Magnitude of the soccer ball,
v2 = ( v2 x ) 2 + ( v2 y ) 2
v2 = ( 4.84) + ( 0.851)
2 2
= 4.91 m s −1
−1
Direction of the soccer ball,v2 y −1 0.851
θ2 = tan = tan
v2 x 4.84
θ2 = 9.97 from positive x-axis anticlockwise
33
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.1 :
An object P of mass 4 kg moving with a velocity 4 m s−1 collides
elastically with another object Q of mass 2 kg moving with a
velocity 3 m s−1 towards it.
a. Determine the total momentum before collision.
b. If P immediately stop after the collision, calculate the final
velocity of Q.
c. If the two objects stick together after the collision, calculate
the final velocity of both objects.
ANS. : 10 kg m s− 1; 5 m s− 1 to the right; 1.7 m s− 1 to the right
A marksman holds a rifle of mass mr = 3.00 kg loosely in his
hands, so as to let it recoil freely when fired. He fires a
bullet of mass mb = 5.00 g horizontally with a velocity 300 m s-1.
Determine
a. the recoil velocity of the rifle,
b. the final momentum of the system.
ANS. : − 0.5 m s− 1; U think. 34
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.
1.20 kg 1.80 kg
Before
0.630 m s-1 1.40 m s-1
After
In figures 3.16 show aFigure
3.50 g3.16
bullet is fired horizontally at two
blocks at rest on a frictionless tabletop. The bullet passes
through the first block, with mass 1.20 kg, and embeds
itself in the second block, with mass 1.80 kg. Speeds of
0.630 m s−1 and 1.40 m s-1, respectively, are thereby given
to the blocks. Neglecting the mass removed from the first
block by the bullet, determine
a. the speed of the bullet immediately after it emerges from
the first block and
.b. the initial speed of the bullet
ANS. : 721 m s− 1; 937.4 m s− 1
35
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.1 :
A ball moving with a speed of 17 m s−1 strikes an identical ball
that is initially at rest. After the collision, the incoming ball has
been deviated by 45° from its original direction, and the struck
ball moves off at 30° from the original direction as shown in
figure 3.17. Calculate the speed of each ball after the collision.
Figure 3.17
36
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.2.3 Collision
is defined as an isolated event in which two or more bodies
(the colliding bodies) exert relatively strong forces on each
other for a relatively short time.
time
From the Newton’s Law of impact, the coefficient of restitution
is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity after collision
to the relative velocity before collision.
collision
OR
v2 − v1
e = −
u 2 − u1
Where e : coefficient of restitution
v2 − v1 : relative velocity after collision
u 2 − u1 : relative velocity before collision
37
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
The coefficient of restitution, e is used to measure the
elasticity of the colliding bodies where its value always
positive (0 ≤ e ≤ 1).
1)
The coefficient of restitution, e is dimensionless (no unit).
unit)
Table 3.1 shows the type of collision based on the value of e.
Coefficient of
Type of collision
restitution, e
1 Elastic
<1 Inelastic
0 Completely inelastic
Table 3.1
38
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Elastic collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy (as well as
total momentum) of the system is the same before and after
the collision.
collision
Figure 3.18 shows the head-on collision of two billiard balls.
m1u1 m2 u 2
Before collision 1 2
m1v1 m2 v 2
After collision 1 2
Figure 3.18 39
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
The properties of elastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, e = 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
conserved
∑ pi = ∑ p f
c. The total kinetic energy is conserved.
conserved
∑K = ∑Ki f
OR
1 1 1 1
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v22
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
40
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Inelastic (non-elastic) collision
is defined as one in which the total kinetic energy of the
system is not the same before and after the collision (even
though the total momentum of the system is conserved).
conserved)
Figure 3.19 shows the model of a completely inelastic
collision of two billiard balls. u =0
m1u1 2
Before collision 1 2
m2
v
After collision 1 2
(stick together)
Figure 3.19 41
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Caution:
Not all the inelastic collision is stick together.
together
In fact, inelastic collisions include many situations in which
the bodies do not stick.
stick
The properties of inelastic collision are
a. The coefficient of restitution, 0 ≤ e < 1
b. The total momentum is conserved.
conserved
∑ pi = ∑ p f
c. The total kinetic energy is not conserved because some of
the energy is converted to internal energy and some of it is
transferred away by means of sound or heat.
heat But the total
energy is conserved.
conserved
∑E = ∑E
i f OR ∑K = ∑K
i f + losses energy
42
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 6 :
Two titanium spheres approach each other head-on with the same
speed and collide elastically. After the collision, one of the spheres,
whose mass is 500 g, remains at rest. Calculate the mass of the
other sphere.
Solution : m1 = 0.500 kg; u1 = u 2 = u; v1 = 0
u u
Before collision 1 2
v1 = 0 v2 = ?
After collision 1 2
m2 = ?
By using the principle of conservation of linear momentum, thus
∑ pi = ∑ p f
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2
m1u − m2 u = m2 v2 (1) 43
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
Since the collision is elastic then e = 1, thus
v2 − v1
e = −
u 2 − u1
v2 − 0
1 = −
−u −u
v2 = 2u (2)
By substituting eq. (2) into eq. (1), therefore
1 1
m2 = m1 = ( 0.500)
3 3
m2 = 0.167 kg
44
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 7 :
A ball is dropped from a height of 2.00 m above a tile floor and
rebounds to a height of 1.30 m.
a. Determine the ball’s speed just before and after strike the floor.
b. State the type of the collision between ball and floor. Give
reason. (Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
Solution : h = 2.00 m; h = 1.30 m
0 1
a. i. Before collision,
1 u=0 s = − h = −2.00 m
y 0
Thus
1 v=0 2
v1 2
= u − 2 gs y
2.00 m 2
v1 = 0 − 2( 9.81)( − 2.00)
v1 ' 1.30 m
1
v1 = 6.26 m s −1
1
v1 Floor (2)
45
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. ii. After collision,
s y = h1 = 1.30 m
Thus
v = ( v1 ') − 2 gs y
2 2
0 = ( v1 ') − 2( 9.81)(1.30 )
2
v1 ' = 5.05 m s −1
b. The initial and final velocities of the floor are zero.
By using equation of Newton’s law of restitution,
v2 − v1 ' 0 − 5.05
e = − = −
u 2 − v1 0 − ( − 6.26)
= collision
Thereforeethe 0.807 between ball and floor is inelastic.
inelastic
46
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.2.4 Impulse, J
Let a single constant force, F acts on an object in a short time
interval (collision), thus theNewton’s 2nd law can be written as
dp
∑ F = F = dt = constant
J = Fdt = dp = p2 − p1
where p2 : final momentum
p1 : initial momentum
F : impulsive force
is defined as the product of a force, F and the time, t
OR the change of momentum.
momentum
is a vector quantity whose direction is the same as the
constant force on the object.
47
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
The S.I. unit of impulse is N s or kg m s− 1.
If the force acts on the object is not constant then
t2
J = ∫ Fdt = Fav dt
t1
where Fav : average impulsive force
Since impulse and momentum are both vector quantities, then it
is often easiest to use them in component form :
J x = ( Fav ) x dt = p2 x − p1 x = m( v x − u x )
( )
consider 2-D
collision only J y = ( Fav ) y dt = p2 y − p1 y = m v y − u y
J z = ( Fav ) z dt = p2 z − p1 z = m( v z − u z )
48
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
When two objects in collision, the impulsive force, F against
time, t graph is given by the figure 3.20.
F
Figure 3.20 t
0 t1 t2
Shaded area under the F−t graph = impulse
Picture 3.2
49
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 8 :
A 0.20 kg tennis ball strikes the wall horizontally with a speed of
100 m s−1 and it bounces off with a speed of 70 m s−1 in the
opposite direction.
a. Calculate the magnitude of impulse delivered to the ball by the
wall,
b. If the ball is in contact with the wall for 10 ms, determine the
magnitude of average force exerted by the wall on the ball.
Solution : m1 = 0.20 kg
u1 = 100 m s −1
1
Wall (2)
1 v2 = u 2 = 0
v1 = 70 m s −1
50
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
a. From the equation of impulse that the force is constant,
J = dp = p2 − p1
J = m1 ( v1 − u1 )
J = ( 0.20 ) [ ( − 70 ) − 100]
J = −34 N s
Therefore the magnitude of the impulse is 34 N s.
s
18
0 0.2 t ( ms )
1.0 1.8
Figure 3.21
An estimated force-time curve for a tennis ball of mass 60.0 g
struck by a racket is shown in figure 3.21. Determine
a. the impulse delivered to the ball,
b. the speed of the ball after being struck, assuming the ball is
being served so it is nearly at rest initially.
52
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
−3
Solution : m = 60.0 × 10 kg
a. From the force-time graph,
J = area under the F − t graph
1
(
J = (1.8 − 0.2 ) × 10 −3 18 × 103
2
)
J = 14.4 N s
=0
b. Given the ball’s initial speed, u
J = dp = m( v − u )
(
14.4 = 60.0 × 10 −3
)( v − 0 )
v = 240 m s −1
53
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.2 :
1. A steel ball with mass 40.0 g is dropped from a height of
2.00 m onto a horizontal steel slab. The ball rebounds to a
height of 1.60 m.
a. Calculate the impulse delivered to the ball during impact.
b. If the ball is in contact with the slab for 2.00 ms, determine
54
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.2.2 :
3.
Figure 3.22
A tennis ball of mass, m = 0.060 kg and a speed,
v = 28 m s−1 strikes a wall at a 45° angle and rebounds with
the same speed at 45° as shown in figure 3.22. Calculate the
impulse given by the wall.
ANS. : 2.4 N s to the left or − 2.4 N s
55
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Learning Outcome:
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fs ≤ µs N
and kinetic (dynamic) friction,
fk = µk N
56
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
3.3 Reaction and frictional forces
3.3.1 Reaction (normal) force, N or R
is defined as a reaction force that exerted by the surface to
an object interact with it and the direction always
perpendicular to the surface.
surface
Case 1: Horizontal surface
An object lies at rest on a flat horizontal surface as shown in
figure 3.23. Action: weight of an object is exerted on
the horizontal surface
N
Reaction: surface is exerted a force, N on
the object .
∑F y = N − mg = 0
∑F =0 y
N − mg = 0
Figure 3.25a N = mg
W = mg
59
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
b. Lift moving upwards at a constant acceleration, a
∑F y = ma y
N − mg = ma
a
N = m( a + g )
Figure 3.25b
W = mg
60
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
c. Lift moving downwards at a constant acceleration, a
∑F y = ma y
N mg − N = ma
a
N = m( g − a )
Figure 3.25c
W = mg
Wx
Wy
f θ Simulation 3.7
θ
Figure 3.27 W = mg
x-component y-component
(parallel to the inclined (perpendicular to the inclined
plane) :∑ Fx = ma plane:
∑ F =0
y
F − Wx − f = ma N − Wy = 0
F = ma + mg sin θ + f N = mg cos θ 65
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Example 10 :
F
30
Figure 3.28
A box of mass 20 kg is on a rough horizontal plane. The box is
pulled by a force, F which is applied at an angle of 30° above
horizontal as shown in figure 3.28. If the coefficient of static friction
between the box and the plane is 0.3 and the box moves at a
constant speed, calculate
a. the normal reaction force,
b. the applied force F,
c. the static friction force.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
66
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution : m = 20 kg; μs = 0.3
constant speed
F
F sin 30
N 30
F cos 30
fs
mg
a. Since the box moves at constant speed thus a =0
x-component : ∑ Fx = 0
F cos 30 − f s = 0
F cos 30 − μ s N = 0
0.3N
F= (1)
cos 30 67
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
y-component : =0∑F y
N + F sin 30 − mg = 0
N + F sin 30 = ( 20 )( 9.81)
30
Figure 3.29
A block of mass 200 kg is pulled along an inclined plane of 30° by
a force, F = 2 kN as shown in figure 3.29. The coefficient of kinetic
friction of the plane is 0.4. Determine
a. the normal force,
b. the nett force,
c. the acceleration of the block,
d. the time taken for the block to travel 30 m from rest.
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2)
69
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution : m = 200 kg; F = 2000 N; μk = 0.4
y
a F x
F sin 20 20 F cos 20
N
mg sin 30
fk
mg cos 30
30
30
mg
a. y-component : ∑Fy = 0
N + F sin 20 − mg cos 30 = 0
N + 2000 sin 20 − ( 200)( 9.81) cos 30 = 0
N = 1015 N
70
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Solution :
b. The nett force is directed along the inclined plane surface.
x-component : Fnett = ∑ Fx
Fnett = F cos 20 − mg sin 30 − f k
Fnett = F cos 20 − mg sin 30 − μk N
Fnett = 2000 cos 20 − ( 200)( 9.81) sin 30 − ( 0.4 )(1015)
Fnett = 492 N
c. Fnett = ma
−2
492 = 200a a = 2.46 m s
d. Given s = 30 m; u = 0
1 2 1
s = ut + at 30 = 0 + ( 2.46) t 2
2 2
t = 4.94 s 71
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
1.
Figure 3.30
A 5.00 kg object placed on a frictionless, horizontal table is
connected to a string that passes over a pulley and then is
fastened to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in figure 3.30.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of both objects,
b. Calculate the acceleration of the two objects and the
tension in the string.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 6.30 m s− 2; 31.5 N 72
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
2. Two object are connected by a light
string that passes over a frictionless
pulley as in figure 3.31.
The coefficient of kinetic friction of
the plane is 0.3 and m1 = 2.00 kg,
m2 = 6.00 kg and θ = 55°.
a. Sketch free body diagrams of
both objects.
b. Determine
i. the accelerations of the objects,
ii. the tension in the string
iii. the speed of each object 2.00 s
after being released from rest. Figure 3.31
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 2.31 m s− 2; 24.2 N; 4.62 m s− 1 73
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
3. A 5.00 g bullet is fired horizontally into a 1.20 kg wooden
block resting on a horizontal surface. The coefficient of
kinetic friction between block and surface is 0.20. The bullet
remains embedded in the block, which is observed to slide
0.230 m along the surface before stopping. Calculate the
initial speed of the bullet.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
Tips : Use
Newton’s second law of motion involving
acceleration.
Principle of conservation of linear momentum.
Equation of motion for linear motion.
ANS. : 229 m s− 1
74
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
Exercise 3.3 :
4. The block shown in figure 3.32,
has mass, m =7.0 kg and lies on
a smooth frictionless plane tilted
at an angle, θ = 22.0° to the
horizontal.
a. Determine the acceleration of
the block as it slides down the
plane.
b. If the block starts from rest
12.0 m up the plane from its
base, calculate the block’s
speed when it reaches the Figure 3.32
bottom of the incline plane.
(Given g = 9.81 m s−2)
ANS. : 3.68 m s− 2; 9.40 m s− 1 75
PHYSICS CHAPTER 3
THE END…
Next Chapter…
CHAPTER 4 :
Work, Energy and Power
76