187307

T.C.
d$1$..$/(216(.=0$57h19(567(6 626<$/%/0/(5(1677h6h /(70($1$%/0'$/,
7h5.<('(*50&/..h/7h5h1h<g1/(1'5(1g1&h*50&/(5 9(%5$+0%2'8502'(/
HAZIRLAYAN
$U*|U5DPD]DQ8<*81
'$1,0$1
Prof. 'U$OL$.'(05
ANAKKALE-2006
ZET
*LULLPFLOLN HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\ VDOD\DQ YH WRSOXPXQ \DDP NDOLWHVLQL DUWUDQ WHPHO GLQDPLNOHUGHQ ELULGLU *QP]GH D\U ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN oDOODQ JLULLPFLOLLQ IRUPDO HLWLPL YHULOPHNWH YH EX NRQXGD \DSODQ DUDWUPDODU G]HQOL RODUDN \D\QODQPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN GRDV JHUHL GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV ELU IHQRPHQGLU YH \D\QODQDQ oRN VD\GD oDOPD\D UDPHQ KHQ] JHQHO NDEXO J|UP ELU WHRUL\H VDKLS GHLOGLU +HU \O JOREDO |OoHNWH KD]UODQDQ DUDWUPD J
ndemleri bir ok
GLVLSOLQGHQ DUDWUPDFODU EX DODQD oHNPHNWH YH IDUNO EDN DoODU LOH JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQL ]HQJLQOHPHNWHGLU %X EDODPGD D\U ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN JHOLHQ
JLULLPFLOLLQJHoHUOLELUWDQPVDOoHUoHYH\HLKWL\DFYDUGU
7RSOXPODUQ VDKLS ROGXX NOWUHO GHHUOHU GHYOHW JHOHQHNOHUL LNWLVDW ]LKQL\HWOHULYHJLULLPFLOLLDOJOD\ELoLPOHULJLULLPFLOLLQJHOLPHVLQGHYHWRSOXP WDUDIQGDQ NDEXO J|UPHVLQGH |QHPOL IDNW|UOHUGLU *LULLPFLOLN NOWUQQ \D\JQ ROGXXWRSOXPODUGDELUWDUDIWDQHNRQRPLNNDONQPDK]ODJHUoHNOHLUNHQELUWDUDIWDQ GD JLULLPFL WRSOXP WDUDIQGDQ NDEXO J|UHQ YH VD\J X\DQGUDQ ELU ELUH\ ELoLPLQGH DOJODQPDNWDGU %X DOJODPD JLULLPFLOLLQ LVWHQLOLU ELU NDUL\HU VHoLPL ROPDVQ
desteklemekte ve bireylerin bu kariyeri semelerini tetikleyen faktrlerden birisi

ROPDNWDGU
%X
oHUoHYHGH
\DSODQ
oDOPDQQ
DPDF
JLULLPFL
YH
JLULLPFLOLN
NDYUDPODUQQ LIDGH HWWLL DQODPQ OLWHUDWUGHNL \HULQL WHVSLW HGHUHNGLVLSOLQLQEDVNQ \DNODPODUQD \HU YHUPHN 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLLQ YH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQQ JHOLLPLQL DQD KDWODU\OD VXQPDN YH |QF ELU JLULLPFL RODUDN EUDKLP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLNIHOVHIHVLQLDQDOL]HWPHNWLU
ABSTRACT Entrepreneurship is one of the basic dynamics enhancing the social life quality and ensuring economical development. Entrepreneurship which is studied as a free discipline today is carried by formal trainings and the researchs held for this concept are regularly issued. It is an interdisciplinary phenomenon by its nature and despite a fair number of issued studies a generally accepted theory for entrepreneurship couldnt be written yet. The globally-scaled research journals draw many researchers all over the world into this area every year and the discipline of entrepreneurship is enriched by those different perspectives. In this context, as an exceptionally developing discipline, entrepreneurship needs a valid definitional framework.
Cultural values, state traditions, economical mentalities and the ways of perceiving entrepreneurship of societies are the critical factors that play role through the development and adoption processes of entrepreneurship. In societies where the entrepreneurship culture is widespread, economical development quickly takes place while the entrepreneur gets credit and perceived as a respected individual. This perception supports the entrepreneurship through becoming a preferable career choice and an important factor triggering the individuals tending to choose this career path.
The purpose of this study which is prepared along this frame is to determine the reflectional positions of the concepts for entrepreneur and entrepreneurship in the literature in order to locate the critical approaches of the discipline, to outline the entrepreneurship and development of its culture in Turkey and to analyse the
HQWUHSUHQHXULDOSKLORVRSK\RIEUDKLP%RGXUDVDSLRQHHUIRUWKLVDUHD
ii
d1'(./(5 ZET.................................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. ii
d1'(./(5
............................................................................................ iii ...................................................................... ix .......................................................... xi
.,6$/70$/$5&(79(/
7$%/29((.//(5&(79(/ *5
........................................................................................................... 1
%51&%g/h0 *50&*50&/..$95$0/$5,9(*50&/. <$./$,0/$5,
1.1.*50&9(*50&/..$95$0/$5,1,17$1,0,
*LULLPFLYH*LULLPFLOLN.DYUDPODUQQ7DULKVHO$oGDQ$QDOL]L *LULLPFLYH*LULLPFLOLN7DQPODUQQoHULN$QDOL]L
5 6 13
1.1.3. *LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQLQLQ%LOLPVHO.|NHQLYH'LHU%LOLP
'DOODUOHOLNLVL
16 1.1.3.1. NWLVDWYH*LULLPFLOLN 18 1.1.3.2. 3VLNRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 20 1.1.3.3. 6RV\RORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 22 1.1.3.4. $QWURSRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 23 ... 24
*50&/.<$./$,0/$5,
1..LLOLNg]HOOLNOHUL<DNODP 24 1.2.1.1. %DDUKWL\DF 25 1.2.1.2. .RQWURO2GDNOON 29 1.2.1.3. Risk AlmD(LOLPL 33 1.2.1.4. *LULLPFL.LLOLH<NOHQHQ'LHUg]HOOLNOHU 35 1.2.1.5. .LLOLNg]HOOLNOHUL<DNODPQD*HWLULOHQ(OHWLULOHU 39 1.2.2. %LOLVHO<DNODP 49 1.2.2.1. *LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO<DSODU 52 1.2.2.1.1. Sinyal Tespit Teorisi............... 54
iii
1.2.2.1.2. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi... 57 1.2.2.2. *LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO6UHoOHU 60

3ODQODPD<DQOJV .RQWURO$OJVQQ<DQOVDPDV
62 64
1.2.2.2.3. $U*YHQ 66 1.2.2.2.4. Duygu Katma.. 67 1.2.2.2.5. .oN6D\ODU.DQXQXQD(LOLP 69 1.2.2.2.6. z etkinlik.. 71 1.2.3. *LULLPVHO1L\HW<DNODP 72
*LULLPFLOLNYH6RV\DOOLNL$ODU<DNODP *LULLPFLOLN6UHFLQGH%LOLVHO)HQRPHQOHUYH%LU0RGHOgQHULVL *LULLPVHO)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\ROODU0RGHOL
79 85
.1&%g/h0 260$1/,'$1*h1h0h=(7h5.<('(*50&/.9( *50&/..h/7h5h1h1*(/0
260$1/,03$5$725/881'$*50&/.
VE 95 98 104
*50&/..h/7h5h
2.1.1. Klasik Dnem.. 95

.ODVLN'|QHPGH(NRQRPLN<DS .ODVLN'|QHPGH2VPDQONWLVDW=LKQL\HWL 0DOL6LVWHPdHUoHYHVLQGH9HUJL.D\QDNODUQQ OHWLOPHVLQLQhVWOHQLOPHVLQGHQ2UWD\DdNDQ2VPDQO\D g]J*LULLPFL%LU6QI0OWH]LPOHU
108
2.1.1.4. Ekonominin Gerilemesi ve Klasik Dnemin Sonu.. 111

7DQ]LPDW6RQUDVQGD2VPDQONWLVDW=LKQL\HWL
115
2&80+85<(7'g1(01'(*50&/.9(*50&/. KLTR. 126 2.2.1. .XUXOXXQGDQ*QP]H7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLQGH

*LULLPFLOLLQ*HOLWLL*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV
128
iv
8OXVDO(NRQRPLQLQ.XUXOXXYH]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVL
-1930. 130 131 140 141 147 167 182
]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLYH.DONQPD6WUDWHMLVLQLQ %HOLUJLQOHPHVL
2.2'|QHPLQgQHPOL(NRQRPLN*HOLPHOHUL 134
'HYOHW*LULLPFLOLL'|QHPL
-1950
2.2.3.1.
'HYOHWoLOLLQ .XUXPVDOODPDV YH %LULQFL %H \OON 6DQD\L 3ODQ
NLQFL'Q\D6DYDYH6RQUDVQGD<DDQDQ(NRQRPLN *HOLPHOHU 3ODQO'|QHPYHWKDONDPHVL6WUDWHMLVL
-1980... 153
6RQUDVYH'D$oN%\PH 7UNL\HGH*LULLPFLOLN.OWUQ<|QOHQGLUHQgQF*LULLPFLOHU
NC BLM
g1&h%5*50&2/$5$.%5$+0%2'8502'(/
$5$7,50$1,1.21868$0$&,9(g1(0
189 190 191 195 196 197 199 205 206 207 209
3.2. 3.3. 3.4.
$5$7,50$1,19$56$<,0/$5,9(6,1,5/,/,./$5, $5$7,50$1,1<g17(0 %5$+0%2'8581%<2*5$)69(<$5$77,,
*50&/.(6(5.$/(*58%8 EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\RORMLN0HQVXEL\HWL EUDKLP%RGXUXQ7DKVLO+D\DWYH(YOLOL
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\DO.OWUHO(QWHOHNWHO(LOLPOHUL %RGXUXQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQGDQgQFH+D\DWQD
Ynelik Deneyimleri. 3.4dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQ.XUXOPDV

)LNULQLQ'RPDVYHdDQOoHVLQLQ.XUXOX <HUL2ODUDN6HoLPLQLQ$UGQGD<DWDQ)DNW|UOHU dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQgQFOQ <DSWONOHU
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ.OWU6DQDW(LWLP6DON+L]PHWOHUL 6DKDVQGDNL.DWNODUYH6RV\DO6RUXPOXOXN$QOD\\OD *HUoHNOHWLUGLL6RV\DO*LULLPOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQLUNHWOHPHg\NV.DOH*UXEXQD*LGHQ 6UHoWHNL%HOLUJLQ$GPODUYH
211
KronolojLN6UD\D*|UH.DOH 216 220 221 221 222 222 223 223 224 224 225 226 226 227 227 227 228 229 229 230 230
*UXEXLUNHWOHUL
3.4.7.1.dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU$ 3.4.7.2..DOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.3..DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.4..DOHNDOS0DNLQD.DOS6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.5..DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.6. H. EUDKLP%RGXU+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.7..DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\LYH

7LFDUHW$
3.4.7.8. .DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.9..DOH+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.10. Kalekim Kimyevi Maddeler Sanayi ve

7LFDUHW$
3.4.7.11..DOHQDNOL\DWYH7LFDUHW$
1RUVDW$YH<RUVDQ$
3.4.7.13. Kalesan Saniter Seramik Sanayi ve

7LFDUHW$
3.4.7.14..DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.15. Kale Eksport '7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.16..DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D

6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
3.4.7.17..DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.18. Kalemaden Endstriyel Hammaddeler Sanayi ve

7LFDUHW$
3.4.7.19..DOH$LU+DYDFON6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.20. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$
vi
3.4.7.21. Kaledata........ 3.4.7.22. Kaleseramik anakkale Kalebodur Seramik

6DQD\L$
231 231 232 232 232 233 233
3.4.7.23..DOH$OWQD\5RERWLNYH2WRPDV\RQ
6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
....
3.4.7.24. Kaleenerji.................
.DOHSRZHU&RQWUROV(OHNWULN6LVWHPOHUL$
3.4.7.26. .DOHNLP$ 3.4.7.27..DOHWURQ$

%5$+0%2'8581./9(*50&/ .218681'$<$.,1d(95(6</(<$3,/$10h/$.$7,1
SONULARI
EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OP
233 234 236 239 240 241 242 243 244 246 247 248 249 250
aya Ynlendiren Dinamikler
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN.DUL\HULQH%DODUNHQ 'D\DQGYH*YHQGLL%LUH\VHOYHdHYUHVHO)DNW|UOHU
3.5.3. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFilik
YH*LULLPFLOLN.RQXODU
3.5.4.EUDKLP%RGXUXQEleman ve Ynetici Seiminde nem

9HUGLL.ULWHUOHU
........
3.5.5.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ0WHULOHUH.DU7XWXPX
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%\PHYH<HQL*LULLPONHOHUL EUDKLP%RGXUXQdDODQODULOH'L\DORX
3.5.8.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HYOHWYH3ROLWLND\OD'Q\DVYH
g]HO6HNW|UOHOLNLOHUL EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6LYLO7RSOXP.XUXOXODUQD%DN EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%DDU\gGOOHQGLUPH7DU] EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6HNW|U7HUFLKL.ULWHUOHUL EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HYDPO*|UWYHVWLDUH(WWLL QIRUPDO'DQPD.XUXOXQXQ9DUO EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$VOD'HLWLUHPHGLL<|QHWLP YHdDOPD3UHQVLSOHUL
vii
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOHOLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH %XOLNLOHUGHQ6DODG'HVWHN %5$+0%2'8581*50&/.)(/6()(611 $1$/= EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLP
252 253 253 262 267 269 274 277
cilik Felsefesi...
EUDKLP%RGXUXQOHWPHFLOLN)HOVHIHVL 6218d9(g1(5/(5
EKLER................................................................................................................. KAYNAKA.......................................................................................................
viii
.,6$/70$/$5&(79(/
ABD ABYKP Ar-Ge ATT BBYKP BBYSP CHP CMPS DBYKP DP DPT DSO DU GSMH IEI IMF
%<.3 %<63
: Amerika%LUOHLN'HYOHWOHUL
$OWQF%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ $UDWUPD *HOLWLUPH
$$QRQLPLUNHW
: $V\D7LSLhUHWLP7DU]
%LULQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
: %LULQFL%H<OON6DQD\L3ODQ : Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi : Cesarec-0DUNH.LLOLNdL]HOJHVL

'|UGQF%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
&'4:DOODFKYH.RJDQ7HUFLKNLOHPL$QNHWL
: Demokrat Parti : Devlet PODQODPD7HNLODW : Devlet Sanayi Ofisi : Dyun-u Umumiye

*D\UL6DIL0LOOL+DVOD *LULLPVHO7DVDUODU*HUoHNOHWLUPH0RGHOL 8OXVODUDUDV3DUD)RQX
: NLQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ : NLQFL%H<OON6DQD\L3ODQ
-3,-DFNVRQ.LLOLN(QYDQWHUL .7 .2% .DPXNWLVDGL7HHEEVOHUL .oNYH2UWD%R\OHWPHOHU 3ODQODQP'DYUDQ7HRULVL
PDT SBYKP SMB SSCI STT TAT
PRF-(.LLOLN$UDWUPD)RUPX-E : SekiziQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ : 6DQD\LYH0DDGLQ%DQNDV : 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU$WIQGHNVL : Sinyal Tespit Teorisi : 7HPDWLN'HHUOHQGLUPH7HVWL ix
TSK TSKB BYKP YBYKP
: 7HYLN-i Sanayi Kanunu : 7UNL\H6DQD\L.DONQPD%DQNDV : nc%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ

<HGLQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
7$%/29((.//(5&(79(/
Tablo 1. *LULLPFLOLN7DQPoHULN$QDOL]L6RQXoODU 13 Tablo 2. *LULLPFL7DQPoHULN$QDOL]L6RQXoODU 14 Tablo 3. *LULLPFLOLNYH'LHU%LOLP'DOODU 17 Tablo 4. .LLOLNg]HOOLNOHULdDOPDODU 42 Tablo 5. Sinyal Tespit Teorisi. 55 Tablo 6. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi. 59 Tablo 7. 1913-6DQD\L6D\PQD*|UH2VPDQO6DQD\LVLQLQ'XUXPX 125 Tablo 8. 1923-<OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV 139 Tablo 9. 1920-<OODU$UDVQGD.XUXODQ$QRQLPLUNHWOHULQ.XUXOX YOODUQD*|UH'DOP 139 Tablo 10. YH6DQD\L6D\PODU 140 Tablo 11. YH6DQD\L6D\PODU 140 Tablo 12. 1931-<OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV 152 Tablo 13. 1951-<OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV 166 Tablo 14. 6RQUDV*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV 181 Tablo 15. gQFHVL7UNL\HGH.XUXODQgQF*LULLPOHUYH.XUXOX<OODU 186 Tablo 16. <OgQFHVLQGH)LUPD.XUDQgQF*LULLPFLOHU*LULLPOHULYH
.XUXOX<OODU
187
Tablo 17. .DOH*UXEX0LV\RQ9L]\RQYH'HHUOHU 217 Tablo 18. .DOH*UXEXQXQ.LORPHWUH7DODU 217 Tablo 19. KaOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$ 221 Tablo 20. .DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$ 221 Tablo 21. .DOHNDOS0DNLQD9H.DOS6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$ 222 Tablo 22. .DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$ 223 Tablo 23. .DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 224 Tablo 24. .DOHNLP.LP\HYL0DGGHOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 225 Tablo 25. .DOHQDNOL\DWYH7LFDUHW$......... 226 Tablo 26. .DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$ 227 Tablo 27. .DOH(NVSRUW'7LFDUHW$ 228
xi
Tablo 28. .DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 228 Tablo 29. Kaleteknik Hizmetler Sanayi ve7LFDUHW$ 229 Tablo 30. .DOHPDGHQ(QGVWUL\HO+DPPDGGHOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 229 Tablo 31. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$ 230 Tablo 32. Kaleseramik anakkale Kalebodur Seramik 6DQD\L$ 231 Tablo 33. EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU 236 Tablo 34. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN.DUL\HULQH%DODUNHQ'D\DQGYH
*YHQGLL%LUH\VHOYHdHYUHVHO)DNW|UOHU
238 240
Tablo 35. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFLOLN9H

*LULLPFLOLN.RQXODU
Tablo 36. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(OHPDQYH<|QHWLFL6HoLPLQGHgQHP9HUGLL Kriterler................................................................................................... 241 Tablo 37. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ0WHULOHUH.DU7XWXPX 242 Tablo 38.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%\PHYH<HQL*LULLP,ONHOHUL................... 243 Tablo 39.EUDKLP%RGXUXQdDODQODUOH'L\DORX 244 Tablo 40.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HYOHWYH3ROLWLND\OD'Q\DVYHg]HO
6HNW|UOH,OLNLOHUL
.............................................................. 245
Tablo 41.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6LYLO7RSOXP.XUXOXODUQD%DN 246 Tablo 42.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%DDU\gGOOHQGLUPH7DU] 247 Tablo 43.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6HNW|U7HUFLKL.ULWHUOHUL 249 Tablo 44.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$VOD'HLWLUHPHGLL<|QHWLPYHdDOPD Prensipleri.............................................................................................. 251 Tablo 45EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOHOLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH%XOLNLOHUGHQ
6DODG'HVWHN
252
Tablo 46EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|nlendiren Dinamikler... 254 Tablo 47.*LULLPFL7LSRORMLVLgQFYH0XWDW*LULLPFLOHU 264 Tablo 48.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN)HOVHIHVL 266 Tablo 49.EUDKLP%RGXUXQOHWPHFLOLN)HOVHIHVL 267 Tablo 50.
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HHUOHU6LVWHPL
269
xii
HNLO
Sinyal Tespit Teorisi.. 56 - Heuristics
HNLO*LULLPVHO)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\RODU0RGHOL
and Recognition of Opportunities (HERO).. 94
xiii
*5
*LULLPFLOLN HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\ VDOD\DQ NULWLN ELU IDNW|UGU (OLDVVRQ YH
Henrekson 2004: 3).
*LULLPFLOLN VHYL\HVLQLQ \NVHN ROGXX WRSOXPODUGD HNRQRPLN
NDONQPD GD \NVHN ROPDNWDGU 0RUULV
). Bu nedenle
DUDWUPDFODU
JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQL LOH LOJLOHQPHNWHGLUOHU %X LOJL\H HN RODUDN DUDWUPDFODUQ JLULLPFLOLNoDOPDNLoLQGDKDELUoRNQHGHQOHULYDUGU%XQHGHQOHUEDVLWELUELOPH LVWHLQGHQ JLULLPFLOLLQ GHVWHNOHQPHVL YH JHOLWLULOPHVLQH NDGDU GHLLN QRNWDODUGD \HU DOPDNWDGU %LUoRN DUDWUPDF VRQXoWD GDKD oRN ELUH\LQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL VHoPHVLQL VDODPD YH EX \|QGH RQODU FHVDUHWOHQGLUPH NoN LOHWPHOHULQ \DDP VUHOHULQL DUWUPD HLWLP PIUHGDW YH SURJUDPODUQ \DUDUQ DUWUPD JLEL GDYUDQ PRGLILNDV\RQODUQDPDoODPDNWDGU&DUODQGYHGLHUOHUL
*LULLPFLOLN \|QHWLP ELOLPOHULQLQ \HQL SDUDGLJPDODUQGDQ ELULGLU 7P \HQL GLVLSOLQOHU JLEL JLULLPFLOLN GH GLHU ELOLPOHULQ \|QWHP YH WHRULOHULQL NXOODQDUDN RUWD\D oNPWU )DNDW JLULLPFLOLN D\U ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN JHOLHFHNVH NHQGLQH DLW D\U \|QWHP YH WHRULOHUH LKWL\DF YDUGU
(Bygrave ve Churchill 1989: 7).
*LULLPFLOLN
DODQQGDRUWD\DNRQDQ\NVHN\D\QPLNWDUQDUDPHQKHQ]NDEXOHGLOPLJHQHOELU JLULLPFLOLN WHRULVL %XOO YH :LOODUG *DUWQHU YH DUDWUPDFODU DUDVQGD IHQRPHQLQ GRDV KDNNQGD ELU J|U ELUOLL EXOXQPDPDNWDGU +R\ YH 9HUVHU *LULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQL NDUPDN YH GHLNHQOLN DU] HGHQ ELU \DS
sergilemektedir (GartQHU +HU GLVLSOLQ JLULLPFLOLL DoNODPDGD NHQGLQH

|]J J|UOHUH VDKLSWLU YH KHU ELUL GLHU GLVLSOLQLQ VDKLS ROGXX SHUVSHNWLIWHQ HWNLOHQPHPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV oRNOX EDN DoODU \HULQH GDKDoRNWHNGLVLSOLQOLEDNDoODUEXOXQPDNWDGU*DUWQHU
*LULLPFLOLLQHYUHQVHORODUDNNDEXOJ|UHQJHQHOELUWDQPEXOXQPDPDNWDGU
(Gartner 1989b: 31; Hornaday 1992: 12). Bu konuyla ilgili olarak Coleun
GQFHOHUL\DSODQVD\V]DoNODPDODUGDQELULVLGLU
Benim ELUH\VHO ELU WHFUEHP YDUGU NL EL] RQ \O ER\XQFD JLULLPFLOLN
WDULKL ]HULQH ELU DUDWUPD PHUNH]L oDOWUGN 2Q \O ER\XQFD JLULLPFL\LWDQPODPD\DoDOWNDPDDVODEDDUDPDGN+HUELULPL]LQEX NRQXGD ELU ILNUL YDUG )LNUL RODQ DUDWUPDFQQ GQFHOHUL DPDoODU LoLQ \DUDUO ELU WDQPG 9H EHQ VL]LQ EXQGDQ GDKD |WHVLQH
JLGHELOHFHLQL]LVDQP\RUXP*DUWQHUD>&ROH@
&ROHXQ
JLULLPFLOLLQ
WDQPODQDELOLS
WDQPODQDPD\DFD
KDNNQGDNL
SKHOHUL DUDWUPDFODUQ WDQP \DSPD oDEDODUQ GXUGXUDPDPWU *LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD ELU oRN DUDWUPD EHQ]HU NRXOODUD VDKLS RODQ ELUH\OHUGHQ ELULQLQ ILUPD NXUPDGDYUDQVHUJLOHUNHQGLHUOHULQLQQLoLQEXQXWHUFLKHWPHGLLVRUXVXQXVRUDUDN JLULLPFLQLQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULQHRGDNODQPWU*DUWQHU*LULLPFL\LKHP \|QHWLFLOHUGHQ KHP GH WRSOXPGDQ D\UW HGHQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ WHVSLW HGLOPH\H oDOOPDV YHOL\OODUGDWHUFLK HGLOHQELU DUDWUPDNRQXVXROPXWXU%X DUDWUPDODUGDQ RUWD\D oNDQ WDUWPDO EXOJX YH oNDUPODU GLNNDWL NLLOLN
|]HOOLNOHULQLQLQFHOHQPHVLQGHQVUHFLQLQFHOHQPHVLQHGRUXND\GUPWU0RUULVYH GLHUOHUL *HoPLWH \DSODQ JLULLPFL NLLOLN YH EXQD GD\DO RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGH \HU DODQ JLULLPFL NLLOLLQ DoNoD D\UW HGLOP
esi
DUDWUPDODUQQEDDUV]OJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODULoLQGHGROGXUXOPD\EHNOH\HQ ELUEROXDVHEHSROPXWXU6RQ]DPDQODUGDELOLVHOELOLPGHQHOGHHGLOHQILNLUOHULQYH NDYUDPODUQX\JXODQPDVJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODUQGDKDNLPL\HWND]DQPWU
Bunun
NDQW LVH ELULNLPOL RODUDN DUWDQ JLULLPVHO ELOL WHULPOHUL LOH oHUoHYHOHQPL EDDUO DUDWUPDODUGU0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE
%X
oHUoHYHGH
\DSODQ
oDOPDQQ
DPDF
JLULLPFL
YH
JLULLPFLOLN
NDYUDPODUQQ LIDGH HWWLL DQODPQ OLWHUDWUGHNL \HULQL WHVSLW HGHUHNGLVLSOLQLQEDVNQ \DNODPODUQD \HU YHUPHN 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLLQ YH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQQ JHOLLPLQL DQD KDWODU\OD VXQPDN YH |QF ELU JLULLPFL RODUDN EUDKLP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLNIHOVHIHVLQLDQDOL]HWPHNWLU
dDOPD
o
E|OPGHQ
ROXPDNWDGU
%LULQFL
E|OPGH
JLULLPFL
YH
JLULLPFLOLNNDYUDPODUQQWDQPWDULKVHODoGDQRUWD\DNRQPXWDQPODLOJLOLJQFHO HLOLPLQ WHVSLWLQH \|QHOLN LoHULN DQDOL]L \DSOPWU *LULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQLQ NODVLN
ELU\DNODPRODQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHUL\DNODPQDPRGHUQYHJQFHOELU\DNODPRODQ ELOLVHO\DNODPDJLULLPVHOQL\HW\DNODPQDYHVRV\DOLOLNLDODU\DNODPQDEX E|OPGH JLULLPFLOLN \DNODPODU NVPQGD \HU YHULOPLWLU %|OP VRQXQGD LVH GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV ELU SHUVSHNWLIH RGDNODQODUDN *LULLPVHO )UVDWODUQ 7DQPODQPDV YH .VD\ROODU0RGHOLELU|QHULRODUDNVXQXOPXWXU
7UNWRSOXPXGHYOHWWDULKLYHJHOHQHLDoVQGDQROGXNoDJHULOHUHJLGHELOHFHN ELU ELULNLPH VDKLS ROPDVQD NDUQ D\Q \DUJ\ JLULLPFLOLN NRQX RODQD EXOXQPDPDNWDGU 2VPDQO G|QHPLQGH WLFDUHW YH
sunda belirleme
GDKD oRN
VDQD\L
JD\ULPVOLPOHULQ \DSW KDWWD \DSPDV JHUHNHQ ELU XUD RODUDN DOJODQP YH EX QHGHQOH GH DQODQ G|QHPGH JLULLPFLOLN 7UNOHU LoLQ GDKD oRN ]DQDDWNDUON YH HVQDIONG]H\LQGHNDOPWU
&XPKXUL\HWLQ
NXUXOPDV\OD
ELUOLNWH
\HUOL
ELU
JLULLPFL
VQI
\DUDWPD
NRQXVXQGD oDOPDODU EDODP YH \OQGD ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVL WRSODQPWU $QODQ G|QHPGH |]HO VHNW|UQ VHUPD\H ELULNLPL ROPDGQGDQ GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLN
roOQ VWOHQHUHN ONH VDQD\LOHPHVLQH NDWN YHUPH\H EDODPWU 'DKD VRQUDNL

VUHoOHUGH \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ |]HO VHNW|UH DQODPO GHVWHNOHU YHULOHUHN WDUPD GD\DO JLULLPFLOLNWHQ VDQD\L\H GD\DO NDONQPD\D JHoLOPLWLU O \OODUGDQ
itibaren planl NDONQPD G|QHPL EDODP DQFDN NDONQPDQQ GLQDPLNOHULQGH KHS

GHYOHW \HU DOPWU \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ ELU WDUDIWDQ VDQD\L \DWUPODU ELU WDUDIWDQ WXUL]P\DWUPODUYHELUWDUDIWDQGDLKUDFDWWHYLNHGLOHUHNOLEHUDOHNRQRPLNVLVWHPLQ JHUHL\DSOPD\DoDOOPWU
NLQFL
E|OPGH
2VPDQO
PSDUDWRUOXXQGDQ
JQP]H
7UNL\HGH
JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLLPL ]HULQGH GXUXOPXWXU 2VPDQO '|QHPL .ODVLN YH 7DQ]LPDW VRQUDV ELoLPLQGH LNL WHPHO EDONOD LQFHOHQPL KHU LNL G|QHPGH GHLNWLVDW ]LKQL\HWL
analiz
HGLOPLWLU &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPL LVH \OODUQ HOH DODQ
Ulusal
(NRQRPLQLQ .XUXOXXYH]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVL \OODUQ
ele alan Devlet
*LULLPFLOLL '|QHPL \OODUQ HOH DODQ 3ODQO <OODU YH WKDO NDPHVL
Stratejisi; 1980 ve sRQUDVQ HOH DODQ 'D $oN %\PH '|QHPL EDONODU DOWQGD 3
LQFHOHQPL YH KHU ELU DOW G|QHPGH JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLWLL JHQHO ONH YH JLULLPFLOLN DOW \DSV LOJLOL DOW G|QHPH DLW HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO J|VWHUJHOHULQ DULWPHWLN RUWDODPDODUQGDQ ROXDQ ELU WDEOR LOH VXQXOPXWXU %|OP 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ\|QOHQGLUHQ|QFJLULLPFLOHULQWHVSLWHGLOGLLNVPLOHELWLULOPLWLU
7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ \|QOHQGLUHQ |QF JLULLPFLOHU DUDVQGD .DOH*UXEXQXQPLPDUEUDKLP%RGXUGDEXOXQPDNWDGU*LULLPFLOLLYH|QFO ELU KD\DW IHOVHIHVL ELoLPLQGH DOJOD\DQ YH X\JXOD\DQ EUDKLP %RGXU LON JLULLPLQLQ WHPHOOHULQL \OQGD dDQ LOoHVLQGH DWPWU 2 \OODUGD EX JLULLPLQ KHU WUO VDQD\L DOW \DSVQGDQ X]DN RODQ dDQ LOoHVLQGH EDODWOP ROPDV |QHPOL ELU IDUNOONWU \OQGD dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ WHPHOOHUL DWOGQGD QIXVX FLYDUQGD RODQ dDQ JQP]GH JHOLHQ GLQDPLN ELU L \DSVQD YH QIXVDVDKLSELULOoHROPXWXU0XWDWELUJLULLPFLOLN\DSVDU]HGHQEUDKLP %RGXU YH RQXQ |QF IDDOL\HWOHUL LOH KHPHQ KHU DODQGD E\N |OoHNOL YH NDSVDPO \DWUPODUQ \DSOG .DOH *UXEXQXQ UHNDEHW JFQQ NUHVHO VWDQGDUWODUD XODP ROPDV DNDGHPLN DoGDQ NRQXQXQ DUDWUOPDV YH LQFHOHQPHVLQL JHUHNOL NODQ HQ |QHPOLQHGHQOHULQEDQGDJHOPHNWHGLU
hoQF E|OPGH LVH |QF ELU JLULLPFL RODUDN EUDKLP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQH HWNL HGHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIHVL DQDOL] HGLOPLWLU %X E|OPGH LON RODUDN EUDKLP %RGXUXQ NVD
EL\RJUDILVLQH \HU YHULOPL YH .DOH *UXEXQD EDO LUNHWOHU KDNNQGD |] ELOJL VXQXOPXWXU EUDKLP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQH HWNL HGHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIHVLQLQ DUDWUOPDV oHUoHYHVLQGH RQXQODX]XQ\OODUoDOPYHVWG]H\\|QHWLFLOLNJ|UHYLVWOHQPLRODQELUH\OHUGHQ GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDW WHNQLL NXOODQODUDN YHUL VDODQP EX YHULOHU LoHULN DQDOL]L \|QWHPL\OHGHHUOHQGLULOHUHNVXQXOPXWXU6RQRODUDNEUDKLP%RGXUXQJLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQH HWNL HGHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIHVL\DSODQPODNDWODUQLoHULNDQDOL]LQHVDGNNDOQDUDNEWQOHLNELUELoLPGH EHOLUWLOPLWLUdDOPDVRQXoYH|QHULOHULQ\HUDOGNVPODWDPDPODQPWU
%51&%g/h0
*50&*50&/..$95$0/$5,9(*50&/. <$./$,0/$5,
dDOPDQQ EX E|OPQGH JLULLPFL YH JLULLPFLOLN NDYUDPODUQQ WDQPODU WDULKVHO DoGDQ DQDOL] HGLOHFHN OLWHUDWU WDUDPDVQD GD\DQDUDN \DSOP RODQ
kavramlarla ilgili ierik anaOL]L VRQXoODUQD \HU YHULOHFHN JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQLQ

GLHUELOLPGDOODULOHLOLNLVLQHGHLQLOHFHNWLU*LULLPFLOLN\DNODPODUDUDVQGD\HU DODQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP ELOLVHO \DNODP JLULLPVHO QL\HW \DNODP YH VRV\DO LOLNL DODU \DNODP EX E|OPGH VXQXODFDNWU 6RQ RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGHELOLVHOIHQRPHQOHUEDODOWQGD*LULLPVHO)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH .VD\ROODU0RGHO|QHULVLQH\HUYHULOHFHNWLU
*50&9(*50&/..$95$0/$5,1,17$1,0,
Geerli bir bLOLP L\L ELU WDQPOD EDODPDOGU $UDWUPDFODU J|]OHPOHGLNOHUL

ROD\ODU WDQPOD\DPD]ODUVD LQFHOHGLNOHUL IHQRPHQLQ QH ROGXXQD QDVO NDUDU
YHUHELOHFHNOHUGLU" *LULLPFLQLQ YH JLULLPFLOLLQ HYUHQVHO RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPL ELU WDQP ROPDG LoLQ DUDWUPDFODUQ EX NDYUDPODU NXOODQGNODUQGD QH\L
NDVWHWWLNOHULQL DoNoD EHOLUWPHOHUL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %\JUDYH YH +RIHU *LULLPFLOLLQHYUHQVHOWDQPLKWLODIOGU
(Gartner 1989b: 31; Hornaday 1992: 12) ve Sharma ve
NDYUDPQ X]XQ WDULKLQH UDPHQ DUDWUPDFODU JLULLPFLQLQ NLP ROGXX NRQXVXQGD KDOD ELU DQODPD\D YDUDPDPODUGU &DUODQG YH GLHUOHUL
&KULVPDQ JLULLPFLOLLQ IDUNO ELUH\OHU LoLQ IDUNO DQODPODUD JHOGLLQL YXUJXODPODUGU *HoHUOL ELU JLULLPFLOLN WDQPQGD ]HULQGH J|U ELUOLLQH YDUODQ JLULLPVHOIDDOL\HWOHUEXOXQPDOYH\LQHJ|UELUOLLQHGD\DQDUDNJLULLPVHOROPD\DQ IDDOL\HWOHU\DSODFDNWDQPQNDSVDPGQGDEUDNOPDOGU/RQJ
*LULLPFLYH*LULLPFLOLN.DYUDPODUQQ7DULKVHO$oGDQ$QDOL]L
*LULLPFL
NDYUDP
)UDQV]FD
N|NHQOLGLU
(Q
HVNL
NXOODQP
2UWDoD
)UDQV]FDVQD GD\DQDQ NDYUDPQ DQODP IDDO RODQ YH JHUHNOL LOHULQ \DSOPDVQ VDOD\DQ ELUH\GLU +RVHOLW] D +HUKDQJL ELU H\ \DSPD\ oDUWUDQ
entreprendre fiili onikinci
\]\O EDODUQGD NXOODQOPD\D EDODQGQGDQ LWLEDUHQ
JLULLPFLOLNIDUNOELUH\OHULoLQIDUNODQODPODUDJHOPLWLU/RQJ2QEHLQFL \]\OGD ILLO \HULQL JLULLPFL LVPLQH EUDNPWU %X NDYUDP ED] LOHULQ \DSOPDVQ VWOHQHQ ELUH\ DQODPQGD NXOODQOPWU +RVHOLW] D .DYUDPQ QJLOL] GLOLQGH NXOODQP LQFHOHQGLLQGH ]HULQH DOPDN \NOHQPHN VWOHQPHN WDDKKW HWPHN WHHEEV HWPH GHQHPHN NDONPDN WHKOLNH\H DWOPDN DQVD EUDNPDN FHVDUHW HWPHN J|]H DOPDN DQODPODUQD JHOHQ 7
rke fiiller grlmektedir (Long
2QEHLQFL \]\OGDQ RQ\HGLQFL \]\OD NDGDU EX WHULPOHU WRSUDN VDKLSOHULQL YH GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ LKDOH HGLOHQ E\N SURMHOHUL VWOHQHQ ELUH\OHUL QLWHOHPHNLoLQNXOODQOPODUGU+RVHOLW]D
*LULLPFLOLNNDYUDPQQWHRULNRODUDNLONUHVPLNXOODQPQ5LFKDUG&DQWLOORQ FLYDU \DSPWU /RQJ
Sharma ve Chrisman 1999: 12). Cantillon,
JHOLUOHUL EHOLUOL RODQODU YH EHOLUVL] RODQODU ELoLPLQGH WRSOXPX LNL VQID D\UPWU *LULLPFLOHUJHOLULEHOLUVL]RODQWRSOXPVDOVQIWD\HUDOPDNWDGU&DQWLOORQODELUOLNWH JLULLPFLOLNWHULVNVWOHQPH\DNODPEDODPWU5HGOLFK
&DQWLOORQ >@ JLULLPFLOLL KHUKDQJL ELU ELoLPGH VHUEHVW oDOPD RODUDN WDQPODPDNWDGU 3DUD NDUO WXWXOPDP \D GD FUHW NDUO oDOPD\DQ KHUKDQJLELUELUH\ JLULLPFLGLU*LULLPFLVQILOHNLUDODQPELUH\OHUDUDVQGDNLIDUN VHUEHVW oDOPD\OD \DDQDQ HN EHOLUVL]OLN ROPDNWDGU &DQWLOORQ
-55).
&DQWLOORQD J|UH JLULLPFL EXJQQ NRXOODUQGD UQOHUL EHOLUOL ELU IL\DWWDQ DOS JHOHFHNWHRUWD\DoNDFDNRODQEHOLUVL]ELUIL\DWWDQVDWPDNWDGU
*LULLPFL NDYUDPQD LNLQFL RODUDN GHLQHQ )UDQV] HNRQRPLVW -%6D\GLU 5HGOLFK 6D\H J|UH VHUPD\H ELULNLPL\OH GHHU \DUDWOPDVQGD DQDKWDU IDNW|U JLULLPFLGLU *LULLPFL JHUHNOL RODQ ]HND YH \HWHQHN LOH VHUPD\H\L YH WRSUD NLUDODPDNWDGU6WDXP
6D\ >@ JLULLPFLQLQ ED] QLWHOLNOHUH VDKLS ROPDV JHUHNWLLQL EHOLUWPLWLU *LULLPFL VHUPD\H\L VDKLS ROPDGDQ |GQo DODELO
meli; ahlaki niteliklere
VDKLSROPDOD]PHYHLLQ\DQVUDGQ\DELOJLVLQHGHVDKLSROPDOEHOLUOLELUUQQ |QHPLQL RODV WDOHS PLNWDUQ YH UHWLPL LoLQ JHUHNHQ ND\QDNODU \DNODN RODUDN WDKPLQHWPHNDELOL\HWLQHVDKLSROPDOED]HQoRNVD\GDLoLoDOWUPDOED]HQVDWQ DOPDO \D GD KDPPDGGH VLSDUL HWPHOL LoLOHUL ELU DUD\D JHWLUPHOL PWHUL EXOPDO G]HQH YH WDVDUUXID KHU ]DPDQ GLNNDW HWPHOL \|QHWLFLOLN YH NRQWURO VDQDWQD VDKLS ROPDO UQQ WDPDPODQS SD]DUD VXQXOGXXQGD RODV GHHUL L
le retim maliyetini
NDUODWUPDN LoLQ KHVDS YH GHHUOHQGLUPH XVWDOQD VDKLS ROPDOGU %X NDUPDN LOHPOHULQ JLGLDWQGD VWHVLQGHQ JHOLQHFHN oRN VD\GD HQJHO EDVWUODFDN HQGLHOHU RQDUOPDV JHUHNHQ ND]D LOH PH\GDQD JHOHQ ROD\ODU WDVDUODQDFDN W
edbirler
EXOXQPDNWDGU%XJHUHNOLQLWHOLNOHUHVDKLSROPD\DQELUH\OHUJLULLPOHULQGHEDDUV] RODFDNODUGU6D\>@
-177).
0DUVKDOO>@LOHWPHQLQVRUXPOXOXXQXVWOHQPHIDDOL\HWOHULLOHELU ILUPDGD \|QHWLFLOLN YH GHQHWLPLQ IDUNO ROGXXQX EHOLUWPLWLU dDODQODUQ
\|QHWLOPHVL JHQHOGH LOHWPH IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ HQ |QHPOL NVP GHLOGLU OHWPHVLQLQ WP ULVNLQL VWOHQHQ LYHUHQ DVOQGD ELUELULQGHQ WDPDPHQ IDUNO LNL J|UHY \HULQH
getirmektedir ve bu grevler iki kat daha fazla kabiliyet gerektirmektedir (Marshall 1964: 248).
0DUVKDOOQ
JLULLPFL
NDYUDP
JHQL
DQODPGD
JLULLPVHO
IDDOL\HWOHUL
yneticilik olarak nitelendirmektedir (Schumpeter 1978: 77). Bireylerin ideal bir

LYHUHQ RODELOPHVL LoLQ oRN VD\GD NDELOL\HWH VDKLS ROPDODU
gerekmektedir. Bu
QHGHQOH WRSOXPGD EX NDELOL\HWOHUL \NVHN ELU VHYL\HGH VHUJLOH\HELOHFHN ELUH\ VD\V D] ROPDNWDGU YHUHQ LOHWPHVLQLQ ULVNLQL VWOHQPHNWH VHUPD\H\L YH LOHWPHVL LoLQ
JHUHNHQLJFQELUDUD\DJHWLUPHNWHJHQHOIDDOL\HWSODQQG]HQO GHWD\ODU\|QHWPHNWHGLU0DUVKDOO
emekte ve kk
&DQWLOORQQXQ EHOLUVL]OLN NDYUDPQGDQ EDKVHWPHVL LNWLVDW WHRULVLQGH JHQL ELU ELoLPGH JLULLPFLOLN WHULPLQLQ LON WDNGLPL RODUDN \RUXPODQPWU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH JLULLPFLQLQ DQDOLWLN RODUDN D\UW HGLFL URO VHUPD\H VDKLSOLLQGHQ VDODQDQ JHOLUL UHWLP IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ RUJDQL]H HGLOPHVL\OH VDODQDQ JHOLUGHQ D\UW HGHQ 6D\ WDUDIQGDQ LON RODUDN WDNGLP HGLOPLWLU %X EDN DoV VHUPD\H GDKLO ROPDN ]HUH UHWLP LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODUQ EL
r araya getirilmesi fonksiyonunun nemini
IDUN HGHQ 0DUVKDOO JLEL LNWLVDWoODU WDUDIQGDQ JHOLWLULOPLWLU $GDPDQ YH 'HYLQH
2002: 330).
0RGHUQ JLULLPFLOLN GQFHVLQLQ NXUXFXVX RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ 6FKXPSHWHU JLULLPFLOLL \HQL ELOHLPOHULQ PH\GDQD JHWLULOPHVL RODUDN WDQPODP YH EXQXQ GD HNRQRPLN NDONQPDQQ WHPHOL ROGXXQX EHOLUWPLWLU 6FKXPSHWHU JLULLPFL\L\HQLOLN\DSDUDNHNRQRPLGHNLVUHJHOHQGXUXPXER]PDNDELOL\HWLQHVDKLS HNRQRPLNNDONQPDQQPHUNH]LURO\OHNDUDNWHUL]HHWPLWLU*LULLPFLQLQIRQNVL\RQX \HQL ELOHLPOHUL PH\GDQD JHWLUPHNWLU 6FKXPSHWHU 6FKXPSHWHUH J|UH \HQL ELOHLPOHULQ PH\GDQD JHWLULOPHVL VDGHFH JLULLPFLOHULQ EDDUDELOHFHL EHQ]HUVL] ELU EDDUGU :LWW *LULLPFL \HQL ILNLUOHUL EXOXS NXOO
anarak ekonomik
\DDP UXWLQ PHYFXW IDDOL\HWOHULQ GQD LWPHNWHGLU /RQJ 6FKXPSHWHU WDQP\OD JLULLPFL NDYUDPQQ NDSVDPQ JHQLOHWPLWLU %LUH\OHULQ JLULLPFL
RODELOPHVL LoLQ PXWODND LOHWPH VDKLEL ROPDODU JHUHNPHPHNWHGLU \HQL ELOHLPOHUL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ \|QHWLFLOHU YH oDODQODU GD JLULLPFL VIDWQ WD\DELOPHNWHGLUOHU
(Schumpeter 1978: 74- 6FKXPSHWHU JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUL EDODWDQ RODV

ELOHLPOHUL \HQL UQ \D GD KL]PHWOHULQ \HQL UHWLP \|QWHPOHULQLQ \HQL SD]DUODUQ
yHQL DU] ND\QDNODUQQ YH \HQL RUJDQL]H ROPD ELoLPOHULQLQ X\JXODPD\D NRQPDV
RODUDNDoNODPDNWDGU*LULLPFL\HQLELOHLPOHUDUDFOLOHGHHU\DUDWUNHQPHYFXW SL\DVD \DSVQ GD ER]PDNWDGU .LUFKRII YH EX GD \DUDWF \NPGU
(Mcgrath 1999:*LULLPFLOHULQLOHYLGDKD|QFHGHQNXOODQOPDPELUEXOXX\D
GDWHNQRORMLNLPNDQX\JXODPD\DNR\PDNWUE|\OHFHHQGVWULUH RUJDQL]HROPDNWDGU
(Vesper 1974: 8).
6FKXPSHWHUEXOXODUNXOODQOKDOHJHWLUHFHNND\QDNODUHGLQHQ\HQL
bir fiUPD NXUDQ YH EX ILUPD\ EDDUO ELU HNLOGH E\WPHN LoLQ \HQLOLL NXOODQDQ
ELUH\OHUL JLULLPFL RODUDN QLWHOHPHNWHGLU 6FKXPSHWHULQ JLULLPFL WDQP G|UW ER\XW LoHUPHNWHGLUEXOX\HQLOLN\HQLELUILUPD\DUDWPDNYHLOHWPH\LEDDUOELUHNLOGH
bytmHN 6FKXPSHWHU \HQLOLLQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ WHPHO JF ROGXXQD LQDQPWU 2QD

J|UH \HQLOLN EXOXWDQ GDKD |WH ELU ROJXGXU %XOX ILNLUOHULQ \HQL ELU ELOHLPL \D GD \HQL ELU ILNLU \DUDWPDNWU )DNDW \HQLOLN EXOXXQ WLFDULOHWLULOPHVLGLU \HQLOLN EXOXODUQ SD]DUODQDELOLU UQ YH KL]PHWOHU KDOLQH JHWLULOPHVLQL EDDUO ELU HNLOGH SD]DUODQDELOPHVL DGPQ JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU .LUFKKRII 6FKXPSHWHU NDSLWDOLVW HYULPLQ \HQLOLNOHUL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ JLULLPFLOHU WDUDIQGDQ \UWOGQ YDUVD\PDNWDGU $QGHUVHQ 0RXUD 2QD J|UH o WU JLULLPVHO PRWLYDV\RQ YDUGU |]HO ELU NUDOON \D GD KDQHGDQON NXUPD DU]XVX ND]DQPD LVWHL \DUDWFONYHVRUXQo|]PHGHQVDODQDQHOHQFHYHWDWPLQGX\JXVX*RVV
*LULLPFLOHU KHUKDQJL ELU WUGH PDO ELULNWLUPHPHNWHGLUOHU RUMLQDO UHWLP IDNW|U \DUDWPDPDNWDGUODU DQFDN PHYFXW UHWLP IDNW|UOHULQL GDKD DYDQWDMO RODUDN IDUNO ELoLPOHUGH LOHWPHNWHGLUOHU *LULLPFLOHULQ NDU ERUFX NDUODGNWDQ VRQUD DUWD NDODQROXPOXPLNWDUGU%XJLULLPVHONDUGU6FKXPSHWHU*LULLPFLDVOD ULVN VWOHQHQ ELUH\ GHLOGLU RQX ILQDQVH HGHQOHU RUWD\D oNDELOHFHN RODQ ULVNL VWOHQPHNWHGLUOHU(HUJLULLPFLNHQGLNHQGLQLILQDQVHHWPLVHEDDUV]ONWDQGROD\ RUWD\D oNDELOHFHN ULVN JLULLPVHO GHLOGLU YH JLULLPFL\H VHUPD\H VDKLEL ROPD VIDW ]HULQGHQ \DQVPDNWDGU 6FKXPSHWHU 6FKXPSHWHUH J|UH JLULLPFL LOH VHUPD\HVDKLELYHJLULLPFLLOH\DWUPFELUELULQGHQIDUNOGU*LULLPFLNDUHOGHHGHU IDNDW EX GXUXP ILQDQVDO VRUXPOXOXXQ ULVNLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ NDU JLEL GHLOGLU
(Adaman ve Devine 2002: 336).
6FKXPSHWHU LOH ELUOLNWH NDPXR\X JLULLPFL\L IDUN HWPLWLU YH JLULLPFLOHULQ VHVL VL\DVL oHYUHGH GX\XOPXWXU 6RV\DO KD\DW RQXQ LKWL\Do YH \|QHOLPOHULQH X\XP VDODPWU 3DUD VRV\DO VWDWQQ JHQHO J|VWHUJHVL KDOLQH JHOPLWLU 6FKXPSHWHUOH ELUOLNWH VRV\RORMLQLQ \D GD LNWLVDW VRV\RORMLVLQLQ XINX JHQLOHPLWLU 3HXNHUW
85).
.QLJKW JLULLPFL\L EHOLUVL]OLNOH EDD oNDELOPH NDELOL\HWL RODQ ELUH\ RODUDN WDQPODPWUYH JLULLPFLOLL ULVNDOPDLOHELUOHWLUPLWLU.QLJKWJLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGH EHOLUVL]OLL WHPHO IDNW|U RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUPLWLU *LULLPFL\L EHOLUVL]OLH NDU FHVDUHWOH WHSNL YHUHQ NHQGLVL YH GLHUOHUL LoLQ JLULLPLQ ULVNLQL VWOHQHQ ELUH\ RODUDN J|UPWU .QLJKWD J|UH JLULLPFL ED] \|QHWLPVHO IRQNVL\RQODU \HULQH JHWLUVHGH\|QHWLFLOLNWHQGDKDLOHULGHELUNDWOPYHVDKLSOHQPHJHUHNWLUHQELUNDYUDP ROPXWXU $QFDN JLULLPFL\L HLOLPL LOHWPH NXUPDN RODQ ELU ELUH\ RODUDN
J|UPHPLWLU/RQJ
Liebenstein
D J|UH JLULLPFL |]HO ELU VRV\DO VQIWDQ JHOHQ LNWLVDGL
IDDOL\HWOHUL \|QHWHQ IDDO ELU LDGDP ELU NDSLWDOLVWWLU /LHEHQVWHLQ JHOLWLUGLL JLULLPFLOLN WHRULVLQGH JLULLPFL\L .QLJKWWDQ GDKD ID]OD \|QHWLFL\H EHQ]HWPLWLU OHWPHOHULQ JHQHOGH N|W \|QHWLOGLLQL EHOLUWHQ /LHEHQVWHLQ VRQXoWD JLULLPFLOLN YH \|QHWLFLOLLQ LOJL DODQODUQGDQ ELULQLQ YHULPVL]OLH NDU VDYD YHUPHN ROGXXQX YXUJXODPWU /RQJ /LHEHQVWHLQ D J|UH JLULLPFLQLQ WHPHO IDDOL\HWLSL\DVDGDNLEROXNODUGROGXUPDNYHJLUGLWDPDPODPDNWU
. Piyasada yer alan
EROXNODU GROGXUPD YH JLUGL WDPDPODPD NDSDVLWHOHUL JLULLPFLOHULQ EHQ]HUVL] QLWHOLNOHULGLU *LULLPFL G|UW E\N QLWHOLH VDKLS ELUH\ \D GD ELUH\OHU JUXEXGXU %X QLWHOLNOHUIDUNOSD]DUODUELUOHWLUPHSD]DUDNVDNONODUQJLGHUPHNDELOL\HWLEROXN GROGXUPDJLUGLWDPDPODPDYHJLUGL\LG|QWUHQYDUONODUILUPDODU\DUDWPD\DGD JHQLOHWPHNWLU /LHEHQVWHLQ %ROXN GROGXUPD PWHUL LKWL\DoODUQQ EHOLUOHQHUHN PWHULOHUH EHQ]HUVL] UQOHU VXQXOPDV JLUGL WDPDPODPD LVH LVWHQHQ DPDoODUD XODPDN LoLQ ELUH\OHULQ PRWLYH HGLOPHVLQL YH \|QOHQGLULOPHVLQL VDOD\DQ
zel organize etme kabiliyetleridir (Lado ve Vozikis 1996: 57).
10
*LULLPVHO \HWHQHNOHUH WDOHS HNRQRPLGHNL YDURODQ IUVDWODUD GD\DQPDNWDGU *LULLPVHO IUVDWODU LNL NPHGH GHHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU ON NPH HNRQRPLGH
NXOODQODQ PHYFXW WHNQLNOHUL YH J|UHFHOL RODUDN L\L ELOLQHQ YH SL\DVDV ROXWXUXOPX JLUGLOHUL LoHUPHNWHGLU <HQL ELU JLULLPFL PHYFXW WHNQLNOHUL NXOODQDUDN SL\DVD\D
girebilir.
$VOQGD EX WHNQLNOHULQ KDOL KD]UGD NXOODQO\RU ROPDV D\Q WHNQLNOHUL
NXOODQDFDN \HQL ILUPDODUQ EDODWODPD\DFD DQODPQD JHOPHPHNWHGLU %LU oRN JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HW GLNNDWH GHHU |OoGH \HQL WHNQLNOHU X\JXODQPDGDQ LFUD
HGLOPHNWHGLU %X JHOHQHNVHO JLULLPFLOLNWLU 'LHU JLULLPVHO NPH LVH HNRQRPLGH NXOODQOPD\DQWHNQLNOHULLoHUPHNWHGLU(HUJLULLPFLED]WHNQLNOHULoLQND\GDGHHU ELU DUDWUPD \DSDU YH DUDWUPDVQ EDDU\OD VRQXoODQGUUVD E|\OH ELU WHNQLN EX oHUoHYHGH GHHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU %X WU WHNQLNOHU VDGHFH SD]DUGDNL EROXNODUQ HQJHOOHULQ DNVDNONODUQ VWHVLQGHQ JHOHELOHQ RODDQ G JLULLPFLOHU WDUDIQGDQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPHNWHGLU %X WU JLULLPVHO IUVDWODU VDGHFH \HQLOLNoL JLULLPFLOHU LoLQ FD]LSROPDNWDGU/LHEHQVWHLQ
KLU]QHUH J|UH JLULLPFL WHPHOGH JHQHO HNRQRPLN GHQJH\L VDOD\DQ ELUH\GLU

YH DUELWUDM IDDOL\HWOHUL LOH SD]DU DNVDNONODUQ D]DOWPDNWDGU 2QD J|UH JLULLPFLQLQ IRQNVL\RQXELUH\OHULQJ|]GHQNDoUGNRQXODUKDNNQGDELOJLVDKLELROPDVGU/RQJ
1983: 53). *LULLPFLOHU DOFODUQ oRN ID]OD |GHGLL YH VDWFODUQ oRN D] ND]DQG
SD]DUODU NHIHGHUHN SD]DUODU DUDVQGDNL EROXNODU GROGXUPDNWDGUODU 6SLFHU YH GLHUOHUL .LU]QHUHJ|UHJLULLPFLOLLQ|]IUVDWODUIDUNHGHELOPHNWLUYH
bunu glgedHEUDNPDGDQJLULLPFLOLLQULVNLoHUGLLV|\OHQHELOPHNWHGLU$GDPDQYH Devine 2002: 337).
.LU]QHULQ JLULLPFLVL SL\DVDGDNL DNW|UOHULQ ELOJLVL]OLLQGHQ GROD\ YDU RODQ NDUO IUVDWODU GLNNDWH DOPDNWDGU %X DNW|UOHU GHQH\LPOH |UHQPH \HWHQHLQH VDKLS
oOPDGNODULoLQELOJLVL]OLNOHULNDOFGU%XEDODPGDELOJLLoLQQHUH\HEDNDFDQ\D
GD ELOJL\L QHUHGH DUD\DFDQ ELOPH RODUDN WDQPODQDQ WH\DNNX] JLULLPFL LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ ELOJLGLU *LULLPFL EX VW ELOJL\L NXOODQDUDN ND]DQo VDODPDNWDGU
(Adaman vH 'HYLQH .LU]QHU JLULLPFLOLL WRSOXPGD ED] ELUH\OHULQ
VHUJLOHGLL VW G]H\ WH\DNNX]XQ VRQXFX RODUDN WDQPODPWU 7H\DNNX] SL\DVD
11
ELOJLVLQH QDVO XODDELOHFHLQL ELOPH RODUDN WDQPODPDNWDGU *LULLPVHO ELOJL
enformasyonun
ya
da
kaynaklaUQ
QHUHGHQ
HOGH
HGLOHFHLQL
YH
QDVO
NRQXODQGUODFDQELOPHNWLU %XWUGH ELUELOJLIUVDWODUQNHIHGLOPHVLQLVDOD\DQ
teyakkuzdur (Minniti ve Bygrave 2001: 5- $QFDN IUVDWODU NHIHGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD

J|UHY SURIHV\RQHO \|QHWLFLOHUH EUDNOPDOGU .LU]QHUH J|UH JLULLPFLOLN IUVDWOD EDOD\S IUVDWOD ELWPHNWHGLU 2QXQ JLULLPFLVL IUVDWODU EHOLUOH\HQGLU RUJDQL]DV\RQ NXUDQGHLOGLU/RQJ
.LU]QHULQ JLULLPFLVL GDKD |QFHGHQ GLNNDWH DOQPDP IUVDWODUD NDU
teyakkuz halindeyken; SchuPSHWHULQ
JLULLPFLVL
oHUoHYH\L
\HQLOLN
\DSDUDN
GHLWLUHQELUH\ROPDNWDGU$GDPDQYH'HYLQH
6RQ \OGD UHVPL JLULLPFLOLN WHRULVL o E\N WHNUDU HGHQ YH LOLNLOL NRQX\X WDQPDNWDGU 2QVHNL]LQFL \]\OQ HUNHQ G|QHPOHULQGH&DQWLOORQJLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUOH LOJLOL EHOLUVL]OLL NDEXO HWPLWLU NL\] \O VRQUD .QLJKW NHQGL JLULLPFLOLNWHRULVLQLIRUPOHHGHUNHQD\QEHOLUVL]OLNYHULVNIDNW|UOHULQLNXOODQPWU 2QGRNX]XQFX \]\O EDODUQGD 6D\ JLULLPVHO EDDU LoLQ JHQHO \|QHWLFLOLN NDSDVLWHVLQL YXUJXODPWU <LUPLQFL \]\OQ LON \DUVQGD .QLJKW /LHEHQVWHLQQ \DSDFD JLEL \|QHWLPVHO \HWHQHL WHNUDUODPWU 6RQ RODUDN \DUDWFON YH \HQLOLN 6D\GH LPDODUQQ EXOXQDELOHFHL 6FKXPSHWHU WDUDIQGDQ ND]DQGUOP
NDYUDPODUGU.LU]QHULVHSL\DVDGDNLDUELWUDMIDDOL\HWOHULLoLQIUVDWODUDNDUWH\DNNX] KDOLQGHROPD\\DUDWFJLULLPFLNDYUDPQDDGDSWHHWPLWLU/RQJ
*QP]GH ELU oRN \D]DU JLULLPFL\L WDQPODPD\D oDOPDNWDGU OHWPH NDYUDPHYULPJHoLUGLNoHEXWDQPODUYHPONL\HWELoLPOHULGHGHLPLWLUgQFHOHUL ELU ELUH\LQ JLULLPFL RODUDN GQOHELOPHVL LoLQ LOHWPH VDKLEL ROPDV JHUHNWLLQH LQDQOPDNWD\G $UWN E|\OH ELU JHUHNOLOLN V|] NRQXVX GHLOGLU YH DVOQGD ELU oRN DUDWUPDF JLULLPFLOHULQ E\N LUNHWOHUGH oDODQ RODUDN YDUROPDVQQ PPNQ ROGXXQD LQDQPDNWDGU %|\OHFH \HQL ELU NDYUDP RODUDN Lo JLULLPFLOLN GRPXWXU
(Brockhaus ve Horwitz 1986: 26).
12
1.1.2. *LULLPFLYH*LULLPFLOLN7DQPODUQQoHULN$QDOL]L
*LULLPFL YH JLULLPFLOLN NDYUDPODUQQ JLULLPFLOLN OLWHUDWUQGH KDQJL DQODPODUD YXUJX \DSDUDN NXOODQOGQQ EHOLUOHQPHVL DPDF\OD (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS
Theory and Practice dergisinin 1988 \OODU DUDVQGDNL VD\ODUQGD EXOXQDQ
PDNDOHOHULQFHOHQHUHNLOJLOLNDYUDPODUQWDQPODQGPDNDOHOHUWHVSLWHGLOPLWLU%X WDQPODU LQFHOHQPL YH VRQXFD GD\DQDUDN KHU LNL NDYUDP LoLQ GH WDQPVDO ER\XWODU ROXWXUXOPXWXU (QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS 7KHRU\ DQG 3UDFWLFH GHUJLVL VRV\DO ELOLPOHU DWI LQGHNVLQGH \HU DOPDNWD 66&, YH JLULLPFLOLN DODQQGD HQ JHoHUOL o GHUJL DUDVQGD EXOXQPDNWDGU (N ,GH
LoHULN DQDOL]L
LoLQ NXOODQODQ PDNDOHOHU EHOLUWLOPLWLU
$DGDNL WDEORODUGD \DSODQ oDOPD VRQXFX WHVSLW HGLOHQ WDQPVDO ER\XWODU
gsterilmektedir:
Tablo 1.*LULLPFLOLN7DQPoHULN$QDOL]L6RQXoODU GLULLPFLOLN7DQPQQ%R\XWX
2UJDQL]DV\RQOHWPH)LUPD<DUDWPD%DODWPD.XUPD (OGHNL.D\QDNODU'LNNDWH$OPDGDQ)UVDWODU.RYDODPD7DNLS$UDPD3HLQH 'PH )UVDWODU$OJODPD *HUHNOL.D\QDNODU%LUDUD\D*HWLUPH <HQL%LOHLPOHULQ0H\GDQD*HWLULOPHVL
6NO
34 14 7 6 6 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
Risk Alma/stlenme Yenilik

2UJDQL]DV\RQXQ6DKLEL\DGDdDODQ2OPD <HQL%LU)LUPD.XUDUDN\DGD0HYFXW2UJDQL]DV\RQGD*HUoHNOHWLULOHQ*LULLPVHO
Faaliyetler
6HUEHVWdDOPD )UVDW<DUDWPD )UVDWODUD.DU7H\DNNX]+DOLQGH2OPD 'HHU<DUDWP <DUDWFON
- Otonomi - zeUNOLN%DPV]ON
Belirsizlik Byme
'HLLP
13
Tablo 2.*LULLPFL7DQPoHULN$QDOL]L6RQXoODU
*LULLPFL7DQPQQ%R\XWX
SNO 16 7 6 5 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 1
2UJDQL]DV\RQOHWPH)LUPD<DUDWDQ%DODWDQ.XUDQ <HQL%LOHLPOHULQ0H\GDQD*HWLULOPHVL (OGHNL.D\QDNODU'LNNDWH$OPDGDQ)UVDWODU.RYDODPD7DNLS$UDPD3HLQH 'PH )UVDWODU$OJODPD
Risk Alma/stlenme Belirsizlik

%\PHOHWPH\L%\WPHVWHL )UVDWODUD.DU7H\DNNX]+DOLQGH2OPD )UVDW<DUDWPD
Yenilik
*HUHNOL.D\QDNODU%LU$UD\D*HWLUPHN
Yeni istihdam Yaratma

%DPV]2OPD 'HHU<DUDWP
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice dergisinde 1988- \OODU DUDVQGD

\D\QODQDQ PDNDOHOHUGH WDQPODQDQ *LULLPFLOLN NDYUDP LOH LOJLOL \DSODQ LoHULN DQDOL]LQGH IDUNO RQ\HGL ER\XW RUWD\D oNPWU (Q VN UDVWODQODQ ER\XW *DUWQHU QJLULLPFLOLNWDQPGU*DUWQHUDJ|UHJLULLPFLOLNRUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPGU YH JLULLPFLOHUL JLULLPFL ROPD\DQODUGDQ D\UW HGHQ IDNW|U JLULLPFLOHULQ
RUJDQL]DV\RQ
\DUDWUNHQ
JLULLPFL
ROPD\DQODUQ
RUJDQL]DV\RQ
\DUDWPDPDVGU
*DUWQHU NLQFL VUDGD \HU DODQ ER\XW HOGHNL ND\QDNODU GLNNDWH DOPDGDQ IUVDWODUQ SHLQHGOPHVLGLU2QG|UWPDNDOHGHWHVSLWHGLOHQEXER\XWLNLNVPGDQ ROXPDNWDGUYHIUVDWODUQSHLQHGOPHVLRQG|UWPDNDOHGH\HUDOPDNWD\NHQHOGHNL ND\QDNODUQ GLNNDWH DOQPDPDV KHSVLQGH EXOXQPDPDNWDGU hoQF VUDGD
IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV YDUGU '|UGQF VUDGD JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODUQ ELU DUD\D JHWLULOPHVL EXOXQPDNWDGU 6FKXPSHWHULQ JLULLPFLOLN WDQPQ LoHUHQ ER\XW VUSUL] RODUDN VDGHFH DOW PDNDOHGH WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU YH EHLQFL VUDGDGU % *DUWQHUQ WDQPQQ GDKD \D\JQ RODUDN NXOODQOG YH
u durumda
J|UG
NDEXO
sylenebilmektedir.
6FKXPSHWHU
\HQL
ELOHLPOHULQ
PH\GDQD
JHWLULOPHVL
LoLQ
\HQL
RUJDQL]DV\RQODUQ NXUXOPDVQGD \DDQDFDN VSHVLILN VUHoOHUH GHLQPHPLWLU 2QD
gre ideal giriLPFL WLSL RUJDQL]DV\RQXQ NXUXFXVX GHLO \HQLOLN EDODWDQGU /RQJ
14
<HQL ELOHLPOHULQPH\GDQDJHWLULOPHVL\HQLELURUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPLOH VRQXoODQDELOLUDQFDNKHU]DPDQEXHNLOGHVRQXoODQPDVEHNOHQPHPHOLGLUYHEHQ]HU
olarak yeni bir organizDV\RQ \DUDWP \HQL ELU ELOHLP LoHUHELOLU DQFDN \HQLOLN LFUD etmeden yeni kurulan bir ok organizasyon da mevcuttur (Sharma; Chrisman 1999: 13).
'LHUWDUDIWDQoRNX]XQELUVUHULVNDOPDJLULLPFLOLLQD\UOPD]ELUELOHHQL RODUDN LIDGH HGLOPLWLU QFHOHQHQ JLULLPFLOLN WDQPODUQQ VDGHFH G|UGQGH ULVN DOPD\DDWI\DSOPWU*LULLPFLOLNLOHLOJLOLE\NELUPLWRORMLRODQULVNDOPDQQGD E|\OHFH VRQD HUGLL J|UOHELOPHNWHGLU <HQLOLN G|UW PDNDOHGH 2UJDQL]DV\RQXQ 6DKLEL \D GD dDODQ 2OPD <HQL %LU
Firma Kurarak ya da Mevcut Organizasyonda
*HUoHNOHWLULOHQ*LULLPVHO)DDOL\HWOHU6HUEHVWdDOPDYH %DPV]ONoPDNDOHGH )UVDW <DUDWPD )UVDWODUD .DU 7H\DNNX] +DOLQGH 2OPD 'HLLP <DUDWFON %HOLUVL]OLN LNL PDNDOHGH %\PH YH 'HHU <DUDWP ER\XWODUGU
ise birer makalede geen
*LULLPFL
WDQPQQ
JHoWLL
PDNDOHOHUGHNL
ER\XWODU
LQFHOHQGLLQGH
RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWP ER\XWXQD RQDOW GHID UDVWODQPWU YH HQ JHoHUOL WDQPGU 'LHU ER\XWODU <HQL %LOHLPOHULQ 0H\GDQD *HWLULOPHVL \HGL PDNDOHGH )UVDWODU .RYDODPD7DNLS$UDPD3HLQH 'PH DOW PDNDOHGH )UVDWODU $OJODPD EH
PDNDOHGH 5LVN $OPD G|UW PDNDOHGH %HOLUVL]OLN )UVDWODUD .DU 7H\DNNX] +DOLQGH 2OPD o PDNDOHGH <HQLOLN )UVDW <DUDWPD LNL PDNDOHGH *HUHNOL .D\QDNODU %LU
Araya GHWLUPHN<HQLLVWLKGDP<DUDWPD'HHU<DUDWP%DPV]2OPDER\XWODU
LVHELUHUPDNDOHGHWHVSLWHGLOPLWLU
/LWHUDWU JLULLPFLQLQ MHQHULN ELU WDQP ROPDG WDUWPDVQ GHVWHNOHU J|]NPHNWHGLU (HU YDUVD ELOLP DGDPODU X DQ LoLQ RQX |OoHELOHFHN G
zeyde
SVLNRORMLN DOHWOHUH VDKLS GHLOGLU %URFNKDXV YH +RUZLW] .HOLPHOHU NDYUDPODUQ EDVLW RODUDN VXQXPXGXU YH EXQGDQ GROD\ VNONOD NDYUDPODUQ
DQODOPDV JoWU %X DoGDQ (]RSXQ N|U DGDP YH ILO IDEO KDWUODQPDOGU
15
*LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQGD DQODPO RODQ EHOOL ELU \HUH EDNPDNWDQ oRN PRWLYDV\RQ YHELOLVHOVUHoOHULQDQODOPDVGU&DUODQGYHGLHUOHUL
<DSODQ LoHULN DQDOL]L GLNNDWH DOQGQGD JLULLPFLOLLQ WDQP %\JUDYH YH +RIHU Q WDQP\OD |UWPHNWHGLU *LULLPVHO ELU ROD\ IUVDWODUGDQ
\DUDUODQPDN LoLQ \HQL ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPQ LoHUPHNWHGLU *LULLPVHO VUHo IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV YH EX IUVDWODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDN LoLQ ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ
\DUDWOPDVLOHLOJLOLWPLOHYIDDOL\HWYHH\OHPOHULLoHUPHNWHGLU*LULLPFLIUVDWODU DOJOD\DQ YH RQODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDN LoLQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWDQ ELUH\GLU %\JUDYH YH +RIHU +HP JLULLPFLOLN KHP GH JLULLPFL WDQPODUQQ ER\XWODUQGDQ 2UJDQL]DV\RQ <DUDWP NL ]DWHQ LON VUDGDGU LOH YH GLHU WDUDIWDQ )UVDWODU ER\XWODU
.RYDODPD7DNLS$UDPD3HLQH
'PH
)UVDWODU
DOJODPD
ELUOHWLULOGLLQGH RUWD\D oNDQ WDQP LQFHOHQHQ OLWHUDWUGHNL oRXQOXXQ YXUJXODG ER\XWODU LoHUPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH EX DQDOL]LQ VRQXFXQD GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFLQLQ IUVDWODU DOJOD\DUDN RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWDQ ELUH\ ROGXX WHVSLW HGLOHELOLU YH EX WDQP D\Q]DPDQGDWH]LQJLULLPFLOLNYHJLULLPFLNDYUDPODUQDEDNQ\DQVWPDNWDGU
*LULLPFLOLN 'LVLSOLQLQLQ %LOLPVHO .|NHQL YH 'LHU %LOLP 'DOODU LOH OLNLVL
*LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD\DSODQDUDWUPDODUROGXNoD]RUGXUDODQ\DUDGOQGD YDURODQELUNDUPDNODVDKLSWLUYHGLVLSOLQOHUDUDVGU*DUWQHUE
Bygrave
YH &KXUFKLOO oDOPDODUQGD |QGH JHOHQ GLVLSOLQOHUL WHPHO YH X\JXODPDO ELOLPOHU RODUDN VQIODQGUPODUGU 7HPHO ELOLPOHU PDWHPDWLNWHQ VRV\RORML\H GRUX VUDODQGNODUQGD EXQODU GRUX oNDUP \DSDELOPH \HWHQHNOHULQH YH NODVLN
GHWHUPLQL]P GHUHFHOHULQH J|UH GH VUDODQP ROPDNWDGUODU
(Bygrave ve Churchill
1989: 8- %X VQIODQGUPDQQ \DQ VUD gLULLPFLOLN WHRUL YH \|QWHPOHULQH HQ oRN
NDWNGDEXOXQDQELOLPOHUDDGDNLWDEORGDJ|VWHULOPHNWHGLU
16
Tablo 3.*LULLPFLOLNYH'LHU%LOLP'DOODU 7(0(/%/0/(5 UYGULAMALI B/0/(5
0$7(0$7. )=. .0<$ %<2/2- 36.2/2- 626<2/2-
0h+(1'6/. 7,%% .76$7 /(70( *50&/.
Kaynak: Bygrave ve Churchill (1989: 13)
*LULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQL LOH LOLNLOL ELOLPOHU YH NDWNODU LVH X ELoLPGHGLU 0DWHPDWLN GHLNHQOHUL |OoPHN LoLQ VD\ODU YH ELOJL\L DQDOL] HWPHN LoLQ WH
knikleri;
EL\RORML HNRORMLN PRGHOL VDODPDNWD SVLNRORML ELUH\LQ VHUJLOHGLL GDYUDQODU VRV\RORML ELUH\OHU DUDVQGDNL \HUOHLN LOLNLOHUL DoNODPDNWD LNWLVDW JLULLPFLOHUH ND\QDNODUQ WDKVLVLQL LQFHOHPHNWH LOHWPH LVH VWUDWHML JLEL ILNLUOHUL VDODPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDVQGD EXOXQPDNWDGU EX IDUNO GLVLSOLQOHUGHQ ELU oRN IDUNO NDYUDPODU
(Bygrave ve Churchill 1989: 9-10).
*LULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDFODUoDOPDODUQJLULLPFLOLLQJHOHQHNVHOVQUODUQQ |WHVLQH GRUX \D\DUDN GLHU GLVLSOLQOHUGHNL JQFHO DUDWUPDODUOD GD ELU ED NXUPDOGUODU |UWHELOPHVL *DUWQHU LoLQ E %DXPRO GD WHRUL LOH X\JXODPDODUQ JHUHNWLLQL
JLULLPFL
DU]QQ
PRGHOOHUH
GDKLO
HGLOPHVL
EHOLUWPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHULQ DU]Q EHOLUOH\HQ NRQXODU VRV\DO
psikolojide, sosyal
G]HQGH YH NOWUHO JHOLPHOHUGH \HU DOPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN WHRULVLQH NDWNODUQ
sosyolog ve psikologlardan gelmesinin nedeni belki de bu durumdur (Baumol 1968: 69).
7DPDPHQ
IDUNO
DODQODUGDQ
NDYUDP
YH
\|QWHPOHUL
ELUOHWLUPH
oDEDV
DUDWUPDFODU LoLQ ]RUOXNODU RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGU *LULLPFL NDYUDP WDULKoLOHU LNWLVDWoODU YH

WDUDIQGDQ GHIDODUFD
VRV\RORJODU
WDQPODQPWU .HWV'H9ULHV YH JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQL GLVLSOLQOHUDUDVGU
Psikolog, sosyolog, sosyal-SVLNRORJ RODUDN \HWLWLULOPHPL RODQ DUDWUPDFODU LoLQ 17
EX
GLVLSOLQOHULQ
WHRUL
YH
PHWRGRORMLOHULQGH
X]PDQON
ND]DQPD
DGQD
LOJLOL
ELOLUNLLOHUOHLELUOLL\DSPDNID\GDOELU\|QWHPROPDNWDGU
(Gartner: 1989b: 35).
NWLVDWYH*LULLPFLOLN
NWLVDWoODU JLULLPFLOHUH JHQHOOLNOH E\N ELU NDUDUV]ONOD EDNPODUGU *LULLPFLOHULQ|QFHGHQWDKPLQHGLOHPH\HQH\OHPOHULLNWLVDWoODUQUDV\RQHOPDQWNO VLVWHPOHULQH X\PDP PRGHOOHULQLQ VHUJLOHGLL WDP ELU X\XPX DOWVW HWPH HLOLPL J|VWHUPLWLU NWLVDWoODUQ JLULLPFLOLH NDU WDYUODU JHQHOOLNOH L\LPVHU ELU LKPDO ROPXWXU .HWV'H9ULHV $QFDN EX GXUXPD UDPHQ JLULLPFLOLLQ HUNHQ WDQPODU LNWLVDW DODQQGD IRUPOH HGLOPLWLU 0RUULV YH GLHUOHUL %HOLUVL]OLL YXUJXOD\DQ &DQWLOORQ YH 6D\GHQ EDOD\DUDN JLULLPFL oHLWOL LNWLVDW WHRULV\HQOHULQFH WDUWOPWU $QFDN LNWLVDWoODU DUDVQGD JLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL J|U ELUOLL oRN D]GU 6FKXPSHWHU JLULLPFL\L DNWLI GHQJH ER]XFX ELU Jo RODUDN
grmekteyken; Kirzner pasif, dengeleyici olarak grmektedir. Schumpetere gre

JLULLPFL ULVN VWOHQPH]NHQ .QLJKW JLULLPFL\L VLJRUWD HGLOHPH\HQ EHOLUVL]
NRXOODUGDULVNVWOHQHQELUH\RODUDNJ|UPHNWHGLU0LWWRQ
-10).
NWLVDWoODUQJLULLPFLOLNOHLOJLOLILNLUOHULED]HQoHOLNLOLVRQXoODULoHUPHNWHGLU %D] \D]DUODU JLULLPFLOLL EHOLUVL]OLN WD\DQ NRXOODU VWOHQPH IRQNVL\RQXQD GD\DQDUDN WDQPODUNHQ GLHUOHUL UHWLP IDNW|UOHULQLQ NRRUGLQDV\RQXQD \HQLOLN \DSPD\D \D GD VHUPD\H HGLQPH\H GD\DQGUPDNWDGUODU +RVHOL
tz 1951b: 98).
NWLVDWWD JLULLPFLQLQ GLQDPLN WDQP NDUDU DODQ ULVN VWOHQHQ \HQLOLNoL HQGVWUL OLGHUL RUJDQL]H HGHQ LNWLVDGL ND\QDNODU NRRUGLQH HGHQ PWHDKKLW DUDF LNWLVDGL ND\QDNODU WDKVLV HGHQ RODUDN WDQPODQPDNWDGU 6WDWLN WDQPGD LVH JLULLPLQ VDKLSOLL UHWLP IDNW|UOHULQLQ LOHWLOPHVL ILQDQVDO VHUPD\H DU] YH \|QHWLP
EXOXQPDNWDGU%DWVWRQHYH3KHE\
)RQWDLQHPEDGHOHYHJLULLPHNRQRPLVLD\UPQDJLWPLWLU%LUH\OHULQ UQOHUL YH KL]PHWOHUL UHWLS PEDGHOHVLQL VDOD\DUDN JHoLPOHULQL JYHQH DOGNODU
18
GHLLP
HNRQRPLVLQGH
NLUD
FUHW
IDL]
YH
NDU
YDU
ROPDPDNWDGU
*LULLP
HNRQRPLVLQGH LVH ELUH\OHU JHoLPOHULQL SDUD NDUO UQ YH KL]PHWOHULQL ELU \D GD GDKDID]ODELUH\JLULLP\DGDNXUXPDVDWDUDNVDODPDNWDGUODU
(Fontaine 1999: 2).
$QFDN WHPHOGH LNWLVDWWD JLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL LNL DQD EDN DoV YDUGU JHQHO GHQJH WHRULVL YH $YXVWXU\D GQFH RNXOX 0DUVKDOOQ RQGRNX]XQFX \]\OQ VRQODUQD GRUX LQVDQ GDYUDQODUQQ UDV\RQHO ROGXX DUJPDQQD GD\DQDUDN RUW
aya
NR\GXXWHRULWRSOXPGDNLVHUEHVWVDWFYHDOFODUQQDVOGHHU\DUDWSGDWWNODUQ DoNODPDNWDGU %X WHRUL\H J|UH IL\DW SL\DVDGD DU] YH WDOHEH J|UH HNLOOHQPHNWHGLU %X \DNODP JHQHO GHQJH WHRULVLQLQ WHPHOL ROPXWXU 0DUVKDOOQ YH JHQHO GHQJH WHRULVLQLQ |] UDV\RQHOOLN LONHVL NXVXUVX] UHNDEHW SL\DVDODU YH |OoHN HNRQRPLVLGLU %X\DNODPODUPDNURLNWLVDWQWHPHOOHULROPXWXU0DNURLNWLVDWJLULLPFLOLLQGHHU \DUDWP YH GDWPQGD R\QDG URO J|UPH]GHQ JHOPHNWHGLU .LUFKKRII
95).
*HQHO GHQJH WHRULVLQGH JLULLPFL UDV\RQHO RODQ YH ND\QDN RSWLPL]DV\RQX
VDOD\DQ \|QHWLFLGHQ |WH JHoHPHPLWLU 6FKXPSHWHU /LHEHQVWHLQ YH .QLJKW JHQHO GHQJH WHRULVLQLQ ELU oRN YDUVD\PQ UHWHGHUHN JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQLQ
DoNODQPDVQGDEDDUOROPXODUGU'HDQYHGLHUOHUL
0LNUR LNWLVDW LVH DUWDQ ELU HNLOGH RUWD\D NRQDQ NDQWODUD GD\DQDUDN JHQHO GHQJHWHRULVLQLQUDV\RQHOOLNYDUVD\PODUQQ\DQOROGXXQXYHSL\DVDODUQNXVXUVX] \D GD YHULPOL ELU UHNDEHW RUWDPQGD EXOXQPDGNODUQ YH ILUPDODUQ WHRULGHNL
standartlarda hareket etmediklerini sylemektedir (Kirchhoff 1991: 96). Sreklilik

DU] HGHQ GRDO ELU GHLLP VUHFLQGH RODQ GQ\DGDNL |UWO ELOJLQLQ NHIHGLOPHVL $YXVWXU\D \DNODPQQ EDODQJo QRNWDVGU *LULLPFLOHU DOJ \D GD |Q
sezilerine
GD\DQDUDN KDUHNHWH JHoPHNWHGLUOHU $YXVWXU\D RNXOXQXQ WHPHO NDYUDPODU ELOJLQLQ |UWO JL]OLVDNO ROPDV YH JLULLPFLOLNWLU gUWO ELOJLQLQ VRV\DO PRELOL]DV\RQX JLULLPVHOIDDOL\HWOHUDUDFOLOHJHUoHNOHPHNWHGLU$GDPDQYH'HYLQH
335).
19
3VLNRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN
Antropoloji, faaliyetlerde kltrel etkileri vurgularken; sosyoloji, sosyal

\DS\ YH RUJDQL]DV\RQX YXUJXODPDNWD SVLNRORML LVH ELUH\OHUH \RXQODPDNWDGU 6KDYHU YH 6FRWW %X QHGHQOH JLULLPFLOLN DODQQGDNL SVLNRORML N|NHQOL \DNODPODUELUH\H\DQLJLULLPFL\HRGDNODQPDNWDGU
*LULLPFLQLQ
NLLOLL
LQDQoODU
GHHUOHUL
YH
GDYUDQODU
LOHWPHQLQ
JHoPLLQGH X DQQGD YH JHOHFHLQGH JoO ELU HWNL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU OHWPHQLQ YH
bireyin kaderleri a\UODPD] ELU ELoLPGH ELUELULQH EDOGU &KDSPDQ

$UWKXU &ROH LDGDPODUQQ HNRQRPLQLQ WHPHO DKVL\HWL ROGXXQX EHOLUWPHNWHGLU 3DOPHU3VLNRORMLGLVLSOLQLLoLQLWLFL\DGDoHNLFLSL\DVDIUVDWODUQDFHYDS YHUHUHN NHQGL LOHWPHOHULQL VIUGDQ EDODWDQ NLLOHULQ NHVLQ VD\ODUQ ELOPHN \HWHUOL GHLOGLU 'DKD GRUXVX SVLNRORML GLVLSOLQL LWHQ oNDUWODQ \]OHUFH ELUH\GHQ KDQJLVLQLQ \HQL JLULLPOHU \DUDWDFDQ \D GD QL\H KHU ELUH\LQ SL\DVDGDNL IUVDWODU J|UHPHGLLQLELOPHNLVWHPHNWHGLU
(Shaver ve Scott 1991: 25).
+LVULFK JLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL SVLNRORMLN \DNODPODU JLULLPFLQLQ oRFXNOXN G|QHPL YH DLOHVLQH HLWLPLQH GHHUOHULQH \DQD L JHoPLLQH DWI \DSDQ GHPRJUDILN \DNODP YH EDDU LKWL\DFQD Lo NRQWURO RGDNOOD YH
risk alma
HLOLPLQH DWI \DSDQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL RODUDN VQIODQGUPDNWDGU $QFDN KHU LNL \DNODPQGD WDUWPDO EXOJXODUD XODWQ YH PHWRGRORMLN SUREOHPOHUOH NDU NDU\DNDOGQGDEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
3VLNRORMLGHNL NLLOLN YH GDYUDQ RNXOODUQQ ILNLU PFDGHOHOHUL JLULLPFLOLN DODQQD GD \DQVPWU %X QRNWDGD %\JUDYH YH
Churchill (1989)in oDOPDODUQGDNL rin yntemlerinden
WHVSLWL EHOLUWPHN JHUHNOLGLU <D]DUODUD J|UH JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQL KHQ] NHQGL DUDWUPD \|QWHPOHULQL JHOLWLUPHGLL LoLQ IDUNO GLVLSOLQOH
\DUDUODQPDNWD YH EX GD JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQD GLHU GLVLSOLQOHU WDUDIQGDQ \|Q YHULOPHVL ULVNLQL ROXWXUPDNWDGU $OQDQ \|QWHPOHU JHOLPH HYUHVLQGH RODQ
20
JLULLPFLOLN
GLVLSOLQL
LoLQ
X\JXQ
ROPD\DELOPHNWHGLU
<D]DUODUQ
EX
WHVSLWLQL
JLULLPFLOLN DODQQGD \OODUGU VUH JHOHQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL YH JLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL WDUWPDODUGRUXODPDNWDGU
'LHU WDUDIWDQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP LOH JLULLPFLOLN DODQQGD SVLNRORML GLVLSOLQLQLQ \HWHULQFH WHPVLO HGLOHPHGLL J|U GH EXOXQPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQQ \DNQ WDULKLQGH EXOXQDQ SVLNRORMLN \DNODP JLULLPFLQLQ NLLOLL oDOPDODU\OD\HWHULQFHX\JXQRODUDNWHPVLOHGLOHPHPHNWHGLU6KDYHUYH6FRWW
25).
*DUWQHU Q JLULLPFL NLPGLU DUDWUPDODUQQ ELU NHQDUD EUDNODUDN
JLULLPFL QH \DSDU VRUXVXQD \DQW DUDQPDV JHUHNWLLQL YXUJXODPDVQGDQ VRQUD DODQGD WDUWPDODU \HQL ELU ER\XW ND]DQPWU .LLOLN WHRULV\HQOHUL ELUH\LQ
NLLOLLQLQ GDYUDQODUQ EHOLUOHGLL NRQXVXQGD KHP ILNLUGLUOHU &LDYDUHOOD YH GLHUOHUL &DUODQG YH GLHUOHUL NLLOLLQ |QHPLQH YXUJX
\DSPDNWDGU +HU QDVO WDQPODQUVD WDQPODQVQ NLLOLN HLWLP NDUL\HU HYOLOLN YH KD\DWQ WP FHSKHOHULQGH EHOLUJLQ ELU HWNL\H VDKLSWLU $\UFD ELUH\LQ NLLOLLQLQ JHOLPHVL KHU QH NDGDU \DDP VUHVLQFH GHYDP HWVH GH JHOLPHQLQ HWNLOL ROGXX \OODUGDNLLOLNEHOOLELU|OoGH\HUOHPLROPDNWDGU&DUODQGYHGLHUOHUL
'DYUDQ KHP ELUH\LQ KHP GH oHYUHQLQ ELU IRQNVL\RQXGXU +HU LNLVL GH WHN EDQDELUH\LQJ|]OHPOHQHELOLUGDYUDQLoLQ\HWHUOLELUDoNODPD\NDSVDPDPDNWDGU %LUH\LQ NOWUHO oHYUHVL oHLWOL VRV\DO LOLNL DODU YH RUJDQL]DV\RQODUGDNL \HOLL NHVLQELUHNLOGHGDYUDQHWNLOHPHVLQHUDPHQEXIDNW|UOHULQLQFHOHQPHVLSVLNRORML DODQQQ |WHVLQH JHoPHNWHGLU 3VLNRORMLQLQ VRUXVX ELUH\LQ NOWUHO PLUDVQQ YH VRV\DO EDODUQQ ]LKLQGH QDVO WHPVLO HGLOGLL LOH LOJLOLGLU <HQL JLULLP \DUDWPQD J|VWHULOHQ SVLNRORMLN ELU \DNODP ELUH\GH ROXDQ ELOLVHO VUHoOHUOH LOJLOHQPHOL YH LQFHOHPHOLGLU <HQL JLULLP \DUDWPQQ NDSVDPO ELU SVLNRORMLN SRUWUHVL WDPDPHQ ELUH\LQ GQ\D LOH LOJLOL ELOLVHO WDVYLUOHULQLQ QDVO H\OHPH G|QWQ J|VWHUHFHNWLU
(Shaver ve Scott 1991: 25-3VLNRORMLDODQQGD\DDQDQJHOLPHOHUHSDUDOHORODUDN

JLULLPFLOLNGLVLSOLQLQHELOLVHO\DNODP\DQVPWU
21
6RV\RORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN
6RV\RORMLN EDN DoV YH DUDWUPDODU JLULLPFLOLLQ DQODOPDVQD o ELoLPGH |QHPOL YH NHQGLQH |]J NDWN VDODPDNWDGU ONL JLULLPFLOLN URO YH
fonksiyonunu ieren retim faaliyetlerL LOH LOJLOL WRSOXPVDO NDYUDPODUQ JHOLLPL

DUDFO LOH JHUoHNOHPHNWHGLU 6RV\R
-ekonomik sistemi vurgulayan birbirine
DOWHUQDWLILNLE\N\DNODPJHQHOELUGHQJH\HGRUXRODQKDUHNHWELUILNLUELUOLLQL \DQVWDQ \D GD X\XPD]ONODUQ o|]PQ YXUJXOD\DQ VQIVDO UHNDEHWLQ
VRQXoODUGU +HU LNLVL GH E\N UHWLP LUNHWOHULQLQ KDNLPL\HWLQL NDoQOPD] RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLU NLQFLVL JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ VSHVLILN WRSOXPVDO QLWHOLNOHUH GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLU PRGHUQOHPH HNRQRPLN NDONQPDGD GHYOHWLQ URO ND\W G
HNRQRPLQLQ GRDV RUJDQL]DV\RQ QIXVXQXQ QLWHOLNOHUL YH \HQL ILUPD NXUXOXPXQX HWNLOH\HQ HNRORMLN QLOHU hoQF NDWN LVH ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUOH PHJXO ROPD NDUDUQ DOPDODUQD VRV\DO EDODPQ HWNLOHULQL LoHUPHNWHGLU %X LVH ELUH\OH
rin
VRV\DO NRQXPODUQD VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQD YH EX DODUQ \HUOHLNOLLQH HWQLN NLPOLNOHULQHYHLGHQH\LPOHULQHGLNNDWoHNPHNWHGLU5H\QROGV
Gartner (1985), yeni bir organizasyon yaratma srecini etkileyen evresel faktrleri vurgulamaktadU
%X IDNW|UOHU ULVN VHUPD\HVLQLQ NXOODQODELOLUOLL
GHQH\LPOL JLULLPFLOHULQ YDUO WHNQLN EHFHUL\H VDKLS L JF WHGDULNoLOHUH HULLOHELOLUOLN PWHUL YH \HQL SD]DUODUD HULLOHELOLUOLN KNPHWLQ HWNLOHUL
QLYHUVLWHOHULQ \DNQO DUVD \D GD WHVLVOHULQ NXOODQODELOLUOLL XODP E|OJH QIXVXQXQ WXWXPX GHVWHN KL]PHWOHULQLQ VDODQPDV YH \DDP NRXOODUGU *DUWQHU *LULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHULQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVL YH EDDUO RODELOPHVL LoLQ JLULLPFLQLQ NLLOLL YH GDYUDQODUQQ \DQQGD HQGVWUL \DDP HYUHVL WRSOXPXQ HNRQRPLN NDONQPD VHYL\HVL YH oHYUH GH |QHPOLGLU 0RUULV 1IXV
-evre
\DNODP RUJDQL]DV\RQODUQ oHYUHOHULQH DGDSWH RODELOGLNOHUL |OoGH YDUONODUQ VUGUHELOHFHNOHULQL YH EX QHGHQOH NXUXOGXNODU LON \OODUGD \
a da evredeki
GHLLNOLNOHUHEDORODUDNVRQUDNL\OODUGDNRUXQPDV]RODELOHFHNOHULQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
(Kasimoglu 2006: 29).
22
Klasik ve modern sosyolojiye gre bireyler ve organizasyonlar iinde

EXOXQGXNODU VRV\DO EDODP HWNLOHPHNWH YH RQGDQ HWNLOHQPHNW
edirler (Thornton
1999: 21).
%LUH\VHO YH JLULLPVHO LOLNL DODU VRV\DO \DS YH NOWUOH ELUOLNWH
JLULLPFLOLLQ WHPHOLQL ROXWXUPDNWDGU =DILURYVNL 6RV\DOLOLNLDODUQD DWI \DSDQ $OGULFK YH =LPPHU JLULLPFLOHULQ JLULLPFLOLH H
ilimli olan
RODUDN
atomik
NDUDU
YHULFLOHU
\D
GD
NOWUHO
oHYUHOHULQLQ
PDKNXPODU
GHHUOHQGLULOPHPHVL JHUHNWLLQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU <D]DUODUD J|UH JLULLPFLOLN VRV\DO EDODPQ LoLQH \HUOHPL VRV\DO ELU UROGU $UDWUPDFODU JLULLPFLOHUL L]ROH ROPX
otonoPNDUDUYHULFLOHURODUDNGHHUOHQGLUPHPHOLGLUOHU\DGDEDODPJ|]DUGHGHUHN
EHQ]HU VRV\DO NDUDNWHUGHNL GLHUOHUL LOH D\Q \HUH NR\DPDPDOGUODU 3RWDQVL\HO JLULLPFLOHULQ IDDOL\HWOHULQL RUWD\D oNDUDQ YH G]HQOH\HQ VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQQ
etkileridir (Aldrich ve Zimmer 1986: 20). Aldrich ve Zimmer ekolojik ve sosyoNOWUHO PRGHOOHUL JLULLPFLOLNIHQRPHQLQL DoNODPDGD\HWHUVL]NDOPDODUQGDQ GROD\ HOHWLULOPHNWHGLUOHU .D\QDNODUQ HULLOHELOLUOLL NXUXFXODUQ RUWD\D oNPDVQ
cesaretlendirmektedir. AncDN HNRORMLN \DNODP PHWRGRORMLN RODUDN WLWL] ROPDVQD

UDPHQ JLULLPFLOLN ELOLP DGDPODUQFD HOHWLULOPHNWHGLU dQN YHNDOHW \DNODPQD \HU YHUPHPHNWHGLU 7KRUQWRQ 6RV\DO EDODP HOEHWWH |QHPOLGLU DQFDN JLULLPFLOLL EDODWDQ YH JLULLPFLOLH QHGHQ RODQ EDUROGHNL IDNW|U JLULLPFLGLU *LULLPFLOLLQ WHPHOL JLULLPFLGLU HNRQRPLQLQ PHUNH]L DKVL\HWLGLU
(Bygrave ve Hofer 1991: 17)

/RXZ YH GLHUOHUL
YH JLULLPFL *LULLPFLOLN
GLVLSOLQLQGH SVLNRORMLN VRV\RORMLN LNWLVDGL YH SROLWLN GHLNH ELUOHWLUHFHN PRGHOOHUH LKWL\Do YDUGU %HOO
nleri tek bir sistemde
-8). Organizasyondan
EDKVHWPHGHQ JLULLPFLOLNWHQ \D GD JLULLPFLOLNWHQ EDKVHWPHGHQ RUJDQL]DV\RQGDQ
bahsedilememektedir (Aitken 1963: 6).
$QWURSRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN
AntURSRORMLQLQ JLULLPFLOLN NRQXVXQD LOJL J|VWHUPHVL NLQFL 'Q\D 6DYD

VRQUDV ROXDQ ELU IHQRPHQGLU YH GHQ OHUH NDGDU GRUXN QRNWDVQD XODPWU %X G|QHPGH LOJL ELUELUL\OH EDODQWOVRV\DOGHLLPVUHFLYH HNRQRPLN NDONQPDQQDQODOPDV]HULQHRGDNODQPWU6WHZDUW
23
$QWURSRORJODU JLULLPFLOLL JHQL ELU VRV\DO GHLLP VUHFLQLQ SDUoDV RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU YH DUDWUPDODU JLULLPFLOLLQ NDSLWDOLVW VQIQ ROXXPGDNL UROQ DQODPD \D GD \HUHO HNRQRPLN NDONQPD JLEL NRQXODUD RGDNODQPDNWDGU )DGDKXQVL $QWURSRORJODUD J|UH JLULLPFLOLN VRV\R
kltrel bir sretir ve ve seim hali
JLULLPFLOLLQ |]QGH WHN ELU ER\XW \D GD \|Q YXUJXODQPDPDOGU $QWURSRORMLQLQ JLULLPFLOLH\DNODPoRNER\XWOXGXU\DQLVUHNOLELUGHLLP\HQLOLN
RODUDN J|UOHQ JLULLPFLOLN LQVDQ \DDPQQ VUH JHOHQ ELU LOHPLGLU 6WHZDUW
73-74).
*50&/.<$./$,0/$5,
*LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD RUWD\D NRQDQ \NVHN \D\Q PLNWDUQD UDPHQ KHQ] NDEXO HGLOPL JHQHO ELU JLULLPFLOLN WHRULVL EXOXQPDPDNWDGU %XOO YH :LOODUG *DUWQHU $UDWUPDFODU WHPVLO HWWLNOHUL GLVLSOLQ YH GQFH RNXOXQXQ J|UOHULQH X\JXQ RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQL D\GQODWPDN LoLQ oHLWOL \DNODP YH PRGHOOHU JHOLWLUPLOHUGLU %X EDODPGD NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP ELOLVHO \DNODP JLULLPVHO QL\HW \DNODP YH VRV\DO LOLNL DODU \DNODP VXQXODFDNWU 6RQ RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGH ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHU EDO DOWQGD *LULLPVHO )UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\ROODU0RGHOL|QHULV
ine yer verilecektir.
.LLOLNg]HOOLNOHUL<DNODP
*LULLPFLOLN
IHQRPHQLQL
DUDWUDQ
oDOPDODUGDNL
WHPHO
PRWLYDV\RQ
JLULLPFLOHULQJLULLPFLROPD\DQELUH\OHUGHQIDUNOROGXNODUQNDQWODPDNWU*DUWQHU %X IDUNOO RUWD\D NR\PDN LoLQ LON G|QHP oDOPDODU JHQHOOLNOH JLULLPFLQLQ NLLOLLQH RGDNODQPODUGU %X oDOPDODU JLULLPFLOHUL JLULLPFL ROPD\DQELUH\OHUGHQYH\|QHWLFLOHUGHQEDDUOJLULLPFLOHULEDDUV]JLULLPFLOHUGHQ
24
D\UW HGHQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQL DUDWUPODUG
1DII]LJHU YH GLHUOHUL
Bu
DUDWUPDODUQ WHPHO YDUVD\P WP JLULLPFLOHULQ YH JLULLPOHULQLQ E\N |OoGH EHQ]HUOLN J|VWHUGLLGLU *DUWQHU .LLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODPQGD
JLULLPFL |]HO ELU NLLOLN WLSL VDELW ELU YDUROX GXUXPX WDQPODQDELOLU ELU WU RODUDN YDUVD\OPDNWDGU%X\DNODPDJ|UHELUJLULLPFLGDLPDJLULLPFLGLUYHJLULLPFLQLQ NLLOLLND\EROPD\DQELUQLWHOLNDU]HWPHNWHGLU*DUWQHU
.LLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP ELUH\ RGDNOGU 6DQGEHUJ .LLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODPQD J|UH JLULLPFLOHULQ LOHWPH NXUPDODUQ YH EDDUO ROPDODUQ VDOD\DQ 'H&DUOR YH /\RQV VDKLS ROGXNODU RUWDN NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL EHOLUOHQHELOPHNWH YH EX |]HOOLNOHU LOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ DUDVQGD LOLNL
kurulabLOPHNWHGLU -HQNV .LLOLN IDNW|UQH RGDNODQDQ SVLNRORML RNXOX

JLULLPFLOHULQ L YH |]HO KD\DWODU LOH LOJLOL EHQ]HUVL] |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS ROGXNODUQ LGGLD HWPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHU YH JLULLPFL ROPD\DQODU EX NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL DUDFO LOH D\UW HGLOHELOPHNWHGLU &XQQLQJKDP DQFDN EX |]HOOLNOHULQ VD\V
neredeyse sonsuzdur (Aldrich ve Zimmer 1986: 4; Powell ve Bimmerie 1980: 34).

*LULLPFLOHUH \NOHQHQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL LQFHOHQGLLQGH OLWHUDWUGH HQ oRN
DUDWUODQODUQ EDDU LKWL\DF NRQWURO RGDNOON YH ULVN DOPD HLOLPL ROGXX
grlmektedir (Brockhaus ve Hortwitz 1986: 27; Gartner 1985: 699; Naffziger ve

GLHUOHUL3HDUVRQYH&KDWWHUMHH.RUXQNDYHGLHUOHUL
%DDUKWL\DF
Kilby, girLLPFL
ELUH\OHULQ WHVSLW HGLOPHVL LOH LOJLOL DUDWUPDODU
+HIIDOXPS DYQD EHQ]HWPHNWHGLU +HIIDOXPS $$ 0LOQHQLQ QO
Winnie-the-3RRKHVHULQGHNLELUoL]JLILOPNDUDNWHUGLU+XOOYHGLHUOHUL 1980: 12).
0HGHQL\HWVHYL\HVLQL\NVHOWPHNLoLQQHOHU\DSOPDOGU"0DGGLND\QDNODUQ NXOODQP \HULQH EX ND\QDNODU NXOODQDQ JLULLPFLOLN UXKXQD \RXQODPDN
JHUHNPHNWHGLU0F&OHOODQG(HUELUXOXV\RNVXOOXNODPFDGHOHHGL\RUVD
25
IUVDW\ROODUQGHLWLUPHNJHQHOOLNOH\HWHUOLGHLOGLU\RNVXOELUH\OHULQHWUDIQGDoRN VD\GD IUVDW GRODPDNWDGU DPD \HWHUVL] EDDU JGOHUL QHGHQL\OH EXQODU
NXOODQPDPDNWDGUODU +DUHNHWH JHoPHN YH RQODUQ EDDU LKWL\DoODUQ DUWUPDN JHUHNOLGLU 0F&OHOODQG %DDU LKWL\DF KDQJL PHVOHN ROXUVD ROVXQ
bireyleri daha fazla performans gstermeye yneltmektedir (McClelland 1961: 57).
0F&OHOODQG SVLNRORJODUQ JG YH H\OHPL IDUNO RODUDN J|UPH HLOLPLQGH ROGXNODUQ EHOLUWPL YH |UQHN RODUDN DoON YH \HPHN \HPH H\OHPL LOH EDDULVWHLYHEDDUPDH\OHPLQLYHUPLWLU0F&OHOODQGYHGLHUOHULDoONYH VXVX]OXN JLEL JGOHUL ELULQFLO RODUDN EHWLPOHUNHQ EDDU LKWL\DF Jo LKWL\DF JLEL JGOHUL LVH |UHQLOHELOLU VRV\DO JGOHU RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU +DWWD 0F&OHOODQG DoON JGV JoO RODQ K
erhangi bir bireyin, bunun nedeni olarak biyolojik
IDNW|UOHULQ \DQ VUD EX JG\ SHNLWLUHQ EHOLUOL |UHQPH GHQH\LPOHULQLQ GH RODELOHFHLQGHQEDKVHWPHNWHGLU
%DDUJGV\DGDPHWRGRORMLNWDUWPDODUGDJHoWLLHNOL\OHEDDULKWL\DF
bireylerde ve
JUXSODUGD
|OoOHELOHQ
ELU
IDNW|UGU
%DDU
LKWL\DF
ELUH\LQ
GQFHOHULQL o|]POH\HUHN |UQHLQ NXUGXX IDQWH]LOHU \ROX\OD |OoOHELOPHNWHGLU $PDo ELUH\LQ EHOOL ELU PNHPPHOOLN VWDQGDUGQD XODPDN LoLQ \D GD GDKD |QFHNLOHUGHQGDKDL\LLOHUoNDUPDNLoLQEDDULOHLOJLOLGQFHOHULQHNDGDUVNONOD NXUJXODGNODUQ|OoPHNWLU0F&OHOODQG
3VLNRORJODU ELUH\OHULQ EDVN DOWQGD ROPDGNODU ]DPDQODUGD KHUKDQJL ELU NRQXKDNNQGDNXUJXODGNODUIDQWH]LYHGQFHOHULQGHQHOHUROGXXQXWHVSLWHW
meye
oDOPDNWDGU (HU ELUH\ EX ]DPDQQ LOHUL GDKD L\L QDVO \DSDELOLULP ELoLPLQGH GQHUHN JHoLUPHNWH\VH SVLNRORJ RQXQ EDDU\OD LOJLOHQGLLQL V|\OH\HFHNWLU (HU ELUH\ DLOHVLQL YH DUNDGDODUQ GQPHNWH\VH LOLNL NXUPD\OD ]DPDQQ NLPLQ
patURQROGXXKDNNQGDGQHUHNJHoLUPHNWH\VHR]DPDQGDJoLOHLOJLOHQPHNWHGLU (McClelland 1962: 100-101).
26
0F&OHOODQG
EDDU
LKWL\DF
WHRULVLQL
IRUPOH
HGHUNHQ
E\N
|OoGH
0XUUD\GHQ HWNLOHQPLWLU 0XUUD\H J|UH EDDU JGV LOHUL RODELOGLLQFH K]O
ve
L\L \DSPD ]RU ELU LL EDDUPD IL]LNVHO QHVQHOHUL LQVDQODU ILNLUOHUL NXOODQPD \D GD \|QHWPH YH EXQX RODELOGLLQFH K]O YH EDPV] RODUDN JHUoHNOHWLUPH HQJHOOHUL DPD YH \NVHN ELU VWDQGDUGDXODPDNHQGLNHQGLQHVWQONVDODPD EDNDODU\OD
reNDEHW
HWPH YH RQODU JHoPH \HWHQHNOHULQL NXOODQDUDN |]VD\JODUQ DUWUPD
LVWHNOLOLL\DGDHLOLPLGLU)LQHPDQ
%DDU ELU EWQ RODUDN NDEXO HGLOGLLQGH ELU oRN IDUNO ER\XWD VDKLS ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU%XER\XWODUSUREOHPLWDQPODPDRQXo|]PHLVWHLSUREOHPLo|]PH \|QWHPOHUL KDNNQGD GQPH SUREOHPLQ o|]OPHVL LOH LOJLOL ]RUOXNODU GQPH \DUGPF RODELOHFHN ELUH\OHUL GQPH YH EDDU \D GD EDDUV]ON GXUXPODUQGD QH RODELOHFHLQLVH]PH\HoDEDODPDNWU0F&OHOODQG
-101).
BaDU LKWL\DF WHRULVLQLQ EDODQJo QRNWDV JGOHULQ |UHQLOHELOLU ROGXX YH

EX JGOHULQ GH EHNOHQWLOHU RODUDN GHHUOHQGLULOHELOHFHLGLU +DQVHPDUN %DDULKWL\DFKHUKDQJLELUJ|UHYLJHUoHNOHWLUPHN LOHLOJLOL RODUDNVWQVWDQGDUWODU
belirlePH YH J|UHYL EX VWDQGDUWODUD GD\DQDUDN GLHU ELUH\OHUH J|UH GDKD L\L \D GD
GDKD K]O ELU ELoLPGH JHUoHNOHWLUPH EHNOHQWLVLQH GD\DQPDNWDGU 0F&OHOODQG YH GLHUOHUL %DDU JGV VRQUDGDQ ND]DQODELOHQ ELU NLLOLN |]HOOLLGLU YH ED] |]HO WHNQLNOHUOH D JHOLWLULOHELOPHNWHGLU J|UH EDDU JGV 0F&OHOODQG HLWLP 0LURQ YH
0F&OHOODQG
SURJUDP
|]HOOLNOH
NoN
LOHWPHOHULQSHUIRUPDQVQ\NVHOWPLWLU
*oO ELU EDDU PRWLYDV\RQXQX KDQJL NRXOODU VDODPDNWDGU" 'HHUOHU
inanlaU YH LGHRORMLOHU %XQODU ELU ONHGH EXOXQDQ JoO ELU EDDU PRWLYDV\RQX LoLQ
|QHPOL ND\QDNODUGU $LOHOHU ]HULQGHNL oDOPDODUQ EXOJXODUQD J|UH ELU oRFXXQ EDDU LKWL\DFQQ \NVHN ROPDV LoLQ |QHPOL RODQ IDNW|UOHU HEHYH\QOHULQLQ \NVHN EDDU VWDQGDUWODU HINDW YH FHVDUHW EDVNQ YH RWRULWHU ROPD\DQ ELU EDEDGU 0F&OHOODQG %DDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ EDEDODU oRFXNODU LoLQ \NVHN VWDQGDUWODU VDSWDPD\D FHVDUHWOHQGLULFL YH |GOOHQGLULFL ROPD\D IDNDW QH \DSOPDV
27
JHUHNWLLQH \|QHOLN GLUHNW HPLUOHU YHUPHPH\H HLOLPOLGLUOHU 0F&OHOODQG YH :LQWHU
1971: 62).
0F&OHOODQG D J|UH EDDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHULQ |]HOOLNOHUL DQVWDQoRN\HWHQHHEDORODUDNULVNDOPDHLOLPLHQHUMLVDKLELROPD\DGD\HQLOLN DUDFO LOH IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQPD ELUH\VHO VRUXPOXOXN VWOHQPH NDUDUODUQ VRQXFXQX \DQVWDQ ELOJL HOGH HGLOHQ JHWLULQLQ |OoV RODUDN SDUD YH JHOHFHNWH PH\GDQD JHOHELOHFHN RODQ RODVONODU VH]HELOPHGLU %DDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHU YHULPOLOLNOHULQL DUWUDUDN oDOPD
saatlerini azaltabilmektedirler (McClelland
ve
Burnham 1976: 105; 1977: 39; 1995: 133; 2003: 123). McClelland (1962) bu
|]HOOLNOHUL o EDON DOWQGD WRSODPWU 3UREOHPOHUH o|]P UHWPHN DPDF\OD ELUH\VHO VRUXPOXOXN DOPD PDNXO EDDU KHGHIOHUL EHOLUOHPH YH KHVDSO ULVNOHUL VWOHQPHSHUIRUPDQVDGD\DOVRPXWJHULELOGLULPLVWHPH
<NVHN EDDU PRWLYDV\RQXQD VDKLS RODQ ELUH\OHU oDOUNHQ \RXQ ELU NRQVDQWUDV\RQD YH HQHUML\H VDKLS ROPDNWD UHNDEHWWH EDDUO ROPDNWD GQFH YH H\OHPOHULQL \DSWNODU LL GDKD GD JHOLWLUHFHN GRUXOWXGD RGDNODPDNWD SHUIRUPDQV
hedeflerine kendilerini adamakta, byk bir ynetim potansiyeline sahip

ROPDNWDGUODU:DUG
%HNOHQHQLQ DNVLQH EDDU LKWL\DF \NVHN ELUH\OHU LNWLVDW WHRULVLQLQ LDUHW HWWLL JLEL NDU RODVOQD EDO RODUDN KDUHNHWH JHoPHPHNWHGLU (NRQRPLN
LKWL\DoODUQ GDKD VN oDOPD\D \|QHOWWLL ELUH\OHU EDDU LKWL\DF GN RODQ ELUH\OHUGLU<NVHNEDDULKWL\DFQDVDKLSELUH\OHUGHoRNoDOUODUoQN|QOHULQGH ELU EDDU \DNDODPD IUVDW YDUGU %DDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHU |QFHOLNOH LNUDPL\H\DGDNDUJLEL|GOOHUOHLOJLOLGLUOHUoQNEX|GOOHURQODUDQHNDGDUEDDUO ROGXNODUQD GDLU VRPXW ELU JHULELOGLULP VDODPDNWDGU %X EDODPGD SDUD JHUoHN JLULLPFL LoLQ oDED J|VWHUPH GUWVQGHQ oRN R oDEDQQ VRQXFXQXQ ELU |OoVGU
(McClelland 1965: 7).
28
0F&OHOODQG YH :LQWHU RQ \OON DUDWUPDODUQQ VRQXFXQGD EDDU LKWL\DF JLULLPFLOLN YH HNRQRPLN E\PH DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L WHVSLW HWPLOHUGLU %X DUDWUPDODUQ LNL E\N EXOJXVX EDDU LKWL\DFQQ XOXVDO HNRQRPLN E\PHGH DQDKWDUIDNW|UROGXXYHEDDULKWL\DF\NVHNRODQELUH\OHULQJHQHOOLNOHHQGVWUL\HO NHVLPGH \D GD LOHWPHOHUGH EXOXQDELOHFHL YH EX ELUH\OHULQ EDDU LKWL\DF GN RODQODUDJ|UHGDKDEDDUOROGXNODUGU0F&OHOODQGYH:LQWHU
0F &OHOODQG D J|UH EDDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHU JLULLPVHO PHVOHNOHUL GDKD oHNLFL EXOPDNWD YH EX WU PHVOHNOHUGH GDKD EDDUO ROPDNWDGUODU *LULLPVHO ELU PHVOHN \HWHQHNOHULQL NXOODQPDV LoLQ EDDU LKWL\DF \NVHN ELUH\OHUH GLHUPHVOHNOHUGHQGDKDoRNIUVDWWDQPDNWDGU0F&OHOODQG
0F&OHOODQG
D
J|UH
LQVDQROX
NHQGL
GQ\DVQ
YH
NDGHULQL
HNLOOHQGLUHELOPHNWHGLU YH EX GRUXOWXGD |QH oNDQ IDNW|U EDDUO ROPD LVWHNOHULQLQ
ne kDGDU JoO ROGXXGXU %X QHGHQOH WRSOXPXQ YH LOHWPHOHULQ NDGHUL ELUH\OHULQ
EDDUO ROPD KDNNQGD RUWD G]H\GH EDDUODELOLU KHGHIOHU NR\PD\OD KHVDSO ULVN DOPD\OD ELUH\VHO VRUXPOXOXNODU VWOHQPH\OH YH LOHULQ QDVO GDKD L\L
\DSODELOHFHL\OH LOJLOL RODUDN QH NDGDU GQGNOHUL ROPDNWDGU 0F&OHOODQG %DDULKWL\DFJLULLPVHOEDDUQQWHPHOELOHHQLYHJLULLPLQJHUoHNUXKXGXU
(McClelland 1965: 6-7).
.RQWURO2GDNOON
.LOE\QLQLIDGHVL\OH+HIIDOXPSE\NYHoRNGHHUOLELUYDUONWU3HN oRN DYF WDUDIQGDQ oRN oHLWOL YH PDKDUHWOL WX]DN YH WHNQLNOHU NXOODQODUDN DYODQPD\D oDOOP DPD LPGL\H NDGDU NLPVH RQX \DNDODPD\EDDUDPDPWU+XOOYHGLHUOHUL
.RQWURO RGDNOON Lo YH G NRQWURO RGD ROPDN ]HUH LNL NXWXSOX ELU \DS\D VDKLSWLU 0DUVK YH 5LFKDUGV %X \DS VRV\DO |UHQPH WHRULVLQGHQ KDUHNHW HGLOHUHN JHOLWLULOPLWLU %RRQH YH GLHUOHUL 6RV\DO |UHQPH WHRULVLQH
29
J|UH SHNLWLUPH ELU GDYUDQQ WHNUDUODQPD VNOQ \D GD RODVOQ DUWUDQ \D GD D]DOWDQ KHU WUO WHNQLN VUHo |GO \D GD FH]D RODUDN WDQPODQPDNWDGU .URYHW] VRV\DO |UHQPH WHRULVLQH J|UH SHNLWLUPHQLQ EHNOHQWLOHUL JoOHQGLUGLLQL oQN JHOHFHNWH PH\GDQD JHOHELOHFHN EHOLUOL ELU GDYUDQQ \D GD ROD\Q DUGQ
dan
EHOLUOL ELU SHNLWLUPHQLQ JHOHFHLQL YH EXQXQ GD ]LKLQGH ELU QHGHQ VRQXo LOLNLVL ROXWXUDFDQ EHOLUWPLWLU +HUKDQJL ELU GDYUDQQ RUWD\D oNPD SRWDQVL\HOL EHOLUOL ELU SHNLWLUPHQLQ EHNOHQWLVL YH EX SHNLWLUPHQLQ ELUH\ LoLQ |QHPLQH J|UH
belirlenmektedir (Zuckerman ve Gerbasi 1977: 357; Boone ve Brabander 1997: 951).
6RV\DO|UHQPHWHRULVLQGHIDUNOLNLWUEHNOHQWLYDUGUGXUXPD|]JRODQODU YH JHQHOOHWLULOPL EHNOHQWLOHU 'XUXPD |]J EHNOHQWLOHU E\N |OoGH ELUH\LQ
mevcut durumla ilgili denH\LPOHULQH GD\DQPDNWDGU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ ELUH\OHU EHOLUOL

ELUGDYUDQ VRQXoVUHFL\OHLOJLOLGHQH\LPOHULQLJHQHOOHWLUPH\ROX\ODQLVSHWHQGDKD NDOF EHNOHQWLOHU GH JHOLWLUPHNWHGLUOHU %XQODU JHQHOOHWLULOPL EHNOHQWLOHU RODUDN DGODQGUOPDNWDGU .RQWURO RGDNOON LoVHO YH GVDO SHNLWLUPHOHUH \|QHOLN
JHQHOOHWLULOPLELUEHNOHQWLGLU%RQHYH%UDEDQGHU
.RQWURORGDNOOQ\DSVLoYHGNRQWURORGDQDVDKLSELUH\OHUDUDVQGDNL JHQHO ELU LQDQo IDUNOOQD GD\DQPDNWDGU ' NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU NHQGLOHULQL QLVSHWHQ SDVLI ELU ELUH\ RODUDN J|UPHNWH YH KD\DWODUQGDNL ROD\ODUQ NRQWURO HGLOHPH\HQJoOHUHEDOROGXXLQDQFQWDPDNWDGUODU'NRQWURORGDNOELUH\OHU LVWHGLNOHULKHGHIOHUHXODPDODUQQDQVDWDOLKHJoOELUH\OHU\DGDNXUXPODUDEDO ROGXXQX GQPHNWHGLUOHU +D\DWODUQ NHQGL GDYUDQ YH oDEDODU\OD NRQWURO DOWQD DODELOPH RODVONODUQQ GN ROGXXQD LQDQPDNWDGUODU 7DP WHUVLQH Lo NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU LVH NHQGLOHULQL DNWLI ELU ELUH\ RODUDN J|UPHNWH ROGXNODUQ GQPHNWH o YH oHYUHOHULQL RGDNO HWNLOH\HELOPH
kaderlerinin hakimi
oRN NHQGL
NDSDVLWHOHULQH ROD\ODU
JYHQPHNWHGLUOHU
NRQWURO
ELUH\OHU
KD\DWODUQGDNL
\HWHQHNOHUL YH oDEDODU\OD NRQWURO HGHELOHFHNOHULQH LQDQPDNWDGUODU 0DUVK YH
Richards 1987: 39- %RRQH YH GLHUOHUL =XFNHUPDQ YH *HUEDVL 356; Biondo ve Macdonald 1971: 407; Pines ve Julian 1972: 407oNRQWURORGDNO
30
ELUH\OHU EDPV] ELU WDU] VHUJLOHPHNWH\NHQ G NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU SL\RQODUD
benzemektedirler (Krovetz 1974: 175).
.RQWURO RGDNOON oRN JHQL ELU oHLWOLOLH VDKLS RODQ GDYUDQ WDU]ODUQGD SHNLWLUPHQLQUROQQDQODOPDVQD\DUDUOROGXXNDQWODQPELUNLLOLNER\XWXGXU
.RQWURO RGDNOON SHNLWLUPHQLQ ELUH\OHULQ NHQGL GDYUDQODUQGDQ P \RNVD DQV NDGHU JLEL NXYYHWOHU WDUDIQGDQ P ROXWXUXOGXX \|QQGH DOJODPD IDUNOONODUQQ RUWD\D NRQPDVQ VDODPDNWDGU %RUGHQ YH +HQGULFN
1973:
$VOQGD
bireylerin
KHUKDQJL ELU NRXOGD NRQWUROH VDKLS ROXS ROPDG LQDQF ELOLVHO \DSODUQGD
gereNOHWLULOHQELUVHoLPGHQLEDUHWWLU7\OHUYHGLHUOHUL
o NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU G NRQWURO RGDNOODUD J|UH EDDUO VRQXoODU GDKD oRN \NOHQPHNWH DQFDN EDDUV]ON V|] NRQXVX ROGXXQGD LVH G NRQWURO RGDNO
bireyler sorumluluk almaya daKD \DWNQ ROPDNWDGUODU %LUH\LQ ELU ROD\Q VRQXFX
NDUVQGDNL WHSNLVL oRXQOXNOD NHQGL \HWHQHNOHUL\OH LOJLOL DOJODU\OD EDODQWOGU (HU ELUH\LQ \HWHQHNOHULQH RODQ JYHQL \NVHN LVH \DNDODG EDDU\ EXQD \RUDFDNWU oQN ELUH\LQ \HWHQHN GHHUOHQGLUPHVL\OH WXWDUO \D GD GHQJHGH RODQ ELU VRQXo VDODQP RODFDNWU %XQXQ \DQQGD EDDUV]ON GXUXPXQGD LVH VRQXo DoVQGDQ VRUXPOXOXN G JoOHULQ HWNLVLQH EDODQDFDNWU oQN EDDUV]ON ELUH\LQ \HWHQHN GHHUOHQGLUPHVLQLQ ELU VRQXFX ROPDPDNWDGU %HQ]HU HNLOGH HHU ELUH\LQ \HWHQHNGHHUOHQGLUPHVLROXPVX]\DGDGNoNPVDR]DPDQEDDUGJoOHULQ HWNLVLQLQ ELU VRQXFX RODUDN VDODQP RODFDN HHU EDDUV]ON V|] NRQXVX\VD GD EX GXUXP LoVHO ELUH\VHO QHGHQOHUH EDODQDFDNWU *LOPRU YH 0L
nton 1974: 161).
%DDUO YH EDDUV] JLULLPFLOHUL LQFHOH\HQ %URFNKDXV E EX GXUXPX ELOLVHO X\XPVX]OXN RODUDN QLWHOHQGLUPHNWHGLU %DDUO JLULLPFLOHU HOGH HWWLNOHUL ROXPOX VRQXoODUELUH\VHOoDEDODUQDEDODUNHQEDDUV]JLULLPFLOHU|]VD\JODUQNRUXPDN LoLQ EX ROXPVX] GXUXPXQ ELUH\VHO IDDOL\HWOHUL VRQXFX JHUoHNOHPHGLLQH LQDQPD LKWL\DFQGDROPDNWDGUODU%URFNKDXVE
*QON ROD\ODUQ EDVNV \DDPGD GHLLPOHU SVLNRORMLN RODUDN X\XP VDODPD ELOLVHO NDELOL\HW EDDU SHUIRUPDQV YH VDO LoHUHQ ELUoRN IDUNO
31
NRXOODUGD Lo NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU PHYFXW GXUXPD GRGDNOELUH\OHUHJ|UHGDKD K]OX\XPVDODPDNWDGDKDEDDUOROPDNWDYHSUREOHPOHUHGDKD\DUDWFo|]POHU JHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU 3VLNRORJODU G NRQWURO RGDNO ROPDQQ PH\GDQ RNX\XFX
IDDOL\HWOHUHHQJHOROGXXQXYHROXPVX]GX\JXODUODLOLNLOLROGXXQXEHOLUWPHNWHGLUOHU
(Jennings; Zeithami 1983: 417).
*LULLPFLOHULQLoNRQWURORGDNOROGXNODUGQOPHNWHGLU&URPLH o NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU HOGH HWWLNOHUL VRQXoODUQ \D GD NDGHUOHULQLQ ELUH\VHO GHQHWLPOHUL DOWQGD ROGXXQD LQDQUNHQ G NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU HOGH HWWLNOHUL VRQXoODU\DGDNDGHUOHULQLGVDOIDNW|UOHUHEDODPDNWDGUODU0WFKHOO *HQHO ELU NDQ\D J|UH JLULLPFLOHU KDNLPL\HWL GVDO IDNW|UOHUH EUDNPDN \HULQH WP\OHHOOHULQGHWXWPD\WHUFLKHWPHNWHGLUOHU.RK
o NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU oHYUH\H KDNLP ROPD YH RQX HWNLOHPH NRQXVXQGD E\N ELU \HWHQHH VDKLSWLUOHU 3DQGH\ YH 7HZDU\ YHVDGX\XOXo
abalar
LOH oHYUHQLQ VRQXoODU ]HULQGHNL HWNLOHULQL D]DOWDELOHFHNOHULQH LQDQDUDN EDDUO ELU JLULLPFLRODELOPHNWHGLUOHU3HDUVRQYH&KDWWHUMHH%XQHGHQOHLoNRQWURO RGDNO ROPD JLULLPVHO ELU |]HOOLN RODUDN J|UOPHNWH YH Lo NRQWURO RGDNO ELU
eylerin
JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUGH EXOXQPD\D HLOLPOL ROGXNODU EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU .DXIPDQQ YH GLHUOHUL -HQQLQJV YH =HLWKDPL .RK /LWWXQHQ
296; Littunen ve Storhammar 2000: 344).
*LULLPFLOHULQ NLLOLN |]HOOLL RODUDN J|UOHQ EDDU LKWL\DF YH Lo NRQWURO RGDNOON ELU DUDGD GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH \NVHN EDDU LKWL\DFQD VDKLS ELUH\OHULQ Lo NRQWURO RGDNO ROGXNODU V|\OHQHELOPHNWHGLU &URPLH %URFNKDXV D J|UH EDDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHULQ oDEDODUQQ VRQXoODUQQ ELUH\VHO \HWHQHNOHULQLQ NRQWUROQGH ROGXXQD LQDQPD\D HLOLPOL ROGXNODU J|UOPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHU ILUPDODUQQ EDDU \D GD EDDUV]OQ HWNLOH\HELOHFHNOHULQH LQDQPD\D HLOLPOLGLUOHU o NRQWURO RGDNO ELUH\OHU G RGDNO ELUH\OHUH J
re daha yksek bir
EDDU JUDILLQH YH GDKD oRN J|]H oDUSDQ ELU EDDU LKWL\DF VHYL\HVLQH VDKLSWLUOHU
(Brockhaus 1975: 433-434).
32
5LVN$OPD(LOLPL
+HIIDOXPSX J|UGQLGGLDHGHQSHNoRNDYFGHYDVDELUE\NOH VDKLSROGXXQXEHOLUWPLWLU+XOOYHGLHUOHUL
%HOLUVL]OLN WD\DQ NRXOODUGDQ GROD\ DOQDFDN KHUKDQJL ELU NDUDUQ VRQXoODU |QJ|UOHPHGLLWDNGLUGHND]DQoYHND\SODUV|]NRQXVXROGXXQGDLoLQGHEXOXQXODQ NRXOODUQ ULVN LoHUGLL EHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU /RQJHQHFNHU YH 6FKRHQ
975: 28). Riskli
NRXOODU HQ D] ELULQLQEDDUV]ON LKWLPDOLWDG LNL\DGDGDKDID]ODDOWHUQDWLIWHQ ROXPDNWDGU 3LWW YH .DQQHPH\HU %URFNKDXV DD J|UH ULVN DOPD HLOLPLELUH\OHULQEDDUV]ONQHGHQL\OHPDUX]NDOQDFDNVRQXoODUGDQ|QFHEDDUO ROPD GXUXPXQGD HOGH HGLOHFHN JHWLULOHULQ JHUoHNOHPH RODVOQ DOJODPDODUGU .RQWURO HQIRUPDV\RQ YH ]DPDQ HNVLNOLL ULVNOL NRXOODUQ ROXXPXQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGU3LWWYH.DQQHPH\HU
NWLVDWoODU X]XQ ELU VUH ULVN DOPD HLOLPLQL JLULLPFLOHULQ WHPHO ELU |]HOOLL RODUDN J|UPOHUGLU &DQWLOORQ >@ 6D\ >@ YH 0DUVKDOO
>@ JLULLPFL\L ILQDQVDO ULVNOHUL VWOHQHQ ELUH\ RODUDN WDQPODPODUGU 3VLNRORMLGLVLSOLQLLVH ULVN DOPDHLOLPLYHJLULLPFLOLNLOLNLVLQLDPSLULNDUDWUPDODU \DSDUDN LQFHOHPLWLU *LULLPFLOHUL YH \|QHWLFLOHUL ULVN DOPD HLOLPL DoVQGDQ GHHUOHQGLUHQ EX DUDWUPDODUGD LNL NDUW J|U RUWD\D oNPWU ON \DNODPGD JLULLPFLOHULQ ULVN DOPD HLOLPOHULQLQ \|QHWLFLOHUH J|UH GDKD \NVHN ROGXX
EHOLUWLOPL YH EXQXQ QHGHQL RODUDN GD JLULLPFLOHULQ GDKD EHOLUVL] NRXOODUGD oDOWNODU J|VWHULOPLWLU ;X YH 5XHI 3DOPHU EHOLUVL]OLN RUWDPQGD NDUDU DOPD JHUHNOLOLLQL JLULLPFLOLLQ GHLPH] IRQNVL\RQODUQGDQ E
iri
RODUDN LIDGH HWPLWLU .DUDU DOPD RUWDPQQ EHOLUVL]OLN GHUHFHVL ELUH\LQ VWOHQHFHL ULVN VHYL\HVLQL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 6H[WRQ YH %RZPDQ 'LHU WDUDIWDQ JLULLPFLOHULQ YH \|QHWLFLOHULQ EDDU LKWL\DoODU \NVHNWLU ;X YH 5XHI %DDU LKWL\DF \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHU KHVDSO ULVNOHUL VWOHQPHNWH LVWHNOLGLUOHU 0F&OHOODQG NLQFL \DNODP EX LIDGHOHUH GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFLOHULQ YH \|QHWLFLOHULQ ULVN DOPD HLOLPOHULQGH ELU IDUNOON ROPDGQ EHOLUWPHNWHGLU ;X YH
Ruef 2004: 332).
33
*LULLPFLOLLQ |] ULVN DOPD\ LoHUPHNWHGLU 3LWW YH .DQQHPH\HU
Bireyler
JLULLPFL ROPD\ WHUFLK HGHUHN IL]LNVHO YH ILQDQVDO YDUONODUQ NDUL\HU
IUVDWODUQDLOHLOLNLOHULQLULVNDOWQDDOPDNWDGUODU*LULLPEDDUV]ROGXXWDNGLUGH
giULLPFLQLQDOWQGDH]LOHFHLILQDQVDO\N|QHPOLELUVHUYHWND\EQDQHGHQRODFDNYH
JHOHFHNWHNL \DDP VWDQGDUGQ WHKOLNH\H DWDFDNWU %XQD HN RODUDN JLULLPFL NHQGLQL DGDG LoLQ LOHWPHQLQ EDDUV] ROPDV ELUH\LQ GH EDDUV] ROGXX DQODPQD
gelecekYHGX\JXVDO\NPODVRQXoODQDFDNWU(Brockhaus 1980a: 510-511).
*LULLPFLOHU HQ D] EH DODQGD EHOLUVL]OLN YH ND\EHWPH LKWLPDOLQH PDUX] NDOPDNWDGUODUILQDQVDOVRV\DOYHDLOHVHOIL]LNVHOYHGX\JXVDONDUL\HU\DGDJHOHFHN
garantisi ve organizasyonel. (N RODUDN JLULLPOHUGH ELU \D GD ELUNDo UQGH YH
SD]DUGDULVNNRQVDQWUDV\RQXYDUGU3LWW.DQQHPH\HU
*LULLPVHO ULVN ELOHHQGHQ ROXPDNWDGU %XQODU SRWDQVL\HO JLULLPFLQLQ JHQHO ULVN DOPD HLOLPL EHOLUOL ELU JLULLPLQ DOJODQDQ EDDUV]ON RODVO YH EDDUV]OQDOJODQDQVRQXoODUGU
(Brockhaus 1980a: 513).
%URFNKDXV YH +RUZLW] ULVN NDYUDPQ LNL E|OPH D\UPODUGU JLULLP EDODQJFQGDNL ULVN VHYL\HVLQLQ IDUN HGLOPHVL YH HHU JLULLP EDDUV]ONOD VRQXoODQUVD ND\EHWPH LKWLPDOLQLQ IDUN HGLOPHVL (HU JLULLPFLOHULQ \NVHN EDDU LKWL\DFQDYHLoNRQWURORGDNOODVDKLSROGXNODUQDLQDQOUVDJLULLPFLOHULQULVNDODQ ELUH\OHUROGXNODUDoNODPDVLOHJLULLPFLOHULKHVDSOULVNDODQODURODUDNVQIODQGUPD DUDVQGDNL EX DoN WXWDUV]ON o|]OHELOPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHULQ LOHWPH KHGHIOHULQLQ EDDUVQ HWNLOHPH NDELOL\HWOHULQH RODQ LQDQoODU |\OH \NVHNWLU NL RQODUD J|UH EDDUV]ON LKWLPDOL GN VHYL\HGHGLU %X VHEHSWHQ GROD\ JLULLPFLOHULQ ULVN LOH LOJLOL DOJODGNODU VHYL\H JLULLPFL ROPD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ DOJODGNODU VHYL\HGHQ GDKD GNWU%URFNKDXVYH+RUZLW]
34
*LULLPFL.LLOLH<NOHQHQ'LHUg]HOOLNOHU
$QFDN +HIIDOXPSQ WDP RODUDN QH\H EHQ]HGLL YH |]HOOLNOHULQLQ QHOHU ROGXX NRQXVXQGD ELU X]ODPD\D YDUODPDPWU +XOO YH GLHUOHUL
1980: 12).
*LULLPFLOLNOLWHUDWULQFHOHQGLLQGHJLULLPFLELUH\LQELUoRNNLLOLN|]HOOLL LOH LOLNLOHQGLULOGLL J|UOHELOPHNWHGLU %X |]HOOLNOHULQ VD\V R NDGDU ID]ODGU NL JLULLPFLQLQ EXQODU NXOODQODUDN WRSOXPGDQ D\UW HGLOPHVL LPNDQV] KDOH JHOPLWLU 1HWLFHGH JLULLPFL VD\V] |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLS QHUHGH\VH WP WRSOXPX LoHUHQ ELU NDYUDPD G|QPWU %X |]HOOLNOHULQ ELU oRX JLULLPFL VIDWQ WD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ \DQQGDGLHUPHVOHNJUXSODUQGDGDJ|UOHELOPHNWHGLU
/LW]LQJHU EDNDODUQGDQFHVDUHW DOPDHINDWYHNDUONJ|UPHVRV\DO RODUDN GRUX RODQ \DSPD \|QHWPHOLN YH NXUDOODU \DNQGDQ L]OHPH NDEXO J|UHQ YH X\JXQ RODQ \DSPD WDNGLU HGLOHQ YH KD\UDQ ROXQDQ ROPD |QHPOL EL
r birey olarak
GLNNDWH DOQPD GLNNDW oHNPH \DUGPVHYHUOLN EDNDODU LoLQ IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQPD SD\ODPF ROPD LKWL\DF RODQODUD \DUGP HWPH YH HOL DoN GDYUDQPDJLEL|]HOOLNOHUL JLULLPFLQLQ NLLOLL LOH LOLNLOHQGLUPLWLU $DGD LVH JLULLPFL NLLOL WHPHO|]HOOLNOHUHGHLQLOHFHNWLU
e yklenen
%HOLUVL]OLH .DU 7ROHUDQV %HOLUVL]OLN NDUDUODUQ JHQHOOLNOH WDP ROPD\DQ HQIRUPDV\RQD GD\DQDUDN DOQG JLULLPFLOLN GQ\DVQQ ELU SDUoDVGU &URPLH *LULLPFLOHU GDKD EHOLUVL] YH \DSVDOODPDP NRXOODUGD IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQPDNWDGUODU (QWULDOJR YH GLHUOHUL 3VLNRORJODU EHOLUVL]OLH NDU WROHUDQV PXODN WDPDPODQPDP HNLOOHQGLULOPHPL NHVLQ YH DoN ROPD\DQ ELOJLOHU \D GD NRXOODUOD SVLNRORMLN ELU VNQW \D GD WHKGLW KLVVHW
meden etkili bir
ELoLPGHLOJLOHQPHEHFHULVLRODUDNWDQPODPDNWDGUODU6FKHUH%HOLUVL]OLH NDUWROHUDQVEHOLUVL]OLNWD\DQNRXOODULVWHQLOLURODUDNJ|UPHNWLU%HOLUVL]OLNVDELW ROPD\DQ |]HOOLNOHU J|VWHUHQ PXODNON \D GD SDUDGRNVODU LoHUHQ NRXOODUGD
EXOXQPDNWDGU %HOLUVL] NRXOODU ELUH\ WDUDIQGDQ \HWHUVL] LSXoODUQGDQ GROD\ \DSVDOODWUODPDPDNWD \D GD VQIODQGUODPDPDNWDGU 3LWW YH .DQQHPH\HU
35
6FKHUH EHOLUVL]OLLQ ND\QDQ JLULLPFLQLQ VWOHQPHVL JHUHNHQ WDP
bir
GHQHWLP YH VRUXPOXOXN DOPD JHUHNOLOLLQH EDODPDNWDGU7LPPRQV.XUDWJR YH +RGJHWWV H J|UH JLULLPFLOHU L JYHQOLL YH HPHNOLOLN JLEL NRQXODUOD \|QHWLFLOHUH J|UH GDKD D] LOJLOHQPHNWH YH EX GXUXP GD RQODUQ EHOLUVL]OLH NDU
toleranslaUQQ GDKD \NVHN ROPDV\OD VRQXoODQPDNWDGU 3URIHV\RQHO \|QHWLFLQLQ

WHUVLQH JLULLPFLOHU RUWD VHYL\HGHQ \NVHN VHYL\H\H NDGDU L NDUL\HU YH JYHQOLN NRQXODUQGDNL EHOLUVL]OLNOHUOH \DD\DELOPHNWHGLUOHU 7LPPRQV
*LULLPFLOHU VDGHFH EHOLUVL] NRXOODUGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPHNOH NDOPDPDNWD D\Q ]DPDQGD ELOLQPH\HQH \|QHOPH\L EHOLUVL]OLNOHUL DUDWUPD\ YH VWHVLQGHQ JHOPH\L oHNLFLEXOPDNWDGUODU.RK
.DWOP
.DUDUOON
'D\DQNOON
*LULLPFLOHULQ
EDDUV]ONODUQ
YH
engellerin stesiQGHQ JHOPHOHULQGHNL HQ |QHPOL HWNHQ NHQGLOHULQL DGDPDODUGU

.DUDUOON YH JoO ELU NDWOP VD\HVLQGH JLULLPFLOHU ELUoRN ELUH\LQ VWHVLQGHQ JHOLQHPH] ELoLPLQGH GQG NRXOODU NDUVQGD JDOLS JHOPHNWHGLU .DWOP JLULLPFLOHULQHYOHULQLLSRWHNHWWLUPHGDKDD]ND]DQPD\DDPVWDQGDUWODUQGUPH YH DLOH\HKDUFDQDQ]DPDQD]DOWPDJLELIHGDNDUONODUGDEXOXQPDODUQVDODPDNWDGU .XUDWNR YH +RGJHWWV %|\OHFH JLULLPFLOHU X]XQ YDGHOL SURMHOHUH LP]D DWPDNWD YH LOHUL ELU WDULKWH JHUoHNOHHFHN KHGHIOHULQH XODDELOPHN LoLQ
oDOPDNWDGUODU7LPPRQV
)UVDW
YH
$PDo
2GDNOON
%DDUO
E\PH
GQFHVLQH
VDKLS
JLULLPFLOHULQ |QHPOL ELU |]HOOLL RQODUQ ND\QDNODU \DS \D GD VWUDWHMLGHQ ]L\DGH IUVDWODU ]HULQH RGDNODQPDODUGU %X JLULLPFLOHU IUVDWOD EDODPDNWD YH IUVDW DQOD\ODUQ GLHU |QHPOL NRQXODUGD UHKEHU RODUDN NXOODQPDNWDGUODU 2QODUQ DPDF EX IUVDWODU DUDWUPDNWU *LULLPFLOHU \NVHN IDNDW XODODELOLU DPDoODU
EHOLUOHPHNWHGLUOHUYHEXGDRQODUQHQHUMLOHULQLRGDNODPDODUQVHoLFLRODUDNIUVDWODU GHHUOHQGLUPHOHULQL YH KD\U GL\HFHNOHUL ]DPDQ ELOPHOHULQL VDODPDNWDGU $PDo \|QHOLPOLOLN |QFHOLNOHULQL WDQPODPDODUQD YH SHUIRUPDQV GHHUOHQGLUPHVL
\DSPDODUQD\DUGPFROPDNWDGU.XUDWNRYH+RGJHWWV
36
QLVL\DWLIYH6RUXPOXOXN$OPD%LUoRNDUDWUPDFHWNLOLJLULLPFLOHULQDNWLI RODUDN LQLVL\DWLIL DUD\S HOGH HWWLNOHULQL LOHUL VUPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHU KHUKDQJL ELU IDDOL\HWLQ EDDU \D GD EDDUV]OQGDQ NHQGLOHULQLQ VRUXPOX WXWXODFD YH ELUH\VHO
eWNLOHULQLQ
SUREOHPLQ
o|]PQGHNL
NDWNVQQ
|OoOHELOHFHL
NRXOODU
WHUFLK
etmektedirler (Timmons 1978: 10).
,VUDUOYH$]LPOLELU%LoLPGH3UREOHPOHULQd|]P\OH8UDPD%DDUO ROXXPODU \DUDWDQ JLULLPFLOHU \RXQ ELU HNLOGH NDUDUOON HQJHOOHUL DS
SUREOHPOHULQL o|]PH YH LL WDPDPODPD \HWLVL VHUJLOHPHNWHGLUOHU =RU GXUXPODU NDUVQGD NRUNPDPDNWD KDWWD NHQGLOHULQH RODQ JYHQOHUL YH L\LPVHUOLNOHUL
LPNDQV]Q VDGHFH ELUD] GDKD X]XQ VUHELOHFHLQL GQPHOHULQL VDODPDNWDGU
(Timmons 1978: 8). AncakJLULLPFLOHUD]LPOLROPDODUQDUDPHQ\DSDELOHFHNOHULYH

\DSDPD\DFDNODU IDDOL\HWOHUL EHOLUOHPHGH YH ]RU DPD NDoQOPD] J|UHYOHUL o|]PHGH \DUGP DODELOHFHNOHUL \HUOHUH EDYXUPDGD JHUoHNoL GDYUDQPDNWDGUODU .XUDWNR YH
Hodgetts 1998: 102).
*HULELOGLULP KWL\DF *LULLPFLOHU SHUIRUPDQVODU |]HOOLNOH L\L GXUXPGD ROXS ROPDGNODU NRQXVX\OD VRQ GHUHFH LOJLOLGLUOHU %X LOJL JHULELOGLULP NXOODQP |]HOOLLQL RUWD\D oNDUPDNWDGU *HULELOGLULP ROPDGDQ JLULLPFL QH NDGDU L\L \D GD N|W ROGXXQX ELOHPHPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHU NHQGLOHULQL JHOLWLUPHN YH KDWDODUQ G]HOWPHN DPDF\OD VUHNOL ELU JHULELOGLULP LKWL\DF VHUJLOHPHNWHGLUOHU 7LPPRQV
1978: 9).
*HULELOGLULP JLULLPFLOHULQ KDWDODUQGDQ YH EDDUV]ONODUQGDQ GHUV
DOPDODUQVDODPDNWDGU.XUDWNRYH+RG
getts 1998: 102).
Yksek Enerji Dzeyi

HQHUMLOHUL YDUGU *QOHU
*LULLPFLOHULQ JHUHLQGHQ
oRN D]
\NVHN X\NX\OD
PLNWDUGD VDDWOHUFH
ELUH\VHO oDOPD
ER\XQFD
NDSDVLWHOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHULQ NDUODW VWUHVOL NRXOODU YH VUDG L \RXQOXNODU HQHUMLQLQ RQODU LoLQ VDKLS ROGXX |QHPL
gstermektedir. (Kuratko ve Hodgetts 1998: 103).
37
%DDUV]OD .DU 7ROHUDQV *LULLPFLOHU EDDU RGDNO ROPDODUQD UDPHQ EDDUV] ROPD RODVOQ GD KHVDED NDWPDNWDGUODU %DDUV]ON L
htimalinin ok
GN \D GD oRN \NVHN ROGXX NL E|\OH ELU GXUXPGD VRUXPOX WXWXOPD\DFDNODU J|UHYOHUH HLOLPOLGLUOHU 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHU EDDUV]O ELU WHFUEH RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU %DDUO ELU JLULLPFL ROPDQQ \LQHOH\LFL YH GHQHPH \DQ
lma
]HULQH NXUXOX GRDV FLGGL KDWDODU YH KD\DO NUNONODUQ |UHQPH VUHFLQLQ D\UOPD]ELUSDUoDV\DSPDNWDGU.XUDWNRYH+RGJHWWV
l Olarak Para:
%DDUO JLULLPFL\H J|UH SDUDQQ |]HO ELU DQODP
EXOXQPDNWDGU SDUD ELU DUDoWU YH ]LUYHGH NDOPDQQ \ROXGXU .DUODU VHUPD\H ND]DQoODUYH|]VHUPD\HJLULLPFLOHULQEHOLUOHGLLDPDoODUDXODPD\ROXQGDQHNDGDU EDDUO ROXS ROPDGNODUQQ ELU |OoVGU 3DUD SHUIRUPDQVQ |OoPQGH
NXOODQOPDNWDGUYHDPDoRODUDNJ|UOPHPHNWHGLU7LPPRQV
78: 7-8)
Drstlk ve Gvenilirlik: 'UVWONYHJYHQLOLUOLNJLULLPFLLOHLOHWPH\L

ELUELULQH EDOD\DQ YH EXQX VUHNOL NODQ ELU IRQNVL\RQD VDKLSWLU 'UVWON YH JYHQLOLUOLN LQDQODELOLU ROPD\ VDODPDNWD JYHQ LQD HWPH\H YH VUGUPH\H \DUGPFROPDNWDGU.XUDWNRYH+RGJHWWV
g]*YHQYH\LPVHUOLN%DDUOJLULLPFLOHULQ\NVHNVHYL\HGHNHQGLOHULQH JYHQOHUL ROGXX NRQXVXQGD J|U ELUOLL EXOXQPDNWDGU +HGHIOHULQH XODPDN LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ \HWHQHNOHUH VDKLS ROGXNODUQD GDLU LQDQoODU VRQ GHUHFH ID]ODGU +D\DWODUQGD PH\GDQD JHOHQ ROD\ODUQ E\N NVPQQ NHQGLOHUL WDUDIQGDQ
EHOLUOHQGLLQH YH NDGHUOHULQLQ ]HULQGH HWNLOHUL ROGXXQD LQDQPDNWDGUODU 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH oRN |QHPOL HQJHOOHUOH NDU NDU\D NDOPDODUQD UDPHQ \HWHQHNOHULQH RODQ LQDQoODU QDGLUHQ VDUVOPDNWDGU %X G SHUL\RWODU
boyunca kendine olan gvenlerini devam ettirmektedirler. Bu durum, birlikte

oDOWNODUELUH\OHULQL\LPVHUOLNOHULQLGHYDPHWWLUPHOHULQH\DUGPFROPDNWDYHHWNLOL
grup oDEDV LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ |]JYHQ G]H\LQL \DUDWPDNWDGU .XUDWNR YH +RGJHWWV 1998: 104).
38
.D\QDN .XOODQP *LULLPFLOHU ILUPDODUQROXWXUXUNHQQH]DPDQYHQDVO LoYHG\DUGPDODFDNODUQELOPHNWHGLUOHU%DDUOJLULLPFLOHUDPDoODUQDXODPDN
iLQ X]PDQ ELOJLVLQGHQ YH \DUGPQGDQ ID\GDODQPDNWDGUODU %X |]HOOLN LON EDNWD
JLULLPFLOHULQ WDPDPHQ ELUH\FL YH NHQGL NHQGLQH \HWHELOHFHNOHUL J|U\OH
oHOLPHNWHGLU $QFDN \NVHN SRWDQVL\HOOL JLULLPFL\L GLHUOHULQGHQ D\UW HGHQ HQ
nemli zellik, yaUGPDUDPDYHNXOODQPDLVWHNOLOLLGLU7LPPRQV
%DPV]ON *LULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH NXUDOODU SURVHGUOHU VRV\DO QRUPODU WDUDIQGDQ ELUH\OHUH \NOHQHQ VQUODPDODUGDQ NDoQPD\ WHUFLK HWPHNWHGLUOHU
&URPLH %DPV]ON ELUH\VHO NDUDUODUQ DOQPDVQGD |]JU ROPD IDDOL\HWOHUL ELUH\VHO WDU]D X\JXQ ELU ELoLPGH \UWPH RODUDN WDQPODQPDNWDGU /LW]LQJHU %X GXUXP JLULLPFLOHULQ EWQ NDUDUODU DOG DQODPQD JHOPHPHNWHGLU DQFDN |QHPOL NDUDUODUQ DOQPDVQGD \HWNLOL ROPD\ L
stemektedirler
(Kuratko ve Hodgetts 1998: 105).
.LLOLNg]HOOLNOHUL<DNODPQD*HWLULOHQ(OHWLULOHU
.LLOLN YH JLULLPFLOLN DUDVQGDNL LOLNLQLQ DUDWUOPDVQQ WDULKL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ OLGHUOLNOH LOLNLVLQL DUDWUDQ WDULK LOH J|]H
arpan bir paralellik
J|VWHUPHNWHGLU.RUXQND/LGHUOLNDODQQGD\DSODQoDOPDODULONDDPDGD |]HOOLNOHU WHRULVL ]HULQH \RXQODP $NGHPLU YH .DVPROX YH WSN JLULLPFLOLN DODQQGD ROGXX JLEL OLGHUOLN DODQQGD GD DUDWUPDODU OLGHUOHULQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQLQFHOHQPHVL\OHEDODPWU$QFDNDPSLULNoDOPDODUQEXOJXODUOLGHU NLLOLL WHVSLW HGHFHNYH EDDUOOLGHULOHEDDUV]RODQQD\UWHGLOPHVLQLVDOD\DFDN NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ ROPDGQ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X QHGHQOH DUDWUPDODUQ RGD NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ OLGHUOHULQ GDYUDQODUQD YH GXUXPVDO IDNW|UOHUH ND\PWU (HU ]DPDQODPD oHYUH YH NRXOODU X\JXQ LVH OLGHU ROPDN KHPHQ KHUNHV LoLQ PPNQGU %HQ]HU HNLOGH EX GXUXP JLULLPFLOLN LoLQ GH JHoHUOLGLU 7HN ELU
lider
WUROPDGJLELWHNELUJLULLPFLWUGH\RNWXU%URFNKDXVYH+RUZLW]
39
$OGULFK
YH
=LPPHU

NLLOLN
|]HOOLNOHUL
\DNODPQQ
SUREOHPOL
\|QOHULQGHQ EDKVHWPHNWHGLUOHU g]HQOL ELU HNLOGH \DSOP DPSLULN DUDWUPDODU JLULLPFLOLNOH JoO ELU ELoLPGH LOLNLOL KHUKDQJL ELU NLLOLN |]HOOLLQL WHVSLW HGHPHPLOHUGLU %LU oRN DUDWUPD GHQH\ YH NRQWURO JUXEX VHoLPLQGH WDUDIO ELU \DNODP VHUJLOHPL YH NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL LOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ DUDVQGD WHPLQDWV] WXWDUOROPD\DQYH]D\ILOLNLOHUWHVSLWHWPLOHUGLU$OGULFKYH=LPPHU
dDOPDODUQE\NELUE|OPEDDUOJLULLPFLOHULQ|]HOOLNOHULQL|OoPWU %LUoRNoDOPDQQ|UQHNNWOHVLNoNWUdRND]oDOPDN\DVODQDELOLUQLWHOLNWHGLU %R\ODPDVQD DUDWUPDODU \RN GHQHFHN NDGDU D] VD\GDGU %X WU DUDWUPDODUQ HNVLNOLLJLULLPFLGHEXOXQGXXLGGLDHGLOHQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULQHNXUPDDDPDVQGDQ VRQUD GD VDKLS ROXS ROPDG YH EX |]HOOLNOHULQ KDOD ELU |QHP WD\S WDPDG VRUXVXQXFHYDSV]EUDNPDNWDGU6H[W
on ve Bowman 1983: 408).
OHULQ RUWDODUQGDQ LWLEDUHQ OLWHUDWUGH oRN GDKD WDUWPDO ELU JLULLPFL NLLOLN EDN DoV RUWD\D oNPWU .RUXQND YH GLHUOHUL
Gartner (1985),
JLULLPFLOLN OLWHUDWUQQ LQFHOHQPHVL\OH JLULLPFLOHU DUDVQGDNL YH NXUGXNODU JLULLPOHUL DUDVQGDNL IDUNOONODUQ HQ D] JLULLPFLOHU YH JLULLPFL ROPD\DQ ELUH\OHU DUDVQGDNL IDUNOONODU NDGDU ROGXXQXQ J|UOHELOHFHLQL EHOLUWPLWLU
Carland ve
GLHUOHUL JLULLPFLOHULQ YH NoN LOHWPH VDKLSOHULQLQ IDUNO ROGXNODUQ EHOLUWHUHN JLULLPFLOHULQ JLULLPFL ROPD\DQ \|QHWLFLOHUGHQ YH NoN LOHWPH
VDKLSOHULQGHQ \HQLOLN IDNW|U LOH D\UW HGLOHELOHFHLQL LOHUL VUPWU %XQD FHYDEHQ *DUWQHU D 6FKXPSHWHU LQ RUWD\D NR\GXX \HQLOLN IDNW|UQQ
JLULLPFLOHULQ D\UW HGLFL WHPHO |]HOOLL ROPD VIDWQ WD\DPD\DFDQ EHOLUWPLWLU *LULLPFL NLPGLU" VRUXVXQXQ JHoHUOLOLLQL WDUWDQ *DUWQHU &DUODQG YH GLHUOHUL QLQ oDOPDVQ HOHWLUPL YH DUDWUPDODUQ JLULLPFL QH \DSDU
sorusuna odaklanmDV
JHUHNWLLQL
EHOLUWPLWLU
.LLOLN
|]HOOLNOHUL
\DNODPQ
YHULPVL]RODUDNJ|UHQ*DUWQHUJLULLPFLOHUOHJLULLPFLROPD\DQODUD\UWHGHQ IDNW|UQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL GHLO ELUH\OHULQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPD IDDOL\HWOHUL
ROGXXQX EHOLUWPLWLU *DUWQHU NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQH RGDNODQDQ oDOPDODUQ JLULLPFL\H DUWF VD\GD YH oHOLNLOHUOH GROX |]HOOLNOHU \NOH\HUHN JLULLPFL\L
40
WRSOXPGDNL GLHU ELUH\OHUGHQ D\UW HGLOHPH] KDOH JHWLUGLNOHULQL LIDGH HWPLWLU *LULLPFLOHULNoNLOHWPHVDKLSOHULQGHQ\DGD\|QHWLFLOHUGHQD\UWHWPHoDEDODUQQ oRX EX D\UP JHUoHNOHWLUHELOHQ |QHPOL ELU |]HOOLN EXODPDPODUGU
(Brockhaus ve
Horwitz 1986: 42).
&DUODQG YH GLHUOHUL LVH NLLOLLQ |QHPLQL YXUJXODPODUGU +HU QDVO WDQPODQUVD WDQPODQVQ NLLOLNHLWLPNDUL\HUHYOLOLN YHKD\DWQ WP FHSKHOHULQGH
belirgin bir etkiye sahiptir. rnek ktlelerden istatistiksel yorumlara kadar

PHWRGRORMLN VHEHSOHU VUH JHOHQ SUREOHPOHUGLU IDNDW NLLOLLQ |QHPL J|UPH]GHQ JHOLQPHPHOLGLU&DUODQGYHGLHUOHUL+HUH\HUDPHQELUH\OHUJLULLPVHO
srecin itici gcdr (Johnson 1990: 48). Daha da nemlisi Learned (1992), bir
LOHWPH NXUPD \D GD YD]JHoPH NDUDUQQ NXUXFX WDUDIQGDQ DOJODQDQ NDQWODUD EDO RODUDNWHWLNOHQGLLQLEHOLUWPLWLU
ShavHU YH 6FRWW NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODPQD JHWLULOHQ HOHWLULOHULQ

VRQXFXQGD JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQGD ELUH\LQ KDULFLQGH NDODQ KHU NRQX\D
RGDNODQPD HLOLPL ROGXXQGDQ EDKVHWPHNWHGLU (NRQRPLN DUWODU |QHPOLGLU VRV\DO LOLNLDODU|QHPOLGLUJLULLPVHOWDNPODUSD]DUODPDILQDQVKDWWDKDONODLOLNLOHUELOH |QHPOLGLU )DNDW EXQODUQ KLoELUL WHN EDQD \HQL ELU JLULLP \DUDWPD\DFDNWU %X QHGHQOH ]LKQLQGH EWQ RODVONODU ELU DUD\D JHWLUHQ \HQLOLLQ PPNQ ROGXXQD LQDQDQYH L\DSOQFD\D
kadar dayanacak motivasyona sahip olan bir bireye ihtiya
YDUGU6KDYHUYH6FRWW
*DUWQHU
ED
J|UH JLULLPFLOLN
YH NLLOLN
|]HOOLNOHULQLQ LOLNLVLQL
DUDWUDQ oDOPDODU KHU H\GHQ |QFH SVLNRORML GLVLSOLQL\OH LOJLOLGLU YH EX QHGHQOH
araWUPDFODUEXDODQGDNLLOJLOL\D\QODU|QFHOLNOHLQFHOHPHOLGLUOHU$QFDN|]HOOLN\D
GD GDYUDQ RNXOODUQQ ILNLU PFDGHOHOHULQH NHQGLOHULQL NDSWUDQDUDWUPDFODUHHU KDOD YDUVD JLULLPFLOLN NDYUDP WDUDIQGDQ VDODQDQ \|Q ND\EHGHELOPHNWHGLUOHU
(CaUODQGYHGLHUOHUL
41
$DGDNLWDEORGDJLULLPFLOHULQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULQLDUDWUDQ%DDUKWL\DF o .RQWURO 2GDNOON YH 5LVN DOPD (LOLPLQH RGDNODQP oDOPDODU YH EXOJXODU |]HWOHQPLWLU 7DEORGD EXOXQDQ oDOPDODUQ VHoLPL LOJLOL OLWHUDWUGH \DSODQ DWIODU ED] DOQDUDN \DSOPWU .LLOLN |]HOOLL YH JLULLPFLOLN DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L DUDWUDQ oDOPDQQ EXOJXVX ROXPOX \|QGH LVH ROXPVX] \|QGH LVH LDUHWL LOH J|VWHULOPLWLU
Tablo 4. .LLOLNg]HOOLNOHULdDOPDODU dDOPD KaUODWUODQgUQHN Ktleler 7DQPODU.XOODQODQ<|QWHPOHU /W]QJHU *LULLPFLOHUYH<|QHWLFLOHU
%DDU KWL\DF
oNRQWURO RGDNOON
Risk alma
HLOLPL
(-)Risk alma
HLOLPL D\UW
ok kk aile sahipleri ve motel yneticileri
moteli zinciri iyete
edici zellik
GHLOGLU
bir
*LULLPFL DPDFD YH IDDO
ynelik
DPDFD
birey.
Ynetici;
LoLQ
XODPDN YH
SURVHGUOHUL
SROLWLNDODU
izleyen birey
g]JHoPL(QIRUPDV\RQ
Anketi Schrage (1965) 22 adet retim, hizmet ve (+) GDQPDQON $UDWUPD*HOLWLUPH (Ar-*H )LUPDV sahibi
7HPDWLN 'HHUOHQGLUPH 7HVWL
(TAT) Hornaday ve Aboud (1971)

%DDUO JLULLPFLOHU YH
(+)
toplum
%DDUO ELU JLULLPFL GDKD
|QFH YDU ROPD\DQ ELU LOHWPH EDODWDQ HQ D] oDODQD
VDKLS YH ILUPDV HQ D]\OGU
faaliyet gsteren birey Edward

gOoHL
Bireysel
Tercih
42
Brockhaus (1975)
OHWPH
%|OP
<NVHN
(+)
/LVDQV|UHQFLOHUL
20 birey
DODQQGD
*LULLPFL
IDDOL\HW
EDVNQ ROPD\DQ ELU LOHWPH\H
sahip olan ve onu yneten birey

5RWWHU o '
.RQWURO
2GDNOONgOoH
i (+) (-) (-)
Brockhaus ve Nord (1979)
*LULLPFLOHUYHWRSOXP *LULLPFLOHUYH\|QHWLFLOHU
dDOPDGDQ J|UHYOHULQL LOHULQL

D\
|QFH NHQGL
EUDNDUDN
NXUDQ
\|QHWLFLOHU D\ |QFH EDND
oDOPDGDQ J|UHYOHULQL ELU
EUDNDUDN LH
ILUPDGD
EDOD\DQ o D\ON
\|QHWLFLOHU G|QHPGH
D\Q
KDOLKD]UGD
oDOWNODU ILUPDGD WHUIL HGHQ
yneticiler
5RWWHU o '
.RQWURO
2GDNOONgOoHL
Wallach ve Kogan Tercih

NLOHPL$QNHWL&'4
Decarlo (1979)
ve
Lyons
$]QON YH D]QON ROPD\DQ NDGQ JLULLPFLOHU YHJLULL ROPD\DQNDGQODU
(+)
mci
ABDnin Orta Atlantik eyaletlerinden ticaret ve

UHWLP ILUPDODUQQ NDGQ NDGQ \|QHWLFLOHULQGHQ
LOHWPH VDKLSOHULQGHQ YH NDGQ NoN LOHWPH ROXDQ
VDKLSOHULQGHQ
KDYX]GDQ JHOLL J]HO VHoLOHQ
122 birey Edward loHL Pandey ve Tewary (1979) Bireysel Tercih (+) (+)
Kendilerine ait bir firma kurmak iin finans kurumuna

EDYXUDQELUH\
5RWWHU 5RWWHU o ' .RQWURO 2GDNOONgOoHL
Mukherjeenin Cmle
7DPDPODPD%DDU'HHUOHUL
43
7DPDPODPD%DDU'HHUOHUL
Testi
+XOO YH GLHUOHUL hQLYHUVLWHPH]XQODU
(-)
(-)
(+)
(1980)
*LULLPFL ELU LOHWPH\L
organize eden ve yneten, kar

XUXQD ULVNL J|]H DODQ
bireydir.
DPDoODUGDQ
Bu
var
olan
GROD\
VWDQGDUW
WDQP ELU LUNHWL E\WPHN LoLQ VDWQ DODQ \D GD PLUDV
edinen bireyleri dahil etmek iin gHQLOHWLOPHNWHGLU

/HYLQVRQo .RQWURO2GDNOON gOoHL
/\QQ%DDUKWL\DFgOoHL
Brockhaus (1980a)
*LULLPFLOHUYHWRSOXP *LULLPFLOHUYH\|QHWLFLOHU
(-) (-)
$UDWUPDGDQoD\|QFH LYHUHQOHULLoLQoDOPD\ EUDNDQELUH\LQFHOHQPLWLU
DOPDHVQDVQGDNHQGL
LOHWPHOHULQLNXUPXYH \|QHWPLOHUGLU

NLOHPL$QNHWL
Brockhaus (1980b)
%DDUO JLULLPFLOHU
YH
EDDUV]
(+)
(-)
*LULLPFLOHU DUDWUPDGDQ o D\ |QFH LYHUHQOHUL YH LoLQ
oDOPD\
EUDNDQ
NHQGL
iOHWPHOHULQL NXUDQ YH\|QHWHQ bireylerdir

5RWWHU o '
.RQWURO
2GDNOONgOoHL

NLOHPL$QNHWL
Mescon ve Montanari (1981)
*LULLPFLILUPDNXUDQELUH\GLU
(+)
(+)
$PHULND%LUOHLN
Devletlerinin Kuzey merkez blgesinde kenGLILUPDODUQ

LOHWHQJD\ULPHQNXO
44
komisyoncusu
5RWWHU 5RWWHU o ' .RQWURO 2GDNOONgOoHL
.LLOLN$UDWUPD)RUPX
-E (+)
Schere (1982)
*LULLPFLOHU YH \|QHWLFLOHU
ve 65 birey
*LULLPFL NHQGLOHULQH DLW ELU LOHWPHNXUDQELUH\
Sexton;Bowman (1983)
hQLYHUVLWH|UHQFLOHULOHWPH E|OP |UHQFLOHUL OHWPH
(-)
blmnde
JLULLPFLOLN
olan
ve
E|OP
(-) CDQ (+) JPI, PRF-E
JLULLPFLOLN GHUVOHUL J|UHQOHU
|UHQFLOHUL LOHWPH DQDELOLP GDOGQGDQ|UHQFLOHU
-DFNVRQ
.LLOLN
(QYDQWHUL
(JPI)
.LLOLN $UDWUPD )RUPX
-E
(PRF-E) Wallach ve Kogan Tercih

NLOHPL$QNHWL
Kemelgor (1985)
Gnll
olarak
byk
ILUPDODUGDNL NRQXPODUQ \HQL ELULOHWPHEDODWPDNLoLQWHUN
(+)Parakende Sektr (-) Hizmet sektr (-) Atlye (+) (+) TAT (-) CMPS (-)
(+)Restoran (-) Hizmet sektr (-) Atlye (-) (+)
eden 218 birey

%X ELUH\OHU LOHWPHOHULQL
NXUGXNWDQ\OYH \OVRQUD LQFHOHQPLOHUGLU
3HUU\
YH
GLHUOHUL
.UHLOHWPHOHULQLQVDKLS
(-) (+) (-) Bayan (+) Bay
(1988) Koh (1996) Hansemark (2003)
yneticileri
OHWPH |UHQFLOHU \NVHN OLVDQV
gUHQFL \OVUHQELUoDOPD
TAT Cesarec-0DUNH.LLOLN izelgesi (CMPS)

5RWWHU o '
.RQWURO
2GDNOONgOoHL
45
7DEOR LQFHOHQGLLQGH oDOPDODUQ ELU oRXQGD JLULLPFLQLQ WDQPODQPDG D\Q NLLOLN |]HOOLLQL |OoPH DGQD oDOPDODUGD JHQHOOLNOH IDUNO HQVWUPDQODUQ NXOODQOG YH JLULLPFL |UQHN YH NWOHOHULQLQ +RVHOLW] oRN IDUNO VHNW|UOHUGHQ VHoLOGLL IDUNO VHNW|UOHUGH EXOXQDQ
J|UOHELOPHNWHGLU
$WNLQVRQ

giULLPFLOHULQ IDUNO PRWLYDV\RQODUD VDKLS RODELOHFHNOHULQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU (N RODUDN

\DSODQ DUDWUPDODUQ E\N ELU E|OP EDDUO YH EDDUV] JLULLPFLOHUL \D GD EDDUOJLULLPFLOHUOHWRSOXPXN\DVODPDNWDGU$WNLQVRQYH+RVHOLW]
*LULLPFLNLLOLHRGDNODQDQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULDUDWUPDODUQGD\HUDODQ|UQHN NWOHOHU NLPGLU" 0F&OHOODQG Q |UQHN NWOHVL %URFNKDXV DXQ \D GD 6FKUDJH QLQNLOHUOH EHQ]HU PLGLU" 0F&OHOODQG EDDU LKWL\DFQ JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU LOH GRUXGDQ LOLNLOHQGLUPHPLWLU 3HUU\ 2QXQ
JLULLPFLOHULDVOQGDJHQHOPGUVDWSD]DUODPDILQDQVPKHQGLVOLNYHSHUVRQHO JLEL IDUNO IRQNVL\RQHO LOHWPH \|QHWLFLOHUL\GL &DUODQG YH GLHUOHUL ON G|QHP oDOPDODUGD DUDWUPDFODU JLULLPFL WDQPQ JHQHO RODUDN \DSPODUGU YH EX QHGHQOH GH |UQHN NWOHOHUGH \|QHWLFLOHU SD]DUODPDFODU \D GD NoN LOHWPH VDKLSOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU *DUWQHU $UDWUPDODUQ EXOJXODU N\DVODPD \DSPDN LoLQ X\JXQ GHLOGLU YH QHW ELU JLULLPFL WDQPQQ OLWHUDWUGH \HU DOPDG DoNRODUDNJ|UOPHNWHGLU%URFNKDXVYH+RUZLW]
&LDYDUHOOD YH GLHUOHUL JLULLPFLOHULQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQL EHOLUOHPH\H \|QHOLN oDOPDODUQ EXOJXODUQGDNL LVWLNUDUV]OQ *HoPL QHGHQLQL NDYUDPVDO YH
metoGRORMLN
\DSODPD\DQ
IDUNOONODUD |UQHN
EDODPDNWDGUODU VHoLOHQ
DUDWUPDODU
NDUODWUPD WHUFLK
NWOHOHUL
|UQHNOHUGH
EDDUO
JLULLPFLOHULQ
HGLOPHVL J|]OHPOHQPL |]HOOLNOHULQ JLULLPVHO GHQH\LPGHQ ND\QDNODQP ROPD LKWLPDOL JLEL WDQPGDQ YH
metodolojiden kaynaklanan problemlere sahiptirler ve bu
QHGHQOHGHEXOJXODUQ\RUXPODPDNJoWU/RZYH0DF0LOODQ
%X
oDOPDODUQ
oRX
NDYUDPVDO
DoNONWD
KHQ]
PNHPPHOOLH
XODPDPODUGU +HP JLULLPFLOHU YH \|QHWLFLOHU DUDVQGDNL IDUNOONODUQ RUWD\D NRQPDVQGD WHNUDUODQDQ NDUNON YDUGU KHP GH ELUoRN DUDWUPD \DOQ]FD LOHUL
46
WHNQRORMLJLELEHOOLJLULLPVHODOWJUXSODUDRGDNODQPWU\DGDLOHWPHSHUIRUPDQVQGD EDDU\D NDWNGD EXOXQDELOHQ EHOLUOL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQH \RXQODPWU
. Buna ek
RODUDN HQVWUPDQODUGDNL oHLWOLOLN GDKD JHQHO NDUODWUPDODU \DSPD RODVOQ |QOHPLWLU \D GD HQ D]QGDQ ]RUODWUPWU .HWV 'H 9ULHV (QVWUPDQ oHLWOLOLLQH |UQHN RODUDN EDDU LKWL\DF YH |OoP YHULOHELOLU
Fineman (1977),
LQFHOHPLWLU %X
baDU
LKWL\DF
DUDWUPDODUQGD
NXOODQOP
RODQ

|OoHL
|OoHNOHUGHQ ED]ODU JHOHQHNVHO 7$7 |OoPOHULQL \DQVWPDNWD ED]ODU NDSVDPO NLLOLN WHVWOHULQLQ ELU DOW |OoHLQL ROXWXUPDNWD ED]ODU GD |]HOOLNOH EDDU JGVQ
lmek iin JHOLWLULOHQDQNHWOHUGHQROXPDNWDGU
$UDWUPDODU
JLULLPFLOHULQ
\NVHN
GHUHFHGH
EDDU
RGDNO
ROGXNODUQ
VDSWDPD\D GHYDP HGHUNHQ D\Q GXUXPXQ EDDUO \|QHWLFLOHU LoLQ GH ROGXX NHIHGLOPLWLU %URFNKDXV YH +RUZLW] %URFNKDXV DXQ EXOJXODU JLULLPFLOHU LOH \|QHWLFLOHULQ EHQ]HU RODUDN KHVDSO ULVN DOPD\D HLOLPOL ROGXNODUQ J|VWHUPLWLU %DDU LKWL\DFQQ |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ ELUL KHVDSO ULVN DOPDGU YH EXQD GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFLOHU YH \|QHWLFLOHULQ EDDU LKWL\DF VHYL\HOHULQLQ D\Q ROGXX
belirtilebilmektedir (Perry 1990: 26).
&ROOLQV YH GLHUOHUL EDDU LKWL\DF YH JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQLQ VHoLPL DUDVQGD |QHPOL ELU LOLNL WHVSLW HWPLOHUGLU $QFDN EDDU LKWL\DF JLULLPFLOHU LoLQ ROGXX NDGDU SD]DUODPD oDODQODU PHVOHLQ
de uzman olan bireyler ve yneticiler
LoLQ GH JHoHUOLGLU /RZ YH 0DFPLOODQ 'LHU WDUDIWDQ GHYDP HGHQ DUDWUPDODU EDDU LKWL\DF YH JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L JHoHUOL NODFDN ELU EXOJX VDOD\DPDPODUGU
Johnson 1990: 39). Bireyler firma kurma
GDYUDQQ ELU oRN QHGHQGHQ GROD\ JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU YH EDDU LKWL\DF LOH JLULLPFLOLN DUDVQGDNL LOLNL QHW GHLOGLU &URPLH *LULLPFLOHULQ VDKLS ROGXNODU EDDU LKWL\DF VHYL\HVL RQODUQ WRSOXPGDQ D\UW HGLOPHOHULQL VDODPDNWDGU DQFDN EX DoGDQ \|QHWLFLOHUOH DUDODUQGD ELU IDUNOON EXOXQPDPDNWDGU 3HUU\
26).
47
%HQ]HU RODUDN Lo NRQWURO RGDNOON GD JLULLPFLOHUOH WRSOXP DUDVQGDNL IDUNOO \DQVWPDNWDGU $QFDN \|QHWLFLOHU YH JLULLPFLOHU DUDVQGD Lo NRQW
rol
RGDNOON VHYL\HVL D\UW HGLFL ELU |]HOOLN GHLOGLU 3HUU\ %URFNKDXV YH +RUZLW] HJ|UH\NVHNVHYL\HGHLoNRQWURORGDNOONKHPJLULLPFLOHUKHPGH \|QHWLFLOHULoLQJHoHUOLGLUGLHUWDUDIWDQEDDUOYHEDDUV]JLULLPFLOHULD\UWH NXOODQODELOPHNWHGLU
tmede
.LLOLN GLQDPLNWLU YH |]HOOLNOH VRV\DO oHYUH\OH VUHNOLOLN J|VWHUHQ NDUONO ELUHWNLOHLPOHROXPDNWDGU-HQNV+HPEDDULKWL\DFKHPGHLoNRQWURO RGDNOONVRQUDGDQ|UHQLOHQ|]HOOLNOHURODUDNHOHDOQPDNWDYH|QFHNLDUDWUPDODUGD EX |]HOOLNOHULQ ]DPDQOD GHLWLLQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGU %X QHGHQOH GH EX
|]HOOLNOHULQJLULLPFLOLNIDDOL\HWOHULQLQ JHWLUGLL VRV\DO DUWODUQGHLPHVL\OHELUOLNWH IDUNOON DU] HWPH\H EDOD\DFDQ GQPHN PDQWNO RODFDNWU +
ansemark 2003:
303).
6WHZDUW YH 5RWK LOH \OODU DUDVQGD ULVN DOPD HLOLPL\OH LOJLOL oDOPD\ LQFHOH\HUHN PHWD DQDOL]L X\JXODP YH JLULLPFLOHULQ ULVN DOPD HLOLPLQLQ \|QHWLFLOHUH J|UH GDKD \NVHN ROGXXQX J|VWHUPLOHUGLU 'LHU WD
raftan
0LQHU YH 5DMX 6WHZDUW YH 5RWKXQ oDOPDODUQGD GLNNDWH DOQPD\DQ oDOPD\ PHWD DQDOL]LQH WDEL WXWPX YH NDUW RODUDN JLULLPFLOHULQ \|QHWLFLOHUH QD]DUDQ GDKD oRN ULVNWHQ NDoQGNODUQ WHVSLW HWPLOHUGLU %X WXWDUV] oDOPDODUQ \DQVUD /RZ YH 0DFPLOODQ YH 3HUU\ H J|UH ULVN DOPD HLOLPL JLULLPFLOHUL\|QHWLFLOHUGHQYHWRSOXPGDQD\UWHWPHGHEDDUOGHLOGLU
*LULLPFLOHULQ ULVNOL NRXOODU GHHUOHQGLUPHOHUL JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDUODUQ HWNLOHGLLLoLQROD\ODUQJHUoHNOHPHRODVOYHVRQXoWDROXDFDNND]DQoYHND\SOD LOJLOLDOJODPDODULQFHOHQPLWLU/RQJHQHFNHUYH6FKRHQ *LULLPFLOHUULVNL DOJODPDNRQXVXQGDWRSOXPDJ|UHIDUNOONDU]HWPHNWHGLUOHUEXQHGHQOHRQODUQULVNL QDVO DOJODGNODU D\UW HGLF
i bir zellik olarak nitelendirilebilmektedir (Perry 1990:
&URPLH H J|UH ELUH\OHULQ ULVNOHUL DOJODPDODU ELOLVHO \DSODUQD J|UH IDUNOONJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU
48
%LUH\H RGDNODQDQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP JLULLPFLOLN
IHQRPHQLQL
D\GQODWPDN LoLQ ELUoRN DUDWUPDF WDUDIQGDQ \HWHUVL] EXOXQPXWXU *HUHN WP JLULLPFLOHUL EHQ]HU RODUDN J|UPHVL JHUHNVH GH |]HOOLNOHULQ |OoPQGH NXOODQODQ HQVWUPDQ YH PHWRGRORML DUELUELoLPGH HOHWLULOPLWLUg]HOOLNOH*DUWQHUQ
dll makalesinden sonUD
JLULLPFLOLN
GLVLSOLQLQGH
DUONO
RODUDN
NLLOLN
|]HOOLNOHULQLQ DUDWUOPDV ELU NHQDUD EUDNODUDN GLNNDW ELUH\GHQ VUHFH ND\PWU $QFDN OLWHUDWU LQFHOHQGLLQGH \RXQOXXQ D]DOP ROPDVQD UDPHQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL oDOPDODUQQ JQGHPGHQ GPHGLL J|UOHELOHFHNWLU *QP]GH
SVLNRORML GLVLSOLQLQGHNL KHP NLLOLN WHRULVLQGH KHP GH PHWRGRORMLGH \DDQDQ JHOLPHOHUHSDUDOHORODUDNEX\DNODP\HQLDUJPDQYHPHWRWODUODoDOPDODUDNRQX ROPDNWDGU
+HIIDOXPSDYGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU+XOOYHGLHUOHUL
1980: 18).
%LOLVHO<DNODP
1LoLQ GLHUOHUL GHLO GH ED] ELUH\OHU JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL VHoPHNWHGLUOHU" %DURQ 1LoLQ GLHUOHUL GHLO GH ED] ELUH\OHU EHOLUOL JLULLPVHO IUVDWODU NHIHGLS NXOODQPDNWD 0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL E \D GD \HQL IUVDWODU \DUDWPDNWD %DURQ YH EX IUVDWODU NDUO ELU ELoLPGH \HQL UQ \D GD KL]PHWOHUH G|QWUPHNWHGLUOHU %DURQ 1LoLQ ED]ODU ILNLUOHULQL YH KD\DOOHULQL JHUoHH G|QWUPHN LoLQ oDED J|VWHUHUHN ULVNOL ELU LH DWOPD\D YH EX \ROGD GHYDP HWPH\H NDUDU YHUPHNWHGLUOHU" %DURQ %LOLVHO \DNODP JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQ D\GQODWOPDVQGD YH ELOLQPH\HQ \|QOHULQLQ DQODOPDVQGD
byk bir gelecek vaat etmektedir.
%LOL NDYUDP GX\XVDO JLUGLQLQ G|QWUOG D]DOWOG D\UQW KDOH JHWLULOGLL VDNODQG \HQLGHQ RUWD\D oNDUWOG YH NXOODQOG EWQ VUHoOHU RODUDN WDQPODQPDNWDGU 0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL E %LOLVHO \DNODP ELUH\OHULQGQGV|\OHGLL\DGDJHUoHNOHWLUGLLKHUIDDO
iyetin, zihinsel sreler
49
WDUDIQGDQ HWNLOHQGLLQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU %DURQ *LULLPFLOLH ELOLVHO ELU \DNODP JLULLPFLOHULQ LOHWPHOHULQL NXUPDN YH E\WPHN LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODU \HQL UQ \D GD KL]PHWOHUL WHKLV HGLS JHOLWLUPHOHULQH \DUGP HGHQ |QFHGHQ HGLQLOPL ELUELULQGHQ EDPV] HQIRUPDV\RQ QDVO ELULPOHULQL ELU DUD\D
JHWLUPHOHULQL
EDVLWOHWLUHQ
]LKLQVHO
PRGHOOHUL
NXOODQGNODU
LOH
LOJLOLGLU
*LULLPVHOELOLELUH\OHULQIUVDWODUGHHUOHQGLUPHNNDUDUDOPDNYHJLULLP\DUDWPDN LoLQNXOODQGNODUELOJL\DSODUGU0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE
$UDWUPDFODU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPQ HWNLOH\HQ NOWUHO GHPRJUDILN YH ELUH\VHO NRXOODU JLEL ELUoRN IDNW|U LQFHOHPLOHUGLU DQFDN EX \DNODPODUQ KLo ELUL JLULLPFLOLLQ GRDVQ DoNOD\DPDPDNWDGU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL 'LHU WDUDIWDQ LNWLVDW WHRULOHUL VRQXFD \|QHOLN ELU \DNODP VHUJLOH\HUHN JLULLPFLOLLQ QH ROGXXQX YH QH ]DPDQ PH\GDQD JHOGLLQL EHOLUOHPH\H \DUGPF ROPDNOD EHUDEHU QDVOYHQLoLQJLELGDKDPLNURVRUXODUDoNODPDGDHWNLVL]NDOPDNWDGUODU0LWFKHOOYH GLHUOHUL E *LULLPFLOLN IDDOL\HWLQLQ RUWD\D oNQ SD]DU DNVDNONODUQQ \DUDWW IUVDWODUD EDOD\DQ LNWLVDW WHRULOHUL ED] ELUH\OHULQ GLHUOHULQH N\DVOD EX IUVDWODU DOJODPD YH EDDU\OD NXOODQPDGD QLoLQ GDKD HWNLOL ROGXNODUQ DoNODPDNWD \HWHUVL]ROPXODUGU%XVHQLW]YH%DUQH\
%XQXQ ]HULQH DUDWUPDFODU JLULLPFLOHUL JLULLPFL ROPD\DQODUGDQ IDUNO NODELOHFHN NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ YDU ROXS ROPDG NRQXVXQX LQFHOHPLOHUGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL *LULLPFLOLN LOH LOJLOL RODUDN EDDU LKWL\DF ULVN DOPD HLOLPL NRQWURO RGDNOON EHOLUVL]OLH NDU WROHUDQV JLEL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL
DUDWUPDFODU WDUDIQGDQ RUWD\D NRQPXWXU 0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL E
4). Ancak
EX\|QHOLPJLULLPFLOLNIDDOL\HWLQHNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULQLQGLUHNWELUHWNLVLQLQVRQXoVX] NDODQEXOJXODUQDGD\DORODUDNELUoRNDUDWUPDFWDUDIQGDQoNPD]VRNDNHNOLQGH QLWHOHQGLULOPLWLU
(Simon ve Houghton 2002: 107).dQNWPJLULLPFLOHU iin ortak
RODQ SVLNRORMLN YH GHPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHUL D\UW HWPH oDEDODU ]D\I JHoHUVL] \D GD |QHPVL] VRQXoODU QHGHQL\OH JHQHOOLNOH EDDUV]ONOD VRQXoODQPWU 0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL E
-95;
%DURQ gUQHLQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQH RGDNOD
nan
DUDWUPDFODU JLULLPFLOHULQ GLHUOHULQH J|UH GDKD ID]OD ULVNH HLOLP J|VWHUGLNOHULQL
50
YH \HQL JLULLPOHULQ \NVHN EDDUV]ON RUDQODUQD UDPHQ ELOHUHN YH LVWH\HUHN EX ULVNL VWOHQGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLOHUGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL $QFDN EX
alPDODU ELUH\OHULQ ULVN DOPD LVWHNOLOLLQL YH HLOLPLQL EHOLUOHUNHQ JLULLPFLOHULQ

QHGHQ ELU JLULLP EDODWPD JLEL ULVNOL ELU IDDOL\HWL VWOHQPHN LoLQ LVWHNOL ROGXNODUQ DoNOD\DPDPODUGU .HK YH GLHUOHUL 6RQUDODU \DSOP RODQ DPSLULN oDOPDODU LVH ULVN DOPD HLOLPLQ JLULLP EDODWPD LOH LOJLOL ROPDGQ J|VWHUPLWLU %X ROXPVX] VRQXoODU DUDWUPDFODU JLULLPFLOLN IDDOL\HWOHULQL DoNODPDN LoLQ ELOL YH NDUDU VUHoOHULQGHNL GHLLPOHUL LQFHOHPH\H \|QHOWPLWLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %X QHGHQOH JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQQ RGD ELUNDo |QHPOL LVWLVQD KDULFLQGHNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULQLQLQFHOHQPHVLQGHQJLULLPVHOELOLYHNDUDUVUHoOHULQLQ DUDWUOPDVQD ND\PWU 6LPRQ YH +RXJKWRQ YH VRQ\OODUGDNLEXOJXODU
biOLVHO
\DNODPQ JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQL GDKD L\L DoNODGQ J|VWHUPHNWHGLU
0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE
%LOLVHO \DNODP JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDUQD REMHNWLI JHUoHNOLNOHUGHQ ]L\DGH ELUH\OHULQ DOJODUQQ \|Q YHUGLLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %LUH\OHU IUVDWODU YH ULVNL ]LKLQOHULQGH NXUJXODPDNWDGUODU %X VHEHSWHQ GROD\ DOJ YH GLHU ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHU IUVDWODUQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHVL YH ULVNLQ DOJODQPDV LoLQ
kritik bir neme sahiptir (Krueger 2000: 6;

\DNODP JLULLPFLOHULQ
.HK YH GLHUOHUL
2002: 126).
%LOLVHO
DOJODUQQ .UXHJHU
KDI]DODUQQ
(Mitchell ve
GLHUOHULENVD\ROODUQQ%DUQHVHPDODUQQ*DJOLRYH.DW]
2001: 96),
HLOLPOHULQLQ %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\ ELOLVHO PHNDQL]PDODUQQ
%XVHQLW] YH /DX QL\HWOHULQLQ %LUG YH G oHYUHQLQ ]LKLQGH WHPVLO HGLOPHVLQLQ GDYUDQODUQ QDVO YH KDQJL \|QGH HWNLOHGLLQL DUDWUPDNWDGU 6KDYHU YH 6FRWW %DURQ D J|UH VRQ \OODUGD \DSODQ DUDWUPDODU JLULLPFLOHULQ JLULLPFL ROPD\DQODUD J|UH ED] ELOLVHO VUHoOHU EDNPQGDQ IDNOON J|VWHUGLNOHULQLEHOLUWPHNWHYHELOLVHO\DNODPEXIDUNOOQRUWD\DNRQPDVQGDVRQ GHUHFH|QHPDU]HGHQELUNRQXPND]DQPDNWDGU
%LU oRN DUDWUPDF JLULLPFLOLLQ DQODODELOPHVL LoLQ |QFHOLNOH JLULLPFLQLQ GLNNDWHDOQPDVJHUHNWLLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU
(Simon ve Houghton 2002: 106). gUQHLQ
51
LWHQ oNDUWODQ \]OHUFH ELUH\GHQ QLoLQ VDGHFH ELUL JLULLP EDODWPDN LoLQ LVWHNOL
olmakta ve bu faaliyeti icra etmektedir? (Shaver ve Scott: 1991: 25; Simon ve

GLHUOHUL 6LPRQ YH +RXJKWRQ *LULLPFLOHUL GQPHGHQ JLULLPVHOVUHFLDQODPD\DoDOPDNPD\DROPDGDQHNPHNSLLUPHNJLELGLUEWQEX VUHFLQ ROXPDVQ VDOD\DQ WHPHO PDGGH HNVLNWLU *LULLPFLOLN EHOLUOL ELUH\OHULQ KDUHNHWOHULQGHQ RUWD\D oNPDNWD YH VRQXo RODUDN EX ELUH\OHULQ QLoLQ YH QDVO EX HNLOGH GDYUDQGNODUQ DQODPDN EWQ VUHFL DQODPDN LoLQ oRN E\N |QHP ND]DQPDNWDGU ILNLUOHULQ YH
(Baron 2004: 222-223).6RQ]DPDQODUGDELOLVHOELOLPGHQHOGH edilen

X\JXODQPDV JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODUQGD KDNLPL\HW
NDYUDPODUQ
ND]DQPWU YH EXQXQ NDQW ELULNLPOL RODUDN DUWDQ JLULLPVHO ELOL WHULPOHUL LOH oHUoHYHOHQPLEDDUODUDWUPDODUGU0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE
*LULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQGH ELOLVHO DUDWUPDODU ELUH\L WHPHO DODUDN LNL DODQD RGDNODQPDNWDGU
(Busenitz ve Lau 1996: 28). Schneider ve Angelmar (1993)e gre
EX LNL DODQ ELOJLQLQ VQUODQGUODUDN VDNODQG YH WHPVLO HGLOGLL ELOLVHO \DSODU LOH
bilgiyi elde etme YHNXOODQPDWDU]QYXUJXOD\DQELOLVHOVUHoOHUGLU
*LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO<DSODU
*LULLPFLOLN RUJDQL]DV\RQ
VUHFL
IUVDWODUQ
DOJODQPDV LOH
YH
DOJODQDQ RODQ
IUVDWODUQ IDDO
ELU
\DUDWPGD
GHHUOHQGLULOPHVL
LOJLOL
WP
iyetleri
NDSVDPDNWDGU .HK YH GLHUOHUL *LULLPFLOLLQ NDOEL ELUH\OHULQ VDKLS ROGXNODU ND\QDNODU GLNNDWH DOPDNV]Q IUVDWODU DOJODPD \|QHOLPOL ROPDODUQGD \DWPDNWDGU %LUH\OHU IUVDWODU ]LKLQOHULQGH NXUJXODPDNWDGUODU .UXHJHU
*LULLPFLOLN IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ PH\GDQD JHOPHVLQL VDOD\DFDN \D GD HQJHOOH\HFHN NRXOODU DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ JLULLPFLOHULQ IUVDW NDYUDPQ ]LKLQOHULQGH QDVO
ROXWXUGXNODUQ NXUJXODGNODUQ YH EX VUHoWHNL DOJODUQQ UROQ DQODPDN
nemlidir (Keh ve dLHUOHUL )UVDWODUQ ELUH\OHU WDUDIQGDQ DOJODQPD

RODVO LNL E\N IDNW|U WDUDIQGDQ HWNLOHQPHNWHGLU %X IDNW|UOHU ELU IUVDW
52
WDQPODPDNLoLQJHUHNOLRODQELOJL\HVDKLSROPDNYHRQXNXOODQPDNLoLQJHUHNOLRODQ ELOLVHO\DSODUGU0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE
%LOLVHO \DSODU DOQDQ HQIRUPDV\RQXQ RUJDQL]H HGLOPHVL YH VDNODQPDV\OD PH\GDQD JHOHQ ELOJL \DSODUQQ ]LKLQGH WHPVLO HGLOPHVLGLU 6FKQHLGHU YH $QJHOPDU 6FKQHLGHU YH $QJHOPDU D J|UH ELOLVHO \DSODU NDWHJ
orileri,
]LKLQGHROXWXUXODQNDYUDPODUQHGHQVHOVLVWHPOHULYHLoHULLGLNNDWHDOPDGDQVDGHFH \DSODUD LDUHW HGHQ VHQDU\RODU NDSVDPDNWDGU %XVHQLW] YH /DX LVH ELOLVHO \DSODU HPDODU VHQDU\RODU ELOJL \DSODU YH YHULOHUH DQODP ND]DQGUPD RO
arak
VQIODQGUPDNWDGUODU .DWHJRULOHU ELOJL \DSODU LOH NDYUDPODU YHULOHUH DQODP ND]DQGUPDLOHYHQHGHQVHOVLVWHPOHUHPDODUOD|UWPHNWHGLU
%LUH\OHULQ
NRXOODU
NDWHJRUL]H
HGHUHN
HWUDIODUQ
NXDWDQ
GQ\D\
EDVLWOHWLUPH\H GRDO ELU HLOLPOHUL YDUGU .UXHJHU .DWHJRULOHU NDYUDP QHGHQVHO VLVWHPOHU YH VHQDU\RODU JLEL GDKD NDUPDN \DSODUQ ROXWXUXOPDV LoLQ ELU WHPHO WHNLO HWPHNWHGLUOHU .DYUDP VLVWHPL KL\HUDULN LOLNLOHU WHPHO DOQDUDN NDWHJRULOHUGHQ GD\DOGU JHOLWLULOPHNWHGLU ROD\ODU 1HGHQVHO DUDVQGDNL VLVWHPOHU JQFHO VHEHS VRQXo LOLNLOHULQH
6HQDU\RODU
LOLNLOHUH
GD\DQPDNWDGUODU
(Schneider ve Angelmar 1993: 350-351).
'DIW YH :HLFN HPDODU EHOLUOL ELU NDYUDPOD LOJLOL RUJDQL]H HGLOPL
bilgiyi temsil eden ve kavraPQ QLWHOLNOHULQL YH EX QLWHOLNOHU DUDVQGDNL LOLNLOHUL
LoHUHQ ELOLVHO \DSODU RODUDN WDQPODPDNWDGU HPDODU EHOLUOL X\DUF NPHOHUL KDNNQGD NXUDO YH LQDQoODUGDQ PH\GDQD JHOHQ ELOLVHO \DSODUGU HPD KDI]D\D EDYXUPDNWDELOJLVDODPDNWDLOLNLOHULEHOLUOHPHNWHoNDUPODUGDEXOXQDUDNVRQXFD YDUPDNWD YH GDYUDQ EDODWPDNWDGU HPDODU ELUH\H oHYUHVLQGH R\QD\DFD URO LoLQELUoHUoHYHVDODPDNWDGU%XVHQLW]YH/DX
.UXHJHU DJ|UHELUH\OHUIUVDWODUDOJODPDGDHQIRUPDV\RQ
a verdikleri
|QHPYHGHHULOHIDUNOODPDNWDYHNRXOODUROXPOXYHNRQWUROHGLOHELOLUELUIUVDW\D
53
GD ROXPVX] YH NRQWURO HGLOHPH] ELU WHKGLW RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU .HK YH GLHUOHUL QH J|UH ELU IUVDW LOH LOJLOL RODUDN GDKD GN VHYL\HGH DOJODQD
n risk daha
ROXPOX ELU GHHUOHQGLUPH LOH QHWLFHOHQHFHNWLU <HQL ELU LOHWPH NXUPD LOH LOJLOL ILNLU \UWPHN VUHNOL RODUDN YH E\N RUDQGD EHOLUVL]OLNOHUOH NDU NDU\D NDOPDN GHPHNWLU *LULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUGH HPDODUD EDYXUPDN JLULLPFLQLQ EHOLUVL]OL J|VWHUHQ DUWODUQ GQGD ELU DQODP EXODELOPHVLQH L]LQ YHUHFHNWLU
HPDODU
JLULLPFLOHUH RUWD\D oNDQ QHGHQ VRQXo LOLNLOHULQL WDQPODPDODU YH ILNLUOHULQL JHOLWLUPHOHULQGH LOHUOHPH VDODPDODU LoLQ ELU oHUoHYH ROXWXUDFDNWU %XVHQLW] YH
Lau 1996: 2 %X EDODPGD ELU IUVDWQ DOJODQPDV JLULLPFLOLN VUHFL LoLQ |QHPOL
ELU EDODQJo QRNWDVGU $VOQGD JLULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH DOJODGNODU IUVDWODUD GD\DQDUDN \HQL ELU ILUPD NXUPD NDUDU DOPDNWDGUODU %DURQ %XUDGD JLULLPFLOLN oHUoHYHVLQGH ELOLVHO \DSODUGDQ 6LQ\DO 7HVSLW 7HRULVL YH ']HQOH\LFL
Odak Teorisi incelenecektir.
1.2.2.1.1. Sinyal Tespit Teorisi
6LQ\DO7HVSLW7HRULVL677DOJODPD\EDVLWELUELoLPGHX\DUFQQYDUOQD \DGD\RNOXXQDEDOD\DQ0DUWLQYH5RYLUD RODUDNRUWD\DoNPWU WHSNL
1981: 232) ilk dnem teorilere bir tepki
. 2UJDQL]PDEDVLWRODUDNX\DUFQQYDUOQD\DGD\RNOXXQD
RUJDQL]PDQQ X\DUF\ DOJODPD NDELOL\HWL JUOWQQ
YHUPHPHNWHGLU
VHYL\HVLQH \D GD HWUDIQ NXDWDQ HQJHOOHUH GD\DQPDNWDGU .QRZOHV YH GLHUOHUL
1994: 4).
6LQ\DO NDYUDP EX EDODPGD EHOOL ELU WHSNL\H \RO DoDQ X\DUF RODUDN HOH
DOQPDNWDGU
STT, bilinen bir sinyali ya da bir grup sinyali, bilinen herhangi bir
JUOWDUWDODQQGDQWHVSLWHWPHVRUXQXLOHLOJLOLGLUYHWHPHODPDFVDGHFHJUOWYH VLQ\DO DUW JUOW JLUGLVL DUDVQGDNL D\UPOD LOJLOL WHVSLWOHUGH SHUIRUPDQV |OoPHN LoLQ\|QWHPOHUWDVDUODPDNWU7RXJDDUG
677QLQ LON DDPDV ELU VLQ\DO WDUDIQGDQ UHWLOHQ \D GD UHWLOPH\HQ DOJVDO
verinin kabul edLOPHVLQL LoHUPHNWHGLU NLQFL DDPDGD LVH VLQ\DO UHWHQ ELU ROD\Q
YDUOQ WHVSLW HWPHN LoLQ ELUH\ ELU NULWHU \D GD KNP NXUDO LOHWPHNWHGLU 0DUWLQ
54
YH 5RYLUD 677 GX\DUOON YH WHSNL HLOLPLQLQ EDPV] RODUDN GHHUOHQGLULOPHVLQHL]LQYHUHQELUDQDOL]VDODPDNWDGU'X\DUOONVLQ\DOLQYDUROXS ROPDPDVQD J|UH J|]OHPFLQLQ EX LNL ROD\ DUDVQGDNL D\UP \DSDELOPH \HWHQHLGLU 7HSNL HLOLPL J|]OHPFLQLQ YDU RODQ VLQ\DOH WHSNL YHUPH LVWHLQGHQ |QFH QH NDGDU NDQWD JHUHNVLQLP GX\GXX LOH LOJLOLGLU 7KRPSVRQ 677 ELOLVHO YH DOJVDOVUHoOHULLQFHOHPHGHoRNID\GDOEXOXQPDNWDGU'H&DUOR
677 ELUH\OHULQ ELU X\DUFQQ YDU ROXS ROPDGQ EHOLUOHPH\H oDOWNODU GXUXPODUGD G|UW RODVON RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGU 6UDV\OD EX RODVONODU LVDEHW \DQO DODUP EDDUV]ON YH GRUX UHW HWPHGLU *HUoHNWH YDU RODQ ELU X\DUF\ ELUH\LQ DOJODPDV LVDEHW RODUDN DVOQGD YDU RODQ ELU X\DUF\ ELUH\LQ IDUN HGHPHPHVL EDDUV]ON RODUDN X\DUFQQ \RNOXXQD UDPHQ ELUH\LQ ELU X\DUF ROGXX
\|QQGHNL DOJV \DQO DODUP RODUDN X\DUFQQ ROPDG GXUXPODUGD ELUH\LQ ELU X\DUF ROPDG \|QQGHNL DOJV LVH GRUX UHW HWPH RODUDN ELOLQPHNWHGLU %DURQ
2004: 229).
Tablo 5. Sinyal Tespit Teorisi UYARICI x %5(<1$/*,6,\ + + + + <D]DUODUQJ|UOHULQGHQ\RODoNODUDNX\DUODQPWU
S.T.T.
6$%(7 <$1/,$/$50 %$$5,6,=/,. '2585(7(70(
55
HNLO
Sinyal Tespit Teorisi
<$1/,$/$50
6$%(7
[X\DUF
'2585(7(70(
%$$5,6,=/,.
\ELUH\LQDOJV <D]DUODUQJ|UOHULQGHQ\RODoNODUDNX\DUODQPWU
STT, teorik karar verme erevesinde, deneysel ortamda ortaya konan isabet
YH \DQO DODUP RUDQODUQ ELUH\LQ DOJVQQ GX\DUOOQ WXWDUO YH JYHQLOLU R
larak
GHHUOHQGLUPHNYHELUH\LQKHGHIX\DUF\IDUNHWPHVLQGHD\UWHWPHHLOLPLQLDQDOL] HWPHNLoLQNXOODQOPDNWDGU&UDGLWYHGLHUOHUL
-118).
2UJDQL]PDQQ X\DUF\ DOJODPD NDELOL\HWL JUOWQQ VHYL\HVLQH \D GD HWUDIQ NXDWDQ HQJHOOHUH GD\DQPDNWDGU 677 JUOWQQ LoVHO \D GD GVDO oHYUHGHQKDWWDELUH\LQDOJVLVWHPLQGHQND\QDNODQDELOHFHLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU*UOW ELUH\LQ YDU RODQ ELU VLQ\DOL NDoUPDVQD \D GD YDU ROPD\DQ ELU VLQ\DOL DOJOD\DUDN \DQODODUPDVHEHSRODELOPHNWHGLU .QRZOHVYHGLHUOHUL
1LoLQED]ELUH\OHUIUVDWODUIDUNHGHUNHQGLHUOHULIDUNHGHPHPHNWHGLU"677 EX VRUX\X FHYDSODPD\D \DUGPF ROPDNWD YH GRDO RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQL\OH
de ilgili grnmektedir (Baron 2004: 231).
56
1.2.2.1.2. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi
']HQOH\LFL J|UHYOHULQL \HULQH
RGDN
WHRULVL LoLQ
ELUH\OHULQ KDQJL
EDDU\OD
DPDoODUQD
XODPDN
YH
JHWLUPHN
\ROODU
NXOODQDUDN
KDUHNHW HWWLNOHULQH
\RXQODPDNWDGU 7HRUL ELUH\OHULQ EXQX JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ PRWLYDV\RQHO
ve z
VWUDWHMLN HLOLPOHULQHGLNNDWoHNPHNWHGLUgQHPOLPLNWDUGDNLSVLNRORMLNDUDWUPDYH WHRUL |] G]HQOHPH VUHFLQH DGDQPWU %URFNQHU YH GLHUOHUL
dzenleme sistemi, bireylerin uygun ama ve standartlara kendilerini adapte etmek iin yolODU DUDGNODU ELU VUHFL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %URFNQHU YH GLHUOHUL z
G]HQOHPHVLVWHPLD\Q]DPDQGDKHPLVWHQLOHQKHPGHLVWHQLOPH\HQLNLIDUNOKHGHI QRNWD\DDWI\DSPDNWDGU6LVWHPELUH\LQLoLQGHEXOXQGXXPHYFXWGXUXPXPPNQ ROGXX NDGDU LVWHQLOHQ KHGHIH \DNQ LVWHQLOPH\HQH LVH X]DN WXWPD\D oDODFDNWU &URZHYH+LJJLQVg]G]HQOHPHVLVWHPLELUH\OHULQoDEDODUQGDQDVOYH QH ]DPDQ GDKD oRN \D GD GDKD D] EDDU VDODGNODUQ DoNODPD\D \DUGPF ROPDNWDGU%URFNQHUYHGLHUOH
ri 2004: 205).
']HQOH\LFL 2GDN 7HRULVL KDUHNHW QRNWDV RODUDN LQVDQODUQ KD] DUD\QGD ROXS ]QW YH NHGHUGHQ NDoQPDNWD ROGXNODUQ EHOLUWHQ %URFNQHU YH GLHUOHUL WHPHOKHGRQLNSUHQVLELLDUHWHWPHNWHGLU
(Brockner ve Higgins 2001: 37).
+LJJLQVELUH\OHULQ]QWGHQNDoQDUDNKD]DUDPD\DPRWLYHROGXNODUQLIDGH HGHQ WHPHO KHGRQLN SUHQVLEL JHQLOHWHUHN EX VUHFLQ |QHPOL D\UPODU LoHUGLLQL VDYXQPXWXU']HQOH\LFL2GDN7HRULVLQLQWHPHOSUHQVLSOHULQGHQELULELUH\OHULQEX
znt veKD]]D\DNODPODUQoRNoHLWOL\ROODUODJHUoHNOHWLUGLNOHULGLU%URFNQHUYH

GLHUOHUL ']HQOH\LFL 2GDN 7HRULVLQH J|UH KHGHI JGPO GDYUDQODU +LJJLQV YH GLHUOHUL LNL IDUNO VLVWHP WDUDIQGDQ G]HQOHQPHNWHGLU SURPRV\RQRGDNO|]G]HQOH\LFLYH|QOH\LFLRGDNO|]G]HQOH\LFLVLVWHP
(Grant ve
Higgins 2003: 1522).
3URPRV\RQRGDNO|]G]HQOH\LFLVLVWHPEHVOHQPHJLEL\DDPVUGUOHELOLU NOPD IDDOL\HWL LOH LOJLOLGLU EDDU YH JHOLLP LOH \NVHN VHYL\HGH ELU LOLNLQLQ DOWQ
L]PHNWHGLU
3URPRV\RQ
RGDNO
VLVWHP
KHGRQLN
RODUDN
ROXPOX
JHWLULOHULQ
57
ND]DQPODU ND]DQoODU KD] VDOD\DQ YDUO YH ]QW \DUDWDQ \RNOXX ND]DQo VDOD\DPDPDLOH LOJLOHQPHNWHGLU%XQDNDUWRODUDN|QOH\LFLRGDNO|]G]HQOH\LFL
sistem, gvenlik fonkVL\RQX LOH LOJLOHQPHNWH YH HPQL\HW VRUXPOXOXNODU WDP RODUDN
\HULQH JHWLUPH JLEL |QHPOLIRQNVL\RQODUQDOWQoL]PHNWHGLU%XVLVWHPLVHKHGRQLN RODUDNROXPVX]JHWLULOHULQKD]VDOD\DQ\RNOXXND\S\RNYHVNQW\DUDWDQYDUO
ile ilgilenmektedir (HLJJLQVYHGLHUOHUL Grant ve Higgins 2003: 1522; Idson

YHGLHUOHUL.OXJHUYHGLHUOHUL
).
3URPRV\RQ YH |QOH\LFL RGDNO |] G]HQOHPH VLVWHPOHUL o ER\XWWD IDUNOON DU] HWPHNWHGLUOHU ELUH\OHULQ GR\XUPDN LoLQ oDEDODGNODU WHPHO JGOHU XODPD\D oDOWNODU KHGHI \D GD VWDQGDUWODUQ GRDV YH ELUH\OHU LoLQ |QHPOL RODQ JHWLUL \D GD VRQXo WUOHUL %URFNQHU YH GLHUOHUL %URFNQHU YH +LJJLQV
Brockner ve Higgins (2001)e gre nleyici odak, grev ve zorunluluklarla ve

JYHQOLN LKWL\DFQQ WDWPLQL\OH LOJLOL\NHQ SURPRV\RQ RGD EDDU LGHDOOHU \DDP VUGUOHELOLU NOPD YH E\PH LKWL\DFQQ WDWPLQL LOH LOJLOLGLU *UDQW YH +LJJLQV H J|UH SURPRV\RQ RGDQQ LoHUGLL PRWLYDV\RQ LVWHNOLOLN IDNW|U LOH HNLOOHQLUNHQ|QOH\LFLRGDQPRWLYDV\RQXLKWL\DWOONLOHHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU
Roese ve
GLHUOHUL SURPRV\RQ RGDQQ VUDU GX\JXVXQX DUWUDUDN SHUIRUPDQV DUW VDODGQEHOLUWPLOHUGLU
']HQOH\LFL RGDN WHRULVLQLQ PDQW SURPRV\RQ RGDNO ELUH\OH
rin nleyici
RGDNO ELUH\OHUH J|UH GHLLPH GDKD DoN ROGXNODUQ LDUHW HWPHNWHGLU /LEHUPDQ YH GLHUOHUL /LEHUPDQ YH GLHUOHUL SURPRV\RQ RGDQD VDKLS ELUH\OHULQ \HQL ELU IDDOL\HWH EDODPD \D GD KDOLKD]UGD VDKLS ROGXNODU ELU QHVQH\L \HQL ELU QHVQH LOH LNDPH HWPH NRQXODUQGD |QOH\LFL RGDD VDKLS ELUH\OHUH J|UH GDKD LVWHNOL ROGXNODUQ %URFNQHU YH GLHUOHUL SURPRV\RQ RGDNO ELUH\OHULQ |QOH\LFLRGDNOELUH\OHUHJ|UHGDKD\DUDWFROGXNODUQEHOLUWPLOHUGLU
Dzenleyici odak WHRULVLVLQ\DOWHVSLWWHRULVLLOHELUOHWLULOGLLQGHJLULLPFLOLN

IHQRPHQL LOH LOJLOL |QHPOL oNDUPODUGD EXOXQPDNWDGU %DURQ
3URPRV\RQRGDQGDNLELUH\OHULVWHNOLOLNDUDFOLOHLVDEHWOHULJDUDQWLDOWQDDOUNHQ
58
EDDUV]ON \D GD DWODPD KDWDODUQGDQ NDoQPD\ VDODPDNWDGUODU 7DP WHUVLQH |QOH\LFLRGDDPRWLYHRODQELUH\OHULKWL\DWOONDUDFOLOHGRUXUHWHWPHOHULJDUDQWL DOWQD DOUNHQ \DQO DODUPODUGDQ NDoQPD\ VDODPDNWDGUODU /LEHUPDQYHGLHUOHU
Crowe ve Higgins
i 1999: 1137; +LJJLQVYHGLHUOHUL-5). Baron
EX LNL WHRULQLQ JLULLPFLOLN LOH LOLNLVLQL DQDOL] HGHUHN RUWD\D NR\PXWXU 3URPRV\RQ RGDQ EHQLPVH\HQ ELUH\OHU |QOH\LFL RGD EHQLPVH\HQOHUH J|UH GDKD JHQL YH HWNLQ ELU ELoLPGH IUVDW DUD\QGD RODFDNODU YH ELU IUVDWQ YDUOQ NDEXO HWPHN LoLQ GDKD GN NULWHUOHU NR\DFDNODUGU %X GXUXP JHUoHNWHQ GH YDU RODQ IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDVQGD LVDEHW \DUDWUNHQ EDDUV]ONWDQ NDoQOPDVQ VDOD\DFDN DQFDN GN NDEXO NULWHUOHUL QHGHQL\OH \DQO DODUPODUD QHGHQ ROXUNHQ GRUX UHW HWPHOHUGH EDDUV] RODFDNWU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ |QOH\LFL RGDN EHQLPVH\HQ ELUH\OHU \DQO DODUPODUGDQ NDoQS GRUX UHW HWPHOHUGH EDDU VDODUNHQ IUVDWQ YDUO
durumunda isabet kaydetmede yetersizlik gsterecek ve baDUV]ONWDQ \DQL IUVDWQ

DOJODQPDPDVQGDQ NDoQDPD\DFDNWU dQN |QOH\LFL RGDNO ELUH\OHU ELU IUVDWQ YDUOQ NDEXO HWPHN LoLQ \NVHN NDEXO NULWHUOHUL NXOODQPDNWDGUODU *|UOHFHL ]HUH EX oNDUPODU JLULLPFLOHULQ IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDVQGD SURPRV\RQ RGD EHQLPVHGLNOHULQLRUWD\DNR\PDNWDGU
Tablo 6. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi STT / ODAKLAR Promosyon

VDEHW <DQO$ODUP %DDUV]ON 'RUX5HW(WPH
nleyici Olumsuz Olumlu + Olumsuz Olumlu +
Olumlu + Olumsuz Olumlu + Olumsuz -
(YazarODUQJ|UOHULQGHQ\RODoNDUDNX\DUODQPWU
$\U RODUDN LQFHOHQGLLQGH VLQ\DO WHVSLW YH G]HQOH\LFL RGDN WHRULOHUL JLULLPFLOHULQ IUVDWODU DOJODPDV\OD LOJLOL |QHPOL oNDUPODU RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGUODU $QFDN EX LNL WHRUL ELUOHWLULOGLNOHULQGH 1LoLQ JLULLPFLOHU GLHUOHULQH J|UH IUVDWODU DOJODPDGD GDKD EDDUOGU" VRUXVXQX HWNLOL ELU HNLOGH FHYDSODPDNWDGUODU %DURQ
2004: 231).
59
*LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO6UHoOHU
*LULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQH ELOLVHO ELU \DNODPQ GLHU ELU DUDWUPD NRQXVX ELOJL\L HOGH HWPH NXOODQPDXVXOQYXUJXOD\DQELOLVHOVUHoOHUGLU %LOLVHO VUHoOHU ELOJLQLQ VHoLOPHVLQH RUJDQL]H HGLOPHVLQH G|QWUOPHVLQH VDNODQPDVQD YH NXOODQOPDVQD LDUHW HWPHNWHGLUOHU 6FKQHLGH YH $QJHOPDU %LOLVHO VUHoOHUD\Q]DPDQGDNVD\ROODURODUDNDGODQGUOPDNWDGU
%XEDODPGDNVD\ROODU
|]HO SUDWLN NXUDOODU \D GD SUREOHPOHUH K]O YH JHQHOGH X\JXQ o|]POHU VDOD\DQ VH]JLVHO\|QHUJHOHUGLUVWDQGDUWRODUDNWHVSLWHGLOPLNXUDO\DGD\ROJ|VWHULF
i ilkeler)
(Busenitz ve Lau 1996: 29).
%LUH\OHU EHOLUVL]OLN RUWDPQGD NDUDU DODELOPHN LoLQ NDUPDN RODQ NRXOODU EDVLWOHWLUPH LKWL\DF KLVVHWPHNWHGLUOHU +DOH\ YH 6WXPSI *HoPLWH \DSOP RODQ SVLNRORMLN DUDWUPDODU ELUH\OHULQ EHOLUVL]OLN RUWDPQGD NXOODQGNODU ELUoRNNDUDUDOPDNXUDOQWDQPODPODUGU%XNDUDUDOPDNXUDOODU\DQLNVD\ROODU NDUPDN ]LKLQVHO IDDOL\HWOHULQ EDVLWOHWLULOPHVL LoLQ LOHWLOPHNWHGLUOHU %DUQHV
129).
.VD\ROODU ELUH\OHUL |]HOOLNOH NDUDUODUQ K]O ELU HNLOGH DOQPDV JHUHNWLL ]DPDQODUGDEHOLUVL]YHNDUPDNoHYUHVHONRXOODUDOWQGDHWNLOLYHHWNLQNDUDUDOPD VUHoOHULQH J|WUHELOPHNWHGLU =DFKDUDNLV YH 6KHSKHUG %D]
DUDWUPDFODU NVD\ROODUQ NDUDU DOPD VUHFLQL JHOLWLUGLLQH LDUHW HWPLOHUGLU +DOH\ YH 6WXPSI $QFDN NVD\ROODU JHUHNOL YH \DUDUO ROVDODU GD NDUDU DOPDGD VLVWHPDWLN KDWDODUD \RO DoDQ ELOLVHO HLOLPOHUL RUWD\D oNDUPDNWDGUODU %DUQHV%LOLVHOHLOLPOHUELUH\OHULQELOLVHO\HWHQHNOHULRQODUQ]LKLQVHO NDSDVLWHOHULQL VQUODQGUG]DPDQRUWD\DoNPDNWDGU%LOLVHOHLOLPOHUNVD\ROODU NXOODQDUDN DOQDQ NDUDUODU VRQXFX YH RUWD\D NVD\RO oNDELOHFHN WHULPOHULQL VLVWHPDWLN KDWDODUGU \HULQH
$UDWUPDFODU
ED]HQ
HLOLP
ELUELUOHULQLQ
kuOODQPDNWDGUODU DQFDN EX LNL NDYUDP ELUELULQGHQ IDUNOGU +DOH\YH 6WXPSI 481).
%LOLVHO HLOLPOHU EDYXUXODQ NVD \ROODUQ VRQXoODU RODUDN J|UOPHNWHGLUOHU
(Barnes 1984: 129; Das ve Teng 1999: 760). 60
<NVHN GHUHFHGH EHOLUVL]OLN YH NDUPDD WD\DQ NDUDU DOPD NRXOODUQGD
(Busenitz ve Barney 1997: 13)
ELUH\OHU ELOLVHO NDSDVLWHOHULQLQ VQUO ROPDV
nedeniyle .HKYHGLHUOHULDOQDFDNNDUDUODLOJLOLHQIRUPDV\RQXLNWLVDGL

YDUVD\PODUQEHOLUWWLLJLELUDV\RQHOELUELoLPGHELOJLLOHPGH
n geirememektedirler.
%|\OH NRXOODUGD ELUH\OHU NDUDU DOPDN LoLQ NVD\ROODUD EDYXUPDNWD YH EX GD HLOLPOHU LOH QHWLFHOHQPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL *LULLPFLOHU EX WU NRXOODUD GLHU NDUDU DOFODUD J|UH GDKD VN ELU ELoLPGH PDUX] NDOPDNWDGUODU %XVHQLW] YH /DX *LULLPFLOHU NHQGLOHULQL JHQHOOLNOH \HQL YH |QFHGHQ NHVWLULOHPH\HQ NRXOODU LoLQGHEXOGXNODULoLQ EHOLUVL]OLN VHYL\HVLQLD]DOWDFDNJHoPL SHUIRUPDQVYHWDULKVHO WUHQG JLELELOJL \DSODUQDXODPDDQVODUGDKDD]GU
(Keh ve
GLHUOHUL%XNRXOODUDOWQGDJLULLPFLOHUHOOHULQGHNLNVWOHQIRUPDV\RQ LOH NDUDU DOPDNWDGUODU
(Busenitz ve Barney 1997: 13)
.VD\RO YH HLOLPOHU
ELUH\OHULQELOJLQLQJHUoHNOLN YHJHoHUOLOLLQHDUWDNGLUELoPHVLQH\DQOVRQXoO
ara
YDUPDVQD YH HQIRUPDV\RQD oRN ID]OD \D GD oRN D] GHHU YHUPHVLQH VHEHS
olabilmektedir (Simon ve Houghton 2002: 111- $\UFD NVD\RO YH HLOLPOHU

ELUH\OHULQ GLNNDWH DOGNODU HQIRUPDV\RQX YH oNDUGNODU \RUXPX HWNLOHGLL LoLQ DOJODUQ HWNLOH\HELOPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %D] ELOLVHO HLOLPOHU ELUH\OHULQ ROXPVX] VRQXoODU YH NDUDUODU LOH LOJLOL EHOLUVL]OLL GLNNDWH DOPDPDODUQD QHGHQROPDNWDYHEXQHGHQOHGHULVNLQJ|]DUGHGLOPHVLQH\RODoPDNWDGU6KDYHUYH
Scott 1991: 26).
%X QHGHQOH ULVN DOJV ELOLVHO HLOLPOHU YH JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU
DUDVQGDELULOLNLEXOXQPDNWDGU6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL6LPRQYH+RXJKWRQ D J|UH ELUH\OHU JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU DOPD RUWDPQQ LoHUGLL \NVHN EHOLUVL]OLN NRXOODU QHGHQL\OH NVD\ROODU LOHWPHNWH YH QHWLFHGH RUWD\D oNDQ HLOLPOHUGHQ GROD\ NDUDU LOH LOJLOL ULVNLQ VHYL\HVLQL ROGXXQGDQ GDKD GN RODUDN DOJODPDNWDGUODU %X GD ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHOHULQL ROXPOX
ynde etkilemektedir.
Katz6KDYHU YH6FRWW%XVHQLW]YH/DX\DJ|UHHLOLP

YH NVD\ROODU RUJDQL]DV\RQ NXUXFXODU WDUDIQGDQ NXOODQOPDNWDGUODU %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\ JLULLPFLOHULQ NDUDU DOPDGD \|QHWLFLOHUH QD]DUDQ GDKD VN YH \RXQ ELU ELoLPGH NVD\ROODUD EDYXUGXNODUQ YH EX QHGHQOH GH EHOLUOL HLOLPOHUL
61
VHUJLOHGLNOHULQL RUWD\D NR\PXODUGU %DURQ D J|UH JLULLPFLOHULQ NVD \ROODU NXOODQPD YH ELOLVHO HLOLPOHUH \|QHOPH RODVO GLHU ELUH\OHUH J|UH oRN GDKD \NVHNWLU dQN JLULLPFLOHU JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDUQQ RUWD\D oNDUG VWUHV YH EHOLUVL]OLL D]DOWDELOPHN LoLQ NDVWO ROPDGDQ ELOJL LOHP VUHoOHULQL
EDVLWOHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU 'XKDLPH YH 6FKZHQN *LULLP EDODWPD NDUDUQ HWNLOH\HQ NVD\RO YH HLOLPOHULQ WHVSLW HGLOPHVLQGH ED] NULWHUOHU
X\JXODQDELOPHNWHGLU(HUNVD\ROYHHLOLPOHU\HQLNDUODODQELUGXUXPGDRUWD\D oN\RUVD ELUH\OHULQ ULVN DOJVQ D]DOW\RUVD YH NDUDU DOPDQQ GHHUOHQGLUPH EDVDPDQGD KDUHNHWH JHoPHNWH\VH EX GXUXPGD NVD\RO YH HLOLPOHU JLULLP
baODWPD NDUDUQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLUOHU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %X QHGHQOHUGHQ
|WU NVD\RO YH HLOLPOHULQ LQFHOHQHUHN JLULLPFLOLN LOH LOJLOL RODQODUQ DUDWUOPDV ELUH\OHULQ QLoLQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQLWHUFLK HWWLNOHULQLQDQODOPDVQGD E\N|QH
DU] HWPHNWHGLU %XUDGD %DURQ 0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL E =DFKDUDNLV YH 6KHSSHUG 6LPRQ YH +RXJKWRQ .HK YH 'LHUOHUL 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %DURQ %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\ LQ oDOPDODUQGD JLULLPVHO ELOL LOH LOJLOL ROGXNODU WHVSLW HGLOPL RODQ NVD\RO YH HLOLPOHU
incelenecektir.
3ODQODPD<DQOJV
.DUDU DODQ ELUH\OHU JHoPLWH HGLQGLNOHUL ELOJL YH WHFUEHOHULQL J|UPH]GHQ JHOHUHN KHU ELU NRQX\D JHUHLQGHQ ID]OD |]JQ ELU ELoLPGH \DNODPD YH
ele alma
HLOLPL J|VWHUPHNWHGLUOHU 0HYFXW NRXOODUQ \D GD NDUDUQ JHoPL GHQH\LPOHUGHQ L]ROH HGLOHUHN LQFHOHQPHVL ELUH\OHULQ \UWW WDKPLQOHULQ JHoPLWH HOGH HGLOPL VRQXoODU \HULQH JHOHFHN \|QHOLPOL SODQ YH VHQDU\RODUD GD\DO ROPDV\OD
neticelenmektedir (Kahneman ve Lovallo 1993: 17). Bireyin benzer bir ok projenin

WDPDPODQPD VUHVLQLQ EHNOHQHQGHQ GDKD X]XQ VUGQ ELOGLL KDOGH NHQGL SURMHVLQLQ SODQODQG JLEL LOHUOH\HFHL YH |QJ|UOHQ ]DPDQGD WDPDPODQDFD KDNNQGD JoO ELU LQDQFD VDKLS ROPD HLOLPL SODQODPD \DQOJV RODUDN
DGODQGUOPDNWDGU%XHKOHUYHGLHUOHUL3\FKO\YHGLHUOHUL
62
%|\OH ELU HLOLP \DQL SODQODPD \DQOJV QDVO PH\GDQD JHOPHNWHGLU" .DKQHPDQ YH /RYDOOR SODQODPD \DQOJV DQDOL]OHULQGH WDPDPODQPD VUHVLQL WDKPLQ HGHUNHQ X\JXODGNODU LNL
bireylerin grevin
\DNODPGDQ
IDUNO
EDKVHGHUHN EX VRUX\D DoNON JHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU %X \DNODPODU LoVHO SHUVSHNWLI YH GVDO SHUVSHNWLIWLU oVHO SHUVSHNWLI \DNODPQGD ELUH\ J|UHYLQ WDPDPODQPD
sreVL\OH LOJLOL WDKPLQGH EXOXQXUNHQ LOJLOL J|UHYH RGDNODQPDNWD YH JHOHFHH \|QHOLN
VHQDU\RODU NXUDUDN SODQODPDGD EXOXQPDNWDGU 'VDO SHUVSHNWLI \DNODPQGD LVH ELUH\ LOJLOLJ|UHYLQD\UQWODUQELUNHQDUDEUDNDUDNEHQ]HUJ|UHYOHUOHLOJLOLYHULOHUH
ynelPHNWHGLU .DKQHPDQ YH /RYDOOR %XHKOHU YH GLHUOHUL Kruger ve Evans 2004: 586- %LUH\LQ EX \DNODPODUGDQ KDQJLVLQH \|QHOHFHL
WDKPLQOHLOJLOLJ|UHYLNHQGLQHKDV|]HOELUGXUXPRODUDNP\RNVDEHQ]HUGXUXPODUQ ELU|UQHLRODUDNPDOJODGLOHLOJLOLGLU.DKQHPDQYH/RYDOOR
oVHO YH GVDO \DNODPODU IDUNO HQIRUPDV\RQ ND\QDNODUQD GD\DQPDNWDGU
Grevin tamamlanma sresinin tahmininde isel perspektifi benimseyen bireyler, bu

VUH\L JHFLNWLUHFHN \D GD K]ODQGUDFDN
grevin belirli zellikleriyle ilgili (Pychly ve
HQIRUPDV\RQD \|QHOPHNWHGLUOHU 'VDO SHUVSHNWLIL EHQLPVH\HQ ELUH\OHU LVH GLHU
benzer grevlerin sreleriyle ilgili enformasyona ynelmektedirler

GLHUOHUL
%XHKOHU YH GLHUOHUL QH J|UH SODQODPD \DQOJVQQ PHUDN X\DQGUDQ \|QELUH\OHULQELUELUL\OHoHOLHQLNLD\ULQDQFDVDKLSROPDODUGU%LUH\|QFHNLELU oRN WDKPLQLQLQ DU L\LPVHU ROGXXQX IDUNQGD ROPDVQD UDPHQ LPGLNL
|QJ|UOHULQLQJHUoHNoLROGXXQDLQDQPDNWDGU$OOGNELU|UQHLLQFHOHUVHN&XPD JQOHUL HYOHULQH WND EDVD L GROX oDQWD\OD JLGHQ DNDGHPLV\HQOHU JHoPL KDIWD VRQODUQGD ELU \D GD LNL LL ELWLUPHNWHQ |WH\H JLGHPHGLNOHULQL IDUNQGD ROPDODUQD UDPHQ LOHULQLQ KHU ELULQL WDPDPOD\S ELWLUPH\L WDVDUODPDNWDGUOD GLHUOHUL %LUH\OHUL JHoPL GHQH\LPOHULQH
r (Buehler ve
J|UHYOHULQ
UDPHQ
WDPDPODQPDV\OD LOJLOL L\LPVHU WDKPLQOHUGH EXOXQPD\D LWHQ IDNW|UOHU QHOHUGLU" <D GD JHoPL GHQH\LPOHUL NXOODQPDGDNL HQJHOOHU QHOHUGLU" %XHKOHU YH GLHUOHUL
(1994)ne gUH JHoPLL J|]DUG HWPH\H VHEHS RODQ IDNW|UOHU WDKPLQGH EXOXQPDQQ
63
JHOHFHH G|QN GRDV PHYFXW J|UHY LOH ELUHELU |UWHQ ELU GHQH\LPLQ VDSWDQPD ]RUOXX E|\OH ELU GHQH\LP VDSWDQVD ELOH ELUH\LQ \NOHP GQFHVLGLU %|\OHFH EHOLUWLOGLL ]HUH ELUH\OHU WDKPLQ \UWUNHQ EXJQN NRXOODUD YH JHOHFHH RGDNODQDUDN JHoPL GHQH\LPOHUL E\N oDSWD J|UPH]GHQ JHOPHNWHGLUOHU (N RODUDN JHoPL GHQH\LPOHUL GLNNDWH DOGNODU oRN D] VD\GDNL GXUXPGD LVH LOJLOL J|UHYL EHOLUWLOHQWDULKWHWDPDPOD\DPDPD\NRQWUROOHULGQGDJHOLHQGVDO|]HOIDNW|UOHUH EDODPDNWDGUODU%DURQ
%XEXOJXODUQJLULLPFLOLNLOHLOLNLVLQHGLU"%DURQDJ|UHJLULLPFLOHU KHU H\GHQ |QFH JHOHFHH RGDNODQPD HLOLPLQGHGLUOHU YH SODQODPD \DQOJV JLULLPFLOHULQJHQHOGH\]\]HNDOGNODUEHOLUVL]OLNWD\DQYHNHQGLQHKDV|]HOOLNOHU J|VWHUHQ|]HONRXOODUGDGDKDJoOELUHNLOGHRUWD\DoNPDNWDGU%XWUWDKPLQOHU JHQHOGH JHoPL VRQXoODUGDQ ]L\DGH EDDU VHQDU\RODUQD YH SODQODUD EDOGU YH PXKWHPHOHQ DU L\LPVHU RODELOPHNWHGLU .HK YH GLHUOHUL dHLWOL J|UHYOHULWDPDPODPDQQQHNDGDU]DPDQDODFDQ\DGDYHULOHQ]DPDQGLOLPLQGHQH NDGDUQQ\HULQHJHWLUHELOHFHLQLWDKPLQHGHUNHQJLULLPFLOHULQNXOODQDELOHFHNOHULoRN D] LOJLOL GHQH\LPOHUL YDUGU %X QHGHQOH EXJQN NRXOODU L]ROH HWPH \D GD JHoPL GHQH\LPOHUGHQ D\U WXWPD HLOLPL DUWDELOHFHNWLU %X NRXOODU DOWQGD JLULLPFLOHU GLHUOHULQH J|UH SODQODPD \DQOJVQD HLOLPOLGLUOHU %X GXUXP JHOHFHNWH DOQDFDN VRQXoODUOD LOJLOL RODUDN DU L\LPVHU WDKPLQOHUH D] ]DPDQGD oRN GDKD ID]OD L \DSDELOHFHNOHULQHRODQELULQDQFDQHGHQROPDNWDGU%DURQ
-287).
.RQWURO$OJVQQ<DQOVDPDV
.RQWURO
DOJVQQ
\DQOVDPDV
\HWHQHLQ
HWNLOL
ELU
IDNW|U
RODUDN
GHHUOHQGLULOPHGLL YH DQVQ E\N ELU UROH VDKLS ROGXX NRXOODUGD 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHULELUH\OHULQ\HWHQHNOHULVD\HVLQGHSHUIRUPDQVODUQQ\NVHOHFHLQL DU GHUHFHGH YXUJXODGNODUQGD RUWD\D oNDQ ELU HLOLPGLU .HK YH GLHUOHUL gUQHLQ VD\VDO ORWRGD ND]DQDQ QXPDUDODU UDVWJHOH \DQL DQVD GD\DO RODUDN EHOLUOHQGLL KDOGH ELU VD\QQ LDUHWOHPHNWHQ oRN VHoLOPHVLQLQ ELUH\OHULQ
64
ND]DQDFDNODUQDGDLULQDQoODUQ \NVHOWWLLJ|UOPWU6LPRQYH+RXJKWRQ
112). Bireyler, yeteneklerini ya da yeteneklerinin sonular olarak bytmektedirler (Schwenk 1984: 122).
]HULQGHNL HWNLVLQL DU
.RQWURO DOJVQQ \DQOVDPDV 'XKDLPH YH 6FKZHQN H J|UH LNL QHGHQGHQ GROD\ PH\GDQD JHOPHNWHGLU ON QHGHQ ELOLVHO QLWHOLNOLGLU YH LQVDQ KDI]DVQQVQUODPDODU\ODLOJLOLGLU.DUDUDODQELUH\OHUSODQODUQIRUPOHG|NHUNHQ J|UHYOHULQLQNRQWUROHGHELOHFHNOHULNVPODUQDRGDNODQPDHLOLPLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLUOHU %DDU DQVQ WDKPLQ HGHUNHQ NRQWUROOHUL GQGDNL YH EDDUV]OD J|WUHELOHFHN IDNW|UOHUL GQPHPH\H oDOUODU oQN SODQQ NRQWURO HGHELOHFHNOHUL NVPODUQD \RXQODPDNWDGUODU 'XKDLPH YH 6FKZHQN (N RODUDN \HWHQHN YH DQV IDNW|UOHUL \DNQ GHUHFHGH ELUELUOHUL\OH LOLNLOLGLU YH RQODU ELUELULQGHQ D\UW HWPHN JHQHOOLNOH]RUROPDNWDGU.HKYHGLHUOHUL
002: 131).
NLQFL RODUDN ELUH\OHU oHYUHOHULQL NRQWURO HWPHN LoLQ PRWLYH ROPDNWDGUODU YH NHQGLOHULQGH DOJODGNODU \HWHQHNOHUL NRQWURO HGLOHPH\HQL NRQWURO HGHELOPH
VRQXFXQX RUWD\D oNDUWDFDNWU.HK YHGLHUOHUL %LUH\VHO NRQWUROOHULQLQ
sQUODUQ E\WPHN NDUDU DODQ ELUH\OHUH JYHQ YHUHELOPHNWH YH EHOLUVL] oHYUHVHO
DUWODUOD NDUODWNODUQGD RUWD\D oNDQ HQGLH\L GH D]DOWDELOPHNWHGLU %X GXUXP PRWLYDV\RQHO ELU QLWHOLH VDKLSWLU YH NVD\RO VUHoOHULQLQ EHOLUVL]OLNOHULQ \DUDWW
istenPH\HQ GX\JXODU D]DOWPDV LOH LOLNLOLGLU 'XKDLPH YH 6FKZHQN
%HOLUVL]OLNWHQ ND\QDNODQDQ UDKDWV]O KDILIOHWPHN LoLQ ELUH\OHU NHQGLOHULQL
EHOLUVL]OLN VHUJLOH\HQ JHOHFHNWHNL VRQXoODU NRQWURO HGHELOHFHNOHULQH YH GRUX RODUDN
ngrebilecekleriQHLQDQGUPDNWDGUODU6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL
*LULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH |QOHULQH oNDQ oRN FLGGL HQJHOOHUL J|UHPHPHNWHGLUOHU .UXHJHU YH %UD]HDO oQN NRQWURO DOJVQQ \DQOVDPDV \HQL ELU JLULLP EDODWPD LOH LOJLOL ULVN VHYL\HVLQLQ GN DOJODQPDVQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL%DURQDJ|UHNRQWURODOJVQQ\DQOVDPDVJLULLPFLOHULQ GLHUOHULQH J|UH PHYFXW ULVNL ROGXXQGDQ GDKD GNRODUDNDOJODPDODUQDYHFHVXU ELUDGPDWDUDN\HQLELUJLULLPEDODWPDODUQD|QHPOL|OoGHNDWNVDODPDNWDGU
65
$U*YHQ
$U JYHQ HLOLPL ELUH\LQ VDKLS ROGXX ELOJLQLQ VQUODUQ J|UHELOPHGH EDDUV]ROPDVLOHLOJLOLGLU5XVVRYH6FKRHPDNHU6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL
117; Zacharakis ve Shepherd
.HK YH GLHUOHUL 5XVVR YH
6FKHRPDNHU WHPHO ELOJL YH VWELOJL NDYUDPODUQGDQ EDKVHGHUHN WHPHO ELOJLQLQKD\DWP]ER\XQFDHGLQGLLPL]JHUoHNOHULNDYUDPODULOLNLOHULYH WHRULOHUL LoHUGLLQL VWELOJLQLQ LVH ELUH\LQ WHPHO ELOJL \DSVQQ GRDVQ RODQDNODUQ YH VQUODUQ NDYUDPDN ROGXXQX EHOLUWPLOHUGLU gUQHN RODUDN \DVDODU YH WS KDNNQGD ELOGLNOHULPL] WHPHO ELOJL LNHQ ELU GRNWRU \D GD DYXNDWD QH ]DPDQ LKWL\DFP] ROGXXQX ELOPHN VWELOJLGLU 5XVVR YH 6FKHRPDNHU %LUH\OHU DU JYHQ VHUJLOH\HUHN NDUDU DOGNODUQGD VWELOJLOHULQLQ J|U DODQ GQD oNPDNWD
=DFKDUDNLV YH 6KHSKHUG YH NRXOODUOD LOJLOL HN HQIRUPDV\RQ DUD\QD
ynelmemektedirler (Barnes 1984: 135). Kendine gveni yksek olan bireylerin

NDUDU VUHoOHUL HN HQIRUPDV\RQ DUD\ \HULQH PHYFXW ELOJLOHULQH GD\DO ROPDNWDGU =DFKDUDNLV YH 6KHSKHUG %LUH\LQ NROD\ONOD JYHQPHN LoLQ QHGHQOHU WHVSLW HGHELOGLL EXOXQDELOLUOLN NVD \ROX .HK YH GLHUOHUL YH ELUH\OHULQ
yHQLHQIRUPDV\RQDUDPHQEDODQJoWDNLILNLUOHULQLGHLWLUPHGLNOHULUHIHUDQVQRNWDV
NVD\ROX6LPRQYHGLHUOHULDUJYHQLQROXPDVQDQHGHQROPDNWDGU
$U JYHQ PHYFXW JHUoHNOHUOH LOJLOL NHVLQOLLQ DEDUWOPDV LNHQ WDP WHUVLQH
kontroO DOJVQQ \DQOPDV ELUH\LQ \HWHQHNOHULQL YH EXQXQ VRQXFXQGD EDD oNPD
NDELOL\HWLQL DEDUWPDVQ YH JHOHFHNOH LOJLOL WDKPLQL LDUHW HWPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL.HKYHGLHUOHUL
5DV\RQHO ROPD\DQ NDUDU DOPD LOH LOJLOL DUDWUPDODUQ oRX ELUH\OHULQ DU JYHQLQGHGDKLOROGXXELUoRNHLOLPYHNVD\ROVHUJLOHGLLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLU)LUPD NXUPD NDUDUQGD DU JYHQLQ |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDGQ EHOLUWHQ ED] NDQWODU YDUGU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL *LULLPFLOHU DOGNODU NDUDUODUGD DU JYHQ HLOLPL
gstermektedirler (Busenitz ve Barney 1997: 15-

JLULLPFLOHU NHQGL GQFHOHULQL JHUoHN RODUDN
$U JYHQL VHUJLOH\HQ EX
J|UPH\H PH\LOOLGLUOHU YH
66
GQFHOHULQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ VRQXoODUOD LOLNLOL EHOLUVL]OLL J|UHPHPHNWH YH QHGHQOHGHGDKDD]ULVNDOJODPDNWDGUODU.HKYHGLHUOHUL
bu
$U
JYHQLQ
|QHP
YH
WHKOLNHVL
|]HOOLNOH
JLULLPFLOHU
LoLQ
oDWPD
LoHUPHNWHGLU *HQHOGH ULVN DODQ \DWUPF YH oDODQODU \NVHN EHOLUVL]OLN WD\DQ
abalarda kendilerine
NDWOPDODU LoLQ LNQD HWPHN ]RUXQGD NDODQ JLULLPFLOHU 5XVVR
YH 6FKRHPDNHU GLHUOHULQLJLULLPOHULQLQDNOD\DWNQROGXXQDLQDQGUPDN LoLQ WP JHUHNOL H\OHULQ WDPDPODQPDVQ EHNOH\HFHN ROXUODUVD JHUHNOL EWQVHO YHULOHUWRSODQQFD\DNDGDU\DNDODGNODUIUVDWQNDoPDLKWLPDOL\NVHNWLU%XQHGHQOH JLULLPFLOHUDUJYHQVHUJLOH\HUHNDOJODGNODUIUVDWGHHUOHQGLUPHNLoLQKDUHNHWH JHoHFHNOHUGLU %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\ <DSOP RODQ ELU oRN DUDWUPD JLULLPFLOHULQ |]HOOLNOH DU JYHQ HLOLPLQGH EXOXQGXNODUQ YH EX HLOLPOHULQGHQ GROD\ HQ EDWD JLULLPFL ROPD\ WHUFLK HWWLNOHULQL EHOLUWPHNWHGLU %DURQ YH :DUG
2004: 556).
2.2.2.4. Duygu Katma
%LUH\OHULQ PHYFXW UXKVDO LNOLP YH GX\JXODUQQ R DQNL GQFH
lerini
HWNLOHGLL \D\JQ RODUDN ELOLQPHNWHGLU $QFDN EX NRQXQXQ LOJL oHNHQ \|Q EX HWNLOHULQQDVORUWD\DoNWYHELOLVHOVUHoOHUGHNLUROOHULGLU%DURQ
-282).
%DURQ D J|UH EX HWNLOHQLPL HQ NDSVDPO RODUDN LQFHOH\HQ YH D\Q ]DPDQGD
giULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQH HQ \DNQ RODQ WHRULN \DNODP )RUJDV WDUDIQGDQ
ROXWXUXODQ 'X\JX .DWPD 0RGHOLGLU 'X\JX NDWPD GX\JX \NO HQIRUPDV\RQXQ \DUJVDO VUHFH GDKLO RODUDN RQX HWNLOHPHVL \DUJ\OD WDUWPD\D JLUPHVL YH QHWLFHGH \DUJVDOVRQXFXGHLWLUPHVLRODUDNWDQPODQPDNWDGU)RUJDV
0RGHOH J|UH \DUJODUD GX\JX NDWPD GHUHFHVL \DUJGD EXOXQDFDN ELUH\LQ HQIRUPDV\RQ DUDPD WU YH GHHUOHQGLUPH\H NDWODFDN RODQ HQIRUPDV\RQXQ D\UQW GHUHFHVLQHJ|UHHNLOOHQPHNWHGLU)RUJDVYH)LHGOHU
996: 30).
67
'X\JX .DWPD 0RGHOL ELOL YH GDYUDQ ]HULQGHNL GX\JXVDO HWNLOHUL G]HQOH\HQ YH KHU ELULQLQ IDUNO GX\JX NDWPD SRWDQVL\HOLQH VDKLS ROGXX G|UW WHPHO \DUJ ROXWXUPD VWUDWHMLVLQL WDQPODPDNWDGU )RUJDV )RUJDV YH 9DUJDV
1998: 206). MoGHOH J|UH EX \DUJ ROXWXUPD VWUDWHMLOHULQGHQ LONL GLUHNW HULLP
VWUDWHMLVLGLU +DNNQGD \DUJ\D YDUODFDN RODQ KHGHI DOOP YH L\L WDQQ\RUVD KHGHIOH LOJLOL JHoPLWH ROXWXUXOPX RODQ \DUJ\D GD\DQODUDN GHHUOHQGLUPH
\DSOPDNWDGU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ HHU EHOOL ELU \DUJQQ RUWD\D NR\DFD VRQXoODU LVWHQPHNWH LVH ELUH\ \DUJ\ ROXWXUPDGD PRWLYDV\RQOX VUHo VWUDWHMLVLQL
NXOODQDFDNWU 'LUHNW HULLP VUHFL LVH NULVWDOL]H HGLOPL \DUJ\D GD\DQGQGDQ GROD\ YH PRWLYDV\RQOX \|QOHQGLUHQ EHOLUOL ELU VUHo VWUDWHMLVLQGH DPDo ROGXX LoLQ HQIRUPDV\RQ DUDPD\ YH \DUJ\ GX\JX NDWPD GN \RXQOXNWD
VH\UHGHFHNWLUoQNLONLQGHKDOLKD]UGDELU\DUJ\DGD\DQOPDNWDGLHULQGHLVHDU]X HGLOHQ ELU VRQXo EXOXQPDNWDGU )RUJDV $oN HQIRUPDV\RQ DUDPD\ YH
yaSVDOGQFH\LLoHUHQYHE|\OHFHYDUODFDNRODQ\DUJODUDGX\JXNDWPDQQ\NVHN
\RXQOXNWD VH\UHGHFHL VWUDWHMLOHU NVD\RO VUHFL YH EDPV] VUHoOHUGLU )RUJDV D.VD\ROVUHFLELUH\LQWLSLN|]HOOLNOHUVHUJLOH\HQKHGHIOHLOJLOLPHYFXWELU
yaUJ\D
RQX \|QOHQGLUHFHN RODQ JoO ELU PRWLYDV\RQD VDKLS ROPDG NVWO
HQIRUPDV\RQDGD\DQGELUVWUDWHMLGLU%DPV]VUHo\DUJ\DYDUDFDNRODQELUH\LQ \HQL NDUODODQ ELU KHGHIOH LOJLOL HQIRUPDV\RQX VHoPHVLQL |UHQPHVLQL
\RUXPODPDVQ YH LOJLOL HQIRUPDV\RQXQ PHYFXW ELOJL WDEDQQFD |]PVHQPHVLQL JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU )RUJDV 'X\JX NDWPD DoN HQIRUPDV\RQ DUDPD YH LQD HGLFL \DQL \DSVDO VWUDWHMLOHUGH \RXQ ELU HNLOGH PH\GDQD JHOPHNWHGLU )RUJDV
2002a: 7).
(N RODUDN PRGHO NVD\RO VUHFLQGH LOHWLOHQ HQIRUPDV\RQ RODUDN GX\JX PHNDQL]PDVQ YH EDPV] VUHoWH LOHWLOHQ GX\JX KD]UODPD PHNDQL]PDVQ RUWD\D NR\PDNWDGU )RUJDV E (QIRUPDV\RQ RODUDN GX\JX PHNDQL]PDVQGD UXKVDO LNOLPLQ GRUXGDQ HQIRUPDV\RQHO ELU UROH VDKLS ROGXX YDUVD\OPDNWDGU YH ELUH\OHU KHGHIH WHSNL J|VWHUPHN LoLQ GX\JXODUQ NVD\RO RODUDN NXOODQPDNWDGUODU %LUH\OHU KHUKDQJL ELU KHGHIOH LOJLOL \DUJ\D YDUPDN LoLQ LOJLOL KHGHILQ DQPVDGNODU |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ oRN NHQGLOHULQH RQXQOD KDNNQGD QH KLVVHGL\RUXP HNOL
nde
68
VRUPDNWDGUODU %XQX \DSDUDN ELUH\OHU KHGHIH WHSNLGH EXOXQXUNHQ |QFHGHQ YDURODQ GX\JXVDO KDOOHULQGHQ |WU \DQOJ\D GHELOPHNWHGLUOHU 'X\JX NDWPDQQ RUWD\D oNDELOHFHL HQ NROD\ \RO EXGXU GX\JXQXQ NHQGLVL DVOQGD HQIRUPDV\RQGXU )RUJDV
1995: 43).
'X\JXKD]UODPDGDLVHUXKVDO LNOLP \DUJQQROXXPXQDEHQ]HUYHLOJLOL
ELOLVHO NDWHJRULOHUH HULLPL NROD\ODWUDUDN GROD\O \ROGDQ NDWOPDNWDGU +HU ELU GX\JXVDOKDOKDI]DGDEHOLUOLELUELULPHVDKLSWLUYHEXELULPOHUELUH\LQKD\DWER\XQFD
ilgili duygX\X X\DQGUP RODQ \DDG ROD\ODUOD EDODQWOGU %LU GX\JX ELULPLQLQ
KDUHNHWH JHoPHVL EX GX\JXQXQ LOJLOL ROGXX KDI]D \DSODUQQ WPQGH
KDUHNHWOHQPH \DUDWDFDNWU %|\OHFH \DUJGD EXOXQXUNHQ VDKLS ROXQDQ GX\JXVDO KDO GLNNDW NRGODPD JHUL oDUPD YH \RUXP LOHPOHULQGH VHoLFLOLN \DUDWDUDN \DUJ VUHFLQHNDWODFDNWU)RUJDV
'X\JX NDWPDQQ JLULLPFLOLN LOH LOJLVL QHGLU" %LOLVHO DUDWUPD\D J|UH ELUH\OHUJHoPLGHQH\LPOHULQHEDYXUDPDGNODUYHRWRPDWLNWDU]GDGQHPHGLNOHUL NRXOODUGD \DSVDO GQFH WDU]Q NXOODQPDNWDGUODU 5XWLQ ROPD\DQ YH ILUPD NXUPDNJLELWDPDPHQ\HQLELU\DUDWPIDDOL\HWLQGHEXOXQDQJLULLPFLOHULQEXWDU]ELU GQFH\H GLHU ELUH\OHUH J|UH GDKD VNONOD EDYXUGXNODUQ EHOLUWPHN PDQWNO
grnmektedir. BelirtLOGLL]HUH\DSVDOGQFHWDU]QGD\RXQRODUDNGX\JXNDWPD
VHUJLOHQPHNWHGLU<DSVDOGQFH\OHVNRODUDNPHJXORODQYHD\Q]DPDQGDILUPD YH YL]\RQODUQD NDU GHULQ ELU EDOON KLVVHGHQ JLULLPFLOHULQ GX\JX NDWPD\D GLHUOHULQHJ|UHGDKDHLOLPOLROGXXV|\OHQHELOPHNWHGLU%DURQ
.oN6D\ODU.DQXQXQD(LOLP
.oN
VD\ODU
NDQXQX
ELUH\OHULQ
VQUO
VD\GD
HQIRUPDV\RQ
JLUGLVL
NXOODQDUDN NHVLQ ELU \DUJ\D YDUGNODUQGD RUWD\D oNPDNWDGU +DOH\ YH 6WXPSI
1989: 486; Simon veGLHUOHUL 6LPRQ YH+RXJKWRQ 'LHUELU

LIDGH LOH NoN VD\ODU NDQXQX DOQDFDN NHVLQ NDUDUODUD WHPHO RODUDN NoN HQIRUPDV\RQ|UQHLNXOODQPDHLOLPLGLU%DURQYH:DUG
69
%LUH\OHU |UQHLQ ER\XWXQX WHPVLO NVD\ROXQXQ URO R\QDG NRXOODUGDQ GROD\ J|UPH]GHQJHOPHNWHGLUOHU%XQXQVRQXFXQGDNoNELU|UQHNNWOHVHoLOGLL WRSOXOXXQWHPVLOFLVLRODUDNDOJODQPDNWDGU.HKYHGLHUOHUL
Kk bir
|UQHN NWOH JHoHUOLOLN WDPD\DQ |]HOOLL YH GHLNHQ ROPDVQGDQ GROD\ DQD NWOH\L WDP RODUDN WHPVLO HGHPHPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL .DUDU DOFODU NoN |UQHN NWOHOHULQ \DUDWOODUQGD YDU RODQ KDWD YH GHLNHQOLL KDILIH
DOPDNWDGUODU%XVHQLW]YH%DUQH\
.DW]

EX
HLOLPLQ
oHYUHGHNL
IUVDWODUQ
DOJODQPDVQ
YH
GHHUOHQGLULOPHVLQLLoHUHQJLULLPFLOLNNRXOODUQGD\D\JQRODELOHFHLQLEHOLUWPLWLU %X NRXOODUGD JLULLPFLOHU JYHQLOLU ELU HNLOGH WDOHEL UQ PDOL\HWLQL YH GLHU DQDKWDU HQIRUPDV\RQ NPHOHULQL GHHUOHQGLUPHN LoLQ E\N
rnek ktlelerine
QDGLUHQ XODDELOPHNWHGLUOHU %X WU VLVWHPDWLN YHULOHUL WRSODPDN LoLQ JLULLPFLOHULQ E\N NVP ]DPDQQ GD GDKLO ROGXX \HWHUOL ND\QDD VDKLS RODPDPDNWDGUODU %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\ 'LHU WDUDIWDQ EHOLUOLELUHQGVWULGHNL\HQLNXUXOPX ELU LOHWPHQLQ o|NQ DQODWDQ GLNNDW oHNLFL ELU KLND\H ELUH\LQ R VHNW|UH JLUPH NDUDUQHQGVWULGHNL\NVHNEDDURUDQODUQLoHUHQLVWDWLVWLNVHOYHULOHUGHQGDKDoRN HWNLOH\HELOPHNWHGLU6FKZHQN\DGDELUNDoNLLQLQ\HQLJLULLPLQEDDUO RODELOHFHL\OH LOJLOL LIDGHOHUL JLULLPFL\L EX GRUXOWXGD ELU LQDQFD VHYN
HGHELOPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH +RXJKWRQ 7P EXQODU GLNNDWH DOQGQGD JLULLPFLOHULQ NDUDU DOPDGD VQUO PLNWDUGD HQIRUPDV\RQ NXOODQPD\D \DQL NoN VD\ODU NDQXQXQD HLOLPOL ROPDODU RQODUQ \HQL ELU JLULLP EDODWPD LOH LOJLOL ULVN DOJVQGUPHNWHGLU6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL6LPRQYHGLHUOHULQLQ LOHWPH \NVHN OLVDQV |UHQFLOHUL ]HULQGH \DSWNODU ELU DQNHWLQ EXOJXODUQD J|UH |UHQFLOHUGH NRQWURO DOJVQQ \DQOVDPDV \HWHQHNOHULQLQ DQVQE\N UROR\QDG GXUXPODUGD ELOH SHUIRUPDQVODUQ DUWWUDFD LQDQF QH NDGDU JoO\VH YH NoN VD\ODU NDQXQXQD LQDQPD HLOLPOHUL QH NDGDU ID]OD\VD \HQL ELU JLULLPGH EXOXQPD HLOLPOHULGHRNDGDUE\NROPDNWDGU
70
1.2.2.2.6. z-etkinlik
%LUH\LQ \NVHN VHYL\HGH GLNNDW YH oDED JHUHNWLUHQ ELU LH NHQGLQL DGDPD LVWHNOLOLLQGHNL WHPHO IDNW|U EDDU LoLQ JHUHNHQ IL]LNVHO HQWHOHNWHO YH GX\JXVDO ND\QDNODUQKDUHNHWHJHoLUHELOPHNDSDVLWHVLQHRODQLQDQFGUEX|]
-etkinliktir (Eden (Markman ve
ve Aviram 1993: 352). z-HWNLQOLN ELUH\OHULQ JHUHNOL RODQ GDYUDQODU EDDUO ELU
ELoLPGH JHUoHNOHWLUHELOHFHLQH RODQ LQDQFQ LDUHW HWPHNWHGLU GLHUOHUL YH EX LQDQFD VDKLS RODQ ELUH\OHU
yksek performans -etkinlik
gsterebileceklerdir (Shepherd ve Krueger 2002: 4). z-etkinlik bireysel kabiliyete

YH LoLQGH EXOXQXODQ NRXOODU NRQWURO HGHELOPH\H DWI \DSWQGDQ GROD\ |] \RNVDGDYUDQJHUoHNOHPH\HFHNWLU.UXHJHUYH%UD]HDO
$OJODQDQ |]
-etNLQOLN KHGHIOHQHQ ELU GDYUDQ JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ ELUH\LQ -
NHQGLVLQGH VH]GLL NDELOL\HWL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU<NVHNG]H\GHNL |] HWNLQOLNDOQDQ N|W VRQXoODU ELUH\VHO EDDUV]ONWDQ ]L\DGH GHQH\LP ND]DQPD RODUDN
nitelendirecektir (Krueger ve Brazeal 1 $OJODQDQ |]-etkinlik, bireylerin

VDKLSROGXXGXUDDQELUYDUONJLELGHLOGHELUH\OHULQROXWXUGXXGLQDPLNELOLVHO ELU VUHo JLEL GQOPHOLGLU %LUH\OHU SHUIRUPDQV J|VWHUHELOPH NDELOL\HWOHULQL |OoHUNHQ DOJODGNODU \HWHQHNOHUL YH J|UHYLQ WDOHS HWWLL QLWHOLNOHU DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L WDUWPDNWDGUODU &HUYRQH YH EX QHGHQOH DOJODQDQ |]
-etkinlik kariyer
VHoLPLQLQHQ|QHPOLWHNEHOLUOH\LFLVLROPDNWDGU.UXHJHUYH%UD]HDO(GHQ
ve Aviram (1993) z-HWNLQOLLQLVDKLELROPD\DQ\DGDLWHQoNDUWODQELUH\OHULQL

EXOPD oDEDODUQ WHWLNOH\HQ PRWLYH HGLFL |QHPOL ELU UROH VDKLS ROGXXQX
EHOLUWPLOHUGLU 'LHU ELU oDOPDGD LVH NHLIWH EXOXQDUDN SDWHQW VDKLEL ROPX
bireylerden z-HWNLQOLL
\NVHN
RODQODUQ
\HQL
ELU
ILUPD
NXUPD
GDYUDQ
VHUJLOHGLNOHUL GLHUOHULQLQ LVH EDND ILUPDODU LOH DQODPD \DSPD \ROXQX WHUFLK HWWLNOHULRUWD\DNRQPXWXU0DUNPDQYHGLHUOHUL
.UXHJHU YH 'LFNVRQ ELUH\LQ DOJODG |] HWNLQOLN DUWQQ IUVDWODUQ DOJODPDVQ \NVHOWWLLQL WHKGLWOHULQ DOJODQPDVQ LVH D]DOWWQ YH EX IUVDW WHKGLW
71
DOJVQGDNL
GHLLPLQ
DUWDQ
ULVN
VWOHQPH
GDYUDQ\OD
QHWLFH
EXODFDQ
EHOLUWPLOHUGLU
*LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDFODU |] HWNLQOLLQ SR]LWLI \|QGH \HQL ELU ILUPD \DUDWOPDV LOH LOLNLOL ROGXXQX EXOPXODUGU 6KHSKHUG YH .UXHJHU
Bireylerin z-HWNLQOLNOHUL QH NDGDU \NVHNVH XUDWNODU IDDOL\HWOHU R NDGDU PH\GDQ

RNX\XFX RODFDNWU g] HWNLQOLL \NVHN RODQ ELUH\OHU VDGHFH PH\GDQ RNX\XFX IDDOL\HWOHUL WHUFLK HWPH]OHU D\Q ]DPDQGD EX XUDODUGD \NVHN G]H\GH NDOF Jo
sergilemektedirler. z-HWNLQOLN EDDU\ 0DUNPDQ YH GLHUOHUL \NVHN

SHUIRUPDQV .UXHJHU YH 'LFNVRQ NHQGLQL DGDPD LVWHNOLOLLQL
(Eden ve
Aviram 1993: 352),
IUVDWODUQDOJODQPDVQ
(Krueger ve Brazeal 1994: 94), kariyer -
VHoLPLQL %DURQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU YH JLULLPFLOLN IDDOL\HWL LOH GRUXGDQ EDODQWOGU.UXHJHUYH%UD]HDO6KHSKHUGYH.UXHJHU\NVHN|]
HWNLQOLH VDKLS ELUH\OHULQ GN |] HWNLQOLH VDKLS ELUH\OHUGHQ IDUNO GQS IDUNO GDYUDQ VHUJLOHGLNOHULQL YH |] HWNLQOLLQ ELUH\OHULQ GDYUDQ VHoLPLQL YH J|VWHULOHQ oDEDQQPLNWDUQHWNLOHGLLQLEHOLUWPHNWHGLUOHU2KDOGH|] HWNLQOLNJLULLPFLRODQODU LOHROPD\DQODUD\UWHWPHGHEDDUOROPDNWDGU 0DUNPDQYHGLHUOHUL
*LULLPVHO1L\HW<DNODP
'DYUDQ DoNODPDN NDUPDN \DSVQGDQ GROD\ oRN ]RUGXU 'DYUDQ DoNODPDGD WXWXPODU |QHPOL ELU UROH VDKLSWLU $M]HQ %LU GDYUDQ WDU] RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN GH NDUPDN ELU \DS\D VDKLSWLU .UXHJHU YH %UD]HDO oDOPDODUQGDJLULLPFLOLNSRWDQVL\HOLQLQSRWDQVL\HOJLULLPFLOHUHLKWL\DoGX\GXXQX EHOLUWPLOHUGLU %XQD GD\DQDUDN JLULLPVHO IUVDWODUQ VDGHFH ELUH\OHU WDUDIQGDQ DOJODQDELOHFHL JHUoHL GLNNDWH DOQPDOGU %LUH\OHU GRDO RODUDN NRXOODU
NDWHJRUL]H HWPH YH HWUDIODUQ VDUDQ GQ\D\ EDVLWH LQGLUJHPH HLOLPLQGHGLUOHU %X GRDO HLOLP ELUH\OHULQ IUVDWODU DOJODPDODUQ YH IUVDWOD LOJLOL RODUDN ROXPOX \D GD
olumsuz karar vermelerini etkilemektedir.
72
)UVDWODU DOJODPD QL\HWVHO ELU VUHFL \DQVWPDNWDGU %LUH\OHULQ QH JLEL ELU H\OHPLJHUoHNOHWLUHFHNOHULQHGDLU]LKLQVHOPRGHOOHULRQL\HWHQLoLQVDKLSROGXNODUQ GD J|VWHUPHNWHGLU )UVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV LOH LOJLOL |QFOOHU \DQL ELOLVHO \DSODU
byk lde niyeti meydana getiren ncllerle benzerlik gstermektedir. Niyetler

|] RODUDN \DSODELOLUOLN DOJODU NRQWURO HGLOHELOLUOLN YH LVWHQLOLUOLN ROXPOXOXN DOJODU WDUDIQGDQ \|QOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU 0DUWLQ )LVKEHLQ YH ,FHN $M]HQ H\OHP QDVO WDQPODQUVD WDQPODQVQ SODQODQP GDYUDQODUD X\JXODQDELOLU QLWHOLNWH RODQ QL\HWOHUL DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ NXOODQODELOHFHN WHRULN YH DPSLULN DoODUGDQ VDODP ELU oHUoHYH ROXWXUPXODUGU 3HN oRN IDUNO GLVLSOLQ GH ELUELULQGHQ EDPV] RODUDN EX
erevenin karaU
DOPD VUHFLQLQ NDOELQL ROXWXUGXXQX LOHUL VUPWU 1L\HW
OLWHUDWU HQIRUPDV\RQXQ |QHPOL ROGXXQX DPD HQIRUPDV\RQXQ HWNLOHULQLQ GDKD |QHPOLROGXXQX|UHWPHNWHGLU.UXHJHU
%XoHUoHYHGHQL\HWELUH\LQEHOLUOLELUDPDo\DGDEXDPDFJHUoHNOHWLUHELOPH \|QWHPOHULQH NDU GLNNDWLQL GHQH\LPLQL YH GDYUDQODUQ \|QOHQGLUHQ ]LKLQVHO ELU GXUXPGXU %LUG YH -HOLQHN 'DYUDQODUQ oRX LUDGH NRQWUROQQ DOWQGD ROGXXQGDQ ELUH\LQ GDYUDQODUQQ WHN YH HQ L\L |QJ|UFV GDYUDQWD EXOXQP
aya
GD\DO QL\HWLQLQ |OoVGU %X SVLNRORML SUHQVLEL JLULLPFLOLN YH RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPQGD NXOODQOPDNWDGU 1L\HW \HQL JLULLPLQ EDODQJo NRXOODU ]HULQGH |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDPDNWDGU %LUG 1L\HWOHU ELUH\OHULQ VRV\DO YH IL]LNVHO
evrelHULQH
GDLU DOJODUQD J|UH HNLOOHQPHNWHGLU WSN ELUH\OHULQ GDYUDQODUQQ
JHOHFHNWHNLVRQXoODUQ|QFHGHQWDKPLQHWPHOHULJLEL$OJODQDQNRXOODUEHNOHQWLOHU WXWXPODU LQDQoODU YH WHUFLKOHU QL\HWOHULQ JHOLLPLQL HWNLOHU YH GDKDV EX DOJODU
bireyin |]JHoPLLQH DLW |]JQ IDNW|UOHU WDUDIQGDQ GD HWNLOHQPHNWHGLU %R\G YH Vozikis 1994: 68-69).
$UDWUPD SHUVSHNWLILQGHQ EDNOGQGD QL\HW PRGHOOHUL DoNOD\FON YH |QJ|UVHO JHoHUOLOLN DODQODUQGD VUHNOL ELU JYHQLOLUOLN VDODPODUGU *LULLPFLOLN
aUDWUPDODU VDODP ELU WHRUL WDUDIQGDQ RWXUWXOPX VRPXW ELU oHUoHYH\H LGGHWOH
LKWL\Do GX\PDNWDGU 1L\HW WHPHOOL PRGHOOHU NDSVDPO ELU WHRULVHO YH NDYUDPVDO oHUoHYH VXQPDNWDGU %LUH\OHULQQDVONDUDUDOGNODUYH H\OHPHJHoWLNOHULQL\DQVWDQ
73
ELOLVHO \DSODU YH NVD\ROODU LoHUHQ PRGHOOHUH LKWL\Do YDUGU 1L\HW PRGHOOHUL GH EXQX JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU )UVDWODU IDUNHGLOPH] ROXWXUXOXU %X QHGHQOH IUVDWODU GDKD oRN RQODU DOJOD\DQ \D GD WDQPOD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ ]LKLQOHULQGH ROXPDNWDGU %XUDGDQ DOJODUQ YH GLHU ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHULQ NULWLN |QHP WDGNODU VRQXFXQD YDUOPDNWDGU g]HOOLNOH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHU JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQL JHQHO KDWODU\OD DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ KD\DWL ELU |QHPH VDKLSWLU oQN QL\HWOHU \HQL ELU LOHWPH NXUXOXPXQXQ EDODQJFQD NDS DoDQ DQDKWDU |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLSWLU .UXHJHU .UXHJHU YH &DUVUXG NHQGL LLQL NXUPD YH JLULLP EDODWPD JLEL JLULLPVHO GDYUDQODUQ QL\HWOH LOJLOL ROGXNODUQ YH EX GDYUDQODUQ HQ L\L ELoLPGH NLLOLN
zellikleri ya da demografik zellikler tDUDIQGDQ
GHLO GDYUDQD DLW QL\HWOHU
WDUDIQGDQ |QJ|UOHELOGLLQL VDYXQPXODUGU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ QL\HWOHULQ GDYUDQ HWNLOH\HQ PRWLYDV\RQHO IDNW|UOHUL EDUQGUG GD YDUVD\OPDNWDGU %X oHUoHYHGH QL\HWILLOLGDYUDQQLONJ|VWHUJHVLROPDNWDGU.RO
vereid 1996: 48).
1L\HW \DNODPODUQQ HQ |QHPOLOHUL YH JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQH GH DGDSWH HGLOHQOHUL %LUG Q *LULLPVHO 7DVDUODU *HUoHNOHWLUPH 0RGHOL ,(, 6KDSHURQXQ *LULLPVHO 2OD\ 0RGHOL YH $M]HQLQ 3ODQODQP 'DYUDQ 7HRULVL
(PDT)dir6KDSHURQXQYH%LUGQPRGHOOHULJLULLPFLOLNIHQRPHQLQH\|QHOLNRODUDN
JHOLWLULOPLWLU
%LUG
Q PRGHOLQGH
ELUH\VHO
YH EDODPVDO NRXOODU JLULLPVHO
QL\HWOHULQROXXPXVUHFLQGHUDV\RQHOYHVH]JLVHOGQPHVLVWHPLLOHHWNLOHLPLoLQH
girmekte EX GD RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWP LOH VRQXoODQPDNWDGU %DODPVDO NRXOODU

ELUH\LQ VRV\DO SROLWLN YH HNRQRPLN DUWODUQGDQ ELUH\VHO NRXOODU LVH ELUH\LQ |]JHoPLL NLLOLL YH \HWHQHNOHULQGHQ ROXPDNWDGU <HQL JLULLP EDODWPD QL\HWL
rasyonel, analitik,
QHGHQVHO GQPH VUHFL LOH VH]JLVHO NVD\ROOX GQPH
VLVWHPLQLQ ELUHU VRQXFX RODELOPHNWHGLU =DPDQ JHoWLNoH JLULLPVHO QL\HW JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ GRXUPDNWDGU %LUG %LUGQ PRGHOL ELOLVHO SVLNRORMLGH GDYUDQ DoNODPD\D \D GD |QJ|UPH\H oDODQ WHRUL\L WHPHO DOPDNWDGU QDQoODU WXWXPODU QL\HWOHUYH VRQUDVQGDNLGDYUDQODUDUDVQGDELUEDNXUPDLOHYLQHGD\DO RODUDN NDYUDPVDOODWUOPWU 'DYUDQVDO QL\HW ND\QDQ WXWXPODUGDQ DOPDNWD YH
74
GDYUDQQ HQ |QGH JHOHQ EHOLUOH\LFLVL ROPDNWDGU )LVKEHLQ YH $M]HQ EX LOLNL\L QDQoODU
Tutumlar Niyetler
'DYUDQ ELoLPLQGH WDVYLU HWPHNWHGLU %R\G YH
Vozikis 1994: 64).
%LUGQ PRGHOL KDOD DPSLULN RODUDN JHoHUOLOLN ND]DQPDPWU %XQXQOD
beraber, Boyd ve Vozikis, bu modeli, z-etkinlLLQ HWNLOHULQL GH LoHUHFHN ELoLPGH

JHQLOHWPLOHUGLURQODUDJ|UHEXHWNLOHUNDUL\HUGHQH\LPOHULJLULLPVHOUROPRGHOOHUL YH WRSOXPVDO GHVWHNWLU *LULLPVHO |] HWNLQOLN GH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHULQ JHOLLPLQL HWNLOHPHNWH YH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHUOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQODU DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L
JHOLWLUPHNWHGLU6KRRNYHGLHUOHUL
*LULLPFLOHU
KHP
ELUH\VHO
KHP
GH
EDODPVDO
IDNW|UOHUGHQ
ROXDQ
NRPELQDV\RQDGD\DOJLULLPVHOQL\HWOHULQHWNLVLDOWQGDGU%LUH\VHOIDNW|UOHU|QFHNL JLULLPFLOLN GHQH\LPOHUL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL YH \HWHQHNOHULQL LoHUPHNWHGLU 1L\HWOHU D\UFDDQDOLWLNGQFHVLVWHPLKHGHIJGPOGDYUDQYHNVD\ROODUQNXOODQOG GQFH VLVWHPL YL]\RQ LOH GH ELoLP ND]DQPDNWDGU %X PRGHOH J|UH \HQL ELU JLULLPLQ NXUXOPDV\OD LOJLOL DOJODU YH WXWXPODU EX GQFH VUHoOHULQGHQ RUWD\D oNPDNWD YH JLULLPFLQLQ GDYUDQVDO QL\HWOHULQL HWNLOHPHNWHGLU g]
-etkinlik bu
ELOLVHO GQFH VUHoOHULQLQ ELU JHWLULVLGLU $M]HQLQ 3'7\OH WXWDUO RODUDN JLULLPFLOLH GD\DO WXWXPODU LOH EDDU \D GD EDDUV]ON LKWLPDOLQH GD\DO DOJODQDQ
z-HWNLQOLN
EXOXQDFDNWU
LQDQoODU
VRQXo
RODUDN
JLULLPVHO
QL\HWOHULQ
JHOLLPLQH
HWNLGH
(Boyd ve Vozikis 1994: 65-70). Bireylerin, gl bir z-etkinlik

HQ HWNLOL \ROX X]PDQON
GX\JXVX JHOLWLUHELOPHOHULQLQ
deneyimleridir (pratik
GHQH\LPOHUYHWHNUDUODQDQEDDUODU%DDUOELUH\OHU\DNDODGNODUEDDUODURQODUQ
z-HWNLQOLLQL
SHNLWLUGLL LoLQ EDDUOGUODU YH \LQH EX EDDUODU GDKD \NVHN
EHNOHQWLOHUH YH JHOHFHN EDDUODUD ]HPLQ KD]UOD\DFDNWU 7HNUDUODQDQ EDDUODU ELUH\OHULQ \HWHQHNOHULQL YH \HWHQHNOHULQH GDLU DOJODUQ DUWUPDNWDGU g] HWNLQOLL JoOHQGLUPHQLQ GLHU ELU \ROX URO PRGHOOHULQGHQ J|]OHP \ROX\OD |UHQPHGLU *LULLPFL ELU URO PRGHOLQLQ YDUO |] HWNLQOLLQ
GXUXPXQX
ROXPOX
\|QGH
etNLOH\HFHNWLU
*LULLPFL URO PRGHOLQGHQ VDODQDQ |]
-etkinlik seviyesi ne kadar -
\NVHNVH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHU GH R NDGDU JoO RODFDNWU g] HWNLQOLLQ VHYL\HVLQL
75
DUWUDQGLHUELUIDNW|ULVHVRV\DOGHQH\LPGLU(HUELUH\OHUWRSOXPWDUDIQGDQSR]LWLI
ynde
FHVDUHWOHQGLULOLUVH GDKD oRN oDED VDUI HGHFHNOHUGLU 6RV\DO GHVWHLQVDODG
VRV\DOLQDQoQHNDGDU\NVHNVHJLULLPVHO|] HWNLQOLLQVHYL\HVLGHRRUDQGD\NVHN RODFDNWU(ULNVRQ
-109).
*LULLPVHO QL\HW LOH LOJLOL GLHU ELU PRGHO 6KDSHURQXQ *LULLPVHO 2OD\ 0RGHOLGLU <HQL ELU JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU EX PRGHOH J|UH LNL IDNW|UH
GD\DQPDNWDGUGDYUDQQJYHQLOLURODUDNDOJODQPDV\DQL\HQLJLULLPEDODWPDQQ LQDQODQ ELU IUVDW RODUDN J|UOPHVL YH K]ODQGUF \D GD WHWLNOH\LFL ELU ROD\Q PH\GDQD JHOPHVL 6KDSHUR DOJODQP LVWHQLUOLOLL ELUH\LQ \HQL ELU JLULLPGH EXOXQPD RODVOQ QH NDGDU oHNLFL EXOGXX \D GD oHNLFL EXOPD GHUHFHVL RODUDN WDQPODPDNWD ELUH\LQ JLULLPFLOLNOH RODQ HWNLOHLPLQL \DQVWPDNWDGU $OJODQP \DSODELOLUOLNLVH ELUH\LQ\HQL ELUJLULLPEDODWPD\DELUH\VHO RODUDNQHNDGDU\HWNLQ ROGXX LQDQF\ODLOJLOLGLU6KDSHURKDUHNHWHJHoPH HLOLPLQL ELUH\LQGDYUDQODUQ GLHU ELUH\OHULQ NDUDUODUQD J|UH GHHUOHQGLUPHVL ELoLPLQGH NDYUDPVDOODWUPWU 6KDSHUR D\UFD QL\HWOHULQ NVD\RO VHYL\HVLQGH \DSODELOLUOLN YH LVWHQLUOLN DOJVQD GD\DQGQ LOHUL VUPWU .UXHJHU $OJODQP LVWHQLOLUOLN DOJODQP \DSODELOLUOLN YH KDUHNHWH JHoPH HLOLPL JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHULQ |QFOOHUL RODUDN VXQXOPXWXU6KDSHUR\DJ|UHELUH\LQJLULLPFLOLHLOLNLQWXWXPXRQXQJLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL |QFHNL GHQH\LPOHULQGHQ YH URO PRGHOOHULQLQ YDUOQGDQ GROD\O RODUDN GD ROVD
etkilenecektir (Peterman ve Kennedy 2003: 130-$PSLULNNDQWODUJHQHORODUDN

*LULLPVHO2OD\0RGHOLQLGHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU6KRRNYHGLHUOHUL
$M]HQ YH )LVKEHLQLQ WHRULN oHUoHYHOHULQH GD\DO PRGHOOHU QL\HWOHU ]HULQH WRSOXPVDO YH SVLNRORMLN DUDWUPDODUGD |QHPOL \HU WXWPDNWDGU 1L\HWOHU JHOHFHNWHNL KHGHI GDYUDQD GD\DO ELU NDWOP VHYL\HVL \DQVWPDNWDGU 1L\HWOHU EX GDYUDQ JoOELUHNLOGH|QJ|UUYHDoNODU%XQXQODELUOLNWHELUGDYUDQDQDVOEDNOGGD QL\HWOHULHWNLOH\HFHNWLU.UXHJHU3'7\HJ|UHQL\HWOHUoIDNW|UWDUDIQGDQ
belirlenmektedir. Bunlardan ilki, daYUDQODLOJLOLWXWXPGXUYHELUH\LQGDYUDQDGDLU

ROXPOX \D GD ROXPVX] ELU GHHUOHQGLUPH\H QH GHUHFH\H NDGDU VDKLS ROGXXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU NLQFL IDNW|U LVH |]QHO QRUPGXU YH GDYUDQWD EXOXQPD \D GD
76
EXOXQPDPD\D GDLU DOJODQDQ WRSOXPVDO EDVN\ LIDGH HWP DOJODQDQ GDYUDQVDO NRQWUROQ VHYL\HVL JHOPHNWHGLU
ektedir. Son olarak ise

%X IDNW|U GDYUDQWD
EXOXQPDQQDOJODQDQ]RUOXX\DGDNROD\OLOHLOJLOLGLU7HRULXQX|QJ|UPHNWHGLU GDYUDQD GD\DO WXWXP YH |]QHO QRUP QH NDGDU ROXPOX\VD DOJODQDQ GDYUDQVDO NRQWURO GH R NDGDU \NVHN RODFDNWU JHUHNOL ROGXXQGD GDYUDQ RUWD\D NR\DELOPHN LoLQ ELUH\LQ QL\HWL JoO ROPDOGU .ROYHUHLG 'DYUDQOD LOJLOL WXWXP ELU ELUH\LQ \HQL ELU JLULLP \DUDWPDQQ ELUH\VHO LVWHQLOLUOLLQL QDVO |OoW
\DQVWPDNWDGU g]QHO QRUPODU ELUH\LQ KD\DWQGDNL |QHPOL ELUH\OHULQ RQXQ JLULLP \DUDWPDV NRQXVXQGD QHOHU GQGQH GDLU DOJODUQ \DQVWPDNWDGU 6RQ RODUDN DOJODQDQ \DSODELOLUOLN LVH ELUH\LQ EDDUO ELU HNLOGH \HQL JLULLP EDODWPD \HWHQHLQH GDLU DOJODUQ \DQVWPDNWDGU YH EX DOJODPD GD E\N |OoGH JLULLPVHO
z-HWNLQOLNOH H DQODPOGU $PSLULN WHVWOHU EX PRGHOL GHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU 6KRRN YH

GLHUOHUL .ROYHUHLGGDYUDQODLOJLOLWXWXPXQHOYHULOLVRV\DO QRUPODUQ YH JLULLPVHO |] HWNLQOLLQ NHQGL LLQL NXUPD QL\HWLQL ROXPOX \|QGH HWNLOHGLLQLRUWD\DNR\PXWXU
Bireyler,
neyi
yapmaya
niyetlilerse
ona
ait
zihinsel
modeller
ROXWXUPDNWDGUODU JHQLOHWPHN JHUHNLUVH QL\HWOL ROPDGNODU H\OHU LoLQ GH (N
olarak, bu ]LKLQVHOPRGHOOHUEHOOLELUGDYUDQVHUJLOHPH\HQLoLQQL\HWOLROXQGXXQX
\DQVWDELOPHNWHGLUgQFH 1LoLQ"6RUXVXVRQUD LVH1H"VRUXVXVRUXOPDOGU$M]HQH J|UH QL\HWL WHPHO DODQ PRGHOOHU ELUH\OHULQ DVOQGD QDVO GQGNOHULQL
gstermektedir. Hatta rXWLQGDYUDQODUELOHQL\HWOHUHEDOGUQL\HWOLOLNLVHoRNGDKD

GHULQOHUH \HUOHPLWLU 1L\HWOHULQ NHQGLOLLQGHQ RUWD\D oN\RU JLEL J|UQGNOHUL ]DPDQODUGD ELOH DVOQGD ELUH\LQ RQODU ROXWXUGXXQX J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %X oHUoHYHQLQ
son hali olan Ajzenin P'7QH J|UH KHUKDQJL ELU KHGHI GDYUDQD \|QHOLN QL\HWOHU
WHPHOGH \DWDQ EHOLUOL WXWXPODUD GD\DQPDNWDGU %X EHOLUOL WXWXPODU GD NDUDU DODQ ELUH\OHULQ KHUKDQJL ELU SRWDQVL\HO H\OHP \|QQH DLW |]HOOLNOHULQL \DQVWPDNWDGU
Karar alan bireyler, bu eylem taU]Q NHQGL \HWHQHN YH NRQWUROOHUL GDKLOLQGH \DQL
\DSODELOLUELUH\VHORODUDNLVWHQLOHQYHVRV\DOQRUPODUODX\XPOXRODUDNDOJODPDOGU 7HRUL\H J|UH LVWHQLOLUOLN YH \DSODELOLUOLN DOJODU QL\HWOHUH EHOLUOL |OoGH DoNON JHWLUPHNWHGLU 1L\HWOHU DOJODU WDUDIQGDQ \|QOHQGLULOLU YH GDYUDQQ VRQXoODU LVH
77
ELUH\VHO RODUDN LVWHQLOLU ROPDQQ \DQ VUD WRSOXPVDO RODUDN GD LVWHQLOLU QLWHOLNWH ROPDOGU 7XWXP EDODPVDO
-niyet-GDYUDQ
DQFDN
VUHFLQH GDKLO ROPD\DQ ELUH\VHO IDNW|UOHU YH HWN
NRXOODU
WXWXPODUD
yapabildikleri
lde
niyetleri
HWNLOH\HELOHFHNOHUGLU $UDWUPDODU D\UFD J|VWHUPLWLU NL EHOLUOL GVDO GHLNHQOHU QL\HWOHULQ GDYUDQD G|QWUOPHVLQGH WHWLNOH\LFL ELU URO R\QDPDNWDGU DUDWUPDODUGD WXWXP YH GDYUDQODU DUDVQGDNL NRUHOD <DSODQ
syon; tutum-niyet ve niyet: 9-
GDYUDQ LOLNLOHUL WDUDIQGDQ WDP RODUDN DoNODPDNWDGU 'DKDV IRUPDO QL\HW PRGHOOHUL JLULLPVHO GDYUDQD EDDUO ELU HNLOGH X\JXODQPWU .UXHJHU
10). Krueger ve Brazeal (1994), Shaperonun modelini ve Ajzenin PDTni

NDUODWUPYHFLGGLELUNHVLPHEXOPXWXU2QODUDJ|UH6KDSHURQXQPRGHOLQGHNL DOJODQDQ \DSODELOLUOLN 3'7GHNL DOJODQDQ GDYUDQVDO NRQWUROH NDUON
JHOPHNWHGLU 7P EX NDYUDPODU GD D\UFD DOJODQDQ |] HWNLQOLN LOH EDODQWOGU
PDTnin ]QHO
QRUP YH WXWXP NDYUDPODU 6KDSHURQXQ PRGHOLQGHNL DOJODQDQ
LVWHQLOLUOLN NDYUDPQQ NDSVDPQD JLUPHNWHGLU %XUDGDQ KDUHNHWOH EX WHRULOHUGHQ KHUKDQJLELULQLNXOODQDUDNJLULLP\DUDWPD\DGD\DOWXWXPYH|]QHOQRUPODUQHNDGDU ROXPOX\VD DOJODQDQ GDYUDQVDO NRQWURO GH R NDGDU \NVHN YH ELUH\LQ JLULLP
yaratma niyeti de o kadar gldr denilebilir (Kolvereid 1996: 49).
*LULLPVHOQL\HWOHU]HULQH\DSODQDPSLULNoDOPDODUQDQDKDWODUJLULLPVHO QL\HWLQ EHOLUOH\LFLOHUL RODUDN ELUH\VHO \DSODELOLUOL
k, istenilirlik ve toplumsal destek
DOJODU]HULQHRGDNODQPWU*LULLPVHO|] HWNLQOLNJHQL|OoGHJLULLPVHODOJODU YH JLULLPVHO QL\HWLQ JHOLLPL DUDVQGDNL LOLNL\L OPO KDOH JHWLUHQ HWNHQ RODUDN HOH DOQPDNWDGU 'HPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHU \DSOD
bilirlik, istenilirlik, toplumsal destek ve : 386).
JLULLPVHO |] HWNLQOLN DOJODUQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 6KRRN YH GLHUOHUL
'DKDV .UXHJHU YH GLHUOHUL KHP 3'7 \L KHP GH 6KDSHURQXQ PRGHOLQL LQFHOHPL YH KHU LNL PRGHOLQGH JHoHUOLOLLQL YH JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQLQ DQODOPDVQGD E\NGHHUDU]HWWLNOHULQLYXUJXODPODUGU
78
*LULLPFLOLNYH6RV\DOOLNL$ODU<DNODP
$OGULFKYH=LPPHUJLULLPFLOHULQQHDWRPLNNDUDU DOPDPRGHOOHULQGH \HU DODQ KHU WUO LOHWLLPL UHW HGHQ VRV\DO
patoloji rnekleri gibi ne de kltrel ve
VRV\DO oHYUHOHULQLQ PDKNXPX DU VRV\DOOHPL PRGHOOHUGH RUWD\D NRQGXX JLEL GDYUDQPDGNODUQ YXUJXODPWU %LUH\OHU ELU EROXNWD NDUDU DOPDPDNWD EXQXQ \HULQH DLOH DUNDGDODU L DUNDGDODU oDODQODU JQON WDQNONODU RODQ ELUH\OHU JLEL oHYUHOHULQGH |QHPOL J|UGNOHUL ELU oRN \HUH GDQPDNWD YH HWNL DOWQGD NDOPDNWDGUODU *LULLPFLOLLQ HNVLN \D GD ID]OD VRV\DOOHPL PRGHOOHULQH DOWHUQDWLI RODUDN $OGULFK YH =LPPHU JLULLPFLOLL GHYDP HGHQ VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQD \HUOHLN ELU ROJX RODUDN HOH DODQ J|U VXQPXODUGU %X J|UH J|UH VRV\DO LOLNL DODU JLULLPFLQLQ IUVDWODUD YH EX IUVDWODU GHHUOHQGLUHELOPHGH NXOODQODELOHFHN
ND\QDNODUDXODPDVQNROD\ODWUDQ\DGDHQJHOOH\HQ|QHPOLELUoHUoHYHGLU
6RV\DO LOLNL DODU \DNODPQQ JLULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ |QHPL JLULLPFL LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODUD HULLP VDODQPDVQ NROD\ODWUPDVGU %X ND\QDNODU o WHPHO JUXED D\UOPWU HQIRUPDV\RQHO PRWLYDV\RQHO YH PDGGL ND\QDNODU %X
kategorizasyon, liWHUDWUGH
WDUWODQ
ND\QDNODUQ
KHPHQ
KHSVLQL
NDSVDU
JLEL
J|UQPHNWHGLU -HQVVHQ YH.RHQQLJ *LULLPFLOHUPWHULOHUSL\DVDYH VDQD\L X]PDQODU ILQDQVDO ND\QDN VDOD\DQODU PXKDVHEHFLOHU DYXNDWODU YH
SD]DUODPD X]PDQODU\OD HWNLOHLPL VFDN
tutmak suretiyle ne kadar ok enformasyon
VDODUODUVD R NDGDU EDDUO RODELOHFHNOHUGLU %LOJL ND\QD RODUDN GDKD oRN ELUH\H XODDELOPH \HQL L VDKDODUQ |QFHGHQ J|UPHQLQ |QHPOL ELU DUW ROPDNWDGU *LULLPFLQLQVRV\DOLOLNLDODUSRWDQVL\HORODUDN]HQJLQELUHQIRUPDV\RQND\QDGU
(Hansen ve Wortman 1989: 70).
6RV\DOLOLNLDODU\ROX\ODJLULLPFLOLLQDUDWUOPDVQQEDODQJoQRNWDVLNL ELUH\DUDVQGDNLLOLNL\DGDLOHPGLUOLNLOHULQHQIRUPDV\RQXQELUWDUDIWDQGLHULQH DNWDUOPDVRODQLOHWLLPLoHULLLNLELUH\LQGHLLP\DSDELOHFHLPDO\DGDKL]PHWOHU RODQ PEDGHOH LoHULL ELUH\OHULQ ED] |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GROD\ ELUELUOHULQGHQ
EHNOHQWLOHUL RODQ QRUPDWLI LoHULN JLEL ED] LoHULNOHUH VDKLS ROGXNODU GQOHELOLU
79
%DODUQ JF ELUH\OHU DUDVQGDNL LOLNLQLQ VHYL\HVLQH NDUONO ROPDVQD YH VNOQD GD\DQPDNWD ]D\IWDQ JoO\H GRUX IDUNOON DU] HWPHNWHGLU $OGULFK YH
Zimmer 1986: 11) ve 1973: 1361).
GX\JXVDO \RXQOXXQ VDPLPL\HWLQ NDUONO JYHQ ED
HNLOOHQGLUHQ NDUONO KL]PHWOHULQ YH ]DPDQQ ELU NRPELQDV\RQXGXU *UDQRYHWWHU
6RV\DO LOLNL DODU VDELW GHLOGLU YH GHLLN LKWL\DoODUD J|UH NRRUGLQH HGLOPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHU NDUDU DOUNHQ YH JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODUD XODDELOPHN LoLQ RQODUD KHP HQ \DNQ KHP GH HQ X]DN RODQ E
ireyleri bir araya getirmektedirler.
3ODQODUNHQ YH ILUPD NXUDUNHQ JLULLPFLOHU DLOH \HOHULQL YH DLOH GQGD NDODQ ELUH\OHULVRV\DOLOLNLDODUQDGDYHWHGHUHNGHLLNWUGH\DUGPYHGHVWHNDUD\QGD EXOXQPDNWDGUODU
(Greve ve Salaff 2003: 2). Teorik ve ampirik literatre gre, nceki
L LOLNLOHUL J|QOO EDODQWODU DNUDEDON \D GD FHPL\HW EDODU EDPV] \HQL JLULLP LoLQ WHPHO ROXWXUPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOHU ILNLUOHULQL JHUoHH G|QWUHELOPHN LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ HQIRUPDV\RQ |QFHOLNOH PDGGL ND\QDNODU VDWODU DLOH YH YH VRV\DO GHVWHN
VDOD\DELOPH
DGQD
LON
EDODQWODUQD
\DQL
DUNDGDODUQD
\|QHOPHNWHGLUOHU%XLQIRUPDODLOHYHDUNDGDONEDODULONDDPDGDGX\JXVDOEDODU YH VRV\DO LOLNLOHU ELoLPLQGH NHQGLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU OHWPHOHUL LoLQ JHU
ekli temel
ND\QDNODU VDOD\DELOGLNOHUL VUHFH EX EDODU \DUDUO YH HNRQRPLN ELUHU SRWDQVL\HO GHPHNWLUgUQHLQHVNLELURNXODUNDGDULVNVHUPD\HVLHQGVWULVLQGHVRV\DOELUED RODUDN RUWD\D oNDU DPD D\Q ]DPDQGD ILQDQVDO ND\QDN EXOPD LOHYLQL GH \HUL
ne
JHWLULU $UDGDNL LON V|]OHPH GX\JXVDO ELU LOLNL LOH VDODQ\RU RODELOLU DPD VRQXoWD ID\GDVDODPDNWDGU/DUVRQYH6WDU
-8).
6RV\DO
LOLNL
DODUQQ
|QHPOL
ER\XWODU
\RXQOXN
XODDELOLUOLN
YH
PHUNH]LOLNWLU%LUDQ\RXQOXXELUH\OHUDUDVQGDNLEDODUQJHQLOLLQHEDOGUYH PHYFXWEDODUQVD\VQQDGDNLWPELUH\OHULQELUELUOHULQHEDOROPDVGXUXPXQGD PH\GDQD JHOPHVL PXKWHPHO SRWDQVL\HO ED VD\V\OD NDUODWUOPDV\OD
KHVDSODQPDNWDGU $OGULFK YH =LPPHU <RXQOXN DGD EXOXQDQ WP \HOHU DUDVQGDNL EDODQW VHYL\HVLQL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU :HVW YH 0H\HU 8ODDELOLUOLN HULHELOLUOLN PHVDIHOHUL QH ROXUVD ROVXQ LNL ELUH\ DUDVQGD ED ROXS
80
ROPDGQ LQFHOHU $GD EXOXQDQ ELUH\OHU ELU ELULPLQ GLHU ELULPH GROD\O \ROGDQ EDODQDELOPHVL LoLQ DUDGDNL \ROXQ NDo DUDFGDQ JHoWLL KHVDSODQDUDN VUDODQDELOLU $OGULFK YH =LPPHU 0HUNH]LOHPH VRV\DO LOLNL DQQ EHOLUOL ELU RGDN QRNWDVHWUDIQGDRUJDQL]HROPDVGU$GDNLKHUKDQJLELUELUH\GLHUOHULLOHQHN
adar
oRN NRPX EDODQW\D VDKLSVH R NDGDU PHUNH]L ROPDNWDGU :HVW YH 0H\HU
38- $GDNL ELU NLLQLQ PHUNH]LOLL LVH LNL IDNW|U WDUDIQGDQ EHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU
RGDN ELUH\LQGLHU WPELUH\OHUHRODQWRSODP PHVDIHVLYHRGDNELUH\LQXODDELOHFHL GLHU WP ELUH\OHULQ WRSODP VD\V 1H NDGDU oRN ELUH\H XODODELOL\RUVD YH EX ELUH\OHUH XODPQ WRSODP PHVDIHVL QH NDGDU NVD LVH RGDN ELUH\LQ PHUNH]LOLL R NDGDU \NVHNWLU 0HUNH]L URO R\QD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ o |QHPOL IRQNVL\RQX YDUGU
Birbirlerine uzak bireylHU DUDVQGD LOHWLLP NDQDO J|UHYL J|UUOHU ND\QDN WUDQVIHUL
\DSDUDN oQF ELUH\OHUL ELU GLHULQH EDOD\DUDN DUDFON KL]PHWL VXQDELOLUOHU HHU HJHPHQ\DGD\NVHNVWDW\HVDKLSELUH\OHULVHEDNDODULoLQUROPRGHOLRODELOLUOHU\D GD SR]LV\RQODUQ ELUH\OHULQ GDYUDQODUQ \|QOHQGLUPHGH NXOODQDELOLUOHU$OGULFK YH =LPPHU6RV\DOLOLNLDODUQHNDGDU\RXQVD\HQLLOHWPHQLQEDDUDQV GDRNDGDU\NVHNRODFDNWU+DQVHQYH:RUWPDQ
6RV\DOLOLNLDODUJLULLPFLOHULoLQELUoRNNRQXGDID\GDOGU%XQODUGDQLONL E\NONWU *LULLPFLOHUKD\DWL|QHPHVDKLSHQIRUPDV\RQX YHHQIRUPDV\RQVDKLEL GLHUELUH\OHUGHQND\QDNODUHOGHHWPHNLoLQDODUQJHQLOHWHELOLUOHU%LUGLHUID\GD LVH SR]LV\RQ DOPDGU *LULLPFLOHU LKWL\Do GX\GXNODU ND\QDD XODPDN YH
HQIRUPDV\RQ VDKLEL ELUH\OHUH GDKD \DNQ ROPDN LoLQ NHQGLOHULQL VRV\DO D LoHULVLQGH NRQXPODQGUUODU6RQRODUDNLVHLOLNL\DSVJHOPHNWHGLU6RV\DOEDODUJLULLPFL\OH \D GDNHQGLDUDODUQGDoRNoHLWOL\DSGDLOLNL YHHWNLOHLP
ierisinde bulunabilirler.
7HNNROOXLOLNLOHUGHKHUELUELUH\LQJLULLPFLLOHDUDVQGDWHNELUWUIDDOL\HWYDUGUYH EX ELUH\OH WHN WLS ELU LOLNL LoHULVLQGH EXOXQXOPDNWDGU dRNOX EDODUGD LVH EXQD NDUW RODUDN GHLLN WUGH YH NDSVDPGD LOLNL NDWPDQODU PHYFXWWXU %X ELUH\OHU JLULLPFLQLQGHVWHNJUXEXQGDoRNVD\GDUROVDKLELGLUOHU$UDWUPDFODU|]HOOLNOHEX LOLNLWUQQJLULLPFLOLHRODQNDWNODUQD|]HOELU|QHPJ|VWHUPHNWHYH|]HOOLNOHX QRNWD\D YXUJX \DSPDNWDGUODU VRV\DO LOLNL D \HOHUL NHQGLOHULQL JLULLPFL LoLQ VDODGNODUIUVDWODUGDKDGDJHQLOHWHFHNELUELoLPGHRUJDQL]HHWPHNWHGLUOHU
81
Bireyler, herhangi bir konuya
NHQGLOHULQL HUNHQGHQ
DGDPDPDNWDGUODU
*LULLPFLOHU |QFH NoN DPD \DNQ EDODQW JUXSODUQ NXOODQDUDN \HQL ELU JLULLP EDODWPDQQ RODVONODUQ DUDWUPDNWDGUODU )LNLUOHULQL WDUWDFDN ELUH\OHUL GLNNDWOH VHoPHNWHGLUOHU dQN EHOLUOL ELU ILNUH NHQGLOHULQL DoNWDQ DGDPDN LVWHPH\HELOLUOHU DODUQ \DNQ DUNDGD YH DLOH oHYUHVL\OH VQUODQGUPDNWDGUODU (HU DODUQ JHQLOHWPHN LVWHUOHUVH R ]DPDQ QL\HWOHUL GH DoN ELU KDOH JHOHFHNWLU YH KHUKDQJL ELU ND\SOD VRQXoODQDFDN ELU H\OHPGHQ JHUL oHNLOHPH\HFHNOHUGLU <HQL ELU JLULLP EDODWPD YH HQIRUPDV\RQ VDODPD \HQL \HWHQHNOHU ND\QDNODU YH L LOLNLOHUL HOGH
etPHDPDF\ODKD]UONODUDEDODGNWDQVRQUDJLULLPFLOHUDUWNGDKDJHQLELUVRV\DO
D ROXWXUPDN ]RUXQGDGUODU 3ODQODPD DDPDVQGD RQODUD NLPLQ \DUGP
HGHELOHFHLQL ELOHPH\HELOLUOHU YH EX QHGHQOH JHOHFHNWH LKWL\Do GX\DELOHFHNOHUL
bireylerden meydana geOHQJHQLELUDROXWXUXUODU*LULLPIDDOL\HWHJHoWLNWHQVRQUD

JLULLPFLOHU DODUQ ND\QDN YH NDWOP VDOD\DELOHFHN DQDKWDU ELUH\OHUH GRUX NDQDOL]H HWPH\H HLOLPOL RODFDNODUGU $ODU WHPDVODUD X\JXQ KDOH JHWLULOHFHNWLU
(Greve ve Salaff 2003: 3-4).
6RV\DO LOLNL DODU JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGH |QHPOL ELU HWNL\H VDKLSWLU <DSODQ DUDWUPDODUQoRXQGDLOLNLOHULQJFJLELD|]HOOLNOHULQLQDYDVWDV\ODVDODQDQ ND\QDNODUQWUQEHOLUOHGLLYDUVD\OPWUgUQHLQ]D\I EDODU|QHPOLGLUoQN RQODU JLULLPFL\L HQIRUPDV\RQ ND\QDNODUQD XODWUU JoO EDODU GD |QHPOLGLU oQN RQODU GD GLHU ND\QDN oHLWOHULQH HULLP VDODPDNWDGU -HQVVHQ YH .RHQQLJ
2002: 1039).
*UDQRYHWWHU ELUH\LQ VDKLS ROGXX EDODUQ oHLWOLOLL LOH ELUH\H DoN RODQ IUVDWODUQ NDSVDP DUDVQGDNL LOLNL NRQXVXQGD ELU WDUWPD ROXWXUPXWXU 2QD J|UH ELUH\LQ WDQGNODU DUNDGDQQ DUNDGDODU JLEL ]D\I EDODU \DNQ DUNDGDODU JLEL JoO EDODUGDQ GDKD D] RUDQGD VRV\DO DoGDQ \DNQ RODFDNODUGU %XQGDQ GROD\
birey ve
RQXQ WDQGNODUQGDQ
ROXPX JUXSODU GN \RXQOXNOX LOLNL D
ROXWXUDFDNODUGURODVELUoRNEDQHNVLNROGXXGLHUWDUDIWDQD\QELUH\YH\DNQ DUNDGDODUQGDQ ROXDQ JUXS VRQ GHUHFH \RXQ RODFDNWU RODV ELU oRN ED EXOXQPDNWDGU $OGULFK YH =
immer 1986: 18). Granovettere gre enformasyon, en
82
HWNLOL ]D\IEDODUDUDFOLOHVDODQPDNWDGU$QFDN/DUVRQYH6WDU VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQ X]XQ G|QHPOL LOLNLOHU YDVWDV\OD ND\QDNODUQ HGLQLOPHVLQL VDOD\DQ JoO EDODU ELoLPLQGH GQPHNWHGLU (QIRUPDV\RQ KDULFLQGHNL GLHU ND\QDNODUQ HGLQLOPHVL JoO EDODUD GD\DQPDNWDGU *oO EDODU JLULLPFLOHU LoLQ |QHPOL RODQ VRV\DOGHVWHNYHPRWLYDV\RQXVDODPDNWDGU-HQVVHQYH*UHYH
3RWDQVL\HO ELU JLULLPFLQLQ oRN L\L WDQG YH GLHUOHULQLQ GH ELUELULQL D] oRN WDQGNoNELUDUNDGDJUXEXRODELOLU%XQXQODEHUDEHUSRWDQVL\HOJLULLPFLQLQKHU ELULQLQ \DNQ DUNDGDODU RODQ ELUoRN WDQG GD RODELOLU %X WDQGNODUQQ \DNQ DUNDGDODUQ JLULLPFLQLQ NHQGLVLQLQ WDQPDV SHN D] ELU LKWLPDOGLU GROD\V\OD EX ELUH\OHUH XODPDQQ WHN \ROX WDQGNODU LOH RODFDNWU 3RWDQVL\HO JLULLPFL YH WDQGNODU DUDVQGDNL EX ]D\IED VDGHFH |QHPVL] ELUWDQNONEDGHLOGLU\DNQ DUNDGDODUQ ROGXX ELU \RXQOXN DUDVQGDNL |QHPOL ELU N|
prdr. Bu da
J|VWHUPHNWHGLUNLoRND]]D\IEDRODQELUH\OHUVRV\DOVLVWHPLQX]DNE|OJHOHULQGHNL ELOJLOHUGHQ \RNVXQ RODFDNODUGU YH \DNQ DUNDGDODUQQ J|UOHUL YH E|OJHVHO KDEHUOHUOH NVWO NDODFDNODUGU %X DUJPDQQ PDQWQ WDNLS HGHUHN JLULLP
cilerin,
PHUNH]LOLL \NVHN YH oRN VD\GD oHLWOL HQIRUPDV\RQ ND\QDQD EDO RODQ SR]LV\RQODUGD J|UOPHNWH ROGXX V|\OHQHELOLU *LULLPFLOHU ]D\I EDODUQ HQ D] LNL DPDoWDQ GROD\ DNWLYH HGHUOHU LOHWPH ELOJLVLQH HULHELOPHN YH PWHUL oHNHELOPHN
BiriQFLVLQGH \HQL L DODQODU PDO YH KL]PHWOHU LoLQ SRWDQVL\HO SD]DUODU VHUPD\H
ND\QDNODU \D GD SRWDQVL\HO \DWUPFODU \HQLOLNOHU YH VWDQGDUW LOHWPH X\JXODPDODU KDNNQGDNL ELOJLOHU ELUH\OHU DUDVQGD oRN JHQL ELU ELoLPGH \D\OPDNWDGU 'LHU
faktrlerLQ D\Q NDOGQ IDU] HGHUHN ELUELUL LOH NHVLHQ EDODU RODQ YH NoN URO
NPHOHULQH VDKLS ELU ELUH\LQ JHQL URO NPHOL YH oHLWOL EDODUD VDKLS RODQ ELUH\H N\DVODHQIRUPDV\RQUHNDEHWLQGHGH]DYDQWDMONRQXPGDROGXXV|\OHQHELOLU%XQXQOD
beraber glEDODUQ]D\IORODUDNWDELUHGLOHQELUGH]DYDQWDMEXOXQPDNWDGU%X
GXUXPGD DUDODUQGD JoO ELU ED EXOXQDQ ELUH\OHULQ HQIRUPDV\RQ DOYHULOHULQH
sosyo-GX\JXVDO
LoHULN HNOHQPHNWH YH HQIRUPDV\RQXQ DQODP J|OJHOHQPHNWHGLU
NLQFL RODUDN LVH JLULLPFLOHU KHP JoO KHP GH ]D\I EDODUQGD PWHULOHUL ROPDODUQ LVWHPHNWHGLU 6UDV\OD EX \HQL PWHULOHU NHQGL JoO YH ]D\I EDODUQD
83
\HQL LOHWPH KDNNQGD ELOJL YHUPHNWHGLUOHU 0WHUL KDYX]XQX JHQLOHWHQ ]D\I EDODUGU$OGULFKYH=LPPHU
PeN oRN DUDWUPDFQQ EX J|UWH ROPDVQD UDPHQ GLHU SHN oRX GD
HQIRUPDV\RQKDULFLQGHNLGLHUND\QDNODUDHULLPLoLQGLHUD|]HOOLNOHULQLQ|QHPLQH GHLQPLOHUGLU gUQHLQ JoO EDODUD VDKLS ELU DQ JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUL
ilerletmek iin gerekli oODQ ]LKLQVHO YH VRV\DO GHVWHL VDOD\DFD YDUVD\OPDNWDGU
6RV\DO LOLNL DODU OLWHUDWUQGHNL WDUWPDODUGDQ RUWD\D oNW ]HUH JLULLPFLQLQ HWUDIQGDNL\DNQDUNDGDJUXSODUQQIDDOL\HWOHULQKD\DWDJHoLULOPHVLDoVQGDQ|QHP WDG NDEXO HGLOPHNWHGLU *oO EDODU JLULLPFL\H ELOLVHO YH GX\JXVDO
ND\QDNODUQVHIHUEHUHWPHNHQGLQHJYHQPHGDKD|QFHGHQDOPROGXXNDUDUODUQ DUNDVQGD GXUPD JLEL NRQXODUGD \DUGPF ROPDNWDGU %XQD EDO RODUDN EDODUQ JoOROPDVQQPRWLYDV\RQNRQXVXQGD ROXPOXELUHWNLGHEXOXQGXXQXV|\OH\HELOLU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH JLULLPFLQLQ D\Q ]DPDQGD ILQDQV YH SUDWLN \DUGP JLEL GLHU ND\QDNODUD GDLKWL\DFYDUGU%XWLSND\QDNODUQ WDQGNODU YDVWDV\ODHGLQLOPHVLQLQ ]RUROGXXGQOHELOLU'LHUELULIDGH\OHEDQNXYYHWLLOHPRWLYDV\RQYHILQDQVDO ND\QDNODUD HULLP DUDVQGD SR]LWLI ELU LOLNL EXOXQPDN ]RUXQGDGU =D\I YH JoO EDODULOHWPHEDODWPD]HULQGHROXPOXELUHUHWNL\HVDKLSWLUOHUoQNHQIRUPDV\RQD PRWLYDV\RQDYHILQDQVPDQDHULLPVDODPDNWDGUODU
(QIRUPDV\RQD HULLP JLULLPFL LoLQ oRN |QHPOLGLU (Q |QHPOL HQIRUPDV\RQ ND\QDNODUQGDQ ELUL JLULLPFLQLQ ]D\I EDODUGU *UDQRYHWWHULQ oDOPDV\OD
LOJLOHQHQ SHN oRN DUDWUPDF HQIRUPDV\RQXQ ]D\I EDODU YDVWDV\OD JHQHO RODUDN JoO EDODUOD RODQGDQ GDKD VN ELU ELoLPGH GRODWQD LQDQPDNWDGU gUQHLQ ELU ELUH\OH JoO LOLNL LoHULVLQGH ROXQXUVD D\Q ]DPDQGD EX ELUH\LQ DUNDGDODU\OD GD LOLNL NXUXOPX RODFDNWU %XQXQOD ELUOLNWH LNL ELUH\ DUDVQGDNL ELOJL DN LOLNLQLQ
kuvvetine gre azalabilLU GH %X GD J|VWHUPHNWHGLU NL JoO EDODUD VDKLS ELU D
JHQHOOLNOH X\XPOX ELU D RODFDNWU YH HQIRUPDV\RQ oRX ]DPDQ ]D\I EDODU YDVWDV\OD DNDFDNWU -HQVVHQ YH .RHQQLJ *LULLPFLQLQ VRV\DO DQGD PHYFXW RODQ ]D\I YH JoO EDODUQ PLNWDU QH NDGDU ID]OD\VD X\JXQ
84
ND\QDNODUD HULLP R NDGDU NROD\ RODFDNWU YH LOHWPH NXUPD VUHFLQLQ EDDU\D XODPDDQVGDRNDGDUDUWDFDNWU-HQVVHQYH*UHYH
*UDQRYHWWHUGDKDJHQLoDSWDWHPDVODURODQELUH\OHULQND\QDNODUDYHELOJL\H HULLPLQLQ GDKD \NVHN ROGXXQX WDUWPWU +HWHURMHQOLN ELUH\LQ D oHYUHVLQLQ oHLWOLOLLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU dRN oHLWOLOLN WRSOXPXQ SHN oRN NHVLPLQH HQWHJUDV\RQ DQODPQD JHOPHNWHGLU YH EX JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUH GHVWHN ROXQPDV DoVQGDQ oRN
avantajlELUGXUXPGXUdHLWOLOLNLoHUHQVRV\DOLOLNLDODUELUH\OHUHGLHUWRSOXPVDO
NHVLPOHUH XODPDODU NRQXVXQGD \DUGPF ROPDNWD YH JHUHNVL] HQIRUPDV\RQ
ID]ODOQ GD |QOHPHNWHGLU *HUHNVL] HQIRUPDV\RQ ID]ODO PHYFXW LOLNLOHULQ oRXQGDQ D\Q ELOJL YH ND\QDNODUQ HOGH HGLOGLL GXUXPODUGD RUWD\D oNPDNWDGU 5HQ]XOOLYHGLHUOHUL
*LULLPFLOHU \HQL LOHWPH IDDOL\HWOHULQH EDOD\DELOPHN LoLQ ELOJL VHUPD\H EHFHUL YH L JFQH LKWL\Do GX\PDNWDGUODU %X ND\QDNODUQ ELU NVPQ NHQGLOHUL NDUODUNHQ GLHU WDPDPOD\F %X QLWHOLNWHNL oRX ND\QDNODU LoLQ GH L EDODQWODUQD GD L G
EDYXUPDNWDGUODU
EDODQWODU
]DPDQ
LQIRUPDO
\D
EDODQWODUGU *LULLPVHO DODU RUJDQL]DV\RQHO LOLNLOHUGHQ ILUPD JUXSODUQD YH NXUXOXPD \DUGP HGHQ GLHU ELUH\OHUH NDGDU oRN JHQL ELU \HOSD]H\L EQ\HVLQGH EDUQGUPDNWDGU
(Greve ve Salaff 2003: 2).
*LULLPFLOLN6UHFLQGH%LOLVHO)HQRPHQOHUYH%LU0RGHOgQHULVL *LULLPVHO)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\ROODU0RGHOL
*LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODU VDODP ELU WHRUL WDUDIQGDQ RWXUWXOPX VRPXW ELU oHUoHYH\H LKWL\Do GX\PDNWDGU .UXHJHU *LULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQOHUDUDV ELU IHQRPHQGLU %X QHGHQOH ELU oRN GLVLSOLQGH JHoHUOLOLL VDSWDQP \DNODP YH PRGHOOHU HQWHJUH HGLOHUHN IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV WDQPODQPDV YH EX IUVDWODUQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHVLDPDF\ODRUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPQLoHUHQJLULLPFLOLNVUHFLQHGHULQ EDN DoODU VDODQPDOGU %X DPDoOD ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHU LOH ELUH\VHO |]JHoPL YH
85
PRWLYDV\RQODU EDODPVDO NRXOODU LOH ELUOHWLUHQ YH VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQD GD \HU YHUHQ)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\ROODU0RGHOLELUPRGHO|QHULVLRODUDNoHLWOL JLULLPFLOLN oDOPDODUQD GD\DQODUDN JHOLWLULOPLWLU $QFDN RUWD\D NRQDQ EX PRGHOLQ JLULLPFLOLL WDP RODUDN DoNODG YH JLULLPFLOLN LOH LOJLOL KHU H\ ROGXX JLEL ELU LGGLD EXOXQPDPDNWDGU %X PRGHO EDKVHGLOHQ DPDFQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVLQH \|QHOLN ELU EDODQJoWU $\UFD PRGHOLQ JHoHUOLOLL ]HULQH KHUKDQJL ELU DPSLULN oDOPD GD JHUoHNOHWLULOPHPL EX LOHUGH \DSODFDN RODQ oDOPDODUD EUDNOPWU 0RGHOL ROXWXUDQ NDYUDPODU WH]LQ EX E|OPQGH GHULQOHPHVLQH DoNODQG LoLQ EX NVPGDWHNUDUODQPD\DFDNWU %LUH\VHO|]JHoPLYHEDODPVDONRXOODUKHUQHNDGDU
modelde yer alsa da DOJ LQDQo WXWXP QL\HW YH GDYUDQ JHOLLPLQH \DSWNODU HWNL
NDGDU JHoHUOLGLUOHU %X QHGHQOH D\UQWO RODUDN DoNODQPDP YH GHPRJUDILN QLWHOLNOHU URO PRGHOOHUL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL GHQH\LP VRV\DO EDODP EDONODU LOH LIDGH HGLOPLWLU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ
-ekonomik-kltrel
VUHFL
JLULLPFLOLN
organizasyonXQ \DUDWOPDV GDYUDQ LOH ELWLULOPHNWHGLU %XUDGD DPDo 6KRRN YH

GLHUOHULQLQ oDOPDODUQGD EHOLUWLNOHUL JLULLPFLOLN VUHFL LOH LOHWPHFLOLN X\JXODPDODU DUDVQGDNL oL]JLQLQ EXODQGUOPDPDV \DUDWP J|U VUHFL LOH SDUDOHOOLN
arzetmektedir.
*LULLPFLOLN
RUJDQL]DV\RQXQ
WDPDPODQGQGD
bitmektedir (Gartner 1989a: 62).
*DUWQHU D JLULLPFLOLL DoNODPDN LoLQ JLULLPVHO GDYUDQD RGDNODQOPDV JHUHNWLLQL |QH VUPWU *LULLPFLOLN NRQXVXQGD ELUH\VHO VHYL\HGH SVLNRORML YH ELOL NDYUDPODUQ NXOODQDQ \DNODPODU VD\V] DYDQWDMODU LoHUPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOLLQ EDODPVDO ELU IHQRPHQ ROGXXQD GDLU DoNODPDODU EXOXQVD GD EDODPVDO NRXOODUQ ELU DUD\D JHOPHVL ELOH WHN EDQD \HQL ELU JLULLPLQ
\DUDWOPDVQD \HWPHPHNWH JLULLPFL ELUH\ NDUNON YH NDRVWDQ X]DN \HQL ELU
organizasyon kurmak iin etkileyici bir dizi yeteneklerini harekete geirmektedir.

6RQXoWD JLULLPVHO GDYUDQD YH GDYUDQQ DOWQGD \DWDQ IDNW|UOHUH \RXQODOPDV LOH JLULLPFLOLLQ DQODOPDVQD GHULQ EX EDN VUHFLQ DoODU UXKXQX ND]DQOUNHQ NDoUPD \D JLULLPFL\L GD \DQO
GHQNOHPGHQ
oNDUDQ
\DNODPODU
GHHUOHQGLUPH JLEL ULVNOL GXUXPODUD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGU %X QHGHQOHUGHQ |WU JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQLQ D\GQODWOPDVQGD ELUH\ PHUNH]H DOQPDO YH EDODPVDO
86
NRXOODUQ GD URO ELUH\LQ \DQQGD GHHUOHQGLULOPHOLGLU +HUURQ YH 6DSLHQ]D
49-
<HQL NXUXODQ
LOHWPHOHU oHYUHVHO NRXOODUQ ]RUODPD \D GD UDVWJHOH
ROXWXUGXNODU \DQ UQOHU GHLOGLU $NVLQH ELUH\OHULQ QL\HWOHULQLQ YH H\OHPOHULQLQ GRUXGDQ VRQXoODUGU %X QHGHQOH JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQGH |QFHOLNOH ELUH\ GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLU$QFDNoHYUHVHONRXOODUQLOHWPHNXUPDH\OHPLQGHELUH\GHQVRQUD\HU DOPDV oHYUHQLQ ELU IUVDW ND\QD RODUDN |QHP WDPDGQ \D GD ELUH\ YH oHYUH DUDVQGD ELU HWNLOHLPLQ YDUROPDGQ J|VWHUPHPHNWHGLU $QFDN \HQL LOHWPHOHU ELUH\\DGDELUH\OHUROPDGDQNXUXODPD]ODU6KRRNYHGLHUOHUL
: 380-382).
)UVDWODUDOJODPD\DGDWDQPODPDYHRQODUGDQ\DUDUODQPDNRQXVXQGDQHWU DOW\DSODUGDKDLOHYVHOGLU"*LULLPFLOLLQNDOEL
mevcut kaynaklardan etkilenmeden
IUVDWODU DOJODPD YH RQODUGDQ \DUDUODQPD \|QHOLPOL ROPDNWU .UXHJHU *LULLPVHO ELU ROD\ IUVDWODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDN LoLQ \HQL ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPQ LoHUPHNWHGLU*LULLPVHOVUHoIUVDWODUQDOJODQPDVYHEXIUVDWODUGDQ\DUDUODQPDN LoLQ ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWOPDV LOH LOJLOL WP LOHY IDDOL\HW YH H\OHPOHUL LoHUPHNWHGLU *LULLPFL IUVDWODU DOJOD\DQ YH RQODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDN LoLQ
RUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWDQELUH\GLU%\JUDYHYH+RIHU*LULLPFLOLNWDQPODULOH LOJLOL\DSODQLoHULNDQDOL]LQGHGHRUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPYHIUVDWODUQDOJODQPDVHQ VN J|]OHPOHQHQ WDQPVDO ER\XWODU ROPXWXU %X DUJPDQODUD GD\DQDUDN RUWD\D NRQDQ PRGHO EDODPVDO DOW\DSODU GD LoHUHFHN ELoLPGH JHQLOHWLOPL DQFDN JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQLQLQ EDUROQGH RODQ ELUH\H RGDNODQDUDN IUVDWODUQ
DOJODQPDVQGD HWNLOL RODQ ELUH\VHO IDNW|UOHULQ RUWD\D NRQPDV LOH EDODWOP YH RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWP LOH VRQXoODQPWU 0RGHO |QFHOLNOH WHRULN EDODQJo RODUDN \DSODQ LoHULN DQDOL]LQH GD\DOGU )UVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV YH DOJODQDQ IUVDWODUGDQ ID\GDODQPDN LoLQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWOPDV PRGHOLQ WHPHOLQL ROXWXUPDNWDGU
%LOLVHO \DNODP NVPQGD GD EHOLUWLOGLL JLEL IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV \DQL ]LKLQGH NXUJXODQPDV YH EXQD GD\DQDUDN NVD\ROODUQ LOHWLOPHVL YH WDQPODQDQ IUVDWODLOJLOL ULVN GHHUOHQGLULOPHVLQLQ \DSOPDV WDPDPHQ ELOLVHO \DSODU YH VUHoOHULQ LOHWLOGLL ELU GXUXPGXU 0RGHO |QHULVLQLQ JLULLPVHO PRWLYDV\RQODU ELUH\VHO YH EDODPVDO NRXOODU ELOLVHO \DSODU IUVDWODUQ WDQPODQPDV NVD\ROODU YHIUVDWLOHLOJLOLULVNLQ GN DOJODQPDV |JHOHULQL ROXWXUPDN LoLQ 6KDQH YH GLHUOHUL .HK YH
87
GLHUOHUL/DXYH%XVHQLW]6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL%XVHQLW]YH/DX oDOPDODUQGD ROXWXUXODQ PRGHOOHU X\DUODQDUDN EX PRGHOGH NXOODQOPWU %DURQoDOPDODUGDPRGHOLQEXNVPLoLQILNLUND\QDROPXWXU
%LUH\LQ GHPRJUDILN \DSVQQ NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ GHQH\LPLQLQ YH URO PRGHOOHULQLQJLULLPFLOLNVUHFLQHHWNLOHULWDUWPDOGUdDOPDQQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHUL \DNODP NVPQGD NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL LOH LOJLOL DUDWUPDODUQ E\N oHOLNLOHU \DQOONODU LoHUGLL NXOODQODQ PHWRGRORML YH HQVWUPDQODUQ SUREOHPOL ROGXNODU EHOLUWLOPLWLU *LULLPVHO PRWLYDV\RQODU ELUH\LQ |]JHoPLL YH EDODPVDO NRXOODU DQFDN ELUH\LQ ELOLVHO \DS YH VUHoOHULQH NVD\ROODU \DSWNODU HWNL |OoVQGH JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQGH \HU EXOPDNWDGUODU %X QHGHQOH ELUH\LQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWP LOH VRQ EXODFDN RODQ IUVDW DOJV YH ULVN GHHUOHQGLUPHVL WDPDPHQ G GQ\D\ QDVO DOJODGQDYH]LKQLQGHQDVOWHPVLOHWWLLQHEDOROPDNWDGU
%LOLVHO \DNODP JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDUQD REMHNWLI JHUoHNOLNOHUGHQ ]L\DGH ELUH\OHULQ DOJODUQQ \|Q YHUGLLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL
BirH\OHU IUVDWODU YH ULVNL ]LKLQOHULQGH NXUJXODPDNWDGUODU %X VHEHSWHQ GROD\ DOJ
YH GLHU ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHU IUVDWODUQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHVL YH ULVN DOJVQGD NULWLN ELU
neme sahiptir (Krueger 2000: 6; girLLPFLOHULQ 2002b : 96), 96),
.HK YH GLHUOHUL %LOLVHO \DNODP
DOJODUQQ .UXHJHU
KDI]DODUQQ
0LWFKHOO YH GLHUOHUL
NVD\ROODUQQ %DUQHV HPDODUQQ *DJOLR YH .DW] ELOLVHO PHNDQL]PDODUQQ
HLOLPOHULQLQ %XVHQLW] YH %DUQH\
(Busenitz ve Lau
QL\HWOHULQLQ %LUG YH G oHYUHQLQ ]LKLQGH
WHPVLO HGLOPHVLQLQ GDYUDQODUQ QDVO YH KDQJL \|QGH HWNLOHGLLQL DUDWUPDNWDGU
(Shaver ve Scott 1991: 23).
*LULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQGH ELOLVHO DUDWUPDODU ELUH\L WHPHO DODUDN LNL DODQ RGDNODQPDNWDGU
(Busenitz ve Lau 1996: 28);
ELOJLQLQVQUODQGUODUDNVDNODQGYH
WHPVLO HGLOGLL ELOLVHO \DSODU LOH ELOJL\L HOGH HWPH YH NXOODQPD WDU]Q YXUJXOD\DQ ELOLVHO VUHoOHU %LOLVHO \DSODU DOQDQ HQIRUPDV\RQXQ RUJDQL]H HGLOPHVL YH
saklaQPDV\ODPH\GDQDJHOHQELOJL\DSODUQQ]LKLQGHWHPVLOHGLOPHVLGLU6FKQHLGHU
88
YH $QJHOPDU 6FKQHLGHU YH $QJHOPDU D J|UH ELOLVHO \DSODU NDWHJRULOHUL ]LKLQGH ROXWXUXODQ NDYUDPODU QHGHQVHO VLVWHPOHUL YH LoHULL GLNNDWH
almadan sadece \DSODUD LDUHW HGHQ VHQDU\RODU NDSVDPDNWDGU %XVHQLW] YH /DX
LVH ELOLVHO \DSODU HPDODU VHQDU\RODU ELOJL \DSODU YH YHULOHUH DQODP ND]DQGUPD RODUDN VQIODQGUPDNWDGUODU .DWHJRULOHU ELOJL \DSODU LOH NDYUDPODU YHULOHUHDQODPND]DQGUPDLOHYHQHGHQVHOVLVWHPOHUHPDODUOD|UWPHNWHGLU
'DIW YH :HLFN HPDODU EHOLUOL ELU NDYUDPOD LOJLOL RUJDQL]H HGLOPL ELOJL\L WHPVLO HGHQ YH NDYUDPQ QLWHOLNOHULQL YH EX QLWHOLNOHU DUDVQGDNL LOLNLOHUL LoHUHQ ELOLVHO \DSODU RODUDN WDQPODPDNWDGU HPDODU EHOLUOL X\DUF NPHOHUL KDNNQGD NXUDO YH LQDQoODUGDQ PH\GDQD JHOHQ ELOLVHO \DSODUGU HPD KDI]D\D EDYXUPDNWDELOJLVDODPDNWDLOLNLOHULEHOLUOHPHNWHoNDUPODUGDEXOXQDUDNVRQXFD YDUPDNWD YH GDYUDQ EDODWPDNWDGU HPDODU ELUH\H oHYUHVLQGH R\QD\DFD URO LoLQELUoHUoHYHVDODPDNWDGU%XVHQLW]YH/DX
.UXHJHU DJ|UHELUH\OHUIUVDWODUDOJODPDGDHQIRUPDV\RQDYHUGLNOHUL |QHPYHGHHULOHIDUNOODPDNWDYHNRXOODUROXPOXYHNRQWUROHGLOHELOLUELUIUV
at ya
GD ROXPVX] YH NRQWURO HGLOHPH] ELU WHKGLW RODUDN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU .HK YH GLHUOHUL QH J|UH ELU IUVDW LOH LOJLOL RODUDN GDKD GN VHYL\HGH DOJODQDQ ULVN GDKD ROXPOX ELU GHHUOHQGLUPH LOH QHWLFHOHQHFHNWLU <HQL ELU LOHWPH NXUPD LOH LOJLOL ILN
ir
\UWPHN VUHNOL RODUDN YH E\N RUDQGD EHOLUVL]OLNOHUOH NDU NDU\D NDOPDN GHPHNWLU *LULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUGH HPDODUD EDYXUPDN JLULLPFLQLQ EHOLUVL]OLN J|VWHUHQ DUWODUQ GQGD ELU DQODP EXODELOPHVLQH L]LQ YHUHFHNWLU HPDODU
JLULLPFLOHUH RUWD\D oNDQ QHGHQ VRQXo LOLNLOHULQL WDQPODPDODU YH ILNLUOHULQL JHOLWLUPHOHULQGH LOHUOHPH VDODPDODU LoLQ ELU oHUoHYH ROXWXUDFDNWU %XVHQLW] YH /DX %X EDODPGD ELU IUVDWQ DOJODQPDV JLULLPFLOLN VUHFL LoLQ |QHPOL ELU EDODQJo QRNWDVGU $VOQGD JLULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH DOJODGNODU IUVDWODUD GD\DQDUDN\HQLELUILUPDNXUPDNDUDUDOPDNWDGUODU%DURQ
3L\DVDQQ \D GD HQGVWULQLQ QDVO DOJODQG YH \RUXPODQG ELUH\OHU DUDVQGDHPDODUQQLoHULLDoVQGDQIDUNOONDU]HWPHNWHGLU%LOLVHOELU\DSRODUDN
89
HPDODU IL]LNVHO YH VRV\DO oHYUHQLQ QDVO LOHGLLQH DLW ELOJL YH LQDQoODUQ WHPVLO HGLOGLL JHOLWLULOPL GLQDPLN ]LKLQVHO PRGHOOHUGLU %X PRGHOOHU JHUoHN \D GD
kurgulanan bir olayla ilgili dikkatin, neden-VRQXo
LOLNLOHULQLQ YH ELOJL LOHPLQ
\|QOHQGLULOPHVLQH \DUGPF ROPDNWDGU *DJOLR YH .DW] *LULLPVHO WH\DNNX] NDYUDP LON GHID .LU]QHU WDUDIQGDQ NXOODQOPWU 7H\DNNX] NDYUDP JLULLPFLOHULQ HQIRUPDV\RQD NDU GLHU ELUH\OHUH J|UH VHUJLOHGLNOHUL GLNND GX\DUOO LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU $UGLFKYLOL *LULLPVHO
t ve
WH\DNNX]
JLULLPFLOHULQ IUVDWODU WDQPODPDGD EDYXUGXNODU D\UW HGLFL ELOLVHO ELU HPDGU *DJOLR YH .DW] %X HPD\D GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFLOHULQ IUVDWODUQ
WDQPODQPDV \DGDDOJODQPDVQD\|QHOLN|]HOELU\HWHQHH\DQLWH\DNNX]HPDVQD VDKLSROGXXEHOLUWLOPHNWHGLU0RGHOGHJLULLPFLOLNoHUoHYHVLQGHELOLVHO\DSODUGDQ 6LQ\DO 7HVSLW 7HRULVL ']HQOH\LFL 2GDN 7HRULVL YH *LULLPVHO 7H\DNNX]D \HU YHULOPLWLU
.VD\ROODU
bire\OHULQ GLNNDWH DOGNODU HQIRUPDV\RQX YH oNDUGNODU \RUXPX
HWNLOHGLL LoLQ DOJODUQ HWNLOH\HELOPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %D] ELOLVHO HLOLPOHU ELUH\OHULQ ROXPVX] VRQXoODU YH NDUDUODU LOH LOJLOL EHOLUVL]OLL GLNNDWHDOPDPDODUQDQHGHQROPDNWDYHEXQHGHQOHGHULVNLQJ|]DUGHGLOPHVLQH\RO DoPDNWDGU 6KDYHU YH 6FRWW %X QHGHQOH ULVN DOJV ELOLVHO HLOLPOHU YH JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU DUDVQGD ELU LOLNL EXOXQPDNWDGU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL
117). Simon ve Houghton (2002)D J|UH ELUH\OHU JLULLP EDODWPD NDUDU DOPD
RUWDPQQ LoHUGLL \NVHN EHOLUVL]OLN NRXOODU QHGHQL\OH NVD\ROODU LOHWPHNWH YH QHWLFHGHRUWD\DoNDQHLOLPOHUGHQGROD\NDUDULOHLOJLOLULVNLQVHYL\HVLQLROGXXQGDQ GDKD GN RODUDN DOJODPDNWDGUODU %X GD ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHOHULQL ROXPOX \|QGH HWNLOHPHNWHGLU 0RGHOGH JLULLPFLOLN LOH EDODQWV WHVSLW HGLOPL RODQ $U *YHQ .RQWURO $OJVQQ <DQOVDPDV .oN 6D\ODU .DQXQXQD (LOLP3ODQODPD<DQOJV'X\JX.DWPDYH
z-(WNLQOLNNVD\ROODU\HUDOPDNWDGU
%LUH\OHULQQDVONDUDUDOGNODUYHH\OHPHJHoWLNOHULQL\DQVWDQELOLVHO\DSODU YH NVD\ROODU LoHUHQ PRGHOOHUH LKWL\Do YDUGU 1L\HW PRGHOOHUL GH EXQX
JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU)UVDWODUIDUNHGLOPH]ROXWXUXOXU%XQHGHQOHIUVDWODUGDKDoRN
90
RQODU DOJOD\DQ \D GD WDQPOD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ ]LKLQOHULQGH ROXPDNWDGU %XUDGDQ DOJODUQ YH GLHU ELOLVHO IHQRPHQOHULQ NULWLN |QHP WDGNODU VRQXFXQD
YDUOPDNWDGU g]HOOLNOH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHU JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQL JHQHO KDWODU\OD DQOD\DELOPHN LoLQ KD\DWL |QHPH VDKLSWLU oQN QL\HWOHU \HQL ELU LOHWPH
NXUXOXPXQXQ EDODQJFQD NDS DoDQ DQDKWDU |]HOOLNOHUH VDKLSWLU .UXHJHU 1L\HW SODQO GDYUDQ LPD HWPHNWHGLU %DND ELU LIDGH LOH ELU ELUH\LQ RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPD\D QL\HWOHQPHVL EX GDYUDQ WDU]QD \|QHOLN SODQ \DSPD\D EDODPDV DQODPQD JHOPHNWHGLU +PLHOHVNL YH &RUEHWW 1L\HWOHU JLULLP EDODWPDN LoLQ EHOLUOL KHGHI GDYUDQODU LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %X KHGHI GDYUDQ NHVLQ RODUDN SODQODQPWU 1L\HWOHU OLWHUDWUQH J|UH JLULLPVHO QL\HW \HQL ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPD WDDKKG \D GD NDWOP ELoLPLQGH JLULLPFLOLN LVH \HQL ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPDRODUDNWDQPODQPDNWDGU.UXHJHU *LULLPFLOLNOLWHUDWUQHJHQHO RODUDN EDNOGQGD QL\HWOLOLN NRQXVXQGD JoO DUJPDQODUQ ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU
Niyet modellerinin ya da z-HWNLQOLLQ PHYFXW X\JXODPDODU LVH EX NRQX\D GHVWHN

ROPDNWDGU gUQHLQ 6KDSHURQXQ JLULLPVHO ROD\ PRGHOL $M]HQ
-Fishbeinin modeli
ile benzer nitelikler sergilemektediU 6KDSHUR JLULLPVHO ELU IDDOL\HWL VWOHQPHGHQ

|QFH ELUH\LQPXWODNDGDKD |QFHGHQ RIDDOL\HWLQLVWHQLOLUYH \DSODELOLUROGXXQDGDLU |QFOELULQDQFDVDKLSROPDVJHUHNWLLQLD\Q]DPDQGDIUVDWODUGDQ\DUDUODQPDNLoLQ GHELUH\VHOELUHLOLPYHWHWLNOH\LFL\DGDK]ODQGUFELUIDNW|UEXOXQPDVJHUHNWLLQL LOHUL VUPWU .UXHJHU 6KDSHURQXQ *LULLPVHO 2OD\ 0RGHOL GLUHNW RODUDN JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHU LoLQ JHOLWLULOGLL LoLQ PRGHOGH NXOODQOPWU 'DYUDQWD EXOXQPD EX GDYUDQD \|QHOLN QL\HW
gerektirmektedir. Bu niyetle ilgili zihinsel
PRGHOOHU ELUH\ WDUDIQGDQ ROXWXUXOXU 'DKD GHULQOHUGH LVH EX QL\HWLQ QLoLQ ROXWXUXOGXX \DWPDNWDGU %LUH\LQ J|VWHUPHN LoLQ QL\HWOHQGLL GDYUDQ
DQOD\DELOPHN DGQD EXQD QLoLQ QL\HW HWWLLQL NDYUDPDN JHUHNOLG %X QHGHQOH QL\HW PRGHOGH GDYUDQWDQ KHPHQ
ir (Krueger 2000: 8ELOLVHO VUHo YH
|QFH
NVD\ROODUGDQKHPHQVRQUDNRQXODQGUOPWU
'LHU WDUDIWDQ LON G|QHP JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODU LOHWPH NXUPD HLOLPL NRQXVXQGDELUH\VHO|]JHoPLYHVRV\DONRXOODUQHWNLVLQLHOHDOPWU5ROPRGHOOHUL YH JLULLPFLOLLQ RUWD\D oNPDV DUDVQGD ELU EDODQW NXUXOPX ELUH\LQ L GHQH\LPL GHJLULLPFLOLHRODQLOJL\LHWNLOH\HQELUIDNW|URODUDNEHOLUWLOPLWLUgQFHNLJLULLPVHO
91
GHQH\LPOHUOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ DUDVQGD SR]LWLI ELU ED ROGXXQD GDLU J|VWHUJHOHU WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU $QFDN GHPRJUDILN PRGHOOHUELU oRNQHGHQGHQ|WUHOHWLULOPLWLU
Demografik modeller, bireyin karar srecine byk lde kara kutu biiminde
QIX] HWPHNWHGLUOHU %XQODU DLOH |]JHoPLLQLQ YH VRV\DO DUWODUQ ELUH\LQ NDUDU VUHFLQLQDVOHWNLOHGLLQHGDLUoRND]YHULVDODPDNWDGUODU.ROYHUHLG
-48).
.DW] URO PRGHOOHULQLQ JHQL oDSWD X\JXODQDELOLU ROPDGNODUQ VDYXQPXWXU 5RELQVRQ YH GLHUOHULEXQRNWD\DoNODPDNLoLQX|UQHNWHQID\GDODQPWU +HPHQ KHPHQ D\Q DUWODU DOWQGD GRDQ YH \HWLWLULOHQ LNL oRFXN JLULLPFLOLN NRQXVXQGD GHLLN J|U YH ILNLUOHUH VDKLS RODELOLU dRFXNODUGDQ ELUL JLULLPFLOLLQ ROXPOX YH KH\HFDQ YHULFL ELU NDUL\HU VHoLPL ROGXXQD NDQDDW JHWLUHELOLUNHQ GLHU oRFXN LVH JLULLPFLOLLQ G]HQOL ELU LH VDKLS RODPD\DQODUQVHoLPLROGXXVRQXFXQD YDUDELOPHNWHGLU $LOH |]JHoPLL FLQVL\HW YH JHoPL GHQH\LPOHU JLEL GHPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHU 6KDSHURQXQ *LULLPVHO 2OD\ 0RGHOLQGH \D GD $M]HQLQ
PDTnde yer
DOPDPDNWDGU 5RELQVRQ YH GLHUOHUL GHPRJUDILN GHLNHQOHUOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ DUDVQGD GRUXGDQ ELUEDODQW ROPDGQVDYXQPXODUGU.UXHJHU D\UFD URO PRGHOOHULQLQ DQFDN WXWXPODU HWNLOH\HELOGLNOHUL |OoGH JLULLPVHO QL\HW
leri
GH HWNLOH\HELOGLNOHULQL YXUJXODPWU 'HPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHU JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHUOH GROD\O \ROGDQ ED NXUDELOLU .ROYHUHLG GHPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHULQ GROD\O \ROGDQ ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHOHULQL WXWXPODU QRUPODU YH |]
-etkinlik
]HULQGHNL HWNLOHUL YDVWDV\OD HWNLOHGLLQL RUWD\D NR\PXWXU 6KRRN YH GLHUOHUL
2003: 385).
1L\HWOHU
OLWHUDWUQH
J|UH
WXWXPODU
GDYUDQODU
QL\HWOHU
YDVWDV\OD
HWNLOHPHNWHGLU7XWXPODUQQL\HWOHULRUWD\DoNDUPDNLoLQNVD\ROVHYL\HVLQGHQELUD]
dahD \XNDUGD ROPDV JHUHNHELOLU .UXHJHU )UVDWODUQ DOJODQPDV LOH LOJLOL
|QFOOHU \DQL ELOLVHO \DSODU E\N |OoGH QL\HWL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ |QFOOHUOH EHQ]HUOLNJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU.UXHJHUVWHQLOLUOLNYH\DSODELOLUOLNWXWXPODUHQ D]QGDQNVD\ROVHYL\HVLQGHELUDOJODPD\DEDOGU.UXHJHU%XoHUoHYHGH ELOLVHO \DSODU WDUDIQGDQ DOJODQDQ IUVDWODU ELOLVHO VUHoOHUGH NVD\ROODU ULVN DoVQGDQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHNWH YH JHOLWLULOHQ WXWXPODU LOH ELUOLNWH RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWPQDLOLNLQQL\HWROXPDNWDGU
92
6KDSHUR WDPDPHQ ELUH\H |]HO ED] GXUXPODUQ H\OHPL K]ODQGUGQQ DOWQ oL]PLELOLQGLNK]ODQGUF\DGDWHWLNOH\LFLIDNW|UOHULVHLWHQNRYXOPD\DGDE\N ELUV|]OHPHWHNOLILDOPDJLELELUH\LQVDKLSROGXXGXUJXQOXDV
on veren faktrlerdir.
%LUH\LQ EX GXUXPD QDVO WHSNL YHUGLL LVH WDPDPHQ EX ROD\Q HWNLOHULQL QDVO DOJODGQD EDOGU .UXHJHU 0RGHO |QHULVLQLQ VRQ DDPDVQGD LVH RUWD\D NRQDQ QL\HW WHWLNOH\LFL \D GD K]ODQGUF ELU \D GD ELUNDo IDNW|U V RUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPGDYUDQLOHVRQEXOPDNWDGU
onucu
6RV\DO LOLNL DODU JLULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ |QHPL JLULLPFL LoLQ JHUHNOL RODQ ND\QDNODUD HULLP VDODQPDVQ NROD\ODWUPDVGU %X ND\QDNODU o WHPHO JUXED D\UOPWU HQIRUPDV\RQHO PRWLYDV\R
nel ve maddi kaynaklar. Bu kategorizasyon,
OLWHUDWUGH WDUWODQ ND\QDNODUQ KHPHQ KHSVLQL NDSVDU JLEL J|UQPHNWHGLU -HQVVHQ YH .RHQQLJ 6RV\DO LOLNL DODU JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQLQ WP DGPODUQGD \HU DOPDNWD YH JLULLPVHO H\OHPOHUL NROD\ODWUDQ \D GD ]RUODWUDQ ELU |QHP DU]
etmektedir.
93
HNLO *LULLPVHO)UVDWODUQ7DQPODQPDVYH.VD\ROODU0RGHOL
- Heuristics and Recognition of Opportunities (HERO)
Bireysel
g]JHoPLYH %DODPVDO .RXOODU
%LOLVHO<DSODU
STT
'h=(1/(<&2'$. 7(256 *506(/7(<$..8=
)UVDWODUQ$OJODQPDV
%LOLVHO.VD\ROODU
$U*YHQ
Demografik zellikler Deneyim

(LWLP
.RQWURO$OJVQQ<DQOVDPDV
.oN6D\ODU.DQXQX
Small
3ODQODPD<DQOJV
5LVN$OJV
Rol Modelleri
.LLOLN
Duygu Katma z-Etkinlik
zellikleri
TUTUMLAR
Sosyal Ekonomik Kltrel

%DODP 25*$1=$6<21
$OJODQP VWHQLOLUOLN
YARATIMI
1<(7 *50&/. 6RV\DOOLNL $ODU '$95$1,, $OJODQP <DSODELOLUOLN
Harekete Geme Tetikleyici Olay

(LOLPL
94
.1&%g/h0
260$1/,'$1*h1h0h=(7h5.<('(*50&/.9( *50&/..h/7h5h1h1*(/0
Bu
E|OPGH
2VPDQO
PSDUDWRUOXXQGDQ
JQP]H
7UNL\HGH
JLULLPFLOLLQJHOLLPL]HULQGHGXUXOPXWXU2VPDQOLNWLVDW]LKQL\HWLDQDOL]HGLOPL YH &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPLQGH \DDQDQ HNRQRPLN JHOLPHOHU JLULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ GHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU
260$1/,03$5$725/881'$*50&/. *50&/..h/7h5h
VE
%X NVPGD 2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXX G|QHPLQGH JLULLPFLOLN YH JLULLPFLOLN NOWU .ODVLN '|QHP YH 7DQ]LPDW VRQUDV ROPDN ]HUH LNL WHPHO EDON DOWQGD LQFHOHQHFHNWLU .ODVLN '|QHPGH HNRQRPLN \DS YH DQOD\ 6HOoXNOX G|QHPLQGHQ L]OHU WDG LoLQ 7PDU 6LVWHPL YH /RQFD 7HNLODW JLEL NXUXPODUQ 6HOoXNOXGDNL N|NOHULQHGHGHLQLOHFHNWLU
2.1.1. Klasik Dnem
2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXXQXQ HNRQRPLN \DSVQ EHOLUOH\HQ ELUoRN NXUXPXQ
kkeni
6HOoXNOX 'HYOHWLQH GD\DQPDNWDGU
(avdar 2003: 39).
ON G|QHP2UWD$V\D
WRSOXPODUQGDQ EHVOHQHUHN ELoLPOHQHQ 7UN HNRQRPL G]HQL \NVHOLLQL 6HOoXNOX 'HYOHWL LOH VUGUP JHOLWLULOHQ UHWLP ELoLPOHUL VLVWHPOHWLULOHQ HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHU oDQD J|UH LOHUL G]H\GH |UJWOHQPL YH X]PDQODP HNRQRPLN \DS 2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQDNDGDUXODPWU$\GRDQ
95
Seluklu Trkiyesinde ekonomi; ziraat, sanayi ve ticaret biiminde organize

RODQ o WU IDDOL\HWOH HNLOOHQPLWLU $QDGROXQXQ FRUDIL NRQXPXQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ NHUYDQFONLVHHNRQRPLQLQWHPHOGLQDPLNOHULQGHQELULVLROPX
tur $NGDD-
30)..|\KDONQQYHUJL-UDQWNDUPELoLPOHUGH|GHGLLWDUPVDODUWNWDQ\DUDUODQPD
KDNNQQ PHUNH]FL ELU DVNHUL VL\DVL VWH NDU EHOOL J|UHYOHUL \HULQH JHWLUPHN NRXOX\OD PHUNH]LQ HPULQGHNL DVNHU \|QHWLFLOHUH EUDNOPDV \D\JQ YH
evrensel bir
VLVWHPGLUNWDYHWPDUGDEXVLVWHPOHUGHQELULGLU7H]HO6HOoXNOXGHYOHWL
miri topUDNUHMLPLQL\DQLLNWDVLVWHPLQL$QDGROXGDKDNLPNOPWU%XVLVWHPHJ|UH
WRSUDN GHYOHW PONL\HWL VD\OP EX WRSUD LOH\HQ N|\OOHU LVH G NLUDFV NDEXO HGLOPLWLU 'HYOHW RUGX PHQVXSODUQD QDNGL F
evletin bir tr -
ret deme yerine, miri Bu sistemin
WRSUDNODUGDQDODFDYHUJLOHULLNWDRODUDNEUDNPWU7DEDNROX 7PDU VLVWHPL 6HOoXNOX LNWD VLVWHPLQLQ GHYDP ROPXWXU 1LDQF
WHPHOL GHYOHW PONL\HWL DOWQGDNL WRSUDNODUQ \LQH ELUHU GHYOHW PHPXUX RODQ YH PDDODUQ WPDUODUQQ JHOLUOHULQGHQ YHUJL EL]]DW DODQ WPDU VDKLSOHULQLQ
J|]HWLPLQGH NXOODQP LQWLID KDNNQD VDKLS RODQ N|\OOHU WDUDIQGDQ LOHWLOPHVLGLU
%LU EDND DoGDQ WPDU JHoLPOHULQL VDODPDN \D GD KL]PHWOHULQH DLW PDVUDIODU NDUODPDN ]HUH ELU NVP DVNHU YH PHPXUODUD EHOLUOL E|OJHOHUGHQ NHQGL QDP YH KHVDSODUQD WDKVLO \HWNLVL LOH ELUOLNWH WDKVLV HGLOPL oRXQOXX WRSUDN RODQ YHUJL
kaynaklDUQD YHULOPL ELU LVLPGLU %X VLVWHPLQ GHQHWOHPH J|UHYL NDGODUD DLW ROPX
E|\OHFH |]HOOLNOH oRX VLSDKL RODQ WPDU VDKLSOHULQLQ WRSUDN YH UHD\D ]HULQGHNL \HWNLOHUL KXNXN oHUoHYHVLQGH G]HQOHQPLWLU 7DEDNROX E $QFDN JHQHO LOH\LLQGHNL EHQ]HUOLNOHUH UDPHQ X\JXODPDGD NXOODQODQ \|QWHPOHU DoVQGDQ LNWD \D GD WPDU VLVWHPL LOH EDWGD RUWD\D oNDQ IHRGDOLWH WDEDQO ILHI VLVWHPL DUDVQGD |QHPOL IDUNODU EXOXQPDNWDGU )LHI VLVWHPLQGH WRSUDQ ]HULQGH \DD\DQODUQ GD NXOODQPKDNNVR\OX\DGHYUHGLOPLILHILQ|]HOPONL\HWHG|QPHVLQLHQJHOOH\HFHN |QOHPOHU DOQPDP YH VR\OXODU GD JLGHUHN PHUNH]L GHYOHWWHQ X]DNODDUDN |]HUN ELULPOHU KDOLQH JHOPLOHUGLU NWD YH WPDU VLVWHPOHULQGH ILHIH EHQ]HU ELU \DSODQPD EXOXQPDPDNWDGUNWDVLVWHPLQGHWRSUDNODUQLOHWLOPHVLQLQGHYULLoLQDUDQDQ|OoWOHU DVNHUL \HWHQHN YH GHYOHWH \DUDUOON LNHQ 2VPDQOQQ LPSDUDWRUOXN KDOLQH JHOLS PHUNH]LOHPHQLQ DUWPDV\OD ELUOLNWH KDQHGDQD \DNQON YH EDOON WPDU VLVWHPLQLQ WHPHO|OoWKDOLQHJHOPLWLU$\GRDQ
5: 730-731).
96
6HOoXNOXGD VDQD\L YH WLFDUHW KD\DW DKLOLN LONHOHULQH GD\DO RODQ HVQDI ELUOLNOHUL WDUDIQGDQ WHNLODWODQGUOPWU 7DEDNROX $KL NHOLPHVLQLQ N|NHQL $UDSoDGU YH NDUGHLP DQODPQD JHOPHNWHGLU OHUGH 0RRO LJDOLQGHQ
AnadROX\D NDoDQ HVQDI YH VDQDWNDUODU \HQL DGP DWWNODUONHGHWXWXQDELOPHN LoLQ

ELUELUOHULQH NHQHWOHQPLOHU YH VDKLS ROGXNODU GD\DQPD PHVOHNL HLWLP JLEL GHHUOHUL$QDGROX\DWDPODUGU$KLOHU\]\OEDODUQGD2VPDQO'HYOHWLQLQ NXUXOXXQGD DVNHUL JoOHUH \DUGPF RODQ ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ RODUDN GD \HU DOPODUGU
(Anda 1994: 1-

RUJDQL]DV\RQX LOH
6HOoXNOX
HKLUOHULQGHNL L KD\DW QRUP HVQDION XVWD oUDN
PHUNH]OL ORQFD oHUoHYHVLQGH
VUGUOP
LOLNLOHUL
G]HQOHQPHNOH EHUDEHU XVWD SLU HNOLQGH LIDGH EXODQ PDQHYL ELU QLWHOLH GH VDKLS ROPXWXU )DDOL\HW NRQXODUQD J|UH RUJDQL]H RODQ ORQFDODU WHNHOFL ELU \DSODQPD VHUJLOH\HUHN LOJLOL IDDOL\HW DODQQGD EXOXQDQ DW|O\H \D GD GNNDQ VD\ODU ORQFDQQ ELOJLVLKDULFLQGHGHLHPHPLYHKHUDW|O\H\DGDGNNDQGDWHNELUXVWDEXOXQPXWXU /RQFD\D EDO LOHWPHOHULQ XVWDODUQGDQ ELUL ORQFD UHLVL RODUDN DKL QYDQQ DOPDNWD WP ORQFDODUQ DKLOHUL DUDVQGDQ GD ELU UHLV VHoLOHUHN KL\HUDULGH WHSH QRNWD\D $KL %DEDQYDQLOH\HUOHPHNWH\GL$NGDD
15-16).
7UNOHU GDKD $QDGROX\D JHOPHGHQ VDQD\L WHFUEH\H VDKLS ROPX SDPXNOX \QO YH LSHNOL GRNXPD VDQD\L JP LOHUL HHU WDNPODU NDW YH oLQL LPDODW DOWQ YH N\PHWOL WD PDGHQFLOLL LOHUL VHYL\HGH ROPX PDGHQ N|PU HQHUML
hammaddesi olaUDN
NXOODQOPWU 7DEDNROX
-108). Anadolunun ele
JHoLULOPHVL\OH ELUOLNWH \HUOL KDONLOH7UNOHUDUDVQGDELU HWNLOHLPPH\GDQDJHOPL GRNXPDFONPDGHQLoLOLLPDGHQLH\D\DSPYHLQDDWVDQDWODUQGD7UNOHU\HUOL XVWDODUQ \DQQGD oDODUDN GHQH\LP ND]DQPODUGU <D\OD KD\YDQFO ]LUDL LOHWPHFLOLLQLQ 7UNOHUH KDV ELU LOHWPH IRUPX ROPDV YH $QDGROXGDNL FRUDIL DUWODUQ GD EX WDU] UHWLP VLVWHPLQH oRN X\JXQ EXOXQPDV QHGHQL\OH \HUOL KDONQ
Trklere bu \ROGDQ\DSWNODUHWNLdaha D]ROPXWXU$NGDD-11).
2VPDQO UHWLP WDU] LOH $V\D WLSL UHWLP WDU] $7h7 DUDVQGD EHQ]HUOLN NRQXVX WDUWPDOGU 'LYLWoLROX 2VPDQO YH $7h7 DUDVQGDNL EHQ]HUOLNOHUL DoNODP WRSUDNWD |]HO PONL\HWLQ ROPD\Q YH PONL\HWLQ GHYOHWH DLW ROPDVQ
97
$7h7QQ WHPHOL ROGXXQX YXUJXODPWU %X \DSODQPDGD WRSOXP WRSUDN ]HULQGH PONL\HW \HULQH WDVDUUXI KDNNQD VDKLS ROPXWXU (N RODUDN WRSOXPGD WDUP LOH HO VDQDWODU DUDVQGD LOHUL G]H\GH LE|OP YDUGU YH EX QHGHQOH WRSUDN ELU H
konomik
ELULPGLU$UWNUQQVDKLELGHYOHWROGXXQGDQNLWOHUHWLPLJHOLPHPLWLU7RSOXP
temelde devleti temsil edenler ve reticileri temsil edenler olmak zere iki blme
D\UOPWU $YFROX LVH $7h7 LOH 2VPDQO WRSOXPVDO YH HNRQRPLN
sisteminLQ DoNODQDPD\DFDQ $7h7QGD VDGHFH N|\ WRSOXOXNODUQQ ROGXXQX YH

ELUH\LQ DQFDN EX WRSOXOXXQ ELU \HVL RODUDN YDU RODELOGLLQL 2VPDQOGD LVH N|\OHUGH YDU RODQ NDPXVDO QLWHOLNOHULQ \DQ VUD ELUH\FLOLLQ GH |QHPOL |OoGH JHOLWLLQLYXUJXODPWU 2VPDQOGDJHOLPL WLFDUHW YHNHUYDQFONLoLQHNDSDON|\ WRSOXOXNODUQGD ROXDQ $7h7 LOH EDODWUODPDPDNWD YH 2VPDQO HNRQRPLVLQLQ GLQDPLNWLFDUL\DSVEXQXQWHPHOJ|VWHUJHVLROPDNWDGU
.ODVLN'|QHPGH(NRQRPLN<DS
2VPDQO VL\DVL DQODPGD RUWD\D NR\GXX PXWODN KDNLPL\HW LONHVLQL HNRQRPL DODQQGD GD X\JXODPWU PSDUDWRUOXXQ JHQLOLL RUGXQXQ LKWL\DoODU E\N HKLUOHULQ LDH ]RUOXNODU XODWUPD LPNDQODUQQ HOYHULVL]OLL GHY
letin ekonomiyi
WHN HOGHQ \|QHWPHVLQL JHUHNOL NOPWU 1LDQF 2VPDQOGD WRSOXPVDO \DS LVH GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ ROXWXUXOPX YH IRQNVL\RQODUQD J|UH o DQD JUXED D\UOPWU DVNHULOHU HKLUOLOHU YHN|\OOHU%XIRQNVL\RQHOD\UPQ LONVUDVQGD\HU
alan askeriler
GHYOHW KL]PHWOLOHUL ELoLPLQGH DOJODQPDOGU $VNHULOHUH KL]PHWOHUL
NDUOQGD \DSODQ |GHPH \D KD]LQHGHQ QDNLW SDUD RODUDN \D GD KDONWDQ DOQDFDN RODQED]YHUJLOHUEXVQIDWRSODWODUDNJHUoHNOHWLULOPHNWH\GL$NGDE
-81).
1LDQFGHYOHWoH\DSODQWRSOXPVDOD\UPQ|OoWRODUDNYHUJL\HWDELROPD\ LDUHW HWPHNWHGLU <|QHWHQOHU \DQL DVNHULOHU UHWLPGH EXOXQPD\S YHUJL YHUPH]NHQ \|QHWLOHQOHU \DQL N|\GH YH HKLUGH \DD\DQODU UHD\D
devlete vergi vermekle
\NPO JHQL ELU NLWOH\L ROXWXUPDNWD\G $VNHULOHU NDYUDP WPDUO VLSDKL YH NDSNXOODU RODUDN DOJODQDQ ILLOHQ DVNHUOLN PHVOHL LOH XUDPDQQ GD |WHVLQGH WP NDPX J|UHYOLOHULQL NDSVDPDNWD\G $VNHULOHULQ HQ VW NHVLPLQLQ VHUPD\H ELULNWLUPH
98
LPNDQ EXOXQPDNWD\G DQFDN EX VQIQ \DVDO PLUDVoV GHYOHW ROGXX LoLQ |] VHUPD\HROXWXUPDVRQGHUHFHNVWOROPXWXU*HQo
el
$QDGROXGD EWQ WRSUDNODUQ \HUDOW YH\HUVWND\QDNODUQQ|]HO PONL\HW GQGD EUDNODUDN GHYOHW PDO VD\OPDV PLUL WRSUDN UHMLPL WRSOXPXQ IRQNVL\RQHO D\UPQ GD GHYOH
te uydurmX HNRQRPLN NDGHPHOHU YH VHUYHW ND]DQPD RODQDNODU
QHUHGH\VH WDPDPHQ GHYOHW G]HQLQH EDO NDOPWU 2VPDQO VQUODU LoLQGH NDODQ WPWRSUDNODUGHYELULOHWPHELoLPLQGH|UJWOH\HUHNNHQGLVLLYHUHQVWDWVQHVDKLS ROPX DVNHULOHU GQGD NDODQ HKLUOLOHU YH N|\OOHU UHD\D GH\LPL LOH QLWHOHQPLWLU 7P ONH WRSUDNODU YH GRDO ND\QDNODU GHYOHW PON GXUXPXQGD EXOXQGXX LoLQ WRSOXPX EX GRDO VHUPD\H\L LOHWWLUHFHL NRO JF RODUDN GQHQ GHYOHW
UHD\DVQGDQHKLUGH\DD\DQODUODN|\GH\DD\DQODULOHWPHVLQGHIRQNVL\RQHORODUDN D\UVQIODUELoLPLQGHGQPHN]RUXQGDNDOPWU$NGDE
2VPDQOGD HNRQRPLN \DS WDUP PHUNH]OL ELU QLWHOLH VDKLS ROPX 1LDQF YHWPDUVLVWHPLGHWDUPHNRQRPLVLQLQYH2VPDQOHNRQRPLVLQLQWHPHOLQ
ROXWXUPXWXU.oNNDOD\2VPDQOGDWDUPGDNXOODQODQWRSUDNGHYOHWLQ PDO VD\OPDNWD N|\O EX WRSUDQ NLUDFV GXUXPXQGD EXOXQPDNWD YH EX VWDWVQ DLOH LoLQGH GLHU NXDNODUD DNWDUDELOPHNWH\GL )DURTKL
Para
ekonomisinin yetHUL NDGDU JHOLPHPL ROGXX G|QHPOHUGH E\N ELU NVP D\QL mahsul olarak toplanan vergi gelirlerinin; nakli, paraya evrilmesi, merkezi bir devlet hazineVLQGH
WRSODQDUDN GDWOPDV YH GDWODFDN PDDODUOD J|UHY VDKLSOHULQLQ
EXOXQGXNODU\HU
lerde geiPOHULQLQWHPLQLJLELLOHULQJoONDUVQGDYHDVNHULYH
VL\DVL QHGHQOHUOH GRXGD YH EDWGD X\JXODQP RODQ EHQ]HUL XVXOOHU 2VPDQOGD GD WPDUO VLSDKL GHQLOHQ ELU VYDUL RUGXVXQXQ WHNLODWODQGUOPDVQGD \]\OODU ER\X EDDU\OD X\JXODQPWU .o
kkalay 2000: 44-45). Ancak
7PDUOVL
pahi kesinlikle
EXJQN DQODPGD WRSUDN VDKLEL GHLOGL 7PDU VDKLELQH YHULOHQ KDN N|\OOHUGHQ D\QHQ YH QDNGHQ ED] YHUJLOHUL WRSODPDN YH RQODUGDQ ED] KL]PHWOHULWDOHS HWPHNWHQ LEDUHW ROPXWXU %X YHUJL YH KL]PHWOHULQ YHULOPHVLQL VDODPDN LoLQ WPDU VDKLEL N|\OOHULQ N|\ WHUN HWPH YH WRSUDN DOP VDWP NRQXVXQGDNL KDNODUQ
NVWOD\DELOLUGL .|\O LVH WRSUDNODUQ NHQGL KHVDEQD LOHWHPHPHNWH\GL 7PDU
99
VDKLSOHULVNONODLPSDUDWRUOXXQELUE|OJHVLQGHQGLHULQHQDNO
edilebildiklerinden, en
D]QGDQ \]\OQ LNLQFL \DUVQGDQ |QFH ELU N|\GH PON VDKLEL ROPDODU SHN RODDQJ|UQPHPHNWH\GL)DURTKL
-160).
7PDU VDKLSOHUL NHQGLOHULQH EUDNODQ YHUJL JHOLULQLQ E\NOQH J|UH ]HUOHULQHGHQDVNHUL\NPOONOHUL\HULQHJHWLUL\RUWPDUODUE\NLVHD\UFDELU \D GD ELUNDo VLSDKL\L GRQDW\RU YH JHoLPOHULQL VDO\RUODUG 7H]HO
-37).
+L]PHWOHU E\GNoH WPDUQ WHPHO ELULPL RODQ GLUOLNOHU GH E\PHNWH\GL 7PDU VDKLSOHULWRSUDNODU\ODRUDQWOPLNWDUGDDVNHUYHNDSKDONQQJHoLPOHULQLVDODPDN ]RUXQGD\G +DWWD EWQ ONH ELU GLUOLN RODUDN GQOUVH SDGLDK GD ELU QXPDUDO WPDUO VLSDKL VIDW\OD NDS KDON \DQL NDSNXOX RUGXVXQXQ JHoLPLQL VDO\RUGX 7DEDNROX E GGLDO ROPDNOD ELUOLNWH EX DoGDQ GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH 2VPDQO WRSOXPXQXQ RUGX ELoLPLQGH RUJDQL]H HGLOGLL LOHUL VUOHELOLU %HNOLGH $YUXSDGD RUWD\D oNDQ GHLLPH X]XQ ELU VUHGLUHQLOPHVLQLQ QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELUL EX RUJDQL]H ROPD ELoLPL\OH VDODQDQ GHQJHQLQ ER]XOPDPDV RODELOLU 1LKD\HWLQGH 2VPDQO\D |]J WRSOXPVDO \DS NDSLWDOLVW VLVWHPGH EXOXQDQ EXUMXYD VQIQQ GD JHOLPHVLQH LPNDQ YHUPHPLWLU dQN DVNHUL ELUOLNOHULQ VDYD NDELOL\HWOHULQLQ HQ \NVHN G]H\GH WXWXODELOPHVL PHUX NDEXO HGLOHQ JHOHQHNVHO \DSQQ P
odernize
HGLOPHVLQH UDPHQ ER]XOPDGDQ NDODELOPHVLQH EDO ROPDNWDGU *HUHN VRV\DO JHUHNVH DVNHUL DODQGD VDODQP RODQ GHQJHQLQ JHOHQHNoL WXWXPODUOD VUDUOD
VUGUOPHNLVWHQPHVL2VPDQOQQWHPHO]LKQL\HWOHULQGHQELULVLROPXWXU
7RSUDD
miri bir stat
ND]DQGUPDQQ DUNDVQGD WDUP DUD]LOHULQLQ DWO
NDOPDVQQ|QOHQPHVLYHHWNLQNXOODQPDVJLELHNRQRPLNWRSUDNPONL\HWLQLELUHOGH WXWDUDNONHQLQVL\DVLYHDVNHULRUJDQL]DV\RQXQXWHKGLWWHNLOHGHFHNELU\DSODQPD\D
meydan verilmemesi gibi siyasi nedenler ve bir toprak aristokrasinin (feodalite)

RUWD\D oNPDVQQ |QQH JHoPHN JLEL VRV\DO DPDoODU GD EXOXQPDNWD\G 1LDQF
2002: 84-7PDU
WRSUDNODUQQ GHYOHW PON ROPDVQGDQ GROD\ PLUDVD WDEL
ROPDV VDWOPDV YDNIHGLOPHVL YH EDODQPDV KHP VLSDK NRQXVX GHLOGL $QFDN WRSUDN VLSDKLQLQ
i hem de kyl iin sz

HOLQGHQ NH\IL RODUDN
YH N|\OQQ
DOQDPDPDNWD HHU VLSDKL VHIHUH NDWOPD]VD GHYOHW R VHQH
nin gelirini ondan
100
DOPDNWD\G7DEDNROXE 7PDUVLVWHPLWDUPWHNQRORMLVLQGHELUJHOL
me
ROPDPDVQD UDPHQ ONHGHNL \NVHN ]LUDL UHWLP LoLQ JHUHNOL RUWDP VDODPWU
Uygulanan rejim bir btn olaUDN J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOGXXQGD LQVDQ YH WRSrak
\|QQGHQ WDP LVWLKGDPQ VDODQPDV LoLQ JHUHNOL WP |QOHPOHU DOQP YH WRSODQDQ
vergilerin\HULQGHWNHWLOPHVL\OHPDNVLPXPHWNLQOLLVDODPWU.oNNDOD\ 44-45).
2VPDQO HNRQRPLN IDDOL\HWOHUL SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDVQQ VHUEHVW LOH\LLQH EUDNPDP HNRQRPL\H JHQL |OoGH PGDKDOH HGHUHN NRQWURO DOWQD DOPWU 7RSOXP LKWL\DoODUQ GLNNDWH DODUDN UHWLP GDWP YH IL\DWODQGUPD DDPDODUQGD SL\DVD\ G]HQOHPLWLU dHLWOL SL\DVDODUD ROGXNoD D\UQWO \DSODQ EX PGDKDOH 2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQLQ WNHWLFLQLQ PHQIDDWLQL UHWLFLQLQ NDUQD WHUFLK SROLWLNDV\
la,
GRUXGDQ LOJLOLGLU 'HYOHWLQ HNRQRPL\H PGDKDOHVL PHPXUODU DUDFO LOH GHLO GH HVQDIWRSOXOXNODUQQWHNLODWYHLGDULNDGURODUQQ\DUGP\OD\DSOGLoLQ\NFELU HWNL \DUDWPDPWU 1LDQF *QP]GH ROGXX JLEL 2VPDQO G|QHPLQGH GHSL\DVDGDNLIL\DW DUWODU GHYOHWLYHKDONLOJLOHQGLUHQNRQXODUQEDQGDJHOPHNWH YH EX QHGHQOH KHU WUO H\D LOH \L\HFHN PDGGHOHULQLQ YH KL]PHWOHULQ IL\DWODU HQ
byk resPL PDNDPODU WDUDIQGDQ G]HQOHQPHNWH\GL %X G]HQOHPH QDUK VLVWHPL

RODUDNDQOPDNWD\G$\G]
%LU WRSOXPGD DUWN UQ PH\GDQD JHOGLNWHQ VRQUD WLFDUH
tin; her trl retim
ELoLPLQLQ WDPDPOD\F ELU XQVXUX ROGXX VRQXFXQD YDUPDN PPNQGU 2VPDQO WRSOXPVDOG]HQLQGHGHWLFDUHWL\RNVD\PDNHOEHWWHPPNQGHLOGLU$QFDNPHYFXW
ticari faaliyet biU EXUMXYD]L RUWD\D oNDUWDPDPWU 1LDQF 2VPDQOGD

]DQDDWYHWLFDUHWKD\DWHVQDIWHNLODWODUWDUDIQGDQG]HQOHQPHNWH\GL%DWDELUXVWD YH \DQQGD oUDNODU\OD JHUoHN ELU KRFD WDOHEH JUXEXQXQ WHPVLO HWWLL 2VPDQO HVQDIQ ]DQDDWNDU YH DUDF ELoLPLQGH LNL\H E|OPHN PPNQ LVH GH EXQODUQ KHSVL HVQDIVD\O\RUODUGYHEXLNL]PUH\LELUELUOHULQGHQDQFDNNHQGL|]HOGHUQHNOHULD\UW
etmekteydi
$NGD E
.XOODQODQ KDPPDGGH WUQH IDDOL\HWLQ \HU DOG
UHWLP DDPDVQD UHWLOHQ PDOQ VSHVLILN QLWHOLLQH KLWDS HWWLL DOF ]PUHOHULQH J|UH ELU DDFQ GDOODUQ DQGUUFDVQD X]PDQODDQ HVQDI |UJWOHQPHVL ORQFD DG
101
DOWQGD DQOPDNWD\G *HQo 2VPDQO WRSOXPXQGD VDQD\L YH WLFDUHW
denilince esnaf birlikleri akla gelirken;
HVQDI ELUOLNOHULQLQ oDUWUG LON NRQX GD
DKLOLN YH EXQD EDO RODUDN ORQFDODU ROPXWXU $KLOLN $QDGROXGDNL HVQDI YH VDQDWNDUODUQ PHQHLQL WHNLO HWPL DQFDN EDPV] YH JoO NRQXPX 2VPDQOQQ
merNH]L\HWoL\|QHWLPVLVWHPLQGH]D\IODPWU1LDQF(VQDI|UJWOHULQLQ tren ve gelenekleri iinde ahilikten

JHOGLL GQOHELOHFHN ED] XQVXUODU GD
PHYFXWWXUDQFDNEWQEXL]YHWHVLUOHUHUDPHQ2VPDQOHVQDI|UJWOHULQGHYH \]\OODUGD ELOLQHQ HNOL LOH DKLOLLQ GHYDPQGDQ EDKVH \DSLoLQGH
tmek olduka zordur. Bu
lonca GH\LPLHVQDI|UJWQQJHQHONXUXOXYHEXNXUXOXQWRSODQG\HU
DQODP GQGD ELU |QHP WDPDPDNWDGU 0VOPDQ RODQ YH ROPD\DQ XVWDODUQ D\Q
rgt iinde yer alabilmeleri ok daha nceden beri sz konusudur ve EX 2VPDQO
HVQDIQQ EHOLUJLQ QLWHOLNOHULQGHQ ELULVL ROPXWXU *HQo 7DUP UQOHUL NHQWOHUGH\HUHOSD]DUODUGDKDONDYHEXDUDGD\DEDQFODUDVDWOPWU/RQFDWHNLODW R G|QHPLQ DUWODU\OD GQPHN ND\G\OD 2VPDQO VDQD\LVL YH WLFDUHWLQL
n ve bu
DQODPGD 2VPDQO HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHULQLQ HQ |QHPOL XQVXUODUQGDQ ELULVL ROPXWXU 2VPDQOWDUPGUHWLPLQLQ
iyi ELUG]H\GHROPDVORQFDWHNLODWQQL\LLOHPHVLQH 103).
EDO\GYHGHYOHWORQFDODUYHUJLOHQGLUHUHNJHOLUHOGHHWPHNWH\GLg]JHQ
2VPDQOGD ORQFDODU PHUNH] LOH HVQDI DUDVQGD ELU N|SU J|UHYL VWOHQHQ $QDGROXGD UHWLP YH SD]DUODPD RUWDNOQ WHYLN HGHQ UQ NDOLWHVLQL \NVHOWPH NDOLIL\H HOHPDQ \HWLWLUPH XVWDON VHUWLILNDV YHUPH L YH WLFDUHW DKODNQ JHOLWLUPH
ve dHQHWOHPH LoLOHUL NRUXPD UQOHUL HQ XFX] \ROODUGDQ WNHWLFL\H XODWUPD JLEL
IRQNVL\RQODU VWOHQHQ NXUXPODUG dDKD 7HNHOFL PHVOHN |UJWOHUL RODQ ORQFDODUQWHPHODPDF\HOHULQLQoNDUODUQNRUXPDNROPXWXU/RQFDODUEXDPDFD
ynelik olarak bir yandan retimlerini denetlemeye ve lonca ii rekabeti

VQUODQGUPD\D|WH \DQGDQ GDNHQGLOHULGQGDoNDELOHFHNUH
timi de engellemeye
oDOPODUGU /RQFD WHNLODWQD NDWOPD JHGLN \|QWHPLQH EDODQP oUDN NDOIDYH
usta mertebelerinin kazanOPDVYHXVWDRODQODUQERDODQJHGLNOHUGHQKDNDODELOPHVL

|UIL NXUDOODUDEDODQPWU*HGLN\|QWHPL\OHLVWH\HQELUH\LQGNNDQ DoPDVYHXVWD ROPDVQQ |Q NHVLOPLWLU 1LDQF 2VPDQO GHYOHWL KHP PHUNH]L |HVL KHP GH \HUHO X]DQWODU\OD WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHUH R NDGDU NDUPDNWD\G NL SDUD
102
NXOODQODUDN \DSODQ PEDGHOHOHULQ \D\JQOQD UDPHQ IL\DW ROXWXUXFX ELU SL\DVD V|] NRQXVX GHLOGL 3DUDQQ YH WLFDUHWLQ EXOXQGXX IDNDW IL\DW ROXWXUXFX SL\DVDQQ EXOXQPDGELUGXUXPV|]NRQXVX\G
u (Tezel 1994: 43).
2VPDQO\|QHWLFLVQIQDJ|UHORQFDODU\DUDUODPDD\Q]DPDQGDWHKOLNHOL\GL 2UJDQL]H NXUXOXODU ROGXNODU LoLQ IL\DWODUQ NRQWURO HGLOPHVLQH \DUGPF ROX\RU NWONODU HQJHOOL\RU GUVWON LONHVLQL \HOHULQH DO\RU YH YHUJL JHOLUL VDO\RUODUG DQFDN EX |UJWOON D\Q ]DPDQGD GHYOHWH NDU oNDELOLU YH VL\DVL LVWLNUDUV]ON \DUDWDELOLUGL %X QHGHQOH 2VPDQO \|QHWLPL ORQFDODUQ WHNHO NXUPDODUQQ UHVPHQ WDQQPDVQDNDUON ORQFDODUGDQ GHYOHWGHQHWLPLDOWQGDROPD\ NDEXO
etmelerini ve
RODELOHFHN
koruQDQ
GLHU
JUXSODUQ
HNRQRPLN
oNDUODUQQ
]DUDUQD
QHGHQ
KDUHNHWOHUGHQ NDoQPDODUQ LVWHPLWLU .XUDQ (VQDIQ NDW KL\HUDULN NXUDOODUD GD\DO RODUDN |UJWOHQPHVLQLQ \DQQGD ORQFDODUQX\PDN]RUXQGDROGXNODU
kXUDOODU
HQ LQFH D\UQWVQD NDGDU GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ G]HQOHQPLWL 3DGLDKQ KDOLQH JHOHQ ORQFD G]HQOHPHOHUL \]QGHQ 2VPDQOQQ
denetiminden geip kanun gcne gre
HVQDI KD\DW VDQNL GRQPX RODUDN VUS JLWPHNWH\GL )L\DW VHYL\HVL IDNLUOHULQ DOP
bHOLUOHQGLLQGHQ
QDUK
YHULOLUNHQ
HVQDIQ
VDGHFH
HPHNOHUL
KHVDSODQ\RUGX%|\OHFHHVQDIKLoELUVXUHWWHVHUPD\HELULNWLUPHIUVDWEXODP\RUGX $YUXSDGDRQDOWQFDVULWLEDU\ODWLFDULIDDOL\HWOHUOHXUDDQHVQDIQE\NVHUPD\H
biriktirip krallara bor verebileFHN GXUXPD JHOPHOHULQH UDPHQ 7UN HVQDIQQ NW
NDQDDW\DD\DFDNND]DQoLOH\HWLQGLLDQODOPDNWDGU1LDQF
0XQWD]DP ELU WHNLODWD VDKLS RODQ YH WLFDUHW \ROODUQQ NHQGL ONHVLQGHQ JHWLUHFHL PDGGL ID\GDODUQ GD WDPDP\OD IDUNQGD EXOXQDQ 2VPDQO GHYOHWL WLFDUHW \ROODUQQ JYHQOLL LoLQ WHNLODWODU NXUPX YH NHQGLVLQH |QHPOL JHOLU VDOD
yan bu
ND\QDGLNNDWOLFHNRUXPXXOXVODUDUDVWLFDUHWHYHNHUYDQODUDRoDGDUDVWODQPD\DQ NROD\ONODU VDODPWU ' WLFDUHWWH LVH LKUDFDWWDQ oRN LWKDODW |Q SODQGD WXWXOPX HNRQRPLN G]HQL LDH LONHVLQH GD\DQDQ 2VPDQO 'HYOHWL NHQW
lerin tketimi iin
JHUHNHQ JGD PDGGHOHULQLQ ORQFDODUQ UHWLPL LoLQ JHUHNOL KDPPDGGHOHULQ LKUDFDWQ ]DPDQ]DPDQ\DVDNODPWU1LDQF
103
2VPDQOQQVD\PQDJ|UHVDQD\LDODQQGD|]HOVHNW|UGHELQoDODQ YDUG .DPX VHNW|UQGH LVH WHUVDQH WRSKDQH EDUXWKDQH KXPEDUDKDQH WRS DUDEDVLPDODWKDQHVLILHNKDQHPH\GDQPXPKDQHVLoRNVD\GDSHNVLPHWIUQ NXUXQKDQH G|NPKDQH LHKDQH ER\DKDQH JLEL NXUXOXODU EXOXQPDNWD YH EX NXUXOXODUGDRQELQOHUFHoDODQ\HUDOPDNWD\G$YFROX
.ODVLN'|QHPGH2VPDQONWLVDW=LKQL\HWL
NWLVDW]LKQL\HWLLOHDQODWOPDNLVWHQHQ2VPDQOGDWPWRSOXPXQEHQLPVHGLL
vHD\QELoLPGHX\JXODGKRPRMHQGDYUDQODUGDQoRNDQODQG|QHPGHEDVNQRODQ
KD\DW DQOD\ YH EXQXQ GRDO ELU VRQXFX RODUDN RUWD\D oNDQ LNWLVDGL IDDOL\HWOHU YH RUJDQL]DV\RQODUGU1LDQF %XEDODPGD2VPDQO|GHQHQYHUJLOHUYH KDONQWNHWLPLQHPDOVXQXOPDVQGDQGROD\WLFDUHWHNDUJHQHOOLNOHROXPOXELUWDYU WDNQP X]XQ PHVDIHOHU DUDVQGD WLFDUHW \DSDQ WFFDU HVQDI ]HULQGH NXUXODQ VN GHQHWLPGHQ ELU |OoGH PXDI WXWXOPX YH VHUPD\H ELULNWLUPHVL PPNQ RODELOPLWLU
(Faroqhi 2004: 149).
Gen (2000) klasik dnemdeki iktisat zihniyetini ana ilke erevesinde

GHHUOHQGLUPHNWHGLU %X LONHOHU LDH SURYL]\RQL]P JHOHQHNoLOLN YH ILVNDOL]PGLU DHLONHVLQHJ|UHLNWLVDGLIDDOL\HWLQDPDFWRSOXPXQLKWL\DoODUQNDUODPDNWU(VDV
amDo UHWLOHQ PDO YH KL]PHWOHULQ PPNQ ROGXX NDGDU ERO NDOLWHOL YH XFX]
ROPDV\DQLSL\DVDGDPDODU]QQPPNQRODQHQ\NVHNG]H\GHWXWXOPDVGU%X DPDF JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ 2VPDQO UQOHULQ LON UHWLFLGHQ QLKDL WNHWLFL\H XODQFD\D NDGDU JHoLUGLL WP DDPDODUD PGDKDOH HWPLWLU 7DUPGD RUWDODPD E\NO WRSUDQ YHULPLQH J|UH GHLHELOHQ LOH G|QP DUDVQGD \HU DODQ DUD]L JHoHUOL |OoHNWH ]LUDL LOHWPH ELULPL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPL EX DUD]LQLQ
kltlmesine ya da bytlmesine imkan verPH\HFHN G]HQOHPHOHUH JLGLOPLWLU

0LUL VLVWHP EHQLPVHQHUHN WRSUDQ PONL\HWL GHYOHWH DLW ROPXWXU (VQDI LVH ORQFD VLVWHPL\OH GHQHWLP DOWQD DOQP LOHWPHOHULQ RUWDODPD E\NO DPD\DFDN NDSDVLWHGHROPDODUX\JXQJ|UOPWU
104
DH LONHVLQGH UHWLPLQ DPDF LKUDFDW GHLO ONH VQUODUQQ GDKLOLQGH LKWL\DoODUQNDUODQPDV\G7LFDUHWGHYOHWLQNRQWURODOWQGDRUJDQL]HHGLOPHNWH\GL %XQXQ HQ |QHPOL QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELUL QH SDKDVQD ROXUVD ROVXQ EHOOL LKWL\Do
maddelerini belli blgelerde suni olarak boOYHXFX]IL\DWODUODEXOXQGXUPDNW$QFDN

ELUEHOGHQLQLKWL\DoODUNDUODQGNWDQ VRQUDDUWDNDODQUHWLPRUGXVDUD\YHVWDQEXO
giELE\NHKLUOHULQLKWL\DoODULoLQWDKVLVHGLOPHNWH\GL%XLKWL\DoODUNDUODQGNWDQ
VRQUD HHU JHUL\H DUWN UQ NDOUVD EHOLUOL Lo JPUNOHUL |GHPHN DUW\OD WFFDUODUD EX UQOHULQ WLFDUHWLQL \DSPDODUQD L]LQ YHULOLUGL %X EDNPGDQ Lo WLFDUHWH VDUD\Q LGDUL NDGURODUQ YH VWDQEXO JLEL E\N ELU HKULQ LKWL\DoODUQQ IRQNVL\RQX RODUDN
bakmak
JHUHNOLGLU 1LDQF 2VPDQOQQ \|QHWWLL FRUDI\D YH G|QHPLQ
NVWO XODP LPNDQODU GQOGQGH VRV\R HNRQRPLN EDODPGD HQ E\N NRUNX KDONQ NDU NDU\D NDODELOHFHL NWON RODVOGU %X RODVO PLQLPL]H HGHELOPHN LoLQ 2VPDQO PXWODN ELU GHQJH LONHVLQL X\JXODP YH HNRQRPL GH EX LONHGHQ PXDI WXWXOPDPWU 'HQJHQLQ VUGUOHELOLU ROPDV LVH JHOHQHNoLOLN GHHULQH VDKLS oNOPDVQD EDOGU 7P HNRQRPLN ELULPOHUGH EX EDODPGD WHPHO DPDo UHWLP LOH
tketimin dengelenmesidir. Bu nedenle hem retim hem de tketim
GHQHWLP DOWQGD
WXWXOPX X]XQ GHQH\LPOHU VRQXFX HOGH HGLOHQ UHWLP YH LVWLKGDP \DSV VDELW RODUDN NRUXQPD\D oDOOPWU *HOHQHNoLOLN VUHJHOHQ YH HQ NDGLP RODUDN QLWHOHQHQLQ GHLPHGHQ NDODELOPHVL ELoLPLQGH WDQPODQP YH X\JXODQPWU 2VPDQOQQ
ekRQRPLN
KD\DWD
NDU
WXWXPXQX
EHOLUOH\HQ
YH
EX
DODQGDNL
G]HQOH
meleri
\|QOHQGLUHQ oQF LONH ILVNDOL]PGLU (Q JHQHO WDQP LOH ILVNDOL]P KD]LQH\H DLW JHOLUOHUL PPNQ ROGXX NDGDU \NVHN G]H\H oNDUPD\D oDOPDN YH XODW G]H\LQ DOWQD LQPHVLQL HQJHOOHPHNWLU $QFDN JHOLUOHULQ \NVHOWLOPHVL ED]
VQUODPDODUD WDEL ROPXWXU ON RODUDN UHWLP G]H\L GN VHYL\HGH VH\UHWPL YH EXQXQ \NVHOWLOPHVL X]XQ YDGHGH LPNDQ GDKLOLQGH J|UOPHPLWLU NLQFL RODUDN XODP ]RU YH SDKDOGU 6RQ RODUDN LVH SDUDVDO LOLNLOHU VQUOGU ON LNL IDNW|UQ \NVHOWLOPHVL WHNQRORMLN LOHUOHPH\H EDOGU YH G|QHPLQ DUWODU J|] |QQGH EXOXQGXUXOXUVD NROD\FD GHLWLULOHELOHFHN QLWHOLNWH GHLOGLU 6RQ IDNW|U RODQ SDUDVDO LOLNLOHU \DQL WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHU PGDKDOH LOH DUWUODE
ilirdi ancak bu mevcut dengenin -politik dzeni de
ER]XOPDV DQODPQGD LDH YH JHOHQHNoLOLN LONHVL\OH WHUV GPHNWH\GL 'LHU WDUDIWDQ WLFDULIDDOL\HWOHULQDUWUOPDVVDGHFHHNRQRPLNGHQJH\LGHLOVRV\R
ER]DELOLUGL (NRQRPLGH WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHU DUWNoD WRSOXPGD WLFDUHWOH XUDDQODU
105
JoOHQHFHN E\\HFHN YH ]HQJLQOHHFHNWL %X LVH JoO ELU WRSOXPVDO VQIQ ROXPDVQD QHGHQ RODFDN YH PHUNH]LQ PXWODN KDNLPL\HWLQL EX VQI WHKGLW
HGHELOHFHNWL%XQHGHQOHQDUKVLVWHPLEHQLPVHQHUHNVNIL\DWNRQWUROOHULX\JXODQP HVQDI YH WFFDUQ \DQL JLULLPFLQLQ NDU KDGGL LOH DUDVQGD EHOLUOHQHUHN JLULLPFLOHULQVHUPD\HELULNWLUPHYHE\PHLPNDQODUVQUODQGUOPW*HQo
46- 2VPDQO HNRQRPL DQOD\QD J|UH HNRQRPL LQVDQ LoLQGL oDGD NDSLWDOLVW
DQOD\WD ROGXX JLEL LQVDQ HNRQRPL LoLQ GHLOGL (NRQRPLQLQ J|UHYL WRSOXPXQ UHIDKQ DUWUPDN ROGXXQD J|UH |QFHOLNOH SL\DVDODUGD \HWHUOL PDO EXOXQPDO\G 7DEDNROX
-133).
.ODVLN 2VPDQO VL\DVDO YH VRV\R HNRQRPLN \DSVQQ HQ |QGH JHOHQ |]HOOLL SDGLDK YHRQXQPXWODNRWRULWHVLROPDNWDGU$QFDN2VPDQOGHYOHWJHOHQHLQHJ|UH EXPXWODNRWRULWHYHHJHPHQOLNVL\DVLYHVRV\DOG]HQLQVDODQPDVQJDUDQWLHWPHN ]HUHKHUVQINHQGL\HULQGHWXWDUDNYDUODQELULGHDOG]HQHDWIHGHQDGDOHWLONHVLQH
dayanmDNWDGU 1LDQF -64). Toplumda nfus ve iktidar sahiplerinin (st

WDEDNDQQ]HQJLQOHPHPRWLYDV\RQXVDGHFHNDUYHULPOLOLNYHVHUPD\HELULNLPLJLEL IDNW|UOHUHEDOROPDPWU1LDQFEXPRWLYDV\RQXLWLEDUVDKLELROPDXQYDQ YH DVDOHW SHLQGH NRPD QDP YH |KUHWWH EDNDODU LOH \DUPD ELoLPLQGH J|]OHQHQ GHHUOHUH EDODPDNWDGU .ODVLN G|QHPGH 2VPDQO WRSOXPXQX ROXWXUDQ NHVLPOHULQ KHPHQ KHPHQ WPQGH YDUOQ KLVVHWWLUHQDQWL HNRQRPLN ]LKQL\HW1LDQF\DJ|UH |]HOOLNOH WRSOXPVDO GD\DQPDQQ oHLWOL XQVXUODUQ EQ\HVLQGH EDUQGUDQ DKLOLN WHPHOOL HVQDI |UJWOHULQGH \RXQ ELU ELoLPGH J|]OHQPHNWH\GL 1LDQF EX WXWXPX HVQDIQGXUJXQVDQDWDKODNQDNDSDOPHVOHNDKODNQDJHOHQHNoLOLLQHYHJ|UHQHNLOH ELU RWRULWH\H RODQ EDOOQD GD\DQGUPWU (VQDI WHNLODWODUQGD J|]OHQHQ EX WXWXPX PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ LON DKODNL GHHU GXUJXQ VDQDW DQOD\GU 'XUJXQ VDQDW DQOD\ KUV YH DoJ|]OONWHQ X]DN ROPD NDQDDWNDUON YXUJXQFXOXN ELoLPLQGH DOJODQDQ DU ]HQJLQOLNWHQ X]DN GXUPD D\Q ORQFDGD \HU DODQ \HOHU DUDVQGD UHNDEHWLQ|QOHQPHVLJLELQRUPODUODHNLOOHQPHNWH\GL.DSDOVDQDWDQOD\LVHLYH PHVOHN GHLWLUPH \ROXQXQ NDSDQPDV GHPHNWL OJLOL G|QHPGH WRSOXPVDO DKODN KHU ELUH\LQNDELOL\HWLQHX\JXQRODQWHNELUIDDOL\HWWHX]PDQODPDVQYHKD\DWER\XQFD EX IDDOL\HWOH XUDPD\D GHYDP HWPHVLQL X\JXQ EXOPDNWD\G /RQFDODUGD X\JXODQDQ
106
JHGLN VLVWHPL EX DQOD\Q ELU X\JXODPDV RODUDN J|]OHPOHQPHNWHGLU $QFDN EXUDGD V|] HGLOHQ X]PDQODPD ELUH\VHO ELU VWQON VDODPD DPDF\OD GHLO EDO ROXQDQ PHVOHNL RUJDQL]DV\RQD NDU GX\XODQ NROHNWLI VRUXPOXOXNWDQ ND\QDNODQPDNWD\G %XUDGD DPDo EHOOL ELU PLNWDUQ UHWLPLQLQ \DQ VUD VWDQGDUW NDOLWHQLQ GH
VDODQDELOPHVL ROPXWXU *HOHQHNoLOLN LVH KHU ELoLPGH \HQLOLH GHLLPH NDSDO ELU
retim tekQLLQLQ X\JXODQPDV LGL hUHWLOHQ ELU H\DGD HQ NoN ELU D\UQW LKPDO
HGLOHPH] YH EX H\D\D \HQL ELU LODYH \DSODPD]G *HOHQHNoLOLN YDU RODQ ELOLQGLL HNOL\OH PXKDID]D HWPHNNHQ J|UHQHNoLOLN |UHWHQH KUPHW YH LWDDW \DQL RWRULWH\H EDOONWU %X EDODPGD KHU HVQDI ELU XVWD\D EDO ROPX VDQDWQQ JHOHQHNVHO XVWDODUQWDQPYHRQODUUHKEHUHGLQPLWLU1LDQF
-134).
*HQo 2VPDQOQQ HNRQRPL ]LKQL\HWLQL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ GHHU GHPHWLQL HLWoLOLN
rekabet ve aWPD yerine
LELUOL
i ve
GD\DQPDQQ JHoHUOL
ROPDVLWLGDO|OoOROPDYHKRJ|UOROPDELoLPLQGH|]HWOHPLWLU
=LUDDWPDGHQFLOLNHVQDIONYHWLFDUHWWHQROXDQ2VPDQOHNRQRPLVLQGHGHYOHW
b\N IDUNOODPDODUD PH\GDQYHUPH\HFHNG]HQOHPHOHUL JHUHNGRUXGDQPGDKDOH

HGHUHN JHUHNVH ROXWXUGXX NXUXPODU DUDFO LOH \DSPWU hUHWLP IDNW|UOHUL ]HULQGH NXUXODQ EX GHQHWLPLQ DPDF HLW GDOPQ VDODQPDV YH VUHJHOHQ GHQJHQLQGHYDP ROPXWXU+HPN|\KD\DWQGD KHPGHHKLUKD\DWQGDJHQHORODUDN LOHWPH|OoHNOHULELUELULQH\DNQELUELoLPGHGHYOHWWDUDIQGDQ|UJWOHQPLYHGHYDP VDODQPWU*HQo 2VPDQOGDHJRLVWKHVDSoELUH\LQRUWD\DoNPDVQD HQJHO RODQ GD\DQPDF GQ\D J|UQQ ND\QDQGD LQDQo YDUGU 7RSOXP LKWL\DF
olan bireyi aramakta ve o bireyi maddi manevi teselli etmektedir. Ynetici kesimin
HQ VW G]H\LQGHQ DD\D GRUX KHPHQ KHUNHV KD\U LOHULQGH \DU KDOLQGH ROPXWXU 7RSOXPVDO GD\DQPDQQ HQ J]HO |UQHL RODUDN YDNIODUQ WRSOXPXQ HLWLP VDON YH VRV
yal gvenlik gibi en tePHO LKWL\DoODUQQ |WHVLQGH \HU DODQ
DODQODUD ELOH \|QHOGLL DQODOPDNWDGU g\OH NL EXJQN VRV\DO GHYOHW DQOD\ JHUHLQFH ELU GHYOHW J|UHYL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOHQ HLWLP VDON ED\QGUON WHVLVOHUL KHS EDWD SDGLDK ROPDN ]HUH GLHU GHYOHW E\NOHUL YH ]HQJLQOHULQ NXUGXNODU YH GHYOHWLQ GH YHUJL PXDIL\HWOHUL JLEL \ROODUOD GROD\O RODUDN GHVWHNOHGLL YDNIODUFD
107
JHUoHNOHWLULOL\RUGX 9DNIODU \ROX\OD JHUoHNOHWLULOHQ KL]PHWOHU VRQXFX 2VPDQO WRSOXPXQGD VQIODUDUDV IDUNOONODU DU |OoOHUH YDUPDP YH VQI oDWPDODU \DDQPDPWU1LDQF .ODVLN2VPDQO]LKQL\HWLQHJ|UHELUH\DOF ROPDNWDQ |QFH YHULFL ROPDOGU LQDQFQ ELU DKODN LONHVL RODUDN RUWD\D NR\GXX YH DKLOLLQ JQON KD\DWD JHoLUGLL KL]PHW DQOD\ E|\OH GD\DQPDF ELU WRSOXP ROXWXUPD\KHGHIOHPLWLU7DEDNROX
-133).
.DSLWDOL]PL YH EDW PHGHQL\HWLQL PH\GDQD JHWLUHQ HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U EXUMXYD ]LKQL\HWL LNHQ 2VPDQO %X WRSOXP YH HNRQRPLVLQL KDNLP E\N |OoGH DKL ]LKQL\HWL %DW
\|QOHQGLUPLWLU
]LKQL\HWLQ
ROPDVQGDQ
GROD\
2VPDQOGD
NDSLWDOL]PLQL ROXWXUDQ V|PUJHFL IDDOL\HWOHU VQI PFDGHOHOHUL J|]OHQPHPLWLU .DSLWDOL]PGHHNRQRPLNoNDUJGVLOHKDUHNHWHGHQLGHDOELUH\2VPDQOGDWRSOXP \DUDUQ NHQGL oNDUQGDQ VWQ WXWDQ NDQDDWNDU IDNDW JLULLPF
i birey ile idealize
HGLOPLWLU $QDGROX LNWLVDGL KD\DWQQ LON |UJWOH\LFLOHUL RODQ DKLOHU EX WXWXPXQ |UQHNOHULROPXODUGU7DEDNROX
-136).

0DOL
6LVWHP
dHUoHYHVLQGH
9HUJL
.D\QDNODUQQ
OHWLOPHVLQLQ
hVWOHQLOPHVLQGHQ 2UWD\D dNDQ 2VPDQO\D g]J *LULLPFL %LU 6QI0OWH]LPOHU
2VPDQOG]HQLQGHGDKDNXUXOXGHYULQGHRUWD\DoNDQYHGHYOHWLQE\PHVL LOH SDUDOHO RODUDN JLWWLNoH |QHP ND]DQDQ PHUNH]L ELU RUGXQXQ NXUXOPDV YH JHQLOHWLOPHVLQL LOH PHUNH]L EURNUDVLQLQ RUWD\D oNDUDFD PDOL\HWOHUL WPDU VLVWHPL LOH NDUODPDN LPNDQV]G *HQL LPSDUDWRUOXXQ \]OHUFH NLORPHWUH X]DNWD EXOXQDQ
yerlerinden topODQDFDN D\QL YHUJLOHUL GRUXGDQ GRUX\D YH PQIHULW WDU]GD WDKVLV
HGHUHN \UWPHN ]RU ROGXX LoLQ YHUJLOHULQ QDNGHQ DOQPDV \D GD Q
akde evrilerek
merkezi bir hazineye intikal ettirilmesi ve oradan bu faaliyetleri icra eden merkezi
RUGX YH EURNUDVL PHQVXSODUQD PDD HNOLQGH |GHQPHVL JHUHNOLOLL YDUG 2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQLQ EX JHUHNOLOLH FHYDS ROPDN ]HUH WPDU VLVWHPLQLQ GQGD JHOLWLUGLL oDUHLOWL]DP\|QWHPLROPXWXU*HQo
-101). 108
0XNDWDD FRUDIL VQUODU LOH DOQDFDN YHUJLOHULQ WU YH PLNWDUODU PDOL\H WDUDIQGDQWHVSLWHGLOHQYHUJLND\QD\DGDND\QDNODUDQODPQDJHOL\RUGXgUQHLQ ]PLU NHQWLQGHNL HVQDI ORQFDODU \D GD G WLFDUHW JPU ELU PXNDWDD RODUDN WDQPODQDELOGLL JLEL ELU \|UHQLQ oHLWOL WUGHNL YHUJLOHUL \D GD ELUGHQ ID]OD \|UHQLQ ELU WHN YHUJL WU ELU PXNDWDD ROXWXUDELOL\RUGX $\UFD %DGDW YH %DVUD YLOD\HWOHUL JLEL WPDU G]HQLQLQ NXUXODPDG \HU
lerdeki vergi gelirleri de iltizam yoluyla
WRSODQ\RUGX 3DPXN 'HYOHW X\JXQ J|UG KHU WUO ]LUDL WLFDUL YH VDQD\LLOHWPH\LPXNDWDD KDOLQHJHWLUHELOLU YHEXLOHWPHOHUGHQSD\QDGHQYHUJL\L oRXQOXNOD |]HO JLULLP HOL\OH WRSODWDELOLUGL 7DEDNROX E OWL]DP VLVWHPLQGHIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUHQJLULLPFLPOWH]LPRODUDNDQOPW
Mltezimler, devlet
DGQD YHUJL WRSODPD LLQH NDU DPDF\OD JLUPHNWH DoN DUWUPD\D NRQX RODQ PXNDWDDQQ YHUJL JHOLUL YHUJLOHULQ WRSODQPDV VUDVQGD \DSO
acak masraflar ve elde lifi yapan mltezime,
HGHFHNOHUL \OON NDUD LOLNLQ EHNOHQWLOHULQH J|UH GHYOHWH WHNOLIWH EXOXQPDNWD\GODU
(Pamuk 2000: 178).
+D]LQH EXQODU DUDVQGDQ HQ \NVHN WHN
JHQHOOLNOH O LOD \O DUDVQGD GHLHQ ELU GHYUH LoLQ ROPDN ]HUH R PXNDWDD\ YHUJLOHQGLUPH KDNNQ GHYUHGHUGL %HOLUOL ELU PXNDWDD\ YHUJLOHQGLUPH KDN YH \HWNLVLQLEHOLUOLELUVUHLoLQDOPEXOXQDQPOWH]LPGHYOHWLQVDODGPDOLLGDULYH
adli kolayONODUGDQ ID\GDODQDUDN NDQXQODUQ oL]GLLVQUODU LoLQGHWDPELU JLULLPFL

JLEL KDUHNHW HGHU YH IDDOL\HWLQH DLW KDVODWQ DoN DUWUPDGD WHVSLW HGLOPL RODQ PLNWDUQ KD]LQH\H |GHGLNWHQ VRQUD NDODQ NVPQ ELUH\VHO NDU RODUDN DOPD\D KDN ND]DQUG%XVD\HGHGHYOHW]DPDQQDUWODUQDJ|UHoRNPDVUDIONOIHWOLYH
daha az
YHULPOL RODFD WDKPLQ HGLOHELOHQ PXD]]DP ELU PDOL\H WHNLODWQD JHUHN NDOPDGDQ NDQXQODUGD JHQHOOLNOH D\QL RODUDN WHVSLW HGLOPL EXOXQDQ YHUJL JHOLUOHULQL QDNGHQ
denmesi icap eden bte harcaPDODU LOH LOLNLOHQGLUPH LPNDQQ EXOPX ROX\RUGX (Gen 2000: 100-101).
2VPDQOGD PXNDWDDODU EDOFD o \|QWHPOH LOHWLOPLWLU %X \|QWHPOHU HPDQHW LOWL]DP YH \]\OQ VRQODUQ
dan itibaren malikane sistemidir. Emanet
VLVWHPLQGH LOHWPHOHULQ PHUNH]GHQ DWDQDQ PHPXUODU WDUDIQGDQ LOHWLOPHVL NDPX
seNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQL oDUWUPDNOD ELUOLNWH HVDV RODUDN GLNNDWH DOQPDV JHUHNOL
109
VLVWHPOHU |]HO VHNW|UQ JLULLPFL RODUDN \HU DOG LOWL]DP YH PDOLNDQH VLVWHPOHULGLU (PDQHW PXNDWDDODUQ HPLQ RODUDN DGODQGUODQ PHPXUODU WDUDIQGDQ LOHWLOPHVLGLU
Gelir dNOJLELVHEHSOHUOHPOWH]LPOHUHoHNLFLJHOPH\HQSDGLDKKDVODU\DGD madenler ve gmUNOHU

JLEL GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ LOHWLOPHVL JHUHNHQ PXNDWDDODU
HPDQHWLQNRQXVXQXWHNLOHWPLOHUGLU7DEDNROXE
(PDQHW \|QWHPL\OH LOHWLOPH\HQ PXNDWDDODU LOWL]DP \|QWHPL\OH LOHWLOPLWLU dL]DNoD OWL]DP XVXO )DWLK 6XOWDQ 0HKPHW ]DPDQQGD
VLVWHPOHWLULOPLWL VWDQEXOXQ LPDU JHUHNOHUL \DQQGD $NNR\XQOX VHIHUL JLEL DUWDQ VDYDKDUFDPDODUE|\OHELUILQDQVPDQND\QDQJHUHNOLNOPWU7PDUVLVWH
minin
ER]XOPDVUHFLQGHLVHWPDUWRSUDNODUGDLOWL]DP\|QWHPL\OHLOHWLOPH\HEDODQPWU 7DEDNROXE
*LULLPFLQLQ\DQLYHUJLND\QDQQLOHWLOPHVLQLVWOHQHQPOWH]LPLQQHNDGDU ELU VUHLoLQLOHWPH\LVWOHQGLLQLNHVLQRODUDNELOHPHPHVLVRQXFXYHUJLND\QDQQ DUELUELoLPGHV|PUOPHVLLOWL]DP VLVWHPLQLQROXPVX]\|QOHULQGHQELUL\GL'LHU ELU VDNQFD LVH VLVWHPLQ KHP GHYOHW KHP GH JLULLPFL DoVQGDQ ULVNOHUOH GROX ROPDV\G 'HYOHW ULVNWHQ NDoDQ ELU WXWXP LoHUVLQG
e ise, bu riskleri mltezime
ykleme yoluna giderek mukataadan vergi toplama yetkisini ihale\H oNDUGQGD

JLULLPFLGHQ NHQGLVLQH GDKD |QFHGHQ VDSWDQP ELU PLNWDUQ |GHQPHVLQL LVWHPHNWH EXQXQ NDUOQGD GD
mltezimi,
WRSOD\DFD
YHUJL
NRQXVXQGD
VH
rbest
EUDNPDNWD\G 9H VRQ RODUDN LOWL]DP VLVWHPL NLQFL 9L\DQD .XDWPDV VRQUDVQGD EDOD\DQ X]XQ VDYDODUQ PDOL\HWLQLQ NDUODQDELOPHVL NRQXVXQGD JHOLU WRSODPD DoVQGDQROGXNoD\DYDNDOPWdL]DNoD
0XNDDWDODUQ LOHWLOPHVLQGH oQF WH
mel yntem malikane sistemidir ve
|]HOOLNOH PDOL\HQLQ DUWDQ QDNLW LKWL\DFQQ NDUODQPDV JHUHNOLOLLQGHQ GROD\ LOWL]DPOD LOHWLOHQ PXNDWDDODU PDOLNDQH KDOLQH JHWLULOHUHN X\JXODPD\D NRQPXWXU 7DEDNROX E NL VLVWHP DUDVQGDNL HQ EHOLUJLQ IDUN JLULLPFLQLQ YHUJL ND\QDQNRQWUROVUHVLQGHGLULOWL]DPVLVWHPLQGHEXVUHEHOLUVL]LNHQPDOLNDQHGH JLULLPFLQLQ \DDP VUHVL ER\XQFD NRQWURO KDNN X]DWOPWU 0ONL\HW KDNODU
110
DoVQGDQ PDOLNDQH JLULLPFLQLQ DLOHVLQH PLUDV RODUDN NDODP\RU GHYOH
t malikaneyi -158).
\HQLGHQ DoN DUWWUPD \|QWHPL\OH VDW\RUGX $QFDN JLULLPFLQLQ PDOLNDQHVLQL KD\DWWDLNHQoQFDKVODUDVDWPDKDNNEXOXQPDNWD\GdL]DNoD
7PDU VLVWHPL \]\OVRQODUQGDJHoHUOLOLLQL\LWLUPH\HEDODPW$VNHUL
bir EDN DoVQGDQ EDUXW YH WRS NXOODQPQQ DUW VD\V] sipahinin hizmetini
JLWWLNoH JHUHNVL]OHWLUPL YH 2VPDQO +D]LQHVLQLQ QDNLW SDUD LKWL\DF \|QHWLPL WPDUODU LOWL]DPD G|QWUPH\H WHYLN HWPLWLU )DUDRTKL \]\OGDQ
itibaren
PHUNH]L RUGXQXQ \DQL NDSNXOX WHNLODWQQ QLFHO RODUDN DUWPDV YH EX
GXUXPXQ KD]LQH\H HN ND\QDN YH QDNLW LKWL\DF JHWLUPHVL VRQXFX WPDU VLVWHPLQGH ND\WO EXOXQDQ DODQODU JLGHUHN PXNDWDD VWDWVQH DOQDUDN EXUDGDQ VDODQDFDN JHOLUOHU PHUNH]LOHWLULOPLWLU %X X\JXODPD NoN GLUOLNOHUGHQ EDOD\DUDN EH\OHUEH\L YH VDQFDNEH\LKDVODUQGDNDSVD\DUDNK]ND]DQPWUOWL]DPYHRQXQGHYDPRODQ PDOLNDQH VLVWHPOHULQLQ X\JXODPDGD K]ODQPDV\OD 2VPDQO WRSOXPVDO \DSVQD JLULLPFL ELU VQI RODUDN POWH]LP NDWOP YH JLGHUHN |QHP ND]DQPWU gUQHN RODUDN 0DODW\D VDQFD \]\OGD PDOLNDQH VLVWHPL\OH \|QHWLOPLWLU %|\OHFH POWH]LPOHU JHQL ELU DODQGD SDGLDK DGQD \HWNLOHU NXOODQPODUGU
(Batmaz 2000:
162-165).
2.1.1.4. Ekonominin Gerilemesi ve Klasik Dnemin Sonu
g]HOOLNOH YH \]\OODUGD 2VPDQOQQ NHQGLQH |]J VL\DVL VRV\DO YH HNRQRPL NXUXPODU JHOLLPOHULQL WDPDPOD\DUDN WXWDUO ELU ELoLPGH ELUELUOHULQH EDODQPWU (NRQRPL ELUH\LQ YH WRSOXPXQ oNDUODUQQ GHQJHGH ROGXX QRNWDGD NXUXPVDOODP EX GHQJHOL \DS $YUXSDGD ]LKQL\HW YH HNRQRPLQLQ GHLLPL\OH ELUOLNWH JLGHUHN ER]XOPXWXU 1LDQF \]\OOD ELUOLNWH GQ\DQQ
merke]LQH
RWXUDQ YH WLFDUHW \ROODU EDODPQGD \HUOHHQ 2VPDQO LON RODUDN
$YUXSDGDNL GHLLNOLNOHU VRQXFX EX NRQXPXQX ND\EHWPH\H EDODP FRUDIL NHLIOHU LOH ELUOLNWH \HQL GQ\D $PHULNDQQ DOWQ YH JP $YUXSD\D DNP
(1500-DUDVQGD$YUXSDQQDOWQVWRNXQGDNLDUWNDWWUEXDUWLOHELUOLNWH
111
2VPDQO KDPPDGGHOHULQH Lo SD]DUGDQ GDKD ID]OD SDUD |GH\HQ ELU $YUXSDO WFFDU JUXEXQX RUWD\D oNDUNHQ +LQGLVWDQ GHQL] \ROXQXQ NHIL LOH $N
deniz, dnya
WLFDUHWLQLQ PHUNH]L ROPD |]HOOLLQL \LWLUPH\H EDODPWU 6RQXo RODUDN 2VPDQO
toprakODU oRN K]O ELU IL\DW DUWQD NDoDNoOD ]DQDDWODUQ GXUDNODPDVQD JGD
PDGGHVL VNQWVQD WLFDUHW \ROODUQGDQ VDODQDQ JHOLUOHULQLQ D]DOPDVQD VDKQH ROPXWXU .oNNDOD\ 1LDQF YH .DVDED 2VPDQO
ekonomi dzenindeki
GHQJHQLQ \LWLULOPHVLQGH ELU oRN IDNW|UQ HWNLOL ROGXXQX
EHOLUWPHNOH EHUDEHU HWNLVLQLQ oDEXNOXX YH \D\OPD DODQ GLNNDWH DOQGQGD HQ \NF JHOLPHQLQ 'RX WLFDUHW \ROODUQGDNL GHLPH \DQL XOXVODUDUDV WLFDUHW \ROODUQQ$NGHQL]GHQ$WODQWLNHND\PDVROGXXQXYXUJXODPODUGU
2VPDQO
VL\DVDO
YH
WRSOXPVDO
\DSV
NDSLWDOLVW
HNRQRPLN
JHOLPHQLQ
VDODQPDVQD X\JXQ GHLOGL %X QHGHQOH LPSDUDWRUOXXQ HNRQRPLVL FO] NDOP YH GD EDPO GXUXPD JHOPLWLU .RQJDU \]\OQ RUWDODUQD N
adar
benzerleriQH J|UH LOHUL VD\ODQ 2VPDQO VDQD\LVLQLQ $YUXSDGDNL
JHOLPHOHUH X\XP
VDODPDGD EDDUV] ROPDV VRQXFX JHULOHGLLJ|]OHPOHQPHNWHGLU%XQXQELOLQPHNWH RODQELULQFLQHGHQL2VPDQOSD]DUODUQGD\HUOLVDQD\LQLQLKWL\DFRODQKDPPDGGHOHUL
AYUXSDO
]HQJLQ DOFODUQ \NVHN IL\DW YHUPHNWHQ oHNLQPH\HUHN WRSODPD\D
EDODPDODUGU %X GD LON J|UQWH $YUXSDQQ $PHULND\ EXOXXQGDQ GQ\D |OoVQGHE\NWLFDULLOHUHJLULPHVLQGHQLOHULJHOPHNWH\GL)DNDW%DWQQVDQD\L DODQQGDNL JHOLPHVL EX NHLIOHUGHQ YH $PHULNDQQ LOHWLOPHVLQGHQ oRN GDKD |QFH EDODGQD J|UH $YUXSD VDQD\LVLQLQ 2VPDQO LoLQ JHUHN KDPPDGGH NDSPDV YH JHUHN \DSOP PDOQ GDKD XFX]DVDWPDVELoLPLQGHEDOD\DQUHNDEHW JFQ RQXQ
yeni ticari ve mali usullerinde,
|]HOOLNOH JLULLPFL RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHQ VDQD\LFL YH
WLFDUHWoL VQIQ WUHPH\H EDODPDVQGD DUDQPDOGU 2 KDOGH NRQX 2VPDQO VDQD\LVLQLQ KHP GH NHQGL SD]DUQGD QHGHQ KDPPDGGH DOPQGD oRN X]DNWDQ JHOHQ ELU PWHUL LOH UHNDEHWH JLUHPHGLLQL ELOPH JHUHLGLU %XQXQ FHYDE GD $YUXSD WDUDIQGDQ$PHULNDQQEXOXQPDVYHGLHU\HQLNHLIOHUVD\HVLQGHDOWQYHJPQ %DW ONHOHULQGH |OoV] GHUHFHGH DUWPDV EX DUDGD \HQL PDOL XVXOOHULQ GH JHOLWLULOPHVL\OH HNRQRPL\H \HQL ELUWDNP NXUDOODU X\JXOD\DUDN WR
plumu topyekn
UHWLFLOLH G|QWUPHN JLEL E\N JHOLPHOHULQ RUWDoD HVQDIOQD VDGN NDODQ
112
2VPDQO HVQDI YH WLFDUHW KD\DWQGD KLoELU HWNL \DSPDP ROPDVGU $NGD E
150-152).
$PHULND NWDVQQ NHIL YH WLFDUHW \ROODUQQ GHLPHVL 2VPDQO HVQDIQD LON YH HQ |QHPOL GDUEH\L ROXWXUPXWXU 'RX WLFDUHWLQLQ JHULOHPHVL\OH G YH X]DN SD]DUODUGDEXOXQDQWFFDUODULoWLFDUHWH\|QHOHUHNHVQDIODPD\DEDODP
lar; bylece
HVQDI NDGURVX JHQLOHUNHQ JHoLP LPNDQODUQQ KDPPDGGH ND\QDNODUQQ YH VUP
sDKDODUQQEXHLOLPHD\DNX\GXUDPDPDVVRQXFXIHUWEDQDGHQJHOLULQD]DOPDV biiminde zetleQHELOHFHN QHGHQOHUOH JHOHQHNVHO HVQDI DKODNQD WHUV GHQ oHNLPH
KLOH HNVLN WDUWPD NDQDDWVL]OLN JLEL GXUXPODU HVQDID NDU LND\HWOHUL oRDOPWU
(TabakROX YH \]\OODUGD 2VPDQO WDUPGD WPDU VLVWHPLQL
EUDNS JHQLOH\HQ ELU HNLOGH LOWL]DPD YH PDOLNDQH VLVWHPLQH \|QHOPLWL %X LVH VDKLSOLN YH KDN LGGLDODUQQ EXODQNODPDVQD YH PHUNH]H NDU \NPOONOH
rin
JLGHUHN EHOLUVL]OHPHVLQH \RO DoPWU 'HYOHWLQ NLPLQ QH NDGDU WRSUDN ]HULQGH QH WU ELU KDNN ROGXXQX WDNLS HWPHVL JLGHUHN ]RUODPWU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ ORQFD VLVWHPLQLQ HWNLQOLLQL \LWLUPHVL GHYOHWLQ PDOL LVWLNUDU VDOD\DPDPDV JLWWLNoH DUWDQ VD\GDNL N|\OQQ HKLUOHUH WDQPDV YH X]XQ VDYDODU VRQXFXQGD HKLUOHULQ \NOPDV\OD\DGDND\EHGLOPHVLVRQXoODUGHYOHWLQHKLUOHUGHNLNoNVD ]HULQGHNLGHQHWLPLQLGHJLGHUHND]DOWPWU.DVDED
nayi retimi
-20).
(VDVHQSDGLDKQKDONQUHIDKQGDQEL]]DWVR
rumlu olmaVYHKHU]DPDQPON a
]HULQGH VQUV] WDVDUUXI \HWNLVLQH VDKLS EXOXQPDV |]HO JLULLP DODQQ ROGXN
VQUODQGUPDNWD\G 2VPDQO WRSOXPX JHUoHN HNRQRPLN KD\DW J|UHPHPL PDQHYL GHHUOHULQGH\DDPQWPDODQQDNDWOPDV\ODELUOLNWHNDUYHJLULLPF
ilik, toplumda
N\PHW GNQO ELoLPLQGH DOJODQPDQQ |WHVLQH JHoHPHPLWLU \]\OOD ELUOLNWH $YUXSDGD ILOL]OHQHQ EXUMXYD GHHUOHULQLQ UHGGHGLOPHVL .DSLWDOL]P
ELOLQFLQLQ 2VPDQOGD FDQODQPDVQD PH\GDQ YHUPHPL GLQD
mik bir zihniyetin -139). -
motivasyonu iOH %DW $YUXSDGD RUWD oD WDULKH NDUUNHQ D\Q GHYLUOHUGH 2VPDQO
HNRQRPLN KD\DWWD RUWD oD GHHUOHULQL DGHWD GHYUDOPWU 1LDQF
%X DWPRVIHU VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQL YH \DWUP IHYNDODGH ]RUODWUDQ DUWODU ]LUYH\H XODWUPWU *HQo 7FFDUODU 2VPDQO GHYOHWLQL GHQHWOH\HQ DVNHUL
113
\|QHWVHO KL\HUDUL\OH VL\DVDO RODUDN UHNDEHW HWPHOHULQH RODQDN VDOD\DFDN ELU WDU]GD |UJWOHQPHPLOHUGL \D GD \]\OGD ELU WFFDUQ VL\DVDO JFH XODPD\ EDDUPDV JHQHOOLN
le bir mltezim olarak etkinlik gstermesiyle mmknd; ve bu
HWNLQOLN WFFDUQ \NVHN ND]DQo NDSODUQ Do\RUGX DoPDVQD DPD DQODPDGDNL PLNWDUODU |GHPHGHNL EDDUV]ON WP YDUOQ \LWLUPHVLQH YH KDSVHGLOPHVLQH GH
neden olabiliyorGX $\UFD VHYLOPH\HQ ELU POWH]LP 3DGLDKQ KDNNQGD LGDP

HPULYHUPHVLQH\RODoDFDNNDGDUGPDQON\DUDWDELOLUGL)DUDRTKL
$YUXSD GHYOHWOHUL HOGH HWWLNOHUL V|PUJHOHU VD\HVLQGH ]HQJLQOHPL YH EX ]HQJLQOLNOH WHNQLN YH HNRQRPLN \DSGD E\N GHLPH YH JHOLPH J|VWHU
mi
$YUXSDO WFFDUODUQQ HOLQGH |QHPOL ELU VHUPD\H ELULNLPL ROPXWXU $YUXSDGDNL EX GHLPHYHJHOLPHVRQXFXQGD|QFOQQJLOWHUHQLQ\DSWWDUPHNRQRPLVLYH UHWLP LOLNLOHULQGHQ VHUPD\H ELULNLPL LOH PDNLQHOHPH\H JHoPHN GH
mek olan
Sanayi DevULPL \]\O VRQODUQGD %DW $YUXSD ONHOHULQGH JHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU

6DQD\L 'HYULPLQL JHOLWLUHQ VLVWHP GLQGH IHOVHIHGH YH HNRQRPLGH PH\GDQ JHOHQ GHLLP YH G|QPOHULQ ELU ELOHNH
sidir (Tepekaya 2000: 195-196).
\]\O
VRQODUQGD LVH 2VPDQO X]XQ \OODU VUHQ VDYDODU YH \HQLOJLOHUGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ WRSUDN ND\SODU VRQXFX |QHPOL |OoGH VL\DVL HWNLQOLLQL \LWLUPLWL %X HNRQRPLN KD\DW GD HWNLOHPL |]HOOLNOH HVQDI ]RU GXUXPGD NDOPW $YUXSDGDQ LWKDO HGLOHQ PDOODUOD\HUOL HVQDIQSD]DUGDUDOP GHYOHWLQPDOLND]DQoHOGH HWPHDGQDYDNIODU ]HULQGHGHGHQHWLPLQLQDUWPDVVRQXFXLOHWPHOHULQLQPONLVDKLELYDNIRODQELUoRN HVQDI NLUD |GH\HPH] GXUXPD JHOPLWLU )DUDRTKL 2VPDQO QLoLQ NDS NRPXVX $YUXSDQQ HNRQRPLN JHOLPH DWOPQD NDWODPDP \D GD KDQJL HWNHQOHU JHUL NDOPDVQD QHGHQ ROPXWXU" +HU LNL VRUXQXQ FHYDE GD o QHGHQH EDODQDELOLU 2VPDQOQQ HNRQRPLN KD\DWWD KDOND KL]PHW DOW\DS HLWLP YH WHNQLN \DUGP J|WUHPHPHVL LONHO WHNQRORML LOH \DSODQ WDUPGD N|\O
lere asgari yaDP
VDOD\DFDN G]H\LQ VWQGHNL DUWN GHHULQ GHYOHW \D GD GHYOHWH GD\DQDQ D\DQ WDUDIQGDQ JDVS HGLOHUHN DVNHUL JLGHUOHUH YH VDUD\ PDVUDIODUQD KDUFDQPDV YH VRQ RODUDN HKLUOHUGHNL D] oRN YHULPOL PHVOHNOHULQ \DEDQFODUQ YH D]QONODUQ WRSODQPDV<HQDO
elinde
114
7DQ]LPDW6RQUDVQGD2VPDQONWLVDW=LKQL\HWL
2VPDQO HNRQRPLVLQGH RUWD\D oNDQ GXUDNODPD YH JHULOHPH \]\OGDQ LWLEDUHQ GQ\D HNRQRPLN VLVWHPLQLQ GHLLPL\OH EDODPWU 'Q\D WLFDUHWL
Akdenizden AtlantiNHND\PWLFDUHWWHQHOGHHGLOHQJHOLUD]DOPDQFDNDVO|QHPOL
RODQ 2VPDQOQQ $YUXSDGD \DDQDQ 6DQD\L 'HYULPLQLQ GQGD NDOPDV K]OD JHOLHQ YH E\\HQ HNRQRPLN VLVWHPH X\XP VDOD\DPDPDV ROPXWXU %D 2VPDQO D\GQ EDWGD \DDQDQ GHLLPOHUL IDUNQD YDUDUDN \]\OQ LNLQFL \DUVQGDQ LWLEDUHQ JHULOHPHQLQ QHGHQOHUL ]HULQGH GQPH\H EDODP dDYGDU \]\O LVH NHVLQ G|QPOHULQ RUWD\D oNW ELU G|QHP ROPXWXU
(Toprak 2000: 221).
Avrupa ilerlerken en az iki
\] \O GDKD 2UWD dDGD \DDPD\ VU
dren
2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQGH LON \HQLOHPH KDUHNHWOHUL \]\OQ RUWDVQD UDVWODPWU $QFDN \HQLOHPH JLULLPOHULQLQ DPDF VQUODUGD \HQLOJLOHUH XUD\DQ YH VWDQEXOGD \DEDQF JoOHULQ EDVNV DOWQGD JLGHUHN \DU V|PUJH GXUXPXQD GHQ 2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQL EX \HQLOJLOHUGHQ YH EDVNODUGDQ NXUWDUPDNWU %X QHGHQOH |QFHOLN DVNHUL DODQGDNL UHIRUPODUD YHULOPL \HQLoHUL RFDQQ RUWDGDQ NDOGUODUDN \HQL RUGX
birlikleri kuUXOPDV RUGXQXQ UH-RUJDQL]DV\RQX %DWGDQ yeni silahODUQ YH VDYD

JHPLOHULQLQ VDWQ DOQPDV LON VXED\ RNXOODUQQ +DUEL\HQLQ WRSoXOXN WHNQLNOHULQL |UHWHFHN PKHQGLV RNXOODUQQ YH VDYDWD \DUDODQDQODUD EDNDFDN KHNLPOHU
\HWLWLUPHN ]HUH WEEL\HQLQ NXUXOPDV KHS DVNHUL DPDFD \|QHOPL JLUL
imlerdir.
'LHU ELU UHIRUP DODQ RODQ KXNXNL G]HQOHPHOHUOH GH D]QON KDNODUQQ JYHQFH DOWQD DOQG J|VWHULOHUHN \DEDQF GHYOHWOHULQ EDVNVQ KDILIOHWPH KHGHIL
JGOPWU 'HYOHW LoHULGH YH GDUGD DVNHUL DODQGD JoO ROPD\D |QFHOLN YHUPL
buna
NDUON
JHQL
KDON
NLWOHOHULQLQ
\RNVXOOXX
|QHPVHQPHPL
HNRQRPLN
NDONQPDQQ |QHP YH DQODP \HQLOLN YH GHLLPLQ JHQL KDON NLWOHOHULQFH GHLO GH GDUGDQ D]QON WHPVLOFLOHULQGHQ YH D] VD\GD D\GQGDQ JHOPHVL VRQXFX \HWHULQFH DQODODPDPWU<HQDO4XDUWDHUW\OQGD<HQLoHUL2FDQQ NDOGUOPDVQ 2VPDQOLoLQ DVNHULYHSROLWLNVRQXoODUQQ\DQQGDWDGHNRQRPLN VRQXoODUGDQ GROD\ GD ELU PLODW RODUDN GHHUOHQGLUPLWLU %|\OHFH <HQLoHULOHULQ
115
NRUXPDVQGD D\UFDONODUQ VUGUPH\H GHYDP HWPL RODQ ORQFDODU GD OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUD NDU VDYXQPDV] NDOPODUGU /RQFDODUQ NVWOD\F QLWHOLNOHUL RQODU HVQHNOLNWHQ \RNVXQ KDOH JHWLUPL JLWWLNoH E\\HQ %DW UHNDEHWLQH NDU GD\DQNV] NOPWU \]\OQ LNLQFL \DUV
nda ekonomi ktye giderken, loncalar rekabet
HGHPH] KDOH JHOPL DPD NHQGLOHULQL NRUXPDN LoLQ <HQLoHUL 2FDQ VHIHUEHU HWPLOHUGL (VQHNOLNWHQ X]DN ROXODU \]QGHQ L\LFH KDVVDV ELU QLWHOLN WD\DQ SHN oRN ORQFD $YUXSD UHNDEHWL NDUVQGD \D \RN ROPX \LWLUPLWLU4XDUWDHUW
ya da gcn byk lde
26).
$QFDN 2VPDQOQQ NDSLWDOLVW GQ\D\D HNOHPOHQPH VUHFL QJLOL] 2VPDQO 7LFDUHW 6|]OHPHVL\OH EDODPWU QJLOL] 2VPDQO 7LFDUHW 6|]OHPHVL\OH 2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXXQXQ NDSLWDOLVW GQ\D SL\DVDV LOH EWQOHPHVLQGH \HQL ELU G|QHPEDODP2VPDQOQQQJLOWHUHGHQVRQUDGLHU$YUXSDONHOHUL\OHGHEHQ]HU V|]OHPHOHU \DSPDV\OD 2VPDQO HNRQRPLVL WP $YUXSD VDQD\LVL LoLQ DoN SD]DU
haline JHOPLWLU7H]HO%XDQODPDLOHGHYOHWLQLoYHGWLFDUHWLWDPDPHQ

\DEDQFODUQHOLQHJHoPL%DWVDQD\LVLQLQVWQO\DQQGD$YUXSDPDOODUQQoRN
dN
RUDQODUGD
JPUNOHUH %D
WDEL
ROPDV O
2VPDQOGD
VDQD\LOHPH\L 7LFDUHW
LPNDQV]ODWUPWU 6|]OHPHVL
WDULKOL
QJLOL] 2VPDQO HNRQRPLN
\]\OODUD
GD\DQDQ
2VPDQO
HJHPHQOLLQLQ
EDPOOD
G|QPHVL LOH VRQXoODQPWU .DSLWODV\RQODUGDQ VRQUD ED] $YUXSD ONHOHULQLQ 2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXXQGDQ DOGNODU HQ |QHPOL WDYL] EX V|]OHPHGLU
Bu
V|]OHPH
LOH 2VPDQO ONHVLQGH VQUV]FD HNRQRPLN IDDOL\HWOHUGH EXOXQPD \HWNLVL DODQ EDW $YUXSD ONHOHUL WFFDUQQ LKWL\DF RODQ \DVDO RUWDP 7DQ]LPDW )HUPDQ LOH VDODQPWU 7DQ]LPDW )HUPDQ 2VPDQO 0HUNH]L 2WRULWHVLQLQ HJHPHQOLLQL
VQUOD\DQ YH EX VQUODPD\ EWQ 2VPDQO KDONQD GX\XUDQ LON EHOJHGLU dDYGDU
1992: 8-9).
7DQ]LPDW )HUPDQ HNRQRPLN EQ\HVL YH WRSOXPVDO NXUXPODU\OD VDQD\L
oDQDD\DNX\GXUDPD\DQELULPSDUDWRUOXXQD\GQEURNUDWODUQQLoYHGEDVNODU
sonunda zorunlu olarak ilan ettirdikleri bir belgedir (Tepekaya 2000: 196-197).
7DQ]LPDW LOH RUWD\D NRQDQ |QHPOL QRNWDODU 3DGLDKQ HJHPHQOLN KDNNQQ
VQUODQPDV LOH KDONQ FDQ PDO YH RQXU JYHQOLLQLQ \DVDO G]HQOHPHOHUOH NRUXQPDVGU ,VODKDW )HUPDQ LVH $UD]L .DQXQX YH \DEDQFODUQ 2VPDQO
116
lkeVLQGH WRSUDN VDKLEL ROPDODUQD L]LQ YHUHQ \DVD LOH GLNNDW oHNPHNWHGLU dDYGDU 1992: 10-13). 2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQXQ\]\OGDQEDlayarak ekonomik alanda
$YUXSDQQ JHULVLQGH NDOPDV WHPHOGH $YUXSD ONHOHULQLQ K]OD LOHUOHPHOHULQGHQ ND\QDNODQPWU %DWQQ EX DUWDQ VWQOQQ 2VPDQO \|QHWLPL WDUDIQGDQ DQODOPDVYHNDEXOHGLOPHVLX]XQ]DPDQDOP,VODKDW+DUHNHWOHULYH7DQ]LPDWLOH WDULKH JHoHQ \HQLOHQPH YH UHIRUP oDEDODU ED] DODQODUGD LOHUOHPH VDODPDNOD ELUOLNWH QH JHQL KDON NLWOHOHULQLQ GXUXPXQX L\LOHWLUPL QH GH GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\D |QFHOLN YHUPHVL \|QQGH LOHUOHPH VDODPWU 7DQ]LPDW HVDV RODUDN 2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQL DVNHUL EDNPGDQ GPDQODUD NDU DVD\L EDNPQGDQ GD Lo E|OQPHOHUH NDU NRUXPD DPDFQ JWP YH $YUXSDQQ EDVNV DOWQGD
G]HQOHQPLWLU <HQDO 7DQ]LPDW WPDU VLVWHPLQLQ KXNXNL YDUOQ RUWDGDQ NDOGUP DUWDQ G EDVN VRQXFX $UD]L .DQXQQDPHVL\OH ]LUDL WRSUDNODUGD |]HO PONL\HW K]ODQDUDN \DNODN L DUON ND]DQP PLUL |]HO PONL\HWH WRSUDNODUQ HO GHLWLUPHVL WRSOXP YH
JHoPLWLU
2VPDQO
HNRQRPLVLQLQNDSLWDOLVWJHOLPHQLQGQGDROPDVQQHQ|QHPOLJ|VWHUJH
lerinden biri
GH \HUOL ELU EXUMXYD VQIQQ ROPD\ E\N |]HO VHUYHWOHULQ HQJHOOHQLLGLU 7DQ]LPDW PDO JYHQOLL JHUHNoHVL\OH E|\OH ELU VRV\DO WDEDNDQQ GRXXQX
GHVWHNOHPL ]LKQL\HWWH JHOLPH GQFHVL JHOHQHN GQFHVLQLQ \HULQL DOPWU (VDVHQ 7DQ]LPDW ELU Lo G]HQOHPH ROPDVQD UDPHQ DVOQGD %DWQQ 2VPDQO VLVWHPLQLHWNLOH\LSNHQGLoNDUQDJ|UHELoLPOHQGLUPHKDUHNHWLGLU7DEDNROXD
12-6HUPD\HELULNLPLYHPEDGHOHKDFPLQLQJHQLOH\HELOPHVLLoLQHQJHOJ|UOHQ geleneksel kuUXPODU

\DYD \DYD NDOGUOPD\D oDOOP QDUK VLVWHPL
ile her
LVWH\HQLQ LVWHGLL LL \DSPDVQ HQJHOOH\HQ JHGLNOHU E\N |OoGH JHoHUOLOLLQL ND\EHWPLWLUHQHU
-281).
7DQ]LPDWKDUHNHWLQLQLPSDUDWRUOXXQLoLQHJLUGLL\HQLHNRQRPLNLOLNLOHUGHQ GROD\WDUPYHVDQD\LGHGRDQo|NQWYHEXKUDQODUDNDUELUWHSNLRODUDNGRPX ROGXX LOHUL VUOHELOLU $QFDN 2VPDQOGD 7LFDUHW $QWODPDV YH 7DQ
zimat
)HUPDQQQLODQQGDQVRQUDEDOD\DQNDSLWDOLVWOHPHVUHFLJD\ULPVOLPYH\DEDQF \DWUPFODUQ LLQH \DUDP UHNDEHWH GD\DQDPD\DQ \HUOL JLULLPFL SL\DVDGDQ oHNLOPLWLU \]\OQ LNLQFL \DUVQGDQ LWLEDUHQ 7UNOHU 2VPDQO VDQD\L YH WLFDUHW
117
DODQODUQGDQ VLOLQPH\H EDODPODUGU 7HSHND\D 7DQ]LPDW LOH ELUOLNWH HVQDI VLVWHPL GH DGP DGP RUWDGDQ NDONP DQFDN HVQDI ELUOLNOHUL YH DUDODUQGDNL GD\DQPD GHYDP HWWLLQGHQ PRGHUQ NDSLWDOLVW LUNHWOHPH JHFLNPL EX QHGHQOH E\N VDQD\L YH IDEULND VLVWHPL GH NXUXODPDPWU \]\O ER\XQFD LUNHWOHPH YH VDQD\LOHPH HVQDI DUDFO\OD \UWOPH\H oDOOP $YUXSD YH -DSRQ\DGD HVQDIQ \NOQQ RUWD\D oNDUG VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN NDUPDD EX \]GHQ 2VPDQO
toplumunda grlmePLWLU7DEDNROX
2VPDQOGD |QHPOL ELU LUNHWOHPH \|QWHPL PXGDUHEHGLU (PHN VHUPD\H LUNHWL ELoLPLQGH DGODQGUODQ PXGDUHEH \]\OGDQ LWLEDUHQ 2VPDQO HNRQRPLN KD\DWQGD\HUEXOPXWXU
(Gedikli 1998: 262). Mudarebenin daha ok gemi ticaretine
VHUPD\H VDODPDGD NXOODQODQ ELU DUDo ROGXX VDSWDQPWU *HGLNOL %X LUNHWOHPH ELoLPLQGH LNL RUWDNWDQ ELUL PDOQ YH GLHUL LVH HPHLQL RUWD\D NR\PDNWD\G HOGH HGLOHFHN NDU LVH DUDODUQGD ELU RUDQ GDKLOLQGH SD\ODOPDNWD\G *HGLNOL 3DUDQQ PXGDUHEH\H YHULOPHVL VXUHWL\OH UHWLOPHVL GHPHN ELU
kimVHQLQ GLHULQH WLFDUHW \DSDELOPHVL LoLQ LKWL\DF RODQ QDNLW VHUPD\H\L WDUDIlarca
V|]OHPH\H EDODQDQ EHOOL ELU NDU NDUOQGD YHUPHVL DQODPQD JHOPHNW
e;
PXGDUHEH\HYHULOHQSDUDRQXoDOWUDFDNRODQQHPHLLOHELUOHHUHNNDUVDODPDNWD YH ND]DQo VHUPD\H VDKLEL LOH SDUD VDKLEL DUDVQGD SD\ODOPDNWD\G $NGD E
180) 0XGDUHEH VHUPD\HVL RODELOHFHN QHVQHOHU QDNLW YDUONODUG YH NoN ELULNLPOHU dahLPXGDUHEH\ROX\ODLOHWLOHELOPHNWH\GL0XGDUHEHPRGHOLVDGHFHJLULLOHQL\DGD
RQXQ WLFDUL VRQXFX QHGHQL\OH GHLO D\Q ]DPDQGD GHQL] \D GD NDUD \ROODUQQ JYHQVL]OLL QHGHQL\OH GH oRN E\N ELU ULVNH PDUX] NDOPDNWD\G *HGLNOL 9DNIODU YH HOOHULQGH DWO SDUD EXOXQGXUDQODU EX SDUDODU PGDUHEH RUWDNO LoHULVLQGH \D GD NUHGL RODUDN WFFDUODUD YHUHUHN LOHWPHNWH\GLOHU %X LUNHWOHULQ JLULLPFLWDUDIQROXWXUDQODUNHUYDQYHJHPLOHUOHX]DNONHOHUHJLGHQYHNDUOWLFDUHW
yapan byk tccarlar
RUWDNON
YH NRRSHUDWLI ELoLPLQGH EDNDODUQGDQ SDUD
WRSOD\DUDN EXQODU LOHWHQ YH HOGH HWWLNOHUL NDUODUGDQ VHUPD\H VDKLSOHULQH SD\ YHUHQ ELUH\OHUROPXWXU7DEDNROX
-277).
118
7DQ]LPDW G|QHPLQLQ HQ |QHPOL JLULLPOHULQGHQ ELUL NDPX JLULLPFLOLLQLQ
bir
|QWLSLQL RUWD\D NR\DQ \OQGD NXUXODQ %RD]GD LVNHOHOHU DUDV oDODFDN ELU YDSXU LOHWPHVL RODQ LUNHW L +D\UL\HGLU LUNHWLQ LON SD\ VDKLSOHUL DUDVQGD EDWD SDGLDK ROPDN ]HUH KDQHGDQ \HOHUL VDGUD]DP YDOL JLEL GHYOHW LOHUL JHOHQOHUL VWDQEXOXQQOVDUUDIODUEXOXQPDNWD\G%X JLULLPJHOHFHNWHNLELUoRNLUNHWHGH
rnek olaFDNW (avdar 1992: 37-39). 2000: 270).
LUNHW L +D\UL\H SD\D D\UOP YH
\DEDQF VHUPD\H ROPDNV]Q NXUXOPX LON 2VPDQO DQRQLP LUNHWL ROPXWXU %D
TaQ]LPDW VRQUDVQGD GHYOHW YH |]HO VHNW|U HOL\OH ELUoRN IDEULND NXUXOPDNOD beraber, bunODUQ DQFDN ELU NVP D\DNWD NDODELOPL LOHWPHOHULQ ED]ODU ELOJL YH
WHFUEH \HWHUVL]OLL N|W LOHWPHFLOLN $YUXSD UHNDEHWL PDOL\HW \NVHNOLL JLEL
nedenlerle kaSDQPDN ]RUXQGD NDOPWU 0DUWDO $\UFD $YUXSDQQ

ELOLP ]LKQL\HWL \HULQH IDEULND VDWQ DODUDN YH \DEDQF LoL NLUDOD\DUDN VDQD\LOHPH \ROXQD JLGLOPHVL EDDUV]ONWD |QHPOL ELU HWNHQ ROPXWXU \OQD JHOLQGLLQGH 2VPDQO'HYOHWLEQ\HVLQGH WRSODP VDQD\LNXUXOXXEXOXQ
makla beraber; bu
IDEULNDODUGDQ X XQ LSHN L SDPXN YH LVSLUWR YH oHLWOL PDOODU UHWPHNWH\GL 8Q IDEULNDODUQGDQ VDGHFH VL EXKDU JF\OH oDOPDNWD\G .UHGL NXUXPODU HQHUML LKWL\DFQ NDUOD\DFDN DOW \DS WHVLVOHUL YH KDPPDGGH YH PDPO PDOODU WD\DFDN XODP HEHNHVL JLEL VDQD\L DOW \DSVQ ROXWXUDQ XQVXUODUQ HNVLNOLLQGHQ GROD\ 7DQ]LPDWoODU VDQD\LOHPH NRQXVXQGD LVWHQHQ EDDU\
VDOD\DPDPODUGU2VPDQO\|QHWLFLOHULWHNQLN
yntemleri benimseyip, bilimsel ve bir zihniyetle
WHNQRORMLN GLQDPLNOHUL UDV\RQHO ELU PDQWNOD X\JXODPD \HULQH WDNOLWoL
oD \DNDODPD\D oDOP JHOHQHNVHO UHWLP DQOD\QGDQ PRGHUQ UHWLP DQOD\QD JHoLL VLPJHOH\HFHN ]LKQL\HW GHLLNOLLQL \DUDWDPDPODUGU hUHWLPLQ
NoPVHQPHVLLoLQLQWRSOXPXQHQDDWDEDNDVRODUDNJ|UOPHVLGHYOHWPHPXUX ROPDQQGDKD|QHPOLELUPHVOHNELoLPLQGHDOJODQPDV2VPDQOQQVDQD\LOHPHVLQL HQJHOOHPLWLU7HSHND\D
-206).
Tanzimat dneminde iktisadi zihQL\HW EDNPQGDQ LNL |QHPOL \DNODPQ

YDUOQGDQV|]HGLOHELOLU&HYGHW3DDQQ|QGHUOLLQGH|]HOPONL\HWHDUONYHUHQ
119
OLEHUDO \DNODP YHPGDKDOHFLPRGHOLEHQLPVH\HQ<HQL 2VPDQO\DNODP%D
2000: 269). Tanzimat dneminin en gl devlet adamODURODUDNELOLQHQ$OLYH)XDW

3DDODUSDGLDKDKLWDEHQ 9DVL\HWQDPHDGDOWQGDHNRQRPLDQOD\YHGQFHOHULQL GLOH JHWLUPLOHUGLU %DW\D \DNQONODU YH OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU EHQLPVHPHOHUL LOH WDQQDQ SDDODU oDGDODDUDN $YUXSDO GHYOHWOHU DUDVQD JLUPH JHUHNOLOLLQLQ \DQ VUD DU ELU OLEHUDOL]P DQOD\\OD YHUJLOHULQ WRSODQPDVQQ XOXVODUDUDV LOLNLOHUL JoO RODQ LUNHWOHUH GHYUHGLOPHVL GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPLGHQ WDPDPHQ HOLQL oHNPHVL GRQDQPDQQ YH VDYD JHPLOHULQLQ RUWDGDQ NDOGUODUDN KHP WLFDUHW KHP GH VDYDWD NXOODQODFDN KDILI GRQDQPO EXKDUO JHPL ILORVXQXQ ROXWXUXOPDV YH ILOR
PONL\HWLQLQ GH |]HO ELU LUNHWH GHYUHGLOPHVL \DEDQFODUQ 2VPDQO WRSUDNODUQD \HUOHWLULOPHVL JLEL Xo |QHULOHUGH EXOXQPXODUGU
(avdar 1992: 19-31). Tanzimat
kuDQQ ELU EDND GQU GH &HYGHW3DDGU&HYGHW3DDVDQD\LYH WLFDUHWJLEL ekonomik konularda devlete yer vermekle beraber zel mlkiyet konusuna da vurgu
\DSPDNWDQ JHUL NDOPDP PVDGHUHQLQ GHYOHW JHOLUL \|QQGHQ VDODP YH NDEXO
edilebilir bir arao RODPD\DFDQ LOHULVUPWU&HYGHW3DDONHQLQNDONQPDVQQ ziraat, sanayi ve ticaret ile mmkn olabileceLQLEHOLUWLUNHQEXQODUDUDVQGD|]HOOLNOH
WLFDUHWLQ ]HULQGH GXUPX KLPD\HFL YH OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUGD DUONWDQ NDoQOPDV JHUHNWLLQL YXUJXODPWU %D &HYGHW 3DD J|UOHUL\OH EHNOLGH KLPD\HFLHLOLPLQ|QFVROPXWXU
(avdar 1992: 32-37).
dDYGDU 2VPDQOGD OLEHUDO HNRQRPL SROLWLNDVQ VDYXQDQ GQUOHUL 1DPN .HPDO 6DN]O 2KDQQHV YH 0 &DYLG %H\ RODUDN EHOLUWPLWLU 7DQ]LPDW %DWFOQQ\HWHUVL]OLLQLLONDQOD\DQODU1DPN.HPDOYH<HQL2VPDQOODUROPXWXU 1DPN .HPDOH J|UH VDQD\LOHPH LoLQJHUHNOLRODQWRSOXPVDOELUG|QPGUYH EX G|QPLoLQHLWLPLQ\D\JQODWUOPDVYH$QD\DVDUHMLPLJHUHNOLGLU1DPN.HPDO YH <HQL 2VPDQOODU PLOOL NDSLWDOL]P J|UQQ GH |QFOQ \DSPODU 1DPN .HPDO PLOOL LUNHW PLOOL EDQND PLOOL IDEULND PLOOL WFFDU NDYUDPODUQ RUWD\D DWPWU $YFROX 2VPDQOGD LON NODVLN HNRQRPL NLWDEQ 6DN]O
OhannHV
3DD
\D]PWU .DEXO HWWLL OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODU
oHUoHYHVLQGH NODVLN
LNWLVDWoODUQ J|UOHULQH GD\DQDUDN \D]G NLWDEQGD GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPLN KD\DWD PGDKDOH HWPHVLQL YH NDPX VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQL HOHWLUPL OL \OODUGDQ EHUL
120
<HQL 2VPDQOODU GL\H QLWHOHQHQ LOHULFL YH |]JUONo JHQo D\GQODU WDUDIQGDQ GLOH JHWLULOPL NRQXODU oDQQ HNRQRPL ELOLPL X\DUQFD VLVWHPDWLN RODUDN LQFHOHPL YH EDWOODPDQQWHN\ROXRODUDNJ|UOHQVDQD\LOHPHLoLQOLEHUDOSROLWLNDODU|QHUPLWLU
(avdar 2003: 24-27).
'|QHPLQPDOL\HEDNDQ0&DYLG%H\OLEHUDOELUHNRQRPLSROLWLNDVQQKHP ELOLP DGDP KHP GH LNWLGDUGD NDUDU VDKLEL VIDW\OD HQ |QGH JHOHQ VDYXQXFXVX ROPXWXU /LEHUDOL]P DoVQGDQ ONHQLQ PHYFXW GXUXPXQX GHHUOHQGLUHQ
M. Cavid
%H\ L |]JUO YH VDQD\L\H NRQXOPX EXOXQDQ VQUODPDODU HVQDI \|QHWPHOLNOHUL YH JHGLN XVXO ELoLPLQGH LNL\H D\UDUDN EHOLUWPLWLU %XQODUQ GQGD GD VDQD\LQLQ OLEHUDO NXUDOODUD J|UH JHOLHPHPHVLQLQ LNL QHGHQLQH GDKD GHLQPLWLU GHYOHW WDUDIQGDQ WHNHOOHWLULOHQ VDQD\L GDOODU YH GHYOHW \DSPDG KDOGH ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPGH EXOXQPDV \DVDN RODQ VDQD\LOHU LOH GLHU ED] VQUODPDODUD EDO RODUDN NXUXODQ VDQD\L GDOODU *LULLPFLQLQ VDQD\L WLFDUHW YH WDUPGD VDKLS ROGXX LOHY YH J|UHYOHULQ HNRQRPLN \DDPGDNL LOHY YH J|UHYOHU DUDVQGD HQ |QHPOLVL YH \NVHL RODUDN J|UHQ 0 &DYLG %H\ JLULLPFLQLQ HOGH HWWLL NDUODUQ PHUXOXXQX YH KDNOOQYXUJXODPWU
(avdar 1992: 102-105).
7DQ]LPDW VRQUDV G|QHPGH VDQD\LOHPH \ROXQGD IDDOL\HWOHUL K]ODQGUPD DPDF\OD ,VODK 6DQD\L .RPLV\RQX NXUXOPX GHYOHW |]HOOLNOH DVNHUL LKWL\DoODUQ NDUODPDN LoLQ VDQD\L NXUXOXODU NXUPD\D EDODPWU $QFDN VDQD\LOHPHQLQ ELU HNRQRPL SROLWLNDVQD G|QPHVL \OQGD LODQ HGLOHQ ,, 0HUXWL\HWWHQ VRQUD JHUoHNOHPLWLU 0DNDO 0HUXWL\HW G|QHPLQGH LVH HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODU WWLKDW YH 7HUDNNL &HPL\HWL HNVHQLQGH HNLOOHQPLWLU $YUXSDGD HLWLP J|UHQ JHQo NXDN 7UNOHU <HQL 2VPDQOODU &HPL\HWLQL NXUPXODU NXUGXNODU EX FHPL\HWOH
lkedeki mutlakiyet idaresine son verip mHUXWL
ELU LGDUH\L JHUoHNOHWLUPH\L
DPDoODPODU DQFDN ,, $EGOKDPLWLQ EDVNV VRQXFX GDOPODUGU %X FHPL\HWWHQ VRQUD HQ GLNNDW oHNHQ JLULLP WWLKDW YH 7HUDNNLGLU \OQGD NXUXODQ &HPL\HW 5XPHOLGH |]HOOLNOH PHNWHSOL VXED\ODU DUDVQGD E\N E
ir gFH XODP QLKD\HW
oHLWOL EDVNODU VRQXFXQGD ,, $EGOKDPLW PHUXWL\HWL LODQ HWPHN ]RUXQGD NDOP
bylece 1908- DUDVQGDNL RQ \OON G|QHPGH V|] VDKLEL HQ E\N Jo WWLKDW YH
121
7HUDNNLROPXWXU,'Q\D6DYDQQ2VPDQO'HYOHWLQLQDOH\KLQHVRQXoODQPDV\OD GH7DODW3DDNDELQHVLLVWLIDHWPLONH\LVDYDDVRNXSGDOPDVQDQHGHQRODQ FHPL\HWNHQGLQLIHVKHWPLWLUHQHU
-283).
&HPL\HWLQ HNRQRPL DQOD\ ,'Q\D 6DYDQD NDGDU 0DOL\H 1D]U &DYLG %H\ WDUDIQGDQ \|QOHQGLULOHQ OLEHUDO DQOD\ ROPXWXU $QFDN WHQ LWLEDUHQ
Alman etkisi ve
, 'Q\D 6DYD DUWODUQQ ]RUODQPDV VRQXFX EX DQOD\ WHUN
HGLOPL 0LOOL NWLVDW DQOD\ DUON ND]DQPWU .ODVLNOHULQ VHUEHVW WLFDUHW WH]LQH
itiraz eden Alman Friedrich List, milli iktLVDWGRNWULQLQLRUWD\DDWPWU%XGRNWULQH

J|UH WP ONHOHU D\Q JHOLPLOLN G]H\LQH VDKLS GHLOGLU YH D\Q HNRQRPL DQOD\ EWQ ONHOHUH X\JXODQDPD] +HQ] JHOLLPLQL WDPDPODPDP ELU ONH WDUP YH
sanayide daha ileri bir noktaya gelebilmek iin gmUN

HNRQRPLVLQL NRUXPD DOWQD DOPD]VD JHOLPL
GXYDUODU DUDFO LOH UHNDEHWL NDUVQGD
ONHOHULQ
GXUDPD\DFDNWU(NRQRPLNNDONQPDLoLQKLPD\HFLOLNELUVUHLoLQ]RUXQOXGXUHQHU
2000: 285-287).
,, 0HUXWL\HW G|QHPLQGH 0LOOL NWLVDWQ HQ E\N VDYXQXFXODU DUDVQGD =L\D *|NDOS \HU DOP ,'Q\D 6DYD \OODUQGD \D]ODU\OD W
tihat ve Terakkiye
\|Q YHUPLWLU =L\D *|NDOS PLOOL LNWLVDW SROLWLNDVQQ |QQH oRN |QHPOL ELU KHGHI NR\PXWXUJHUoHNDQODPGDVDQD\LOHPHN'HYOHWELUH\OHULQVHUEHVWJLULLPKDNODUQ HQJHOOHPHPHOL\GL $QFDN EX EDN DoV GHYOHWLQ UHWLP
den tketime kadar uzanan bu
ekonominin tm kesimlerinde d]HQOHPH
\DSPD JHUHNOLOLL LOH oHOLPHNWH\GL
g\OH\VHDQOD\PLOOLLNWLVDWSROLWLNDODULOHHNRQRPLNNDONQPDQQVDODQPDVYH
VDODQGNWDQ VRQUD GD OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUQ X\JXODPD\D NRQPDVQ LDUHW HWPHNWH\GL
(avdar 1992: 174-178).
WWLKDW YH 7HUDNNLQLQ VDODG HNRQRPLN RUWDPGD
Mslman-7UN XQVXU 0HUXWL\HWOH ELUOLNWH WLFDUHWH DWOP DQFDN VHUPD\H ELULNLPL

VDOD\DPDPWU WWLKDW YH 7HUDNNLQLQ LON \OODUQQ VDODG OLEHUDO RUWDP
0VOPDQROPD\DQNHVLPH\DUDP]HQJLQLGDKD]HQJLQOHWLUPLWL%XGXUXPWWLKDW YH 7HUDNNL\L \DNODDQ VDYDOD ELUOLNWH \HQL DUD\ODUD LWPL YH 7UN EXUMXYD]LQLQ\DUDWODPDPDV$O
-Mslman
man romantizminin de etkisi ile klasik liberalizmden
XOXVoXOXD GLHU DG\OD 0LOOL NWLVDW SROLWLNDVQD JHoLL \DUDWPW %X ELUH\FLOLNWHQ
122
FHPL\HWoLOLH\DQLGHYOHWoLOLHJHoLWL%D /LEHUDOSROLWLNDODUELU
kenara iterek himayeci gmUN GXYDUODU DUGQGD WDUP YH VDQD\LVL\OH ELUOLNWH NHQGL
\D\ODNDYUXODFDNELUHNRQRPLROXWXUPDNPLOOLLUNHWOHUYHPLOOLEDQNDODUNXUPDN 0VOPDQ HVQDI YH WFFDU |UJWOHPHN JLEL ILNLUOHU JoOHQPH\H EDOD\DQ 7UN PLOOL\HWoLOLL\OH X\XP J|VWHUPL ELUOLNWH \D\OPWU 0DNDO
-141).
*LULLPOHUH\DWUOPVHUPD\HQLQQLQ5XP(UPHQL<DKXGLYH\DEDQFODUDDLW ROPDVJHUHNONHLoLQHJHUHNVHONHGQDNDUHNRQRPLNEDPV]ONGQFHVLQLQ JHOLPHVLQL WHWLNOHPL \OODU DUDVQGD ONHGH JD\ULPVOLPOHUH NDU EDODWODQ ER\NRWODUOD PLOOL LNWLVDW G|QHPL EDODPWU %DONDQ 6DYDODU\OD ELUOLNWH JD\ULPVOLPOHUOH7UNOHUDUDVQGDNLLOLNLOHUWDPDPHQNRSDUDN7UNOHUDUDVQGDPLOOL EHQOLN XXUX JHOLPH\H EDODPWU '|QHPLQ D\GQODUQGDQ <XVXI $NoXUD 2VPDQO 'HYOHWLQLQYH7UNOHULQNXUWXOXXQXPLOOLELUEXUMXYDVQIQQGRXXQGDJ|UPHNWH 7UN KDONQQ PHPXUL\HW YH N|\OOQ \DQQGD WLFDUHW YH VDQDW DODQQGD GD IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQPDV JHUHNOLOLLQL YXUJXODPDNWDGU $NoXUD 7UNO
erin gl bir
PLOOHW ROXWXUPDODUQ PLOOL EXUMXYD]LQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVLQH EDODPWU dLoHN $QFDN &HPL\HWWH EX EXUMXYD]LQLQ \D GD JLULLPFLQLQ QDVO \DUDWODFD NRQXVXQGD |QHPOL ELU ILNLU D\UO GRPX =L\D *|NDOS |QFOQGHNL D\GQODU UHIRUPODUQ \XNDUGDQ DD\D GRUX YH GHYOHW HOL\OH JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVL JHUHNOLOLLQL VDYXQXS PHUNH]LOHPH GHUHFHVL \NVHN ELU GHYOHW DQOD\Q EHQLPVHUNHQ 3UHQV 6DEDKDWWLQ |QFOQGHNL JUXS LVH PHUNH]L GHYOHWLQ ]D\IODWOPDV YH ELUH\FL DQOD\QJHOLWLULOPHVLLOHJLULLPFLVQIQ\DUDWODELOHFHLQLVDYXQPXWXU%X|QHPOL ILNLU D\UO &XPKXUL\HW 7UNL\HVLQGH GH JHOHFHN \OODUGD HOLW NHVLP LoLQGH GH \HU DODFDNW7RVXQ
-237).
8\JXODPDGD oRN EDDUO RODPDVD GD |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLVLQLQ WHYLN HGLOPHVLQL DPDoOD\DQ 7HYLN L 6DQD\L .DQXQX 76. WH \UUOH NRQPX WH NDSLWODV\RQODU WHN WDUDIO RODUDN NDOGUOP YH JPUN RUDQODU
\NVHOWLOPLWLU 0DNDO 76.QGDQ \DU PDPXO PDGGHOHUL LOH\HQHQ
az 5 beygirlik HYLULFLJFHVDKLSYH2VPDQOOLUDONUHWLPDUDFQDVDKLSRODQ
ELU \O LoHULVLQGH HQ D] LJQ WXWDUQFD \HYPL\HOL LoL oDOWUDQ L\HUOHUL \DUDUODQDELOPL \DVD NDSVDPQD JLUHQ VDQD\L L\HUOHULQH NXUXOX \HULQGHNL DUD]L YH
123
UHWLP DUDoODU ED] YHUJL YH UVXPODUGDQ PXDI WXWXOPD
ELQDODUQ LQDV LoLQ
G|QPHNDGDUDUD]LSDUDV]WDKVLVLLOHWPHLoLQJHUHNOLWHoKL]DWYHPDOODU\XUWLoLQGH UHWLOLQFH\H NDGDU JPUN UHVPLQGHQ PXDI ROPD JLEL NROD\ONODU VDODQPWU
(avdar 2003: 118).
Mslman-7UNOHULQ
LUNHWOHPH JLULLPOHULQGH WWLKDWoODUQ SD\ E\N
ROPX WWLKDW YH7HUDNNL PLOOLLUNHWOHULQNXUXOXXQD ILLOHQ|QD\DNROPXUHWLFL\L HVQDI WFFDU LUNHWOHUGH |UJWOH\HUHN PLOOL WLFDUHWLQ GRXXQD RUWDP KD]UODPWU ,, 0HUXWL\HWOH EDOD\DQ \HQL VL\DVDO KD\DW \HQL ELU WRSOXP DQOD\Q GD ONH
gndemine geWLUPL
WRSOXPXQ JHOHQHN YH J|UHQHNOHULQGH KDONQ WDYUODUQGD
|]HOOLNOH JHQoOLLQ GQFHVLQGH ELU G|QP RUWD\D oNPWU ,, 0HUXWL\HW \OODUQGD WLFDUHWH DWODQODUQ VD\V |QHPOL |OoGH DUWP PLOOLOHPH VUHFLQH JLUHQ
Trk toplumunun sermaye birikimi meselesine zm ara\EDODPWU%XG|QHP

WLFDUHWWH PLOOLOHPH PHVHOHVLQLQ JQGHPH JHOGLL LUNHWoLOLN YH |]HOOLNOH DQRQLP LUNHWOHU DoVQGDQ |QHPOL DWOPODU
n geroHNOHWLULOGLL ELU G|QHPGLU $UWN 7UN
KDON WLFDUHWH DWO\RU LUNHW NXUX\RU IDL]OH SDUD DOS YHUL\RUGX ,, 0HUXWL\HWLQ
liberal dnem olarak niteOHQGLULOHQLONEH\OQGDNXUXODQDQRQLPLUNHWOHUGH\DEDQF

YH JD\ULPVOLPOHUOH RUWDNOD JLGLOPL LUNHWOHULQ oRXQGD \DEDQF VHUPD\H
DUOQ NRUXPX 0LOOL NWLVDW G|QHPL GL\H DGODQGUODQ IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ DQRQLP LUNHWOHULQ E\N oRXQOXX
-1918 dneminde ise -Trk unsur -
0VOPDQ
WDUDIQGDQJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU \OODUQGDLO
erleme kaydedildiyse de sanayi
WRSOXPXQDJHoLOHPHPLWLU$QFDNoRN|QHPOLWXWXPGHLLNOLNOHUL\DDQPWU
\OODU DUDVQGD DQRQLP LUNHW NXUXOPX ROXS EX LUNHWOHULQ VL $QDGROXGD\HUDOPWU&XPKXUL\HWG|QHPLQGHWDNLSHGLOHQPLOOLVHUPD\HROXXPX LOH PLOOLOHWLUPH SROLWLNDODUQQ $QDGROX VHUPD\HGDUODU WDUDIQGDQ LWLUD]V]
NDUODQPDVQQ DUNDVQGD EXOXQDQ WHPHO GHHUOHUGHQ ELULVL
-1918 dneminde
ND]DQODQ WHFUEH YH ELOJL ELULNLPL ROPX $QDGROX KDON HNRQRPL LOH WDQP YH
ekRQRPLQLQ oHLWOL NROODUQGD IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQPXWXU dLoHN - WWLKDW

YH7HUDNNLG|QHPLQGHVDQD\LFLROPDPDNODELUOLNWHPLOOLWFFDUVIDW\ODJLULLPFLELU VQI \DUDWOPDV JHUoHNOHWLULOPLWL $YFROX WWLKDWoODU VDQD\L YH
ticaUHWL WHYLN HWPHQLQ \DQ VUD EL]]DW JLULLPFL ROPXODU YH EX G|QHPGH GHYOHW
124
\HWNLOLVLLOHJLULLPFLD\UPNDONP|]HOoNDUODUQDODQLOHNDPXSROLWLNDVQQDODQ ELUELULQHNDUPWU%XUD
6DQD\LQLQ PHYFXW GXUXPXQX VDSWDPDN DPDF\OD 2VPDQO K
kmeti 1913 ve
\OODUQGD LNL NVPL VDQD\L VD\P G]HQOHPLWLU VDQD\L VD\PQGD 7UNL\HQLQ\OVQUODUGDKLOLQGHKHUELUL\DGDGDKDoRNLoLoDOWUDQ LPDODW VDQD\L L\HUL ROGXX YH EXQODUGDQ VDGHFH QGH LVWLKGDP
hacminin 100
LoL\L JHoWLL VDSWDQPWU %X L\HULQLQVL |]HOLNDPX\D DLWWLVDQD\L VD\PQGDNDSVDQDQ\DGDGDKDoRNLoLoDOWUDQL\HULQGHQVDGHFHX\OD LOJLOL VRQXoODU \D\QODQP EX L\HUOHULQLQ L WHNVWLO JGD YH WWQ NDW YH PDWEDDFON VHNW|UQGH IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPHNWH YH EX L\HUOHULQLQ VL GHYOHWH JHUL NDODQODUQ E\N oRXQOXX LVH \DEDQFODUD YH RQODUQ KLPD\HVLQGHNL \HUOL
gayrimslimlere aitti (Tezel 1994: 103- \OQGD JHUoHNOHWLULOHQ VDQD\L

VD\PQD J|UH VWDQEXO %XUVD %DQGUPD ]PLU ]PLW 8DN YH 0DQLVD LOOHULQGH VLNDPX\D|]HOVHNW|UHDLWRODQYHDQRQLPLUNHWWHQROXDQWRSODP NXUXOXEXOXQPDNWD\G$YFROX
Tablo 7. 1913-6DQD\L6D\PQD*|UH2VPDQO6DQayisinin Durumu 1880den nce 1881-DUDV 1891-DUDV kurulan firmalar kurulan firmalar kurulan firmalar Toplam 56 19 32 Kaynak: Makal (1997:145)
1901-DUDV kurulan firmalar 107
2VPDQOQQ ERUoODQPD VHUYHQL \OQGD .UP 6DYDQQ ILQDQVPDQ DPDF\OD EDODP HQHU YH EX ERUoODU \] \O VRQUD GH VRQ ERUo WXWDU |GHQHUHN ELWLULOHELOPLWLU $OQDQ ERUoODU UHWLPLQ DUWUOPDVQDYH\HQLVODKDW oDOPDODUQD \|QOHQGLULOHPHPL GDKD oRN FDUL KDUFDPDODUD YH EWoH DoNODUQ
kapatmada kullaQOPWU
7HNLQ 2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXXQXQ E\N
$YUXSD GHYOHWOHULQLQ RUWDN ELU \DU V|PUJHVL KDOLQH G|QPHVLQGH $YUXSD VHUPD\HVLQLQ GRUXGDQ R\QDG URO VRQ GHUHFH |QHPOL ROPXWXU $YUXSD
sermayesinin bu dnPGHNL LOHYL LNL JHQHO EDON DOWQGD WRSODQDELOLU 2VPDQO

PSDUDWRUOXXQXQ $YUXSDQQ PDOL GHQHWLPL DOWQD JLUPHVLQH \RO DoDQ G
125
ERUoODQPD YH $YUXSD |]HO VHUPD\HVLQLQ 2VPDQO HNRQRPLVLQL NDSLWDOLVW GQ\D SL\DVDVQD GDKD oRN EDOD\DQ NHVLPOHUH \DSW GRUXGDQ \DWUPODU 7H]HO 2VPDQO HNRQRPLVL NDSLWODV\RQODU YH G ERUoODU JLEL X]XQ WDULKVHO VUHo
ler
VRQXQGD $YUXSDONHOHULQLQGHQHWLPLDOWQDJLUPLWLU.DSLWODV\RQODUJPUNOHUGH NRUXPD |QOHPOHUL DOQPDVQ HQJHOOHUNHQ G ERUoODU
da ekonominin tam bir iflasa
\|QHOPHVLQH\RODoPWU2VPDQOERUoODUELUOHWLULOPL\OQGDEXERUoODUQ
denmesi iin Dyun-u Umumiye (DU) ynetimi denilen bir rgt ile
LPSDUDWRUOXXQ PDOL ND\QDNODUQD HO NRQPXWXU .RQJDU
-342). Bu rgt
GHYOHWLQ PDOL KDNODUQ ]HGHOH\HQ ONH\L LGDUH HWPH KDNNQD J|OJH GUHQ XOXVODU DUDV ELU NRPLV\RQGXU <OPD] PSDUDWRUOXXQ HQ L\L YH YHULPOL ND\QDNODU'8\DGHYUHGLOPLWLYHKDOHQJHoHUOLRODQNDSLWODV
yonlar hkmetin geri
kalan JHOLUND\QDNODUQGDQHWNLQELoLPGH\DUDUODQPDVQHQJHOOHPLWLU.DVDED

%|\OHFH 2VPDQO PDOL\HVL EWQ\OH \DEDQF GHQHWLPL DOWQD JLUPLWLU 7HNLQ 2VPDQO PSDUDWRUOXXQXQ VUNOHQGLL EX HNRQRPLN oNPD] \OQGD oNDQ ,'Q\D 6DYDQD NDGDU VUP VDYD VRQXQGD (NLP WDULKLQGHLP]DODQDQ0RQGURV0WDUHNHVLLOHONH,'Q\D6DYDQ\HQLNNDSDP YHILLOLRODUDNHPSHU\DOLVWLJDOHPDUX]NDOPWU*|NGHPLU
&80+85<(7'g1(01'(*50&/.9(
*50&/..h/7h5h
7UNL\HGH
GHYOHW
JLULLPFLOLN RUWDPQ HNLOOHQGLUHQ
WHPHO
ELU
XQVXU
ROPXWXU*LULLPFLQLQEDDUVKHUH\GHQ|QFHRQXQGHYOHWOHRODQLOLNLVLWDUDIQGDQ EHOLUOHQPLWLU %XUD %XUD VDQD\LOHPHQLQ \HUOL ELU WHNQRORML
retme kapasiteVL ROPDGDQ JHUoHNOHWLL ONHOHUL WDQPOD\DQ JHo VDQD\LOHHQ ONH

WHULPLQL NXOODQDUDN 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLLPLQL GHHUOHQGLUPLWLU 8OXV GHYOHWLQ GRXXQXQ YH VDQD\LOHPHQLQ ELUOLNWH JHUoHNOHWLL EX ONHOHUGH
VDQD\LOHPH SROLWLN ELUQLWHOLHVDKLSWLU7HNQRORMLN DoGDQGDU\DRODQEDPOON NoN LOHWPHOHULQ JHOLHUHN E\PHOHULQL HQJHOOHPHNWH YH VDQD\LOHPHQLQ LON
126
HYUHVLQGH VHUPD\H SL\DVDODUQQ YH PDOL NXUXPODUQ D]JHOLPLOLL GHYOHW GHVWHLQL ]RUXQOX NOPDNWDGU $QFDN EX GHVWHLQ PHUXOXXQX WRSOXPXQ GLHU NHVLPOHULQH KDNO NOPDN LoLQ KHP JLULLPFL KHP GH GHYOHW oDED J|VWHUPHNWHGLU %|\OH ELU RUWDPGDJLULLPFLOHULQVRV\R HNRQRPLNNRQXPODUXOXVDOJHOLPHDPDFQDYHUGLNOHUL NDWNLOHEHOLUOHQPHNWHGLU
&XPKXUL\HW
G|QHPLQGH
JLULLPFLOLN
WDULKVHO
DoGDQ
IDUNO
G|QHPOHUH
E|OQHUHN LQFHOHQPHNWHGLU %X NDSVDPGD NXUXOXXQGDQ JQP]H &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPLQLQ HNRQRPL YH JLULLPFLOLN WDULKL
-1930 dnemini ele alan Ulusal -1950 dnemini ele alan
(NRQRPLQLQ .XUXOXX YH ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVL 'HYOHW *LULLPFLOLL '|QHPL
-1980
G|QHPLQL HOH DODQ 3ODQO <OODU YH WKDO
NDPHVL 6WUDWHMLVL YH VRQUDVQ HOH DODQ 'D $oN %\PH '|QHPL EDONODU DOWQGDEXNVPGDLQFHOHQHFHNWLU
+HUQHNDGDUIDUNOLVLPOHUDOWQGDVQIODQGUOP
olsa da, btn dnemlerde
L]OHQHQHNRQRPLSROLWLNDODUQQDQDoL]JLOHULKHPHQKHPHQD\QNDOPWU'HYOHWKHU G|QHPGH|]HOVHNW|UJLULLPFLOLLQLNDUD\ROODUGHPLU\ROODUOLPDQODUEDUDMODUJLEL DOW\DS \DWUPODU LOH GHVWHNOHPL YHUJL EDNONODU JPUN NROD\ONODU
ERUoODQPD RODQDNODU \ROX\OD GD JoOHQGLUPLWLU 'HYOHW |]HO VHNW|UH HQ D] o D\U ELoLPGH GHVWHN YH \DUGPF ROPXWXU ON RODUDN GHYOHW |]HO VHNW|UQ GH
UHWHELOHFHL NLPL PDOODU LoLQ \NVHN IL\DWODU VDSWDP IL\DW \NVHNOLLQLQ GRDO
sonucu olarak elde edilen byk karlar sayesinde zel sektr de bu alanlarda
\DWUPGD EXOXQPXWXU NLQFL RODUDN GHYOHWLQ UHWWLL ELU PDOD NDU JHUHNVLQPH \NVHNVH |]HO VHNW|U EX PDO GRUXGDQ UHWPH \HULQH SD]DUODPDVQ |UJWOHPH\L GDKD NDUO EXOPX E|\OHFH DUDF NRQXPXQGD \HU DOPWU g]HOOLNOH UHWLPL NW JHUHNVLQPHVL \NVHN RODQ GHPLU oHOLN oLPHQWR JLEL PDOODUQ SD]DUODQPDVQGD |]HO VHNW|UQNDUODU\NVHNROPXWXU6RQRODUDNE\N\DWUPODUJHUHNWLUGLLLoLQ|]HO
sektrn giremediL DODQODUGD \DWUP PDOODUQQ UHWLPLQL \DSDQ GHYOHW EX PDOODUD
GD\DOWNHWLPPDOODUVDQD\LOHULQLQ|]HOVHNW|UWDUDIQGDQJHOLWLULOPHVLQLVDODPWU
(Kongar 2002: 424).
127
.XUXOXXQGDQ *QP]H 7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWLQGH *LULLPFLOLLQ *HOLWLL*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV
hONHOHULQ JLULLPFLOLN SHUIRUPDQVODU LQFHOHQGLLQGH DUDODUQGD IDUNOONODUQ EXOXQGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU gUQHLQ %UH]LO\DGD KHU $PHULND %LUOHLN 'HYOHWOHUL
(ABD) inde her 10,

ELUL LUNHW
VYHoYH)LQODQGL\DGDKHU-DSRQ\D hONHOHU DUDVQGDNL EX
da ise her 100 bireyden

LQFHOHQGLLQGH
NXUPDNWDGU
IDUNOONODU
JLULLPFLOLLQ RUWD\D oNPDVQ NROD\ODWUDQ\DGDHQJHOOH\HQHNRQRPLN WHNQRORMLN VRV\DO YH NOWUHO RUWDPODUQ EX IDUNOONODUQ ROXXPXQGDNL HWNLVL NROD\ONOD
grlebilecektir (etindamar 2002: 46-47). etindamar (2002); Babson College ve

/RQGRQ %XVLQHVV 6FKRRO WDUDIQGDQ ROXWXUXODQ 'Q\D *LULLP
cilik Platformunun
DUDWUPD PHWRGRORMLVLQH GD\DQDUDN ELU ONHGH JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ IDNW|UOHUL
genHOONHDOW\DSVYHJLULLPFLOLNDOW\DSVELoLPLQGHLNLDQDJUXEDD\UPYH \OODUQ NDSVD\DQ J|VWHUJHOHUL PPNQ ROGXX |OoGH VXQPD\D oDOPWU %XUDGDQ \ROD oNODUDN WHQ JQP]H 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLWLL
ekonomik, teknolRMLN
RUWDP LQFHOHQPLWLU $QFDN EX GHHUOHQGLUPH VRQXoODUQD
GD\DQDUDN JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHULQ JHOLHELOHFHL RUWDPQ NHVLQ VQUODUQ oL]PHN dHWLQGDPDUQ GD EHOLUWWLL JLEL PPNQ GHLOGLU dQN EHOLUOL J|VWHUJHOHUH GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLHELOHFHL HYUHQVHO ELU PRGHOLQ ROXWXUXOPDV oRN ]RUGXU %LU ONHGH JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL LoLQ X\JXODPD\D NRQDQ SROLWLNDODU \D GD ELU ONHQLQ JLULLPFLOLN SHUIRUPDQVQ \NVHOWHQ VDKLS ROGXX NRXOODU EDND
lkeler iin geerli olmayabilir. Ancak genellHWLULOPHVL PPNQ ROPDVD GD ED]
J|VWHUJHOHU ONHGHNL JLULLPFLOLN SHUIRUPDQVQ HWNLOH\HQ HNRQRPLN RUWDP KDNNQGD
bir fikir verebilmektedir.
&XPKXUL\HW G|QHPLQLQ JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ NRXOODUQQ RUWD\D NRQPDV DGQDWHQJQP]HJHQHOONHDOW\DSVYHJLULLPFLOLNDOW\DSV ELoLPLQGHLNL DQD JUXED D\UODQ J|VWHUJHOHU
-1930, 1931-1950, 1951-1980 ve 1980-2004
\OODU DUDVQGD ROPDN ]HUH JUXSODQGUOP YH DULWPHWLN RUWDODPDODU DOQDUDN WDEOR ELoLPLQGH \DQVWOPWU %X DPDoOD 3DNGHPLUOL 'HYOHW VWDWLVWLN (QVWLWV YH 7UNL\H VWDWLVWLN .XUXPX
), www.gelirler.gov.tr ve
128
ZZZWSHJRYWUND\QDNODUQGDQYHULOHUHOGHHGLOPLWLU(OGHHGLOHQYHULOHU\XNDUGDNL G|QHPVHO D\UPD VDGN NDOQDUDN JUXSODQGUOP YH KHU J|VWHUJH LOH LOJLOL YHULOHU DULWPHWLN RUWDODPDV KHVDSODQDUDN LOJLOL G|QHPLQ DQODWOG NVPQ VRQXQGD \HU DODFDNWU +HU WDEOR JHQHO ONH DOW\DSV YH JLULLPFLOLN DOW\DSV ELoLPLQGH D\UOPWU *HQHO ONH DOW\DSVQ ROXWXUDQ HNRQRPLN YH WHNQRORMLN DOW\DS
gstergeleri:
*D\UL 6DIL 0LOOL +DVOD *6+0 .LL EDQD GHQ JD\UL VDIL PLOOL
KDVOD .RQVROLGH %WoHQLQ *HOLU *LGHU YH $oN.DOHPOHUL*60+VHNW|UHOE\PH K]ODUWKDODWKUDFDW7HIH%\PHKUDFDWQWKDODWNDUODPDRUDQ*HQHOEWoH JHOLUOHUL WDKVLODW YHUJL JHOLUOHUL *HQHO EWoH JHOLUOHUL WDKVLODW YHUJL G QRUPDO JHOLUOHU*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODW|]HOJHOLUOHUYHIRQODU7RSODP<DWUPODUGD g]HO 6HNW|UQ 3D\ 7RSODP <DWUPODUQ *60+\D RUDQ %WoH Do ' ERUo o
bor, Ar-*H KDUFDPDODU 3DWHQW EDYXUXODU YH YHULOHQ SDWHQWOHU 0DUND EDYXUXODU
YH YHULOHQ PDUNDODUGU *LULLPFLOLN DOW\DSVQ LVH 1IXV <D EDPOON RUDQODU HKLU YH N|\ QIXVX (LWLP GXUXPODUQD J
re istihdam edilenler, Santralarla gre
HOHNWULNHQHUMLVLUHWLPL7HOHIRQDERQHVD\V'HPLU\ROODUX]XQOXXKDWX]XQOXX <NVHN|UHWLP NXUXPODUQGD RNXO YH |UHWLP HOHPDQ VD\V 6RV\DO VLJRUWD SURJUDPODUQQ NDSVDG QIXV %DQND NUHGLOHUL <HQL NXUXODQ YHNDSDQDQ LUNHWOHU YH NRRSHUDWLIOHU PDODW VDQD\L WRSODP L\HUL VD\V VWDQEXO 0HQNXO .\PHWOHU %RUVDVQGDKLVVHVHQHWOHULLOHPJ|UHQLUNHWVD\VYHWRSODPSL\DVDGHHUOHUL+LVVH VHQHWOHUL SL\DVDV YH HLWLP GXUXPODUQD J|UH LVWLKGDP HGLOHQOHU ROXWXUPDNWDGU '|UW G|QHPH D\UODQ WDEORODUGDNL J|VWHUJHOHU YHULOHUH XODODELOGLL |OoGH
KRPRMHQOLN DU] HWPHNWHGLU DQFDN VWDQEXO 0HQNXO .\PHWOHU %RUVDVQQ IDDOL\HWH JHoWLL WDULK $U *H NDYUDPQQ 7UNL\HGH \D\JQODDUDN LOJLOL LVWDWLVWLNO
erin
GHUOHQPH\H EDODPDV JLEL JHOLPHOHULQ OL \OODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ RUWD\D oNW GD J|]DUGHGLOPHPHOLGLU
<DSODQoDOPDODULVWLNUDUOELUHNRQRPLQLQYHJHOLPLELUUHNDEHWRUWDPQQ JLULLPFLOLL GHVWHNOHGLLQL J|VWHUPHNWHGLU gUQHLQ $YUXSDGD
ki en nemli
SUREOHPOHU DUDVQGD VD\ODQ GHYOHWLQ \NVHN KDUFDPD YH ERUoODU \NVHN YHUJL X\JXODPDODU YH GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPL\H DU PGDKDOHVL |]HO VHNW|U IDDOL\HWOHULQL
HNRQRPLGHQ GODPDNWDGU %LU ONHGH PHYFXW IUVDWODU EWQ JLULLPFLOHULQ EX
129
IUVDWODUGDQ
\DUDUODQPDN
LoLQ IDDOL\HWH JHoPHVLQL
EHOLUOH\HFHNWLU
\]\OD
GDPJDVQ YXUDQ WHNQRORMLN \HQLOLNOHULQ ONH LoLQGH QH |OoGH PHYFXW ROGXX JLULLPFLOLLQ QH |OoGH JHOLPH SRWDQVL\HOL WD\DFDQQ GD LDUHWL RODFDNWU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ JLULLPFLOLN DOW\DSV EDO DOWQGD LQFHOHQHQ LQVDQ ND\QDNODUQQ
GHPRJUDILN \DSV ILQDQV VHNW|UQQ YH VHUPD\H SL\DVDVQQ YDUO YH VRV\R
NOWUHO RUWDP GLUHNW RODUDN JLULLPFL\L YH ILUPDVQ HWNLOHPHNWHGLU dHWLQGDPDU
2002: 48-50).
2.2.2. Ulusal EkonomLQLQ.XUXOXXYH]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVL-1930
+HQ] /R]DQ .RQIHUDQV VRQXoODQPDP KDWWD &XPKXUL\HW ELOH LODQ HGLOPHPLWLU $PD DVNHUL ]DIHUL LNWLVDGL ELU ]DIHUOH WDoODQGUPDN $QNDUDQQ WXWNXVXGXU XEDWWD ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVL WRSODQU 7RSOX
yen yoksul bir toplum, Yeni Trkiye OLEHUDOHNRQRPLLOHYH|]HOVHNW|UHOL\OHNDONQDFDNWU(Engin 1999: 37).

LQH UHWHPH\HQ WRSUDQ NDUDVDEDQOD LOH NDONQPDN LVWHPHNWHGLU VDQD\LOHPHN YH NDONQPDN
%LULQFL 'Q\D 6DYD VRQODUQGD
Trkiyede sanayi DGQD VDGHFH LNL DGHW
DVNHUL DPDoO IDEULND YH DGHW NoN oDSO DW|O\H EXOXQPDNWD\G .XUWXOX 6DYDQQ ND]DQOG \OODUGD LVH 7UNL\H WP ND\QDNODU WNHQPL VDQD\LVL ROPD\DQWDUPDODQQGDJHULNDOP\RNVXOELUONHJ|UQPQGH\GL&RNXQ
03:
1). %X \OODUGD 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFL ELU VQI ROPDG JLEL JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQQ
YDUOQGDQ GD EDKVHWPHN RODQDNV]G
(Ergn 1990: 63).
.XUWXOX VDYDQQ
DUGQGDQ EDPV]OQ ND]DQDQ 7UN KDON $WDWUNQ oL]GLL YL]\RQ GDKLOLQGH
ekonomik aQODPGD GD EDPV]OQ ND]DQPDN YH EX DODQGD X\JXODPD\D NR\DFD
NDONQPD VWUDWHMLOHULQL EHOLUOHPHN DPDF\OD ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQL \OQGD JHUoHNOHWLUPLWL 8OXVDO VIDWD VDKLS JLULLPFL ELU VQI \DUDWPDN EX G|QHPLQ HQ EHOLUJLQ|]HOOLLROPXW
ur. ]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLLOHEXYL]\RQQHWOLNND]DQPXOXVDO
WFFDU \DUDWPD LVWHL .RQJUH\H GDPJDVQ YXUPXWXU IDGH HGLOHQ XOXVDO WFFDU WHULPLWP|]HOOLNOHUL\OHJLULLPFLDQODPQGDNXOODQOPWU9HEXG|QHPGHGHYOHWLQ VDGHFH XOXVDO JLULLPFLOHULQ |]JUFH IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQDFD RUWDPQ NRXOODUQ \DUDWPD DGQD HNRQRPL\H PGDKDOHGH EXOXQPDV |QJ|UOPW $ONQ
130
$WDWUN |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQLQ VHUPD\HVL YH \DUDWFO LOH ONH HNRQRPLVLQLQ WHPHOLQL ROXWXUPDVQ DQFDN EX PLV\RQX \HULQH JHWLULUNHQ GH HPHLQ KDNNQ YHUPHVLQL |QJ|UPWU 'HYOHW EXQD SDUDOHO RODUDN |]HO VHNW|UQ \DSDFD \DWUP IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ |QQGHNL HQJHOOHUL RUWDGDQ NDOGUDFDN YH HPHLQ VHUPD\H NDUVQGD NRUXQPDVQVDOD\DFDNWU6DWU
2.2.2.1. ]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLYH.DONQPD6WUDWHMLVLQLQ%HOLUJLQOHPHVL
$WDWUNQ HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\D QH NDGDU E\N ELU |QHP YHUGLL /R]DQ
mzakerelerine ara verilmek zorunGDNDOQGVL\DVDOJHUJLQOLLQHQ\NVHNQRNWDGD olduX WDULKLQGH ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQL WRSODPDVQGDQ DQODOPDNWDGU (Kansu 2004: 27).
]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVL XOXVDO ELU NDWOPOD \OQQ XEDW YH
0DUW D\ODUQGD JHUoHNOHWLULOPL .RQJUHGH \|UHVHO YH WRSOXPVDO WP NDWPDQODUQ WHPVLOHGLOPHVLDPDoODQPWHPVLOHGLOPH\HQJUXSODUGD\D\QRUJDQODUDUDFOLOH GQFHOHULQLNRQJUH\H\DQVWPODUGUdDYGDU
Kongre; Milli Mcadele -
\OODUQGD $QNDUD\OD VDONO EDODU NXUDPDP RODQ VWDQEXO YH ]PLULQ 7UN
Mslman sermaye evrelerinin siyasi iktidarla kaynDPDODUQGD|QHPOLELULONDGP

ROPXWXU .LSDO YH 8\DQN .RQJUH\H VWDQEXO WFFDUQQ VUNOHGLL WLFDUHW EXUMXYD]LVL LOH WRSUDN XQVXUODU HJHPHQ ROPXWXU
(Dinel 1999: 27; Boratav
2003: 45-46). Yenal (2003)a gre; Kongreye, yurtiinde ve yuUWGQGD |QHP

YHULOPHVLQLQ LNL WHPHO QHGHQL \HQL NXUXODQ GHYOHWLQ QH GHUHFH WWLKDW YH 7HUDNNL 3DUWLVLQLQ X]DQWV ROGXX YH L]OH\HFHL HNRQRPLN UHMLP RODUDN NRPQL]PL WHUFLK HGLS HWPH\HFHL ROPXWXU
Kongre sembolik ve pratik olmak zere iki ama
WDPDNWDGU 6HPEROLN DPDo /R]DQGD NHVLOHQ J|UPHOHUL \HQLGHQ EDODWPDN YH NDU WDUDID OLEHUDO HNRQRPLQLQ X\JXODQDFD PHVDMQ YHUPHN LNHQ SUDWLN DPDo .RQJUH\L PHVOHNL WHPVLO HVDVQGD WRSOD\DUDN NRQXODUQ J|UOPHVLQL JHQL ELU NDSVDPGD JHUoHNOHWLUPH YH NDUDUODUQ DOQPDVQ GD EX WRSOXOXXQ QHUHGH\VH R\ELUOLLQHGD\DQGUPDNWU.DUDNR\XQOX
131
/R]DQ NRQIHUDQVQGD LWLODI GHYOHWOHULQLQ NDSLWODV\RQODUQ YH LPWL\D]ODUQ GHYDP 2VPDQO ERUoODUQQ |GHQPH ELoLPL VWDQEXO YH ERD]ODUQ NRQWURO
gibi
HNRQRPL HNVHQOL WDOHSOHUL 7UN WDUDIQFD NDEXO J|UPHPL YH NRQIHUDQV GDOPW WH WDP EX QRNWDGD .RQJUH WRSODQP YH HNRQRPLN EDPV]ON LODQ HGLOPLWLU 1LWHNLP .RQJUHQLQ DUGQGDQ 7HPPX] D\QGD /R]DQ J|UPHOHUL QHWLFHOHQPL
kapitlasyonlar kalGUOP
DQFDN
JPUN
WDULIHOHULQLQ
X\JXODQPDV
H
HUWHOHQPLWLU QDQ %X QHGHQOH .RQJUH
uygulamaya konacak iktisat
SROLWLNDODU KDNNQGD KNPHW NDGURODU LOH WRSUDN VDKLSOHUL WFFDUODU YH VDQD\LFLOHU DUDVQGD ELU X]ODPD VDODQPDV DPDF VL\DVLDPDoODUGDWDPDNWDGU
gtmekle (Tezel 1994: 148-149) birlikte
.RQJUHGH JHQHO RODUDN NDONQPDF \HUOL YH \DEDQF VHUPD\H\L oLIWoL\L |]HQGLULFL HNRQRPLN KD\DWQ GHQHWLPLQLQ XOXVDO XQVXUODUD JHoPHVLQL NROD\ODWUF YH OPO ELU NRUXPDFO |QJ|UHQ WH]OHU |Q SODQD oNP
(Boratav 2003: 45-46); (kn 1997:
\DEDQF VHUPD\H\H NDU ROXPOX ELU WXWXP VHUJLOHQLUNHQ YDUO GHYOHWLQ NDQXQ YH G]HQLQHX\PDVL\DVDORWRULWH\H]DUDUYHUPHPHNRXOXQDEDODQPWU
363).
.RQJUHGH DOQDQ VDQD\LFLOHUOH LOJLOL NDUDUODU DUDVQGD ELU NRUX\XFX JPUN WDULIHVL YH G WLFDUHW SROLWLNDV X\JXODQPDV VDQD\L DUDo YH PDNLQHOHUL LWKDODWQQ JPUNWHQEDNWXWXOPDV76.QXQJHWLUGLLNROD\ONYH\DUDUODUQGDKDGD JHQLOHWLOPHVL ELU VDQD\L NUHGL EDQNDVQQ NXUXOPDV VDQD\L UHWLPLQLQ JLUGL YH oNWODUQD GHYOHWH DLW GHQL] YH YH GHPLU\ROX WDPDFOQGD GN WDULIHOHU
X\JXODQPDV
VDQD\L
HLWLPL
GHPLU\ROODUQQ
JHQLOHWLOPHVL
EXOXQPDNWDGU
(Karabekir 2001[1933]: 87-92). iftilerle ilgili kararlar arDVQGDLoE|OJHOHULEDOFD

LKUDo OLPDQODUQD EDOD\DFDN GHPLU\ROX YH OLPDQODUQ \DSOPDV WWQ WHNHOLQLQ NDOGUOPDV YH EX UQQ HNLPLQGHNL VQUODPDODUGDQ YD]JHoLOPHVL WDUP DUDo YH JLUGLOHULQLQ LWKDODWQQ JPUNWHQ EDN WXWXOPDV YDUGU QDQ
1989: 29-31).
7FFDUODUOD LOJLOL NDUDUODU DUDVQGD ELU WLFDUHW DQD EDQNDVQQ ROXWXUXOPDV NDERWDM KDNN JQQ NRXOODUQD X\JXQ ELU WLFDUHW NDQXQX WLFDUHW RGDODUQQ
NXUXPVDOODWUOS \D\JQODWUOPDV VDQD\L YH WLFDUL LVWDWLVWLNOHULQ G]HQOL RODU
ak
132
WRSODQPDV EXOXQPDNWDGU dDYGDU oLOHUOH LOJLOL NDUDUODU DUDVQ
da,
VHQGLNDNXUPDYHJUHY\DSPDKDNODUDVJDULFUHWND]DYHKD\DWVLJRUWDVLOHFUHWOL \OONL]LQX\JXODPDVGDKDL\LoDOPDNRXOODUQQVDODQPDVLoLQDOQPDV |QOHPOHU EXOXQPDNWDGU 'LQoHO
gereken
-28). +HU NHVLPGHQ KDONQ VRUXQODUQQ
RUWD\D NRQGXX YH o|]P \ROODUQQ DUDQG .RQJUHGH DOQDQ NDUDUODUGD ONHQLQ VL\DVLEDPV]OQQLNWLVDGLEDPV]ONODJoOHQGLULOPHVLYH7UNJLULLPFLOLLQLQ
gelLWLULOPHVL
KHGHIOHQPL JHQHOGH OLEHUDO SROLWLNDODUQ WHPHOOHUL EHQLPVHQPLWLU
&RNXQ
.RQJUHQLQ EHONL GH WDULKVHO DoGDQ DVO DQODP YH |QHPL ONHQLQ HNRQRPLN DoGDQNDONQPDVQQ.XUWXOX6DYDQQND]DQOPDVNDGDUKD\DWLNDEXOHGLOPHVLY
EX NDONQPDQQ KDONQ NDONQPDV ELoLPLQGH JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVL JHUHNOLOLL ROPXWXU
(Yenal 2003: 50-51 .RQJUHGH WFFDU VDQD\LFL YH oLIWoL JUXSODUQQ WDOHSOHULQLQ
QHUHGH\VH WDPDP \HULQH JHWLULOPLWLU
(avdar 2003: 164).
+NPHW SURJUDPODUQQ
ekonoPL
E|OPOHUL .RQJUH NDUDUODUQD GD\DQGUOP YH \OQGD $DUQ
NDOGUOPDV \OQGD %DQNDVQQ YH VDQD\L\H NUHGL VDODQPDV LoLQ \OQGD 6DQD\L YH 0DDGLQ %DQNDVQQ 60% NXUXOPDV \OQGD \HQL ELU 76.QXQ oNDUWOPDV X\JXODPD\D NRQDQ |QHPOL DGPODU RODUDN HNRQRPL WDULKLQGH \HULQL DOPWU .LSDO YH 8\DQN
-67). Cumhuriyet dnemi boyunca
7UNL\HGHNL LNWLGDUODUQ WHPHO HLOLPL ONHGH E\N VHUPD\H VDKLEL JLULLPFLOHU \HWLWLUPHN ROPX dDYGDU EX HLOLPLQ WHPHOOHUL LVH ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQGH DWOPWU .RQJUHQLQ DUGQGDQ |]HO VHNW|UQ \DUDWOPDVQD \|QHOLN ELU VUHo EDODWOPWU .RQJDU .RQJUHQLQ oDOPDODU VRQXQGD DOQDQ NDUDUODUEXG|QHPLQEDODQJFQGDHJHPHQRODQIHOVHIH\LYHJ|UOHULWHPVLOHWPHVL EDNPQGDQ|QHPWDPDNWDGU
(Boratav 2003: 45-6L\DVLEDPV]ODHNRQRPLN ler ise
EDPV]OQ GD HNOHQPHVL YH 7UN JLULLPFLVLQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVL WHPHO KHGHIOHU RODUDN RUWD\D oNPWU g]GHPLU 'HYOHWH EX G|QHPGHGHQJ|UHY
NDSLWODV\RQODUGDQNXUWXOPDNHNRQRPLQLQNLOLWQRNWDODUQGDNL\DEDQFKDNLPL\HWLQH VRQ YHUPHN YH XOXVDO HNRQRPLQLQ WHPHOOHULQL DWPDN ROPXWXU $ODFDNOROX
18).
.RQJUH VRQXFXQGD R JQQ NRXOODUQGD OLEHUDO HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODU L]OHQPHVL
gU DUON ND]DQP DQFDN ODUD JHOLQGLLQGH EX SROLWLNDODUQ EHNOHQHQ
133
VRQXFX YHUPHPL ROPDVQD GQ\D HNRQRPLN EXQDOPQQ \DUDWW JHQHO o|NQW GH HNOHQLQFH GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLLQH GD\DQDQ ELU \|QHOLP WDNLS HGLOPLWLU
(Kansu 2004: 27).
2.2.'|QHPLQgQHPOL(NRQRPLN*HOLPHOHUL
/R]DQ $QWODPDV LOH ELUOLNWH \HQL NXUXODQ GHYOHW VL\DVL EDPV]OQQ \DQQGD HNRQRPLN EDPV]OQ GD ND]DQPWU .DSLWODV\RQODU NDOGUOP 2VPDQO '8 GDUHVLQLQ 7UNL\HQLQ PDOL\HVL VWQGHNL GHQHWLP \H
tkileri iptal
HGLOPL 7UN GHYOHWLQLQ JPUN HJHPHQOLL LON EH \O JPUN WDULIHVLQGH ELU GHLLNOLN\DSOPDPDVNRXOX\ODNDEXOHGLOPLWLU
(Tezel1994: 2VPDQOERUFX
7UN GHYOHWL LOH PSDUDWRUOXXQ WRSUDNODUQ SD\ODDQ GLHU GHYOHWOHU DUDVQGD GDWOPLONWDNVLW\OQDHUWHOHQPLWLU
(Boratav 2003: 43-44).
Bu dnemin temel zelliklerinden birisi devlet eliyle fert zengin etme diye
WDQPODQDQ ELU SROLWLND\OD |]HO VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQH GHYOHWLQ NDWNV ROPXWXU
(Snmez 1999: 1). Devlet desWHL\OH \HUOL JLULLPFL \DUDWPDQQ HQ HWNLOL YH \D\JQ
\|QWHPOHULQLQEDQGDGHYOHWWHNHOOHULQLQLPWL\D]O|]HOVHNW|UWDUDIQGDQL JHOPLWLU
letilmesi
(Boratav 2003: 40). Tezel (1994) Trkiye Cumhuriyetinin lider

K]ODQGUPDN ROGXXQX
kadrosunun ana hedefinin Trkiyenin saQD\LOHPHVLQL
EHOLUWHUHN GLHU KHGHIOHUL LVH VDQD\L NHVLPLQGHNL VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ ELUWDNP GRUXGDQ GHVWHNOHPHOHUOH K]ODQGUOPDV WDUPVDO UHWLPLQ K]OD DUWWUOPDV
XODWUPDDOW\DSVQQYHEDQNDFONVLVWHPLQLQJHOLWLULOPHVLRODUDNVUDODPDNWDGU
%XG|QHPGHHNRQRPLSROLWLNDODUQQX\JXODQPDVQD|QFONHWPHVLDPDF\OD
yeni kurulan organizasyonlar: tccar ve sanayicilerin rgtlenmelerine yasal bir

]HPLQ VDOD\DQ 7LFDUHW YH 6DQD\L 2GDODU LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODU ROXWXUPDQ
n veri
WDEDQQ JHQLOHWPHN DoVQGDQ FDQ DOF |QHP WD\DQ VWDWLVWLN 8PXP 0GUO \OQGD oNDUWODQ ELU \DVD\OD NXUXODQ DPDF DUDWUPDODU YH SURJUDPODU DUDFO LOH HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\ K]ODQGUDFDN NDUDUODU DOQPDVQD GHVWHN YHUPHN
134
olan Ali NWLVDW 0HFOLVLGLU (Tezel 1994: 229- $OL NWLVDW 0HFOLVLQLQ VDQD\L
]HULQH oDOPDODU \OQGD EDODP 7UNL\HQLQ ELU SURJUDP GDKLOLQGH YH
devletin himayesinde sanayiOHPHVLQL |QJ|UHQ ELU UDSRU KD]UODQPWU <LQH EX raporda devletin sana\LOHPH VUHFLQGH R\QDG UROQ JHoLFL ROGXXQD GD GLNNDW
oHNLOPLWLU
(Koraltrk 1999: 66-67).
7UN JLULLPFLOHULQLQ VHUPD\H ELULNLPOHULQL DUWUPDN LoLQ KDWWD \RNWDQ YDUROPDV VDODPDN LoLQ DWODQ |QHPOL DGPODUGDQ ELUL GHYOHW GHVWHL ROPX \OQGDNL 76. LVH EX SROLWLNDQQ NLOLWQRNWDVYHVLPJHVLGXUXPXQD JHOPLWLU
(Kuru
1987: 46-47).
&XPKXUL\HW NXUXOGXXQGD WDULKOL 76. KDOD \UUONWH\GL
$QFDN ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQH NDWODQODU VDQD\L\L WHYLN LoLQ GDKD NDSVDPO ELU SURJUDP \DSOPDVQ |QHUPLOHUGL .H\GHU %X |QHULOHUH FHYDEHQ VDQD\L LOHWPHOHULQH oRN JHQL ELU PXDIL\HW LPWL\D] YH WHYLN VDOD\DQ WDULK X\JXODPD\D NRQPXWXU
li TSK
(Boratav 2003: 48). Bu kanun, devlet eliyle zel sermaye -2). Bu
ELULNLPLQL K]ODQGUPDQQ DUDoODUQGDQ ELUL ROPXWXU 6|QPH]
NDQXQODXOXVDOVDQD\LVHNW|UQHXFX]GHYOHWDUD]LVLWDKVLVLoHLWOLYHUJLPXDIL\HWOHUL WDPD YH XODWUPD LQGLULPOHUL JLEL WHYLNOHU YH PXDIL\HWOHU JHWLULOPLWLU 8OXVDO HNRQRPLDQOD\QDSDUDOHOJLULLPFLELUVQI\DUDWOPD\DoDOOPWU&RNXQ
4).
*LULLPFLOLH VDODQDQ EX WHYLNOHUH UDPHQ EX G|QHPGH ND\GD GHHU ELU \DWUPQ ROPDG J|UOPWU 6|QPH] JLULLPFLOLNWH JHOLPH
VDODQDPDPDVQQQHGHQOHULQLVDYDVRQUDVQQHNRQRPLNHQND] KDUHNHWOHULQH DOW\DS \DWUPODUQQ \HWHULQFH
na, nfus mbadele

JLEL HWNHQOHUH
JHOLPHPHVL
EDODPDNWDGU $QFDN RQD J|UH DVO HWNHQ /R]DQ QHGHQL\OH NRUXPDF ELU G WLFDUHW SROLWLNDV L]OHQPHVLQLQ HQJHOOHQPHVL YH G GLQDPLNOHU ROPXWXU <XQDQLVWDQ YH
TUNL\H
DUDVQGD \DSODQ QIXV PEDGHOHVLQGH ELU PLO\RQX DNQ NLL ONHGHQ
D\UOUNHQ NDUOQGD 7UNL\H\H EX VD\QQ \DUV NDGDU J|o ROPX JHOHQOHULQ E\N oRXQOXX DVO PHVOHNOHULQH X\JXQ ROPD\DQ FRUDI\D\D \HUOHWLULOPL YH EX GXUXP RQODUQ UHWLP IDDOL\HWOHULQH YHULPOL ELU ELoLPGH NDWOPDODUQ HQJHOOHPLWLU )DNDW PEDGHOH WLFDUHW YH VDQD\L JLEL DODQODU |QHPVHPH\HQ 7UNOHULQ GHYOHWLQ GH
135
WHYLNHWPHVLVRQXFXEX DODQODUD\|QHOPHOHULQLVDODPE|\OHFHHNRQRPLXOXVDOELU QLWHOLNND]DQPWU$U
003: 176-177).
&XPKXUL\HWOH ELUOLNWH GHYOHW GHVWHL\OH XOXVDO JLULLPFL \DUDWPD IDDOL\HWL EX G|QHPLQ HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODUQD GDPJDVQ YXUPX EX GXUXP XOXVDO EDQNDFON KDUHNHWLQL GH |]HQGLUHQ ELU XQVXU ROPXWXU 2NWDU ]PLU NWLVDW
KongresinGHDOQDQNDUDUODUGRUXOWXVXQGDEDQNDFONIDDOL\HWOHULQHEDODQPKHP
WLFDUHWKHPGHPDGHQYHVDQD\LVHNW|UOHULQLQJHOLWLULOPHVLDPDoODQP
(Karakoyunlu
WLFDUHWL FDQODQGUPDN LoLQ %DQNDV NXUXOPXWXU $ODFDNOROX
18). Sermaye birLNLPL NRQXVXQGD WDVDUUXI \|QWHPOHULQLQ |QHPLQH GHLQHQ $WDWUN

HNRQRPLGH EDQNDFOQ YH NRRSHUDWLIOHPHQLQ WHYLNLQL |]HOOLNOH LVWHPLWLU 'XUD $WDWUN VDQD\LQLQ ILQDQVPDQQGD |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDPDV EHNOHQHQ %DQNDVQQ GD WHPHOOHULQL DWPWU gQFH 2VPDQO %DQNDVQD RUWDN RODUDN RQX NRQWURO DOWQD DOPDN LVWH\HQ $WDWUN EDQNDQQ ROXPVX] WXWXPX ]HULQHXOXVDOEDQND ]RUXQOXOXXQX JHUHNOL J|UPWU $YFROX %DQNDV 7UNL\HGH |]HO VHNW|U \DUDWPD YH JHOLWLUPH PHUNH]L RODUDN GQOP 7UN JLULLPFLOHULQLQ ERUo LKWL\DFQ NDUODPDN YH VDQD\L NXUXOXODUQQ \|QHWLPLQH \DUGPF ROPDN DPDF\OD NXUXOPXWXU .RQJDU %DQNDQQ IDDOL\HWOHUL DUDVQGD WP EDQNDFON LOHPOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPH PDO UHWLPL LoLQ RUWDNON NXUPD WDUP VDQD\L
PDGHQFLOLN HQHUML UHWLP YH GDWP ED\QGUON LOHUL QDNOL\HFLOLN VLJRUWDFON WXUL]P LKUDFDW DODQODUQGD KHU WUGHQ JLULLP NXUPD YH LWLUDN HWPH \HU DOPWU $NJo%DQNDVQQDUGQGDQ\OQGD|]HOOLNOHGH
vlete ait imalat
LUNHWOHULQHNUHGLYHUPHNDPDF\OD 60%NXUXOPXWXU.H\GHU60%QQ 2VPDQOGDQ NDODQ G|UW VDQD\L LOHWPHVLQL GHYUDOPDV GHYUDOG WHVLVOHUL X\JXQ DUWODUOD|]HOVHNW|UHDNWDUPDVNHQGLHOL\OHVDQD\LWHVLVNXUPDPDVYH|]HOV
ektrde
\HU DODQ VDQD\L YH PDGHQ LOHWPHOHULQL NUHGL YH\D LWLUDNOHUOH GHVWHNOHPHVL |QJ|UOPWU
(Boratav 2003: 47). <LQH EX G|QHPGH %DQNDVQQ \|QHWLFLOHUL (Tezel 1994: 231).
LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUQ |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQGHQ \DQD HWNLOHPH\H oDODQ JoO ELU EDVNJUXEXROXWXUPXODUGU
136
(NRQRPLQLQ JHOLPHVL GHPLU\ROX JLEL XFX] YH X]XQ |PUO ELU DOW\DS DQD EDOGU
(Kuru 1987: 23) ve
XODP DQQ JLWWLNoH JHQLOHWLOPHVL\OH X]DN E|OJH
SD]DUODUQQ ELUELUOHULQH EDODQDELOPHNWHGLU .H\GHU %X QHGHQOH DOW\DS \DWUPODUQGDQGHPLU\ROXLQDVGHYOHWLQLONPRGHUQYHGLQDPLNLOHWPHFLOLLRODUDN RUWD\D oNPWU
(Boratav 2003: 46-47). Ek olarak, 1923- \OODUQGD VWUDWHMLN
|QHPLQGHQ GROD\ ELU oRN OLPDQ WHUVDQH YH GHPLU\ROX LOHWPHOHUL PLOOLOHWLULOPLWLU
(Snmez 1999: 3).<DEDQFODUQ HOLQGHNL GHPLU\ROODUQQ VDWQ DOQPDV YH oRN GDU
EWoHLoLQGHELOHGHPLU\ROXLQDDWQD|GHQHND\UOPDVKHPONHQLQVDYXQPDVKHP GHKDONELUOLLQLQVDODQPDVYHSD]DUODUQQJHOLWLULOPHVL\|QOHULQGHQEX\DWUPODUD YHULOHQ |QHPL \DQVWPDNWDGU <HQDO
Bylece 1923- \OODU DUDVQGD re ek olarak
bir yandan yeni dePLU\ROODU \DSOUNHQ G|QHPLQ VRQODUQD GRUX PHYFXW \DEDQF
LPWL\D]O KDWODU GHYUDOQPD\D EDODQP D JHOLQGLLQGHLOHWLOHQOH O NP FLYDUQGD \HQL GHPLU\ROX \DSOP \D GD RQDUOPWU
(Engin 1999: 36).
&XPKXUL\HWLQ \OQGD GHPLU\ROODU X]XQOXX NLORPHWUH\H XODPWU QDQ
1972: 12).
'|QHPLQ VRQODUQGD 7UNL\HGH L\LPVHU EHNOHQWLOHU KDNLP ROPXWXU
LozaQGD NDEXO HGLOPL ED] VQUODPDODU \OQGD NDONDFDN GHYOHW JPUN YH
G WLFDUHW UHMLPLQL EDPV] RODUDN G]HQOH\HELOHFHN JPUN YHUJLOHUL \HQL YH |QHPOL ELU JHOLU ND\QD RODELOHFHNWLU
(Kuru 1987: 34). 'LHU WDUDIWDQ 1923-1929
\OODU ER\XQFD VDQD\LGH LVWHQLOHQ JHOLPH VDODQDPD]NHQ LKUDFDWD \|QHOLN WDUPGD |QHPOLUHWLPDUWODUJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU6|QPH]OHUGH7UNL\HQLQ HNRQRPLNNRXOODUQDLOLNLQHQ\D\JQJ|UJLULLPOHULQVHUPD\HGDUOQHGHQL\OH HQJHOOHQGLL NUHGL
meNDQL]PDVQQ GD EX GXUXPX G]HOWHPHGLLGLU YH JLULLPFLOHU
X]XQ YDGHOL NUHGL SL\DVDVQQ ROPDPDVQQ HNVLNOLLQL \DDUNHQ EDQNDFON VHNW|U HQ \NVHN NDU KDGGLQLQ VDODQG G WLFDUHWH D\UFDON WDQ\DQ ELU \DS\D VDKLS ROPXWXU .H\GHU
Sanayiye kredi verecek banka bulunmazken, sadece
\DEDQF EDQNDODUQ GHLO \HUOL EDQNDODUQ KDWWD WDUPD NUHGL YHUPHN DPDF\OD NXUXOPX EDQNDODUQ ELOH VDODGNODU NUHGLOHU DUONO RODUDN WLFDUHW NHVLPLQH \|QHOLN ROPXWXU %LU GHYOHW EDQNDVRODQYHHVDVRODUDNGHYOHWLOHWPHOHULQLILQDQVH HWPHN ]HUH NXUXODQ 60%QQ GQGD VDQD\L\H \DWUP NUHGLVL YHUHQ EDQND ROPDPWU 6|QPH] %X G|QHPGH WDUP UQOHUL WRSODP LKUDFDWQ
137
VLQL VDQD\L WNHWLP PDOODU LVH LWKDODWQ oRN E\N ELU E|OPQ ROXWXUPXWXU 7UNL\H GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQH HVDV RODUDN KDPPDGGH LKUDo HGLS VDQD\L WNHWLP PDO LWKDOHGHUHNNDWOPWU
(Boratav 2003: 50).
Devlet 1923- G|QHPLQGH HNRQRPL\L KHU QH NDGDUOLEHUDOL]PDQOD\QGD

YH |]HO VHNW|U |QFO LOH NDONQGUPD\ GHQHPLVH GH LVWHQLOHQ G]H\GH KHGHIH XODODPDPWU .DSLWDOLVW G]HQLQ JHUHNWLUGLL JLULLPFL VQI KHQ] ROXPDPWU %XQD HN RODUDN WDUPGDNL ND]DQPODU WLFDUHW YH VDQD\L\H DNWDUDFDN JLULLPFLOLN NOWU ROPDG JLEL EXQX \|QOHQGLUHFHN GHYOHW WHYLNOHUL GH EXOXQPDPDNWDGU oQN /R]DQGDQ ND\QDNODQDQ VQUODPDODU YDUGU
(Karakoyunlu 1997: 193). Bu konominin
G|QHPGH7UNL\HGHJLULLPFLOLLHWNLOH\HQEDOFDROD\ODUXOXVDOJLULLPFL\DUDWPD oDEDODU ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVL 60%QQ NXUXOPDV 76. XOXVDO H
WHPHOOHULQLQDWOPDVHNRQRPLGH\DEDQFODUQKDNLPL\HWLQHVRQYHUPHJLULLPOHULYH PLOOLOHWLUPHOHU 2VPDQO %DQNDVQQ \HWNLOHULQLQ NVWODQPDV %DQNDVQQ NXUXOPDV |]HO VHNW|UQ WDWPLQNDU ELU JHOLPH VDOD\DPDPDV YH VDQD\LOHPHGH EDDUV]ONWU *LULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ NDUODODQ HQJHOOHU LVH JPUN WDULIHOHULQLQ EDPV] RODUDN D\DUODQDPDPDV VHUPD\H NDYUDPQQ \HWHULQFH ELOLQPHPHVL ,'Q\D 6DYD YH .XUWXOX 6DYDQQ HWNLOHUL GHYUDOQDQ HNRQRPLN DOW\DSQQ \HWHUVL]OLL WHN HWNLOL XODP DUDF RODQ GHPLU\ROODUQQ \HWHUVL] YH \DEDQFODUQ GHQHWLPLQGHROPDVPDGHQOHULQGHQHWLPLQLQ\DEDQFODUGDROPDVWLFDULIDDOL\HWOHULQ |QHPOL NVPQQ \DEDQFODUQ YH\D D]QONODUQ HOLQGH EXOXQPDV ROPXWXU
0IWROX
138
Tablo. 8 1923-<OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV
*HQHOONHDOW\DSV 7HIHHQGHNV\OONRUWDODPD
8,87 9,7 76,9 81,62 14 4.37 10,58 -0,003
GSMH 1968 Sabit Fiyat Milyon TL GSMH Cari Milyon $

.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/)L\DW .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL&DUL)L\DW .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/&DUL)L\DW
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*(/5FDULIL\DWODUOD 1.000TL) Konsolide Btenin Gelir-Gider ve AN.DOHPOHUL*'(5FDULIL\DWODUOD 1.000TL) Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL$d,.FDULIL\DWODUOD 1.000TL) GSMH sektrel byme h]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD7$5,0
*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD6$1$< *60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD+=0(7/(5
16.357,51 780.37 309,25 1.196,32 339.914,12 57,87 111,7 183.289 179.347 -3.942 14,31 5,54 6,85 106.532,25 80.949,95 13.445,12
%\PHIL\DWODU\OD KUDFDWQWKDODWNDUODPDRUDQ
% gelirler) %
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLJHOLUOHUL *HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLGQRUPDO
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODW|]HOJHOLUOHUYHIRQODU 7RSODP<DWUPODUQ*60+GDNL3D\ %WoHDoPLO\DU7/
*LULLPFLOLNDOW\DSV
Santralarla gre elektrik enerjisi retimi(brt) 106 kWh

7HOHIRQDERQHVD\VGDQLWLEDUHQ 'HPLU\ROODUX]XQOXXKDWX]XQOXXNP HKLUYHN|\QIXVXVD\P
70,47 15.382,5 4.906,66

HKLU
WKDODWELQGRODU
<NVHN|UHWLPNXUXPODUQGDRNXOYH|UHWLPHOHPDQVD\V
KUDFDWELQGRODU
Banka kredileri Milyon TL
(Ky) 10 342 391 14,14 414,42 85,6
Nfus (1000)
Tablo 9 1920-<OODU$UDVQGD.XUXODQ$QRQLPLUNHWOHULQ.XUXOX<OODUQD*|UH'DOP
<O <DEDQF6HUPD\HOL7UN$OHU <HUOL6HUPD\HOL7UN$OHU
1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 Toplam
4 2 1 4 10 12 9 2 13 5 4 66
12 3 1 3 17 28 28 12 14 11 6 135
Toplam 16 5 2 7 27 40 37 14 27 16 10 201
Kaynak:$OWSDUPDN
139
Tablo 10. YH6DQD\L6D\PODU

<OODU 6DQD\LOHWPHVL6D\V
1915 1921 1927 Kaynak:$OWSDUPDN Tablo 11. YH6DQD\L6D\PODU

<OODU 6DQD\LOHWPHVL6D\V
568 33058 65245
g]HO6HNW|UH$LWOHWPH6D\V
1915 264 1932 1473 Kaynak:$OWSDUPDN
214 1442
VDQD\L VD\P EHOOL E\NONWHNL LOHWPHOHUL NDSVDPDNWD YH VWDQEXO ]PLU%XUVD %DQGUPD 0DQLVD 8DN ]PLWWH \DSOPWU YH VD\PODU NoN |OoHNWH RODQ LOHWPHOHUL GH NDSVDPDNWDGU VD\PQD VWDQEXO ]PLU $GDQD YH %XUVD GDKLO GHLOGLU VD\P LVH WP ONHGH \DSOPWU
sa\PQGDoDODQVD\VGDQID]ODRODQLOHWPHVD\VWU\OQGD TSKQGDQ
ID\GDODQDQ LOHWPH VD\V LNHQ \OQGD
TSKndan TSKndan
\DUDUODQDQ LOHWPH VD\V H \NVHOPLWLU VD\P
\DUDUODQDQLOHWPHOHULNDSVDPDNWDGU%XYHULOHUHGD\DQDUDNYHVRQUDNL\OODUGD JLULLPFLQLQ LVWHGLL YH JHOLHELOGLL RUWDPQ GRPX ROGXXQX V|\OHPHN
PPNQGU$OWSDUPDN
-77).
'HYOHW*LULLPFLOLL'|QHPL
-1950
\O \HQL NXUXODQ &XPKXUL\HW LoLQ |QH
mli beklentilerin ve glklerin
EDODQJF ROPXWXU 'HYOHWLQ KHVDSODUQGD \HU DOPD\DQ GQ\D HNRQRPLN EXQDOP LOH ELUOLNWH X]XQ \OODU GHYDP HGHFHN RODQ HNRQRPL ]LKQL\HWL HNLOOHQPL YH EX ]LKQL\HWH X\JXQ NXUXPODU YFXGD JHWLULOPLWLU ]OH\HQ \OODU NLQFL 'Q\D 6DYDQD VDKQH ROPX YH QLKD\HWLQGH \HQLGHQ HNLOOHQHQ GQ\D GHQJHOHULQH EDO RODUDN SROLWLNDODU ROXWXUXOPXWXU *LULLPFL \DUDWDFDN HNRQRPLN LNOLPL WHYLN HWPH IHOVHIHVL GHLPHPHNOH ELUOLNWH |]HO VHNW|UQ LVWHQLOHQ G]H\GH DWOP \DSDPDPDV
sRQXFX GHYOHW HOL\OH JLULLPFL \DUDWPD GQFHVL 'HYOHWoLOLN ONHVLQLQ NDQDWODU
140
DOWQGD \HU EXOPX YH JHOLPLWLU %X EDODPGD
devletin zaman zaman ekonomiye
PGDKDOHOHUGH EXOXQPDV LOH GHYOHWoLOLN oRN IDUNOGU 'HYOHWoLOLN VHUPD\H VDKLEL VIDW\OD GHYO
eti ekonomiye dahil etmekte, byk boyutlu yeni ekonomik hedefleri
JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ EX VHUPD\H\L GHYOHWLQ \DSWUP YH NDUDU DOPD RWRULWHVL\OH
takviye etmektedir (Karakoyunlu 1997: 195). Ancak Trkiyede uygulanan

GHYOHWoLOLN |]HO VHNW|U \DUDWPD\ YH NRUXPD\ DPDoODG LoLQ WP HNRQRPLN HWNLQOLNOHU WHPHOGH |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQL GHVWHNOHPH\L |QJ|UPWU .RQJDU
2002: 351-352). Boratav (2003), sonraki dnemlerde sivrilecek byk sermaye

JUXSODUQGDQ SHN oRXQXQ EDODQJFQ OX \OODUGD GHYOHW
ihaleleriyle elde
HGLOHQ ND]DQoODUD EDODPDNWDGU (N RODUDN 7UN JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQGH GHYOHWLQ PGDKDOHFL ROPDVQQ YHUGLL DONDQON KDWWDEXPGDKDOH\H|]OHPEXOXQGXXQGDQ 'HYOHWoLOLN LONHVLQLQ HNRQRPLGHNL X\JXODPDODU DU ELU WHSNL LOH NDUODPDPWU .DUDNR\XQOX%XUD|]HOVHNW|UQGHYOHWLQPGDKDOHVLQGHQoRN EXPGDKDOHQLQVQUODUQQEHOLUVL]OLLQGHQGROD\UDKDWV]ROGXXQXYXUJXODPWU
'HYOHWoLOLLQ.XUXPVDOODPDVYH%LULQFL%H\OON6DQD\L3ODQ
1929
\O LOH ELUOLNWH /R]DQGD NDEXO HGLOPL RODQ VQUODPDODU NDONDFDN
JPUNYHGWLFDUHWUHMLPLQLQG]HQOHQPHVLWDPDQODP\OD
Cumhuriyet ynetiminin
elinde olacak .XUXoYHGHYOHW\HQLELUJHOLUND\QDQDNDYXDFDNW.LSDO

YH 8\DQN 'LHU WDUDIWDQ ONH KDOD \RNVXOGX VDQD\LGH WHYLNOHUGHQ EHNOHQLOHQ JLULLPFLOLN SHUIRUPDQV |]HO VHNW|UFH VDODQDPDPW YH /R]DQGD HUWHOHQHQ 2VPDQO ERUoODUQQ YDGHVL JHOPLWL $QFDN EX NRXOODUD UDPHQ GHYOHW EWoH GHQNOLLQL VDODPD\D |QHP YHUPHN
teydi (Yenal 2003: 61). Tm bu
JHOLPHOHULQ\DQQGDGQ\DGDRUWD\DoNDQHNRQRPLNEXQDOPNRUXPDFSROLWLNDODUQ X\JXODQPDVQ JHUHNWLUPLWL dDYGDU (NRQRPLN EXQDOP \OODUQ JLULLPFLOHUDoVQGDQGHHUOHQGLUHQ6|QPH]OX\OODUQEDQGD\DWUP \DSDFDN RODQ JLULLPFLQLQ
TSK JHUHLQFH JLUGL LWKDOL RODQDQGDQ \DUDUODQDELOHFHL tespitinde
GN IL\DWO WDUP PDOODUQ YH LoLOLOLL JLUGL RODUDN NXOODQDELOHFHL \NVHN JPUNOHUOH G UHNDEHWWHQ NRUXQDQ SD]DUGD \NVHNNDUOONODVDWDELOHFHL
EXOXQPXWXU (NRQRPLN EDPV]O NRUX\DUDN K]O ELU ELoLPGH NDONQPDQQ
141
EDDUOPDV LoLQ \DEDQF VHUPD\H\H JYHQLOHPH\HFHL |]HO VHNW|UQ NRUXQPDV \ROX\OD GD VDQD\LOHPHQLQ LVWHQLOHQ G]H\GH EDDUODPDG GD J|UOGNWHQ VRQUD
devlet bunu kHQGL ND\QDNODU\OD K]ODQGUPD\D NDUDU YHUPLWLU .LSDO YH 8\DQN 2001: 93).
(NRQRPLGH UDGLNDO |QOHPOHU DOQP YH GHYOHW HNRQRPLQLQ KHU DODQQD
PGDKDOH HWPH\H NDUDU YHUPLWLU %X PGDKDOHOHU VDQD\L YH WLFDUL VHNW|UOHUGH LOHWPHOHU NXUPD YH \DWUPODU \D
pmaktan piyasa\D NDUPD\D RQX GHQHWOHPH\H
NDGDUX]DQPWUEX\DNODPGHYOHWoLOLNRODUDNDGODQGUOPWUdDYGDU
Bu nedenle; 1930- G|QHPLQLQ HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODU EDNPQGDQ EHOLUOH\LFL LNL

|]HOOLL YDUGU NRUXPDFON YH GHYOHWoLOLN %X \OODUGD GQ\D HNRQRPLVL E\N ELU EXQDOPQ LoLQGH VUNOHQLUNHQ 7UNL\H HNRQRPLVL GD NDSDQDUDN GHYOHW
JLULLPFLOLL LOH VDQD\LOHPH LoLQH JLUPLWLU
(Boratav 2003: 59). Ancak Trkiyedeki
devletilik kapitalist sermaye birikimimin zel bir yolu olmuWXU GD NLQFL
'Q\D6DYDQQoNPDV\ODGHYOHWoLOLNDUDUUDIDNDOGUOPRQXQ\HULQHVDYD NRXOODUQQ\DUDWWHNRQRPLN]RUXQOXOXNODU|QSODQDoNPWUdDYGDU g]HO VHNW|U LVH EX G|QHPGH GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLL LOH UHNDEHWWHQ o
ok onu tamamlar (Boratav 2003:
QLWHOLNWH ROPX JHQLOH\HQ GHYOHW VHNW|UQGHQ GRDQ HN WDOHS GHYOHW \DWUPODUQQ JLUPHGLL\DQYHNoNVDQD\LNROODUQGDEHOOLELUFDQOON\DUDWPWU
74-75). 'HYOHWoLOLN &XPKXUL\HW +DON 3DUWLVLQLQ &+3 SURJUDPQD \OQGD

DOQP QDQ \OQGD LVH \DSODQ ELU DQD\DVD GHLLNOLL LOH &XPKXUL\HWLQ WHPHO |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ ELUL ROPXWXU %XQD J|UH |]HO VHNW|U
JLULLPFLOLL WRSOXPVDO G]HQLQ WHPHO ELU |HVL VD\OPDNOD EHUDEHU GHYOHW |]HO JLULLPLQJFQQ\HWPHGLLVDQD\LLOHWPHOHULQLNXUDFDNYHLOHWHFHNWLU7H]HO
243-
'LHU WDUDIWDQ GQ\D HNRQRPLN EXQDOP NRXOODUQGD JHOLPH YH
VDQD\LOHPH LIDGHVL\OH QLWHOHQGLUHELOHQ EX \DWUPODUQ HVDV RODUDN HNRQRPLQLQ |] JoOHUL\OH G \DUGP DOPDGDQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPL ROPDV oRN |QHPOL YH GHUV DOQPDV
gereken bir etkendir (Boratav 2003: 72). 'HYOHWLQ EWoH \|QHWLPL YH SDUD SROLWLNDV iki ilNH\H GD\DQPDNWDGU G DoNODUGDQ VDNQPDNYHEXDPDoOD G|YL]YHGWLFDUHW
NRQWURO \UWPHN GLHUL LVH YHUJL WRSODPDNWU GDQ VRQUDNL \OODUQ |]HOOLL RODDQVW YHUJLOHU
dir ve bu vergilerin toplanma nedeni ise ncelikle devlet
HNRQRPLVLQLQDoNYHUPHNVL]LQ\UWOPHVLROPXWXU.XUXo
142
%X
G|QHPLQ
HNRQRPL
SROLWLNDODU
GQ\D
HNRQRPLN
EXQDOP
ndan
ND\QDNODQDQ WDUP UQOHUL DOH\KLQGHNL IL\DW IDUNQD GD\DQDUDN |]HOOLNOH VDQD\L\H IRQ DNWDUPD \NVHN JPUN GXYDUODU LOH NRUXQPD YH |GHPHOHU GHQJHVLQL J|]HWLS GHQNEWoHSROLWLNDVQGDQWDYL]YHUPHPHYHGHYOHWJLULLPFLOLLQLQ|QFOQGHLWKDO
ikameFL VDQD\LOHPH ROPXWXU dDYGDU $QFDN 7UNL\HGHNL GHYOHWoLOLN

|]HO PONL\HW YH JLULLPL VQUODPDN NoOWPHN GHLO DNVLQH NRUXPDN LoLQ JHOLWLULOPLELUSROLWLNDRODUDNGHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU7H]HO
-246). Bir taraftan
NRUXPDF SROLWLNDODU X\JXODQUNHQ GLHU WDUDIWDQ GD GHYOHW KHP VDQD\L NXUPX KHP GH |]HO VHNW|UQ VDQD\L JLULLPOHULQL WHYLN HWPLWLU .LSDO YH 8\DQN $WDWUNQ GH\LL\OH GHYOHWoLOLN QH VRV\DOL]P QH GH OLEHUDOL]PGLU %X VLVWHP 7UNL\HQLQLKWL\DoODUQGDQGRPXNHQGLQHKDVQLWHOLNOHUHVDKLSELUVLVWHPGLUg]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLL HVDV DOQDUDN EX JLULLPFLOLLQ \HWHUOL RODPDG DODQODUGD GHYOHW RUWD\D oNDQ EROXX GROGXUDFDN YH ONHQLQ HNRQRPLN KD\DWQ \|QOHQGLUHFHNWLU QDQ
NWLVDGL
DODQGD
GHYOHWLQ
PGDKDOHFL
YH
JLULLPFL
\DNODPODU
GHYOHW
LOHWPHOHULQLQELU oDWDOWQGDWRSODQPDV|UJWOHQPHVLVRUXQXQXGDELUOLNWHJHWLUPL dDYGDU EX VRUXQX o|]PH DPDF\OD 60%Q RUWDGDQ NDOGUDQ LNL NDQXQ oNDUWOPWU .LSDO YH 8\DQN
102). %X NDQXQODUGDQ ELULQFLVL LOH 60%QQ ya: Trkiye Sanayi Kredi
LOHWPHFLOLN J|UHYOHULQL GHYUDODQ 'HYOHW 6DQD\L 2ILVL '62 NXUXOPX GLHUL LOH LVH 60%QQ EDQNDFONOD LOJLOL J|UHYOHUL \HQL ELU EDQND
%DQNDVQD 76.% GHYUHGLOPLWLU '62QXQ NXUXOX JHUHNoHVL KHP GHYOHWLQ VDQD\LGHNL JLULLPFLOLLQL YH LOHWPHFLOLLQL ROXWXUPDN KHP GH LNWLVDW SROLWLNDVQ VDQD\LQLQ JHOLPH oL]JLVLQH J|UH \UWPHNNHQ 76.% VDQD\L\H NUHGL VDOD\DFDNWU
(Kuru 1987: 93).'62QLQWHPHOJ|UHYLGHYOHWLOHWPHOHULQLQNXUXOPDVQVDODPDN

ROPXWXU '62 NXUXODFDN LOHWPHOHULQ NXUXOX DDPDVQGDQ IDDOL\HWH JHoPHVL
ne
NDGDU\HUDODQWPHYUHOHULQLSODQOD\DFDNGHQHWOH\HFHNYHJHUoHNOHWLUHFHNNXUXODQ LOHWPHOHULQ PDOL WLFDUL YH WHNQLN NRQXODUQ GD LoHUHFHN ELoLPGH LO VDOD\DFDNYHNXUXODQLOHWPHOHULQLQ\|QHWLPLQLVWOHQHFHNWLU
etilmesini
(avdar 2003: 262).
143
'62 YH 76.%QLQ NXUXOXX |]HO VHNW|UQ HOHWLULOHULQH YH WHSNLOHULQH KHGHI ROPXWXU g]HO VHNW|UQ EX GDYUDQQQ DOWQGD GHYOHW VHNW|UQQ JHQLOHPHVLQGHQ
duyulDQ UDKDWV]ON \DWPDNWDGU .LSDO YH 8\DQN .XUXOXODUQGDQ ELU
\O VRQUD '62 YH 76.% \HQLGHQELUOHWLULOPLYH6PHUEDQN EXELUOHPHGHQ RUWD\D oNDQ KHP EDQNDFON KHP GH JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLNOH J|UHYOL NOQDQ \HQL GHYOHW NXUXOXX ROPXWXU 7UN 'HYOHWoLOLLQLQ VLP
gesi olan Smerbank, devlet (Karakoyunlu 1997:
VHNW|UQGH \HU DODQ EWQ |QHPOL LOHWPHOHULQ NXUXOXXQGD JLULLPFL VIDW\OD J|UHY YH VRUXPOXOXN DODUDN NHQGLVLQGHQ EHNOHQHQL \HULQH JHWLUPLWLU
183). Smerbank, devletin saQD\L
WHVLVOHULQLQ JHQHONXUPD\ NDUDUJDK VDQD\L
KDUHNHWLQL |UJWOH\HFHN \HQL SURMH YH X\JXODPD PHUNH]L ROPXWXU .XUXo 6PHUEDQNQ J|UHYOHUL '62GDQ GHYUDOQDFDN IDEULNDODU LOHWPHN YH GHYOHW LWLUDNOHULQL\|QHWPHN|]HO\DVDODUODNXUXODFDNRODQODUGQGDGHYOHWHDLWWPVDQD\L NXUXPODUQQ SURMHOHULQL KD]UODPDN YH EXQODU NXUXS \|QHWPHN WHNQLN HLWLP VDODPDN VDQD\L NXUXOXODUQD NUHGL YHUPHN YH EDQNDFON LOHPOHULQL \HULQH JHWLUPHN XOXVDO VDQD\LQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL LoLQ DUDWUPDODUGD E
ulunup ekonomi
EDNDQOQD EX NRQXODUGD ELOJL YHUPHNWLU ONLQ 'HYOHWLQ VDQD\LGH JLULLPFL UROQ VWOHQPHVL VUHNOLOLN DU] HGHFHN ELU QLWHOLN JLEL J|UOPHPL YH EXQXQ NDQW GD GHYOHWoL VDQD\LOHPH SROLWLNDVQQ DQD X\JXODPD |UJW RODQ
SmHUEDQNQ NXUXOX NDQXQXQXQ JHUHNoHVL ROPXWXU %X JHUHNoHGH 6PHUEDQNQ

VDQD\L \DWUP SURJUDPODUQQ X\JXODQPDVQGD XOXVDO JLULLPFLOHUOH LELUOLL
\DSDFD GHYOHWoH NXUXODFDN VDQD\L LOHWPHOHULQLQ PONL\HWLQLQ ELU VUH VRQXQGD |]HOVHNW|UHDNWDUODFDEHOLUWLOPLWLU7H]HO
\OQD NDGDU
Cumhuriyet kendi para otoritesinden yoksun durumda (Kuru 1987: 36).
NDOPDQFDNHNRQRPLNEXKUDQODELUOLNWHONHQLQSDUDYHNUHGLLOHULQL\|QHWHFHNELU GHYOHW EDQNDVQQ NXUXOPDV NRQXVXQGD FLGGL DGPODU DWOPWU
7UNL\HGH 0HUNH] %DQNDV NXUPD LVWHL LON GHID ]PLU NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQGH GLOH JHWLULOPL KD]UODQDQ UDSRUGD ELU GHYOHW EDQNDVQQ NXUXOPD ]RUXQOXOXXQGDQ EDKVHGLOHUHN NXUXODFDN EDQNDQQ EDQNQRW LKUDo HWPH LOHYLQH VDKLS ROPDV JHUHNWLL YXUJXODQPWU .D]GDO 3DUD YH NUHGL IDDOL\HWOHULQL G]HQOH\HFHN ELU PLOOL EDQNDQQNXUXOPDVQDLOLNLQoDOPDODU]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLQL L]OH\HQ \OGD
144
NHQGLVLQL J|VWHUPL \O EDQGD KNPHW 2VPDQO %DQNDVQ ELU GHYOHW EDQNDVQD G|QWUPHN LoLQ KDUHNHWH JHoPL DQFDN PHYFXW HNRQRPLN YH PDOL NRXOODUQ X\JXQ ROPDPDV QHGHQL\OH EX JLULLPGHQ YD]JHoLOPL YH EDQNDQQ HPLV\RQ LPWL\D] O 0DUW \OQD NDGDU X]DWOPWU 2NWDU 1LKD\HW
yOODUFD VUHQ oDOPDODU VRQXo YHUPLYH0HUNH]%DQNDV+D]LUDQWDULK YH

VD\O \DVD\OD NXUXOPXWXU 2NWDU %|\OHFH 0HUNH] %DQNDV ELU DQRQLP LUNHW RODUDN ONHQLQ HNRQRPLN NDONQPDVQD \DUGPF ROPD DPDF\OD YH ONHGH EDQNQRW LKUDF LPWL\D]QD VDKLS RODQ WHN NXUXP RODUDN IDDOL\HWH JHoPLWLU .LSDO YH 8\DQN 2VPDQO %DQNDVQQ EDQNQRW oNDUPD LPWL\D] oRN GDUDOWOP RODUDN GHYDP HWPL DQFDN EDQND 0HUNH] %DQNDV NXUXOGXNWDQ VRQUD EDQNQRW oNDUPDP YH \OQGD 2VPDQO %DQNDVQQ \HWNLVLQLQ WDPDP\O
NDOGUOPDVQGDQ VRQUD 0HUNH] %DQNDV ONHQLQ WHN HPLV\RQ EDQNDV NRQXPXQX DOPWU$NJo
%X G|QHPLQ GHYOHWoLOLN X\JXODPDODUQQ \DQ VUD GLNNDW oHNHQ GLHU ELU |]HOOLL GH VDQD\L SODQODUGU %LULQFL %H <OON 6DQD\L 3ODQ %%<63 JHQL NDSVDPO ELU NDONQPD SODQ ROPDNWDQ oRN KDQJL DODQODUD QH JLEL \DWUPODU \DSODELOHFHLQL |QJ|UHQ ELU QLWHOLH KDL] RODUDN KD]UODQPWU ONLQ %%<63QQ WHPHO KHGHIL ONHQLQ KDPPDGGH ND\QDNODUQ GHHUOHQGLUPHN LWKDO
ikamesi stratejisini
GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLL LOH X\JXODPDN JHOLPL ONHOHULQ VDKLS
ROGXX UHWLP \DSVQD XODPDN YH EXQODU HQ K]O ELoLPGH \HULQH JHWLUPHNWLU
(Karakoyunlu 1997: 202).
7UNL\HGH SODQ ILNULQLQ JHOLLPLQGH HQ |QHPOL HWNHQOHU
HNRQRPLNEXQDOPQDUOQQKLVVHGLOPHVLYH6RY\HWOHU%LUOLLQGHSODQOHNRQRPL X\JXODPDODUQQ EDDUV ROPXWXU .LSDO YH 8\DQN \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ ELU GL]L \HQL HNRQRPL SROLWLNDV YH DUDoODU\OD GHYOHW LOHWPHOHULQLQ |QFOQ \DSDFD ELU VDQD\LOHPH KDUHNHWLQH JLULLOPL G WLFDUHWWH NR
ruma
|QOHPOHUL DUWUODUDN NRUXPDQQ VDODG KLPD\H UDQWQQ GDKD oRN GHYOHWWH WRSODQPDVQVDOD\DFDNG]HQOHPHOHU\DSOPWU6|QPH]&HODO%D\DUQ \|QHWLPLQGH NVD VUHGH 6DQD\L 3ODQ KD]UODQP
(Yenal 2003: 70) ve bu plan
GDKLOLQGH GHHUOHQGLULOHQ DQD VHNW|UOHU WHNVWLO PDGHQ NDW VHUDPLN YH NLP\D VDQD\LOHUL ROPXWXU
%%<63QQGD KDPPDGGHVL ONHGH EXOXQDQ VDQD\L NROODU HVDV
145
DOQPEX\DWUPODUE\NVHUPD\HJHUHNWLUGLLQGHQNXUXOXODUGHYOHWHEUDNOP NXUXOPDVQD NDUDU YHULOHQ VDQD\LQLQ ONH LKWL\DF YH WNHWLPL\OH RUDQWO ROPDVQD GLNNDWHGLOPLWLUQDQ
BBYSPX\JXODPDVQQKLoGHNoPVHQPH\HFHN
GHUHFHGHEDDUOROGXXNDEXOHGLOPHOLGLUoQNEXSODQGDKLOLQGHE\NWHVLVYH
biroN RUWD YH NoN oDSO VDQD\L LOHWPHVL NXUXOPXWXU (Yenal 2003: 73). 3ODQ
X\JXODPD J|UHYL 6PHUEDQND YHULOPL JHUoHNOHWLULOHQ PLOOLOHWLUPHOHUOH GH JHQL ELU GHYOHW VHNW|U RUWD\D oNPWU 6|QPH]
B.B.Y.S.P. uygulamaya den
konduktan sonra 1935 yOQGD0DGHQ7HWNLNYH$UDPD(QVWLWV(OHNWULNOHUL(WG

GDUHVL YH (WLEDQN NXUXOPXWXU (WLEDQN 6PHUEDQND EHQ]HU ELU HNLOGH PD
oNDUP YH HOHNWULN UHWLPL NRQXODUQGD KD]UODQDFDN SURMHOHULQ ILQDQVPDQ YH X\JXODPD NXUXOXX RODUDN GQOPW
r (Boratav 1999: 74). .XUXOX NDQXQX LOH
(WLEDQND EX IDDOL\HWOHU LoLQ JHUHNHQ WLFDUL LOHWPHOHUL NXUPDN YH EX WU LOHWPHOHUH LWLUDN HWPH KDNN WDQQPWU $ONQ NLQFL %H <OON 6DQD\L 3ODQ
(%<63LVHNDSVDGNRQXODUJHUHNOLVHUPD\HPLNWDUYHONHGH\RODoDFDVRV\DO
YH HNRQRPLN KDUHNHWOHU DoVQGDQ LONLQGHQ GDKD JHQL |OoHNOL RODUDN KD]UODQPWU QDQ +DPPDGGHVLONHGHEXOXQDQVDQD\LOHUHOH DOQPGHYOHWVDQD\LQLQ JHOLPHVL |QJ|UOUNHQ |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQLQ YH WDUPQ GD JHOLWLULOPHVL KHGHIOHQPLWLU ONLQ %<63QQ KD]UONODUQD GD EDODQP YH GH \UUOH JLUPHVL |QJ|UOPWU DQFDN EX SODQ NLQFL 'Q\D 6DYDQQ oNPDV\ODX\JXODQDPDPWU
(Karakoyunlu 1997: 204).
Devletilik ilkesLQH J|UH E\N YH NDPX \DUDUQD RODQ NXUXOXODU KNPHW
WDUDIQGDQSODQOELUELoLPGH\DSOPDO|]HOVHNW|UJLULLPFLOLLLVHXOXVDOVHUPD\HQLQ LVUDIQGDQNDoQPDNYHXOXVDOPHQIDDWOHULQX\XPOXELUELoLPGHGHYDPLoLQGHYOHWLQ \RO J|VWHULFLOLL YH NRUX\XFXOXX DOWQGD \DSOPDOGU QDQ
Devleti
SROLWLNDODU LOH GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLL WDUP GQGDNL UHWNHQ DODQODUGD GD DVOL \DWUPF YH UHWLFL XQVXU RODUDN RUWD\D oNPWU 'HYOHWLQ GHPLU YH GHQL] \ROODUQGD PLOOLOHWLUPHOHUGHQ VRQUD EHOHGL\H KL]PHWOHULQGH YH HQHUMLGH HJHPHQOLL VDQD\L YH PDGHQ VHNW|UOHULQGH LVH \DWUPODUQ YH UHWLPLQ E\N E|OPQQ \DSOG VUNOH\LFL NHVLP ROPD QLWHOLL EX G|QHPGH NHVLQOHPLWLU
(Boratav 2003: 70).
6DQD\LOHPHGH GHYOHWoLOLN LONHVLQLQ JHUHL RODUDN VHUPD\HQLQ VDODQPDV \|QHWLP
146
EHFHULOHULQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL GHYOHW RWRULWHVLQLQ WHPVLOL DPDF\OD\OQGD NWLVDGL 'HYOHW 7HHNNOOHUL NXUXOPXWXU %X NXUXOXODUQ WHPHO QLWHOLL IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ PXWODND HNRQRPLN DPDo PHUNH]OL ROPDVGU .DUDNR\XQOX
03). Bylece
VDQD\LOHPHKDUHNHWLLONNXUXPVDOODPDQRNWDVQDYDUPWU.XUXo
NLQFL'Q\D6DYDYH6RQUDVQGD<DDQDQ(NRQRPLN*HOLPHOHU
7UNL\H NLQFL 'Q\D VDYDQD ILLOL RODUDN NDWOPDPDVQD UDPHQ VDYD NRXOODUQ WP DUO LOH \DDP oDODQ NHVLPLQ E\N NVP VLODK DOWQD DOQGQGDQ GROD\ HNRQRPLGH UHWLP KDFPL GPWU &RDU 6DYDWDQ |QFH KD]UODQDQ SODQ YH \DWUP SURJUDPODU HUWHOHQPLWLU 6DQD\LOHPH IDDOL\HWOHUL \DUGD NHVLOHUHN VDYD HNRQRPLVL X\JXODPDODUQD ]RUXQOXOXNWDQ GROD\ EDODQP $ODFDNOROX%%<63EDDULOHX\JXODQPDVQDUDPHQ%<63\UUOH NRQDPDPWU (UJQ %X \OODU ELU \DQGDQ 7UNL\H HNRQRPLVLQGH ODUGD EDODWODQ GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLLQH GD\DO NDONQPD PRGHOLQLQ DNVDPDVQD VDKQH ROXUNHQ GLHU \DQGDQ VDYD VRQUDV ONHQLQ VRV\R HNRQRPLN GHLLPLQH \RO DoDFDN ED] ROXXPODUQ WHPHOOHULQLQ DWOG ELU G|QHP RODUDN WDULKH JHoPLWLU
(Soyak 2003: 173).
%X \OODUGD 7UNL\H\L 5HILN 6D\GDP YH NU 6DUDoRO
KNPHWOHUL\|QHWPLWLU
6DYD NRXOODUQQ ELU JHUHL RODUDN 5HILN 6D\GDP KNPHWLQFH oNDUWODQ 0LOOL .RUXPD .DQXQX KNPHWH HNRQRPLQLQ KHU DODQQD VQUV] PGDKDOH \HWNLVL YHUPLWLU dDYGDU %X PGDKDOHOHUGHQ ED]ODU FUHWOL L \NPOO oDOPD VUHOHULQLQ X]DWOPDV YH FUHW VQUODPDV JLEL LJFQ GHQHWOH\HQ KNPOHU |]HO VHNW|U LOHWPHOHULQH JHoLFL HO NR\PD LWKDODWWD YH Lo WLFDUHWWH D]DPL
ihracatWD DVJDUL IL\DWODU VDSWDPD WHPHO PDOODUQ YHVLND\OD GDWOPDV JLEL JHQL yetkilerdir (Boratav 1998: 63-64). 1942
7HPPX]XQGD 5HILN 6D\GDPQ |OPQGHQ
VRQUD EDEDNDQOD JHWLULOHQ 6DUDoROX LVH SL\DVD ]HULQGHNL VN GHQHWLP PHNDQL]PDODUQ NDOGUPD \D GD JHYHWPH \ROXQD JLWPLWLU
(Boratav 2003: 85;
avdar 2003: 312).
147
SaraoOX KNPHWLQLQ ROXDQ DU ND]DQoODUD YH HQIODV\RQD NDU JHWLUGLL saYXQPD PHNDQL]PDV LNL RODDQVW YHUJLGHQ ROXPXWXU 9DUON 9HUJLVL YH Toprak Mahsulleri Vergisi (Boratav 2002: 335).
NLQFL 'Q\D 6DYDQQ
EDODPDV\OD ELUOLNWH IL\DWODUQ K]OD \NVHOPHVL EX GXUXPGDQ ID\GDODQPD\ YH \ROVX]OXNODU DUWUPWU $OQDQ |QOHPOHUH UDPHQ NDUDERUVD VD\HVLQGH E\N VHUYHWOHU ELULNPL XOXVODUDUDV EDVNODUQ DUW HNRQRPLN DUWODUQ DUODW NDPXR\XEDVNODUQQ\NVHOGLLELUG|QHPGH9DUON9HUJLVLGHYOHWLQJHOLULKWL\DFQ NDUODPDN ]HUH oNDUOPWU &RDU %XYHUJLSROLWLNDV LOHEWoHDoQQ NDSDWOPDV DPDoODQP YH JHOLU GDOPQGDNL oDUSNODU JLGHUPHQLQ GH PPNQ RODELOHFHL GQOPWU QDQ 9DUON 9HUJLVL VDYD \OODU LoHULVLQGH \DSODQEHNOHQPH\HQKDUFDPDODUQNDUODQDELOPHVLYHEWoH\LUDKDWODWPDNDPDF\OD ELUNHUHGHDOQDQVHUYHWYHUJLVLQLWHOLLWDPDNWD\G
(avdar 1992: 220).
'LHU WDUDIWDQ |]HO VHNW|UQ JLULLPL LOH \OQGD VWDQEXOGD NWLV
at
.RQJUHVL WRSODQP YH XOXVDO JLULLPFLOHU GHYOHWoLOLNNDUVQGDNLKRQXWVX]OXNODUQ GLOH JHWLUPLOHUGLU .RQJUH NDUDUODUQGD |]HO VHNW|U \HWHULQFH JoOHQGLL LoLQ GHYOHWoLOLLQLOHYLQL DUWN\LWLUGLLGHYOHWoL\DNODPQVUGUOPHVLQLQ7UNL\HQ
in
HNRQRPLN oNDUODUQ ]HGHOH\HFHL |QH VUOPWU 7H]HO g]HOOHWLUPH KDNNQGDLONGHIDEXNRQJUHGHNRQXXOPXWXU$QFDNNRQJUHQLQHQ|QHPOLHNVLNOLL LoL YH oLIWoLOHULQ J|UOHULQH \HU YHULOPHPL ROPDVGU .OoGDUROX
-2).
KongreyHGHYOHWoLOLNYHX\JXODPDODUQQHOHWLULOGLLWHEOLOHUGHVXQXOPXWXU%DDU
HNRQRPLN NDONQPD YH UHWLPLQ \NVHOWLOPHVLQGH RUWD\D oNDQ EDDUV] WDEOR\XGHYOHWoLOLNX\JXODPDODUQDEDOD\DUDNNWYHIDNLUND\QDNODUDVDKLSONHQLQ EDWQQONVWNHWLPLQH|]HQHUHNEXQXWDNOLWHWWLLQLDQFDNEDWQQHNRQRPLNJHOLLP ]LKQL\HWLQL DOJOD\DPDGQ EHOLUWPLWLU (WH LVH |]HOOLNOH 6PHUEDQN YH (WLEDQNWDQ EDKVHGHUHN GHYOHW LOHWPHFLOLLQLQ YHULPOLOLNWHQ X]DN ROGXXQX YH
fizibiliteden uzak kararODU DODUDN \DWUP \DSWQ GLOH JHWLUPLWLU UHQ GH
D\Q NXUXPODUQ NXUXOX NDQXQODU YDVWDV\OD WP HNRQRPLN KD\DWD ILLOHQ PGDKDOH HGHELOHFHN \HWNL YH LPNDQODUQQ EXOXQGXXQX EHOLUWPLWLU 7RVXQ LVH HNRQRPLN NDONQPDQQ YH ]HQJLQOLLQ
gnmz medeniyet ve kltr seviyesine
X\JXQ ELU OLEHUDOL]P X\JXODPDVQGDQ JHoWLLQL YXUJXODPWU .RQJUHGH NLQFL
148
'Q\D 6DYDQQ KDONQ \DDPQD JHWLUGLL VNQWODU YH |]HO VHNW|UQ NDPX PGDKDOHVLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLL GLOH JHWLULOPL GHYOHWLQ JLULLP |]JUOQ NRUX\DQ |]HO VHNW|U HVDV DODQ HNRQRPL\H \RO J|VWHUHQ YH VRV\DO DGDOHWH |QHP YHUHQ ELU SROLWLND L]OHPHVL JHUHNWLL YXUJXODQPWU 'HYOHWLQ
JLULLPFLOLL EUDNDUDN G]HQOHPH YH GHQHWOHPH LOHYLQL VWOHQPHVL WHNHO QLWHOLL
olaQ YH\D |]HO VHNW|U WDUDIQGDQ VWOHQLOHPH\HFHN DODQODU LOH JHUL NDOP \|UHOHUGH
VDQD\L WHVLVL NXUPDV YH PHYFXW GHYOHW LOHWPHOHULQLQ |]HO VHNW|UH GHYUHGLOPHVL |QHULOPLWLU 7HPHO YH GLHUOHUL
-50).
NWLVDW .RQJUHVLQLQ HQ |QHPOL
|]HOOLL JQP]H NDGDU L]OHQHFHN HNRQRPL SROLWLNDODUQD GDPJDVQ YXUPX ROPDVGU.OoGDUROX
-2).
NLQFL'Q\D6DYDQQDUGQGDQONHKHPVL\DVLKHPGHHNRQRPLNGHLLP U]JDUODUQD VDKQH ROPXWXU 6DYD VRQUDV ROXDQ LNL NXWXSOX GQ\DGD 7UNL\H
ABD\OH \RXQ VL\DVL YH HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHULQ EXOXQGXX \HQL ELU G|QHPH JLUPLWLU
7H]HO %X G|QHPOH ELUOLNWH GHYOHW \QODUGDQ HPHNWHQ DOS VHUPD\H\H
veren bir emPHEDVPDWXOXPED\DG|QPWU\HJHOLQGLLQGH&XPKXUL\HWLQ

NXUXOX LONHOHUL DGHWD XQXWXOPX YH XQXWWXUXOPXWXU
(avdar 2003: 309). 1930
\OQGDQ EHUL G DoN YHUPHGHQ D\DNWD GXUDELOPL ELU HNRQRPLQLQ DQLGHQ G DoN
verPHGHQ
\DD\DPD]
ELU
\DS\D
G|QPHVL
E\N
|OoGH
NDSLWDOLVW
GQ\D
HNRQRPLVLQLQ VDYD VRQX NRQ
jonktr tarafQGDQ EHOLUOHQHQ ELU G|QP RODUDN
nitelendirilebilir (Boratav 2003: 96-97).
g]HO JLULLPH |QHP YHULOHQ WP WRSOXPODUGD JLULLPFLOHU GHYOHWOH RODQ LOLNLOHULQGH GLHU WRSOXPVDO VQIODUD J|UH E\N ELU D\UFDOD VDKLSWLUOHU g]HO VHNW|UQ \DWUPODU HNRQRPLQLQ LOH\LL DoVQGDQ oRN |QHPOL ROGXXQGDQ GHYOHW \HWNLOLOHUL oRX ]DPDQ |]HO VHNW|UQ JLULLPFL OLGHUOHULQLQ WDOHSOHULQL GLNNDWH DOPDN GXUXPXQGDGU%XUD6L\DVLEDNPGDQ\OWHNSDUWLUHMLPLQGHQoRN SDUWLOL UHMLPH JHoLLQ EDODQJo WDUL
hidir (Boratav 2003: 93). $PDF QH ROXUVD ROVXQ
GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQLQ \RXQ ELU ELoLPGH VHUJLOHQGLL G|QHPLQ X\JXODPDODUQD SHN oRN HOHWLULOHU JHOPL EX HOHWLULOHU \HQL ELU PXKDOHIHW SDUWLVLQLQ GRPDVQD \RO DoPWU
(Durusoy 2000: 181). DemokUDW
3DUWLQLQ '3 \OQGD NXUXOXX
149
7HNHOLYHONLQYH|UJWOHQPHVLQGHWRSUDNUHIRUPXQDPXKDOHIHWHWPLRODQ E\N DUD]L VDKLEL SROLWLNDFODU YH oHLWOL VDQD\LFL YH WFFDU JUXSODU E\N URO R\QDPODUGU '3 VHoLPOHULQGH ND]DQG oDUSF EDDU LOH DVNHU
-brokrat -271).
N|NHQOL NDGURQXQ VL\DVL HJHPHQOLLQL NHVLQWL\H XUDWPWU 7H]HO
\OQD HNRQRPL DoVQGDQ GD ELU G|QP QRNWDV QLWHOLL ND]DQGUDQ |]HOOLN LVH RQ DOW \OGU NHVLQWLVL] RODUDN L]OHQHQ NDSDO NRUXPDF G GHQJH\H GD\DO YH LoH G|QN LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUQQ JHYHWLOGLL LWKDODWQ VHUEHVWOHWLULOHUHN E\N |OoGH DUWUOG G DoNODUQ NURQLNOHPH\H EDODG GROD\V\OD G \DUGP NUHGL YH \DEDQF VHUPD\H \DWUPODU\OD D\DNWD GXUDQ ELU HNRQRPLN \DSQQ \HUOHPHVLGLU
(Boratav 2003: 94). 7UNL\HQLQ $%'GHQ E\N |OoHNOL G ERUo DOPDV 7UXPDQ
'RNWULQL YH 0DUVKDOO <DUGPODU 3ODQ LOH EDODPWU 7H]HO 7UXPDQ 'RNWULQLQLQ X\JXODPD\D NRQXOPDVQGDQ VRQUD $%'GHQ ELU JUXS X]PDQ
TrNL\HQLQ LKWL\DoODUQ VDSWDPDN ]HUH JHOPL GH $%' LOH DVNHUL \DUGP
DQWODPDV LP]DODQPWU %X WDULKWHQ VRQUD \HQL ELU G|QHP EDODP 7UNL\H LOH %DW DUDVQGDNL LOLNLOHU VUHNOL RODUDN JHOLPLWLU %X \OODUGD 7UN NDPXR\X LNL
nedenle AmerikDQ
\DUGP
KDNNQGD
ROXPOX
HLOLPOHUH
VDKLS
ROPXWXU
EX
\DUGPODUQ 6RY\HW WHKGLGLQH NDU ELUJYHQFHROPDV YHVDYDVRQUDVRUWD\DoNDQ HNRQRPLN VNQWODUQQ
gelecek
\DUGP LOH o|]OHELOPHVL XPXGX
(Kongar 2002:
458).
0DUVKDOO 3ODQ LOH 7UNL\H\H \DSODFDN HNRQRPLN \DUGPQ WHPHO KHGHIL WDUPVDO UHWLP NDSDVLWHVLQLQ DUWUOPDV YH 7UNL\HQLQ G ONHOHULQ KDPPDGGH YH JGDPDGGHOHULWDOHELQLNDUODPDVGU*|UOGJLELDUWNDPDoVDQD\LOHPHGHLO ]LUDDW UHWLPLQ DUWUOPDV YH IL]LNL DOW\DS VRUXQODUQQ o|]OPH
sidir (avdar 2003:
337). 6DYDVRQXQDPLO\RQGRODUONELUG|YL]UH]HUYL\OHJLUHQYH\OQGDGD
PLO\RQ GRODUD \DNQ ELU G WLFDUHW ID]ODV YHUHQ 7UNL\H KLoELU HNRQRPLN PDQWD GD\DQPDG KDOGH \RXQ ELU G \DUGP DUDPD oDEDVQD JLUPL |QFH
Truman DoktriQL
EDODPWU
VRQUD GD 0DUVKDOO 3ODQ oHUoHYHVL LoLQGH \DUGP DOPD\D
(Boratav 2003: 99-100).
150
7UNL\HQLQ WHQ VRQUD L]OH\HFHL HNRQRPLN YH VL\DVL SROLWLNDODU
belirleyecek plan ve programlarda savunulan grOHULQ RUWDN |]HOOLNOHULQGHQ ELULVL belli lde sermaye biriNLPLQH XODP |]HO NHVLPLQ VDQD\L \DWUPODUQD \|QHOL
HLOLPOHULQLQ GHVWHNOHQPHVL GHYOHWLQ DOW\DS \DWUPODU XFX] JLUGL UHWHFHN
VDQD\LOHUGH \RXQODPDV GLHUL LVH \DEDQF VHUPD\H\L WHYLN HGLFL |QOHPOHULQ DOQPDVGU 6|QPH] 7UNL\HQLQ NHQGL ND\QDNODUQD GD\DQDUDN
JHUoHNOHWLUGLL VDQD\LOHPH oDEDV WDP EDPV]ON \ROXQGD DWOP |QHPOL ELU DGPGU$QFDNEXoDED\GHVWHNOHPH\HQONHOHULQYH$%'QLQDUVDQD\L\H\DWUP
yaSOPDPDVQ 0DUVKDOO \DUGPODU LoLQ ELU |Q NRXO VD\PDV GHPLU\ROX \DSPQQ
GXUGXUXODUDN NDUD\ROODUQD |QHP YHULOPHVL WDUPD DUON YHULOPHVL \DEDQF VHUPD\H\H LPNDQODU WDQQPDV JLEL GD\DWPDODU LOH GHYOHWoL VDQD\LOHPH SURJUDP
terk edilerek bu dayDWPDODUQ X\JXODQPDVQD JHoLOPLWLU .LSDO YH 8\DQN 172). %X JHOLPHOHU 7UNL\HQLQ XOXVODUDUDV NDSLWDOL]PLQ VDYD VRQXQGD NXUXODQ
VWRUJDQODUQD\HROPDVYHONHQLQEDWOX]PDQYHGDQPDQODUQVUHNOLELUXUDN
yeri haline gelmesiyle birlLNWH JHUoHNOHPLWLU dRX $PHULNDO RODQ YH VLVWHPOL ELU biimde devleti-NRUXPDFSROLWLNDODUDVRQYHULOPHVLQL7UNL\H]HULQdeki inceleme,
|QHUL YH UDSRUODU LOH WHONLQ HGHQ \DEDQF GDQPDQODU LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUQQ
biimlenmesinGH URO R\QD\DQ GVDO HWNHQOHULQ DUDVQGD VD\ODELOLU %HOOL ELU VUH
VRQUD $PHULNDQ NXUXPODUQGD YH QLYHUVLWHOHULQGH \HWLWLULOHQ 7UN X]PDQODU D\Q GRUXOWXGDNL |QHULOHULQ KDUDUHWOL VDYXQXFXODU YH X\JXOD\FODU RODUDN 7UNL\H
Cumhuriyeti kamu ynetimine de egemen RODFDNODUG (Boratav 2003: 100-101). : Devletilik
%X G|QHPGH 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ EDOFD ROD\ODU
SROLWLNDVQQ EHQLPVHQPHVL |]HO VHNW|UH GD\DO VDQD\L NXUPD SROLWLNDV HNRQRPLN \DDPD GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQLQ EDODPDV PLOOLOHWLUPHOHU %H <OON 6DQD\L 3ODQODU X\JXODPDODU0LOOL.RUXPD.DQXQX9DUON9HUJLVL.DQXQXGHYOHWoLOLH\|QHOLNLON HOHWLULOHULQ JHOPHVL |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQGH JHOLPH VDODQPDV VDQD\LGH |]HO VHNW|UQ ELU |QFHNL G|QHPH J|UH J|]OH J|UOU ELU JHOLPH J|VWHUPHVL ROPXWXU *LULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ NDUODODQ HQJHOOHU LVH VHUPD\H \HWHUVL]OLNOHUL QLWHOLNOL LJF HNVLNOLL \HWHUVL] QLWHOLN YH QLFHOLNWH JLULLPFL HNRQRPLN EXQDOP YH ,, 'Q\D 6DYD YH VDYD G|QHPL HNRQRPL X\JXODPDODUGU 0IWROX
6: 62-
63). 151
Tablo 12. 1931-1950 <OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV

*HQHOONHDOW\DSV *HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLJHOLUOHUL

.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/)L\DW .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD *60+.LL&DUL)
29.811,68 2.641,75 430,5 1.673,31 425.308,6 139,6 234,58 715.931 700.182 -15.749 16,43 11.66 10,88 120.198,4 136.000,85 17.664,35 15,3 3,78 120,66
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLGQRUPD
l gelirler) %
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODW|]HOJHOLUOHUYHIRQODU 7RSODP<DWUPODUGDg]HO6HNW|UQ3D\ 7RSODP<DWUPODUQ*60+GDNL3D\ %WoHDoPLO\DU7/ 'ERUoPLO\RQ
68,6 13,7 18,25 62,63 9,96 -0,016 219,75 0,79
iyat
oERUoPLO\DU7/
.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/&DUL)L\DW
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*(/5(cari fiyatlarla

1.000TL)
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*'(5(cari

fiyatlarla 1.000TL)
*LULLPFLOLNDOW\DSV
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL$d,.(cari fiyatlarla

1.000TL)

7HOHIRQDERQHVD\V 'HPLU\ROODUX]XQOXXKDWX]XQOXXNP HKLUYHN|\QIXVX
404,38 25.874,95 7.101,5

HKLU
GSMH sekt|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD7$5,0

*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD6$1$< *60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD+=0(
TLER)
WKDODWELQGRODU
KUDFDWELQGRODU
Nfus(1000)
7HIHHQGHNV\OONRUWDODPD
Banka kredileri YaEDPOONRUDQWRSODP 1935ten itibaren

<DEDPOONRUDQJHQoEDPOONRUDQ \D
(Ky) 13.909.000 22,9 1.065,6 472,86 78,35 72,06 6,29
1935ten itibaren
%\PHIL\DWODU\OD <DEDPOONRUDQ\DOEDPOONRUDQ
+\D
1935ten itibaren
KUDFDWQWKDODWNDUODPDRUDQ
152
3ODQO'|QHPYHWKDONDPHVL6WUDWHMLVL
-1980
6DYD \OODUQGD JoOHQHQ YDUONO VQIODU KNPHWLQ GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLL YH PGDKDOHFLOLH GD\DQDQ X\JXODPDODUQGDQ ELU NVP \|QH
tici brokrat kadronun;
GHYOHWLQ LOH\LL VWQGH VDKLS ROGXX GRUXGDQ HWNLGHQ E\N |OoGH UDKDWV] ROPD\D EDODPODU 7H]HO NLQFL 'Q\D 6DYD \OODUQGD \DDQDQ NWONODU VNQWODU YH 0LOOL .RUXQPD .DQXQXQXQ X\JXODQPDVQGD \DS
lan
KDNV]ONODU YH \DQOODU KDONQ &+3GHQ YH RQXQ KNPHWOHULQGHQ X]DNODPDVQD \RO DoP KDON '3\H NXUWDUF RODUDN VDUOPWU 6DYD ]HQJLQOHUL OLEHUDO ELU G]HQGHELULNLPOHULQLGDKDNROD\ YHNVD ]DPDQGDGHHUOHQGLUHELOHFHNOHUL\DUJV\OD
DPninNXUXOPDVYHJHOLPHVLQHEWQJoOHUL\OHNDWOPODUGU (Tokgz 2001: 129).

*oOHQHQ 7UN EXUMXYDV G IDNW|UOHULQ GH \DUGP\OD '3 LOH LNWLGDUD JHOPL
(Kongar 2002: 357) ve 1950- \OODU 7UNL\HGH WHN SDUWL LNWLGDUQQ EWnyle
JHULGH NDOG OLEHUDO HNRQRPLQLQ X\JXODQPD\D oDOOG ELU G|QHP ROPXWXU
(avdar 1992: 221). Ancak
6RY\HW 5XV\DQQ 7UNL\H\H EDVN NXUDUDN WRSUDN
WDOHELQGH EXOXQPDV ONHQLQ |]JUON \DQOV %DW\D \DNQODPDV VRQXFXQX JHWLUPLONHQLQoRNSDUWLOLKD\DWDJHoPHVLQGHGJHOLPHOHULoGLQDPLNOHUGHQGDKD HWNLOLROPXWXU<DYX]
DP,
GH
LNWLGDU
ROGXXQGD
K]O
NDONQPDQQ
|QNRXOODUQ
KD]U
EXOPXWXhONHQLQG|YL]UH]HUYOHULVDYDVUDVQGDX\JXODQDQNHPHUVNPDSROLWLNDV
nedeniyle yksek bir d]H\GH\GL YH EDODUQGD RUWD\D oNDQ .RUH 6DYD
VRQXFXQGD JHQLOH\HQ GQ\D SL\DVDODU ELU WDUP UQ LKUDFDWoV RODQ 7UNL\HQLQ G|YL] JHOLUOHULQLQ DUWPDVQD \RO DoPW 'LHU WDUDIWDQ 0DUVKDOO \DUGP
oHUoHYHVLQGH VDODQDQ G \DUGPODU ONHQLQ G|YL] JHOLUOHULQL YH ND\QDNODUQ JHQLOHWPLWL .DQVX <HQL KNPHWLQ HNRQRPL SROLWLNDV GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPLN KD\DWWDNL IDDOL\HWOHULQL VQUODPDN YH |]HO VHNW|U GHVWHNOHPH LONHOHULQH GD\DQPDNWD\G .RQJDU WRSUDN VDKLSOHULQLQ NHQGL
DPnin, ticaret ve sanayi burjuvazisi ile byk

DoVQGDQ GDKD OLEHUDO GDKD D]
VQIVDO oNDUODU
PGDKDOHFL \|QHWLP LVWHNOHULQL WHPVLO HGHQ SURJUDPQGD HNRQRPLN \DDPGD |]HO JLULLPYHVHUPD\HQLQHVDVROGXXLONHVL\HUDOPDNWD\G7]Q
153
DP hNPHWL G|QHPLQGH ELU \DQGDQ WDUPGD JHOLPH VDODQUNHQ ELU \DQGDQ

GDDOW\DS\DWUPODUQD|QHPYHULOPLNDUD\ROX\DSPQQ\DQQGDHQHUMLYHVXODPD DODQODUQGD GD JLULLPOHUGH EXOXQXOPXWXU <HQDO .DUD\ROODUQQ \DSP
toplumdaki fiziksel harHNHWOLOLL K]ODQGUP .RQJDU DUWDQ NDUD\ROX

\DWUPODU\OD NHQWOHUH XODP NROD\ODUNHQ Lo SL\DVD GD JHQLOHPLWLU
Tokgz
2001: 132-133).
1IXV SDWODPDV NUVDO DODQD WUDNW|UQ JLUPHVL YH NDUD\ROODUQQ
XODP RODQDNODUQ K]O ELU ELoLPGH DUWUPDV\OD
bu dnemde Anadolunun (avdar 2003: 386)
\]\OODUGU VUHJHOHQ LoH NDSDQN GXUDDQ GHQJHVL ER]XOPX
WDUPGD \DDQDQ K]O PDNLQHOHPH LJF ID]ODV GRXUPX YH LVL]OHU E\N NHQWOHUHJ|oHWPHN]RUXQGDNDOPODUGU
(Tokgz 2001: 132).
'Q\D %DQNDVQQ JLULLPL\OH 7UNL\H 6QDL .DONQPD %DQNDVQQ
TSKB)
NXUXOPDV VDQD\LOHPHGH DWODQ |QHPOL ELU DGP ROPXWXU %DQNDQQ NXUXOX DPDoODUQGDQ EDOFDODU ONHGH \HQL |]HO VHNW|U PHUNH]OL ILUPDODUQ NXUXOPDVQ YDU RODQODUQ GD JHOLPH
sini ve modernOHPHVLQL GHVWHNOHPHN YH WHYLN HWPHN KHP
XOXVDO KHP GH \DEDQF ILUPDODUQ 7UNL\HGH NXUXODQ VDQD\LOHUH NDWOPQD \DUGP
etmektir (Snmez 1999: 8; Yenal 2003: 80). TSKB, zel sektre orta ve uzun vadeli
\DWUP NUHGLVL YHUPHN LWKDO JLUGLOHUL LoLQ G|YL] YH WHNQLN \DUGP VDODPDN LoLQ NXUXOPXWXU
(Tokgz 2001: 137).
'HYOHW JLULLPFLOLL
dneminin temel kurumu .
6PHUEDQNWEXG|QHPLQWHPHONXUXPXLVH76.%ROPXWXU
'3 LNWLGDU OLEHUDO HNRQRPLVLQLQ WP XQVXUODUQ EHQLPVHPHNOH ELUOLNWH GHYOHW \DWUPODUQ GD DUWUDUDN VUGUP |]HO JLULLPFLOLLQ JHUHNVLQLP GX\GXX IL]LNLDOW\DSEX\DWUPODUODJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU%|\OHFH|]HOVHNW|ULKWL\DoGX\GXX DOW\DSJHUHNVLQLPOHULQLXFX]DKDWWDVIUPDOL\HWHVDODPDRODQDEXOPXWXU+]
la
E\\HQYHONH\LVDUDQNDUD\ROODULVHWLFDUL\DDPDLVWHQLOHQGLQDPL]PLJHWLUPLWLU
(avdar 2003: 383). 'HYOHW LOHWPHOHULQLQ |]HO VHNW|UH GHYUL VORJDQ\OD LNWLGDUD
JHOPL RODQ '3 EX G|QHPGH NDPX \DWUPODUQ JHQLOHWPH ]RUXQGD NDOP HQHUML
kPU oLPHQWR HNHU JLEL UHWLP NROODUQGD NDPX NHVLPLQLQ VUNOHGLL |QHPOL
\DWUPODU\DSOPWU%RUDWDY
154
' NXUXOXODU YHUGLNOHUL oHLWOL UDSRUODUOD HNRQRPL\L \|QOHQGLUPH oDEDVQD JLUPLOHU'Q\D%DQNDVWDUDIQGDQKD]UODQDQYHGH\D\QODQDQ%DNHUUDSRUX HQ QO |UQHN ROPXWXU %X UDSRUD J|UH GHYOHW \DWUPODU |]HO JLULLPLQ
|]HQGLULOPHVL LoLQ JHUHNOL YH |]HO JLULLPFLOHULQ \DWUP \DSDPD\DFDNODU XODP KDEHUOHPH JLEL DODQODUGD \RXQODWUOPDO GHYOHW LOHWPHFLOLL VQUODQGUOPDO \DEDQF VHUPD\H\L |]HQGLUHUHN |]HO NHVLP LOH G ONHOHUGHNL ILUPDODU DUDVGD LNLOL LOLNLOHU JHOLWLULOPHOLGLU dDYGDU +HU QH NDGDU PLNWDU RODUDN \DEDQF VHUPD\H JLULL VQUO G]H\GH NDOP ROVD GD \DEDQF VHUPD\H JPUN NRWD JL
bi
X\JXODPDODUOD NRUXQDQ Lo SD]DU KDNLPL\HWL DOWQD DOPWU OHUH NDGDU LWKDODWo RODUDN oRNXOXVOX WHNHOOHULQ PDOODUQ 7UNL\HGH SD]DUOD\DQODU OHUGHQ VRQUD LWKDODW NVWODQDQ PDOODU EX NH] PDOODUQ VDWWNODU ILUPDODUOD EWQOHHUHN \XUW LoLQGH UHWPH\H EDODPODUGU %|\OHFH JPUNOHUOH NRUXQDQ Lo SD]DUGD WHNHOFL LOHWPHOHUROXPXWXU
(Snmez 1999: 11).
OHUGHNL GHYOHW JLULLPFL LOLNLOHUL o EDON DOWQGD |]HWOHQHELOLU '3 KNPHWOHUL DoN ELU ELoLPGH |]HO VHNW|U GHVWHNOHPLOHUVH
de bu yndeki
X\JXODPDODU JLULLPFLOLN UXKXQX GHLO NDU UXKXQX WHYLN HGHU QLWHOLNWH\GL \DQL '3 JLULLPFL GHLO PLO\RQHU \DUDWPD SHLQGH\GL SROLWLNDODU EHOLUOHQLUNHQ LKPDO HGLOHQ VWUDWHMLN QL\HW YH SODQODPD HNRQRPLN VRUXQODUQ DUWPDVQD QHGHQ ROPXWXU YH KNPHW EX VRUXQODU HNRQRPL\H \DSW PGDKDOHQLQ GR]XQX \NVHOWHUHN o|]PH\H oDOPWU VLVWHPDWLN RODPD\DQ EX PGDKDOHOHU UDQW ND]DQPQ |]HQGLUPL
VSHNODV\RQYHYXUJXQFXOXNDUWPWU%XUD
-177).
1954-
G|QHPL OLEHUDO ELU G WLFDUHW UHMLPL LoLQGH G GHQJHQLQ
VDODQDPD\DFDQQ DQODOG EX QHGHQOH G WLFDUHW NRQWUROOHULQH JLGLOHQ DQFDN WLFDUHW DoNODU \LQH RUWDGDQ NDONPD\DQ JHQL NDPX NH
siminin zel sermaye
ELULNLPL\OHLOHYVHOELUEWQONLoLQGHHNOHPOHQGLLELUHNRQRPLN\DSQQ\HUOHWLL \OODUGU %RUDWDY OLOHULQ |]HO VHUPD\H YH JLULLPH GD\DO YH GD DoN VDQD\LOHPH VWUDWHMLVL HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHULQGH G ONHOHUH \|QHOHQ YH JLGHUHN NDSLWDOLVWGQ\D LOHEWQOHHQELUHNRQRPL\DUDWPWU dDYGDU
: 221-'
WLFDUHW YH FDUL LOHPOHU DoQQ \DSVDO ELU QLWHOLN ND]DQPDV Lo YH G ND\QDN
155
\HWHUVL]OLL ONH HNRQRPLVLQL GD EDPO KDOH JHWLUPL YH &+3 G|QHPLQGHQ GHYUDOQDQ DOWQ YH G|YL] UH]HUYOHUL HULWLOGLLQGHQ LWKDODW \DSDELOPHNLoLQNVD
vadeli itibar
GERUoDUDPDNYHEXOPDN]RUXQOXOXX'3+NPHWOHULQLQLoHULGH YHGDUGD ND\EHWPHVLQH QHGHQ ROPXWXU
(Tokgz 2001: 143). 6RQXQGD GHYOHW G ERUoODUQ
|GH\HPH] G WLFDUHWL \UWHPH] KDOH JHOPL YH LIODV ED\UDQ oHNPLWLU '3
dnemi, 1\OQGD7UN6LODKO.XYYHWOHULQLQONH\|QHWLPLQHHONR\PDVLOHVRQ
EXOPXWXU
(Yenal 2003: 83).
Askeri ynetim, planlaPDGDQ \DQD RODQODU LoLQ EXOXQPD] ELU IUVDW \DUDWP
HQ X\JXQ VL\DVDO RUWDP ROXWXUPXWXU .DQVX %LULQFL %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQ %%<.3 LOH ELUOLNWH EDOD\DQ YH OHULQ EDQGD VRQD HUHQ SODQOG|QHPER\XQFDGD\DQNOWNHWLPPDOODUQGDQDUDYH\DWUPPDOODUQDGRUX \DSVDO ELU GHLLPL KHGHIOH\HQ LWKDO LNDPHFL VDQD\LOHPH SROLWLNDV X\JXODQPWU
(Soyak 1999: 180).7UNL\HODUL]OH\HQ\LUPL\OGDHNRQRPLSROLWLNDODUQLNL

HJHPHQ J|U oHUoHYHVLQGH ELoLPOHQGLUPLWLU K]O HNRQRPLN NDONQPDQQ
JHUHNOLOLL YH EXQXQ \ROXQXQ GD VDGHFH VDQD\LOHPH LOH RODELOHFHL
(Kepenek 1999:
229).
'HYOHW VDQD\LOHPH SROLWLNDV JHUHL \HUHO VHUPD\H\L G UHNDEHWH NDU
NRUXPDGD ELU HPVL\H YD]LIHVL J|UPHQLQ \DQ VUD VDQD\LGH \DSODFDN \DWUPODUD WHYLN YH |]HQGLUPHOHU YHUPLWLU
(Soyak 1999: 180). 1960tan sonra Trk sanayinin
WHPHO QLWHOLNOHUL \DEDQF VHUPD\H LOH WDQPD YH RUWDNON PRQWDM VDQD\LQLQ DUOQQ DUWPDV WHNHOFL \DSQQ RUWD\D oN YH WNHWLP VDQD\LQLQ \RXQOXN ND]DQPDVGUdDYGDU
(NRQRPLN YH VRV\DO NDONQPDQQ K]ODQGUOPDV X\JXODQDQ SROLWLNDODU DUDVQGD X\XP VDODQPDV YH HNRQ
omiye rasyonel devlet mdahalesinin temini
DPDF\ODNDONQPDSODQODUQQKD]UODQPDVILNULEHQLPVHQPLYH$QD\DVDVLOH LNWLVDGL YH VRV\DO NDONQPD\ GHPRNUDWLN \ROODUOD JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ NDONQPD SODQODUQQ KD]UODQPDV NDUDUD EDODQPWU .DONQPD SODQODUQQ KD]UODQPDV DPDF\OD (\OO WDULKLQGH %DEDNDQOD EDO 'HYOHW 3ODQODPD 7HNLODW '37 NXUXOPXWXU '37QLQ J|UHYL HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DO SROLWLNDODUQ YH KHGHIOHULQ WD\LQLQGH YH HNRQRPLN SROLWLND\ LOJLOHQGLUHQ IDDOL\HWOHULQ NRRUGL
nasyonunda
156
KNPHWH \DUGPF ROPDN YH GDQPDQON \DSPDNWU '37 3ODQO G|QHPOH ELUOLNWH KHP NDPX KHP GH |]HO VHNW|U \DWUPODUD K] YHUPLWLU
$ODFDNOROX
'37QLQ NXUXOXX YH J|UHYOHULQL EHOLUOH\HQ \DVD HNLP WDQ LWLEDUHQ
uyJXODPD\D NRQPX YH E|\OHFH DVNHUL \|QHWLP EXJQ NUNEH \OON ELU GHQH\LPH
VDKLS SODQODPD WHNLODWQQ WHPHOLQL DWPWU 7RNJ|] 3ODQO G|QHPOH ELUOLNWH HNRQRPLQLQ YH VRV\DO \DSQQ JHOLPH \|QOHULQL EHOLUWHQ X]XQ VUHOL
perspektif erevesinGH KD]UODQDFDN RODQ NVD YDGHOL EHHU \OON NDONQPD SODQODU
WHVSLWHGLOHQKHGHIOHUOHND\QDNODUYHDUDoODUDUDVQGDELUGHQJHNXUDFDN\DSODFDN LOHU |QFHOLN VUDODUQD J|UH SURJUDPODUD EDODQDFDNWU %%<.3 RQ EH \OON ELU SHUVSHNWLI SODQQ LON DGP ROPXWXU '37 0LOOL WDVDUUXIX DUWWUPDN \DWUPODU WRSOXP \DUDUQD |QFHOLNOHULQH J|UH \|QOHQGLUPHN LNWLVDGL VRV\DO YH NOWUHO NDONQPD\ GHPRNUDWLN \ROODUOD JHUoHNOHWLUPHN ]HUH
BBYKP
KD]UODQPWU.RQJDU
Trkiye, 19ODUGDQ
LWLEDUHQ GHYOHW JLULLPFLOLLQH PGDKDOHFLOLH YH
NRUXPDFODDUONYHUHQELUHNRQRPLSROLWLNDVL]OHPLWLYHRUWD\DNDUPDHNRQRPL ELoLPLQGH QLWHOHQGLULOHQ ELU PRGHO oNPWU
(Kansu 2004: 412). Plan, devlet ve zel
sektrn yan yana bulunduXNDUPDELUHNRQRPLQLQEWQLoLQKD]UODQPWU'37 1964: 59). .DPXVHNW|U\DWUPODUQGDEH\OONSODQoHUoHYHVLQGHKD]UODQDQ\OON

SURJUDPODUDX\XPJ|VWHUPHN]RUXQGD\NHQ|]HOVHNW|UoHLWOLWHYLNYHGHVWHN
lerden
yararlanabilmek iin DPTnin
\D
GD
\DWUP
SURMHOHULQLQ
SODQ
KHGHIOHULQH
X\JXQOXXQX GHQHWOH\HQ GLHU NDPX NXUXOXODUQQ RQD\QD LKWL\DF ROPXWXU
(Boratav 2003: 118). NWLVDGLNDONQPDQQWHPHOLRODQHLWLPVDONYHXODWUPDJLEL geleneksel devlet hizmetleri ve ileri kapitalist ONHOHUGHELOHPRGHUQGHYOHWDQOD\QD
X\JXQ RODUDN PHUNH]L RWRULWHQLQ ]HULQH DOG HQHUML VXODPD WHVLVOHUL EDUDMODU JLEL WHPHO\DWUPODU ID]ODVHUPD\HLVWHGLLJHQL ELURUJDQL]DV\RQXJHUHNWLUGLLYHNVD VUHGHNDUOROPDGNODULoLQGHYOHWWDUDI
ndan yerine getirilecektir (DPT 1964: 61).
157
+D]UODQDQ LON G|UW .DONQPD 3ODQQGD VDQD\LOHPH ELULQFL DPDo RODUDN RUWD\D NRQPXWXU 6R\DN '37QLQ NXUXOPDVQ VDOD\DQ \DVDQQ WHNLODWD YHUGLL J|UHYOHU ONHQLQ GRDO EHHUL YH LNWLVDGL KHU W
rl kaynak ve
LPNDQODUQWDPELUHNLOGHWHVSLWHGHUHNWDNLSHGLOHFHNLNWLVDGLYHVRV\DOSROLWLNDQQ YH KHGHIOHULQ VDSWDQPDVQGD KNPHWH \DUGPF ROPD EDNDQONODUQ LNWLVDGL SROLWLND\ LOJLOHQGLUHQ IDDOL\HWOHULQGH NRRUGLQDV\RQX VDODPDN LoLQ WDYVL\HOH
rde
EXOXQPD YH PDYLUOLN \DSPD KNPHWoH NDEXO HGLOHQ KHGHIOHUL JHUoHNOHWLUHFHN X]XQ YH NVD YDGHOL SODQODU KD]UODPD SODQQ X\JXODQPDVQ WDNLS HWPH
GHHUOHQGLUPH YH JHUHNOL KDOOHUGH GHLLNOLNOHU \DSPD |]HO VHNW|UQ IDDOL\HWOHULQL SODQQKHGHIOHU
ine uyJXQELUHNLOGHWHYLNHGHFHNYHG]HQOH\HFHN|QOHPOHULWDYVL\H
etmekti (Kansu 2004: 57).
'HYOHW VHNW|UQQ IDDOL\HWL NDUDUODWUODQ JHOLPH K]QGD JHUoHNOHWLUHFHN YH GHQJHOL ELU NDONQPD VDOD\DFDN HNLOGH SODQODQDFDNW g]HO VHNW|U LVH K]O YH GHQJHOL NDONQPDQQ JHUHNWLUGLL DODQODUD WHYLN HGLOHFHNWL 'HYOHWLQ LNWLVDW
SROLWLNDVQGD DoNON YH NDUDUOON HVDV RODFDNW '37 g]HO VHNW|UH \|QHOLN |]HQGLULFL DUDoODU YHUJL SROLWLNDV NUHGL SROLWLNDV YH VHUPD\H SL\DVDVQQ ROXWXUXOPDV\G dDYGDU 3ODQGD |]HO VHNW|UH UHKEHUOLN NVP GD EXOXQPDNWD YH GHYOHWLQ EX NRQXGD DOPDV JHUHNHQ |QOHPOHU VUDODQPDNWDGU %X |QOHPOHU RUJDQL]DV\RQ ELOJL HNVLNOLL SHUVRQHO YH HLWLPL ILQDQV LPNDQODU EDONODU\ODDoNODQPWU*LULLPOHULQLOHULLOHWPHFLOLN\|QWHPOHULQHJ|UHRUJDQL]H ROPDODU LOHWPHOHUH \DUGPF ROPDN ]HUH NXUXODFDN PHVOHNL YH DUDWUPD
NXUXPODU\OD LELUOLL VDODPD .DPX NWLVDGL 7HHEEVOHUL .7 LOH |]HO VHNW|UQ GHYOHW NDUVQGD HLW DUWODUOD GHHUOHQ
dirilmesi, piyasa ve ekonomi ile ilgili bilgi
DNWDUPQD \|QHOLN KDEHUOHPH DUDoODUQQ QLWHOLN YH QLFHOLN RODUDN \NVHOWLOPHVL LKWL\DF KLVVHGLOHQ LGDUL YH WHNQLN HOHPDQODUQ HLWLPLQH YH \HWLWLULOPHVLQH \|QHOLN \NVHN RNXO YH QLYHUVLWHOHULQ JHQLOHWLOPHVL YH \HQLOHULQLQ NXUXOPDVGU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ GHYOHW DOW \DS \DWUPODUQ VWOHQHUHN YHUJL LQGLULPOHUL JPUN NRUXPDV LKUDFDW YH LWKDODW SDWHQW KDNODU YH \DEDQF VHUPD\H \DWUPODU NRQXODUQGD |]HO VHNW|UWHYLNHGHFHNWLU'37
-495).
158
<DWUP LQGLULPL LKUDFDWWD YHUJL LDGHVL K]ODQGUOP DPRUWLVPDQ VLVWHPOHUL LOH JPUN WDULIHOHULQL D\DUODPDN YH ED] YHUJLOHUL WDNVLWH EDODPD \|QWHPL YHUJL
hukukuna eklenerek, BBYKP dneminde zel sektrn plan hedeflerine uygun

IDDOL\HWOHULQL WHYLN HWPH DPDF\OD X\JXODQPD\D EDODQPWU $QFDN EXWHYLNOHULQ JLULLPFLOHU WDUDIQGDQ JHQL
lde biOLQPHPHVL
VDGHFH
EHOLUOL
E\NOQ
]HULQGHNL YH EHOLUOL E|OJHOHUGHNL NXUXOXODUQ EXQODUGDQ \DUDUODQPDODU WHYLN DUDoODUQ
dan yararlanmak isteyen

NXUXOXODUQ oHLWOLOLL
JLULLPFLQLQ IRUPDOLWHOHULQ ID]ODO \HWNLOL YH QHGHQL\OH ]DPDQ ND\EHWPHVL YH JoONOHUOH
VRUXPOX
NDUODPDV
BBYKP G|QHPLQGH EX NRQXGD NDUODODQ EDOFD VRUXQODU ROPXWXU
(DPT 1967: 116-117).
NLQFL %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQQQ %<.3 JHQHO DPDoODU NVPQGD NDUPD HNRQRPLN VLVWHP LoHULVLQGH SODQQ NDPX VHNW|U LoLQ HPUHGLFL |]HO VHNW|U
iinse
\RO J|VWHULFL YH GHVWHNOH\LFL ROGXX EHOLUWLOPL YH EX DQOD\ LoHULVLQGH NDPX
YH |]HO VHNW|UQ ELUELULQH UDNLS YH GLHULQL HQJHOOH\LFL GHLO ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQ LNL XQVXU ROGXNODU YXUJXODQPWU '37 %<.3 ELULQFLGHQ GDKD DoN ELUELoLPGHVDQD\LOHPH\HDUONYHUPLLKUDoPDOODUVDQD\LLOHLWKDOPDOODULNDPH VDQD\LQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL KHGHIOHQPLWLU dDYGDU
223).
%<.3QGD VDQD\L
VHNW|UQH VUNOH\LFL ROPD YDVI YHULOPL YH |]HOOLNOH \DWUP YH DUD PDOODU UHWHQ WHPHO HQGVWULOHU NXUXOPDV |QJ|UOPWU 6DQD\L \DWUPODUQQ YHULPOLOLLQL DUWUDELOPHN GROD\V\OD \DWUPODUQ EX VHNW|UH ND\PDVQ GHVWHNOH
mek iin
VDQD\LQLQJHUHNWLUGLLDOW\DS\DWUPODUQ\DSPDNVDQD\L\HXFX]JLUGLOHUVDODPDN VDQD\L WHVLVOHULQLQ NXUXOPDV LOH LOJLOL LOHPOHUL EDVLWOHWLUPHN oHLWOL NRQXODUGD JLULLPFLOHUH ELOJL YHUPHN VDQD\L WHVLVOHULQH XFX] YH HOYHULOL DUVD VDODPDV JHUHNOLOLL |QJ|UOPWU <HQL NXUXODQ YH JHOLPHNWH RODQ oHLWOL VDQD\L NROODUQQ NRUXQDELOPHVLLoLQGWLFDUHWSROLWLNDVHWNLOLELUDUDoRODUDNNXOODQODFDNDQFDNKHP \NVHN WHNHOFL NDUODUD HQJHO ROPDN KHP GH PDOL\HWOHULQ GUOPHVLQL VDODP
ak
DPDF\OD NRUXPDQQ VUHVL JHUHNWLLQGHQ X]XQ ROPD\DFDNWU 3ODQ G|QHPLQGH JHQL
bir organizasyonu, stn teknolojileri ve byk sermayeyi gerektiren stratejik

\DWUPODUQ NDUPD HNRQRPL NXUDOODU LoLQGH GHYOHW VHNW|UQFH \HULQH JHWLULOPHVL
kk sanayLQLQWHYLNHGLOPHVLNUHGL\HUWHPLQLYHEHQ]HULJoONOHULQRUtadan
159
NDOGUOPDV EX DODQGDNL JLULLPFLOHULQ VUDWOH WHNLODWODQPDVQQ VDODQPDV HQHUML XODWUPD YH GLHU DOW \DS
ile ilgili faaliyetlerin ekoQRPLN NDONQPD\D
desteNYH|QFRODFDNHNLOGHG]HQOHQPHVL|QJ|UOPWU'37-638).
%X SODQ G|QHPLQGH \DWUP LQGL
rimi, gmrk resim ve vergilerinin taksite
EDODQPDVJPUNYHUJLVLEDNONODUYHNUHGLNROD\ONODUJLELVDQD\LOHPH\LYH |]HO NHVLPL WHY
ik eden ve ncelik veren uygulamalar n plaQD oNDUOPWU (Soyak
1999: 174).
%LUH\OHULQ JLULLPFLOLN SRWDQVL\HOLQL RUWD\D oNDUPD\D YH JHOLWLUPH\H
|QHP YHULOPL SODQQ HNRQRPLN YH VRV\DOLONHOHULoHUoHYHVLQGH\DSODQ\DWUPODUQ WHYLN HGLOPHVL |QJ|UOPWU g]HO VHNW|UQ WHYLNL YH \|QOHQGLULOPHVL DPDF\OD JHOLWLULOPL EXOXQDQ |QOHPOHULQ GDQNONWDQ NXUWDUOPDV IRUPDOLWHOHULQ
EDVLWOHWLULOPHVL YH X\JXODPDGD K]O LOH\HQ DoN ELU PHNDQL]PDQQ NXUXOPDV SODQ GDKLOLQGHGHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU7HYLNYHWHGELUOHULQNDSVDGNRQXODUNUHGLVDODPD PDOL WHYLNOHU SD]DUODPD LKUDFDW VDQD\L E|OJHOHUL JLULLPFL YH WHNQLN HOHPDQ \HWLWLUPHDODQODUGU
(DPT 1967: 116-119).
*LULLPFL \HWLWLUPH DODQQGDNL WHYLN YH WHGELUOHU JLULLPFL\H \|QHWLP
konusunda temel bilgilerin verilmesi, yaWUP\DSDFDVDKDODUQVHoLPLQGH\DUGPF

ROXQPDV \DWUP YH UHWLP NRQXVXQGD LKWL\Do GX\DFD LVWDWLVWLNOHULQ VDODQPDV SURMH KD]UODPDGD YH X\JXODPDGD \DUGPF NXUXOXODUQ RUJDQL]DV\RQX SD]DU ELOJLVLQLQJHOLWL
rilmesidir (DPT 1967: 116-119).
OL \OODUGD LNL NDONQPD SODQ KD]UODQPWU hoQF %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQ h%<.3 YH
-1977yi kapsayan an
-1983 kapsayan Drdnc
%H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQ '%<.3 .DQVX %X \OODUGD RUWD\D oN
|QHPOLJHOLPHOHU\HWPLOL\OODUQLVWLNUDUV]NRDOLV\RQKNPHWOHULG|QHPLROPDV \OQGDNL .EUV oNDUPDV YH EXQD WHSNL RODUDN X\JXODQDQ $PHULNDQ DPEDUJRVX ONH\H DNPD\D EDOD\DQ YH \NVHN PLNWDUODUD YDUDQ LoL G|YL]OHUL LOH
demeler dengeVLQLQ ID]OD YHUPHVL YH VRQ RODUDN HQHUML NUL]LQLQ EWQ GQ\D\
VDUVPDVGU
(Yenal 2003: 93).OL\OODUSHWURONUL]LQLQGQ\DHNRQRPLVLQL|QHPOL
|OoGH VDUVW \OODUGU 7UN HNRQRPLVL GH E\N ELU EXQDOP LoHUVLQH JLUPL YH
160
1978-
\OODUQGD ONH oDSQGD UHWLP GNO PDO \RNOXNODU \DDQP
|GHPHOHU GHQJHVL VUHNOL DoN YHUPLWLU $\Q \OODU LoHUVLQGH G|YL] NDUDERUVDV JHQLOHPL 0HUNH] %DQNDVQQ \HULQL 7DKWDNDOH DOPWU dDYGDU h%<.3 G|QHPLQGH ONHGH LQDQOPD] oDO
-227).
kaQWODU
\DDQP \HGL NH] DUWDUGD
KNPHW GHLLNOLL ROPXWXU +HU KNPHW GHLLNOLLQGH |]HOOLNOH '37 0HUNH] %DQNDV0DOL\HYH.7OHULQVW\|QHWLFLOHULGHLPLLNWLVDGLNDUDUODUQ]DPDQQGD YH HWNLQ ELoLPGH ROXWXUXOPDV PPNQ ROPDP YH ND\QDN LVUDI |QOHQHPHPLWLU
(Tokgz 2001:178). , ,
h%<.3 ND\QDNODUD
G|QHPLQGH
\DDP
G]H\LQLQ
\NVHOWLOPHVL
VDQD\LOHPH
G
EDOOQ
D]DOWOPDV
, istihdam sorununun zmlenmesi, gelir 119). -
GDOPQQ L\LOHWLULOPHVL DPDoODU X]XQ YDGHGH EHQLPVHQPLWLU '37
OHULQ EDQGD RUWD\D oNDQ VRV\R SROLWLN NUL] NRXOODUQGD KD]UODQDQ h%<.3 LON LNL SODQGDQ ELUoRN \|Q\OH D\UOPDNWDGU h%<.3 |]HOOLNOH $YUXSD (NRQRPLN 7RSOXOXX LOH LOLNLOHUL YH LNWLVDGL JHOLPH VRUXQXQX |Q SODQD oNDUDQ X]XQ G|QHPOL
yeni bLU
SHUVSHNWLI SODQQ LON NVP RODUDN KD]UODQPWU
(Soyak 1999: 174).
h%<.3QGD O \OODUD NDGDU VUHFHN \OON ELU SHUVSHNWLI ROXWXUXOPX EXQD JHUHNoH RODUDN GD DOQDQ $YUXSD (NRQRPLN 7RSOXOXXQD JLUPH NDUDU J|VWHULOPL YH SODQ VWUDWHMLVL |QFHNLOHUGHQ IDUNO RODUDN EX DPDFD X\JXQ RODUDN KD]UODQPWU +D]UODQDQ \HQL VWUDWHMLGH |]HO VHNW|UH oRN E\N ELU \HU YHULOPL JLULLPFLOHULQ WP VHNW|UOHUGH \RXQ ELU \DWUP IDDOL\HWLQH JLULPHOHUL EHNOHQLUNHQ PDNLQH YH PDGHQ LPDODW LOH NLP\D VDQD\LQH RGDNODQDQODUQ |]HOOLNOH WHYLN HGLOHFHNOHUL YXUJXODQPWU '37 9, h%<.3Q KD]UOD\DQODU NDGDU
X\JXOD\DQODUGDODUQHNRQRPLSROLWLNDODUQGDQNHQGLOHULQLNXUWDUDPDPODUGU 7UNL\H EDODUQGD SDWODN YHUHQ ELULQFL SHWURO RNXQD Y
e dnya para
VLVWHPLQGHNL GHLLPOHUH GRUX SROLWLND YH UHoHWHOHUOH FHYDS YHUHPHPL $YUXSD (NRQRPLN 7RSOXOXX LOH LP]DODQDQ SURWRNRO QHGHQL\OH GD DoOPDQQ
NDoQOPD]OQD UDPHQ KD]UODQDQ SODQ |]HOOLNOH VDQD\LOHPH DoVQGDQ LOHULGH
lkeye ok pDKDO\DPDORODFDNGDNDSDOSROLWLNDODUVDSWDPWU.DQVX
161
3ODQGD EHOLUWLOHQ WHYLN YH \|QHOWPH SROLWLNDVQQ DPDF |]HO VHNW|UQ NDWNVQGDQ NDUPD HNRQRPL NXUDOODU oHUoHYHVLQGH YH JHQHO NDONQPD VWUDWHMLVL
ynnde yararlanmak ve bu kDWN\]DPDQLoLQGH\NVHOWPHNWLUh%<.3G|QHPLQGH

X\JXODQDFDN WHYLN YH \|QHOWPH SROLWLNDV VDQD\LOHHUHN NDONQPD KHGHIL YH UHNDEHW
edebilir olma zorunluOXX GLNNDWH DOQDUDN WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU %X EDODPGD WHYLN YH
\|QHOWPHSROLWLNDVQQLONHOHUL\DWUPODUQYHVDQD\LPDOLKUDFDWQQJHOLWLULOPHVLQL LVWLKGDPQ DUWUOPDVQ YH LOHWPHOHUGH WHNQRORMLQLQ \NVHOWLOPHVL DPDF\OD \HUOL JLULLPOHUH\|QHOLQPHVLQLREMHNWLI ROXQPDVQ\DUDUODQDFDNJLULLPOHULQEH\DQQD GD\DO RODUDN LGDUL WDNGLU DODQQ oRN ]RUXQOX KDOOHUOH VQUOD\DUDN VLVWHPLQ NHQGLOLLQGHQ LOHU KDOH JHWLULOPHVLQL VDODPD\ HVDV DOPDNWDGU 7HYLN
X\JXODPDVQGD JLULLPOHUH GRUXGDQ IRQ WDKVLVL |QJ|UOPHPL YH NXUXOPX \D GD NXUXODFDN VDQD\L LOH |]HO VHNW|U \D GD NDPX VHNW|U DUDVQGD D\UFDON
J|]HWLOPHPLWLU
(DPT 1973: 899-900).
7UNL\H HNRQRPLVL EX VUHo LoLQGH JLGHUHN LIODVD GRUX VUNOHQPL HQIODV\RQXQ VH\UL \NVHOPH\H G|YL] UH]HUYOHUL LVH D]DOPD\D EDODP WH 'Q\D %DQNDV 7UNL\H\L |GHPHOHUL PRUDWRU\XP GXUXPXQGDNL NR\PXWXU
lNHOHU
DUDVQD
(Yenal 2003: 94). -
3ODQO G|QHPLQ VRQ RQ \OQ PH\GDQDJHWLUHQ \HWPLOL
\OODU E\N VL\DVDO GDOJDODQPDODUOD JHoPL HNRQRPL G GQ\DGDNL NUL] QHGHQL\OH VDUVOPWU \OODU DUDVQGDNL &+3 KNPHWL G|QHPLQGH G |GHP
elerde
NDUODODQ VNQWODU \XUW LoHUVLQGH EHOLUOL PDOODUGD NWONODUQ |QHoNPDVQDQHGHQ ROPXWXU dDYGDU '|UGQF %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQ
(DBYKP),
HQIODV\RQLVW VUHFLQ N]JQODW G|YL] YH HQHUML GDUERD]ODUQQ \DDQG ELU
dnemGH KD]UODQP LNWLVDGL EXQDOP NRXOODUQGDQ oN YH LVWLNUDUO E\PH\L

VDODPD KHGHIOHUL GHQN GRUXOWXVXQGD GPHVL ELoLPOHQPLWLU
DBYKPQQ
YH HQHUML
|]HOOLNOH UHWLPL
HQHUML
GDUERD]QD
QHGHQL\OH
PDGHQFLOLN
nin ve
\DWUPODUQQDUWUOPDV DPDoODQPWU
(Soyak 1999: 175). DBYKP, Trkiyenin en
NDUN \OODUQGD RUWD\D NRQPXWXU %X oDONDQWO RUWDPGD NDONQPD YH JHOHFHL WDVDUPODPD JLEL LOHU 7UNL\H JQGHPLQLQ |QFHOLNOL NRQXODU ROPDNWDQ oNP HNRQRPL\VH WDP ELU oNPD] LoLQH JLUPLWLU %X \OODUGD GQ\DGD NUHVHOOHPH EDODPWU YH GHYOHWLQ HNRQRPL\H PGDKDOHVL JLGHUHN D]DOPDNWDGU 2\VD
162
DBYKPQKD]UOD\DQHNLELQHLOLPOHUL|QFHNLOHUGHQGDKDGDPHUNH]L\HWoLGHYOHWoL
YHPGDKDOHFLROPXWXU
(Kansu 2004: 307-308).
3HWURORNODUQQVRQXFXQGDDUWDQLWKDODWNDUOD\DFDNG|YL]LQPHYFXWUHWLP \DSV\OD NDUODQDPDPDV \HWHUVL] HQHUML HPHN SL\DVDVQGDNL VRUXQODU NDPX DoNODU JLEL QHGHQOHU VRQXFX HNRQRPL OHULQ LNLQFL \DUVQGDQ LWLEDUHQ
GDUERD]D JLUPLWLU %X NRXOODU DOWQGD KD]UOD
nan DBYKP (1979-1983) ile bir
WDUDIWDQ HNRQRPLN VNQWGDQ NXUWXOPD\ ELU WDUDIWDQ GD HNRQRPLGH E\PH VDODPD\DPDoODQPWU7HPHOYHGLHUOHUL*HOLPLONHOHUHQIODV\RQX GUPHN YH SHWUROH EDPOONODUQ D]DOWPDN LoLQ EDWD SHWURO UQOHUL IL\DWODUQQ VHUEHVW SL\DVD NRXOODUQGD EHOLUOHQPHVL YH WNHWLPGHQ WDVDUUXI HWPHN ROPDN ]HUH ELU oRN oDUH\H EDYXUPXODU DQFDN KLoELULQLQ DNO
na, Trk ekonomisini ynetenlerin n iin
EDYXUGXNODU \|QWHP JHOPHPLWLU SHWURO IL\DWODUQ GN WXWPDN YH EXQX
GHYOHW EWoHVLQGHQ VEYDQVL\RQ YHUPHN 6RQXoWD ONHGH SHWUROH RODQ WDOHS DUWP KHPWLFDUHWGHQJHVLKHPGHGHYOHWEWoHVLDoNODUYHUPH\HEDODPYHRUWD\DNURQLN \NVHNHQIODV\RQoNPWU.DQVX
-411).
3ODQOG|QHPLQHQ|QHPOL|]HOOLLLNWLVDGLIDDOL\HWOHULQSODQDJ|UH\UWOPHVL YH EXQXQ GD $QD\DVD JYHQFHVLQGH ROPDV\G (UJQ %X G|
nemin zet
VRQXoODU WDUP NHVLPLQLQ |]HOOLNOH LVWLKGDP DoVQGDQ HVNL |QHPLQL \LWLUPHH EDODPDV VDQD\L NHVLPLQLQ KHP PLOOL JHOLU KHP GH LJF LoHUVLQGHNL SD\QQ
ykselmesi, hizmet kesiminin istihGDP

\DNODPROPDVGUdDYGDU
DoVQGDQ VDQD\L ONHOHULQGHNL RUDQODUD
-224). rilmeye ilki ne
ON G|UW SODQ ER\XQFD JHQHO KDWODU\OD KLo GHLPHGHQ \DDPD JHoL oDOODQ HNRQRPLN JHOLPH VWUDWHMLVLQLQ EH |QHPOL GD\DQDN QRNWDV YDUG
SDKDVQD ROXUVD ROVXQ VDQD\LOHPH\GL WDUP KDEHUOHPH XODP DOW\DS LQDDW
turizm ve finans sektrleri ikinci plana itLOPLWL
LNLQFL QRNWD VDQD\LOHPHQLQ
QLWHOLL\GLDUVDQD\L\H|QFHOLNWDQQPDV\GoQFRODUDNLWKDOLNDPHVLSROLWLNDV EHQLPVHQPLE|\OHFHLWKDOHGLOHQELUPDO\XUWLoLQGHUHWLOPH\HEDODQDFDNKHP\HQL ELU VDQD\L NDSDVLWHVL \DUDWOP KHP GH R PDO LWKDO NRWDODUQGDQ oNDUDUDN G|YL] WDVDUUXI HGLOPL RODFDNW G|UGQF QRNWD NDPX JLULLPFLOLLQLQ GHYOHW
163
mdahalesinin kiOLW URO R\QDG NDUPD HNRQRPL VLVWHPL\GL NL EX \DNODP DU
VDQD\LOHULQNXUXOPDVWHUFLKLQLQGRDOELUVRQXFX\GX oQN|]HOVHNW|UQNXUXOPDV |QJ|UOHQ VDQD\LOHULQ JHUHNWLUGLL VHUPD\H WHNQRORML YH \|QHWLP EHFHULVLQH KHQ] VDKLSGHLOGLYHVRQQRNWDVDQD\LQLQ7UNOHULQHOOHULQGHROPDV\G
(Kansu 2004: 587-
588). -politik kriz sonucunda 1970lerin sonundan
'HULQOHHQ NWLVDGL YH VRV\R
LWLEDUHQ SODQODPD ELU NHQDUD EUDNODUDN HNRQRPLGH NVD VUHOL LVWLNUDU SURJUDP X\JXODQP 2FDN NDUDUODUQQ JHWLUGLL YH JQP]H NDGDU VUHQ DWPRVIHU LoLQGH\HQLEH\OONSODQODUJHUoHNOHWLULOPLVHGHHNRQRPL\L\|QOHQGLULFLELUXQVXU
olarDN SODQODPD HWNLQOLLQL ND\EHWPLWLU (Soyak 1999: 167). Planlama deneyinin

EHONLHQ X]XQVUHOLNDWNVLNWLVDGL\|QHWLPLQDOW\DSVQNXUPDNROPXWXU
.Sonraki
\OODUGD KNPHWOHU JLGHUHN VL\DVL ND\JODU \LQH |Q SODQD oNDUPODU YH NH\IL
iktisat ynetLPLQL WHUFLK HWPLOHUGLU g]HOOLNOH OL \OODUGD HQ EDVLW SODQODPD
DUDFRODQGHYOHWEWoHVLQLQELOHFLGGL\HWLRUWDGDQNDONPWU
(Yenal 2003: 88).
WKDO LNDPHFL SROLWLND LOH G|YL] WDVDUUXIX VDODPDN LWKDODW D]DOWPD \ROX\OD G WLFDUHW DoQQ NDSDWOPDV YH VDQD\LOHPHGHNL VRUXQODUQ JLGHULOPHVL
KHGHIOHQPLWL g]EH\ WKDO LNDPHVLQLQ ROXPVX] VRQXoODU LVH LPDODW VDQD\LQH\DQVPVDQD\LWDG\NVHNPDOL\HWOHUVRQXFXGSL\DVDODUDJLUHPHPL YH LWKDO LNDPHVL RODQDNODUQQ D]DOPD\D EDODG OHULQ RUWDODUQGDQ LWLEDUHQ GHJHoPLWLU'LHU WDUDIWDQLWKDOLNDPHVLLKUDFDWGDROXPVX]HWNLOHPLILUPDODU G SD]DUODUGD UHNDEHWLQ \NVHN ROPDV YH NDUQ GN ROPDV VRQXFX Lo SD]DUD \|QHOLN\DWUPODUDJLULPLOHUGLU%XQXQELUVRQXFXRODUDN.Ro6DEDQF(F]DFED JLEL ONHQLQ HQ JoO ILUPDODU ELOH KHUKDQJL ELU UQ GDOQGD Lo WDOHEL NDUODU GXUXPD JHOGLNWHQ VRQUD NDSDVLWHOHULQL DUWUDUDN LKUDFDWD \|QHOPHN \HULQH WDPDPHQ IDUNOELUUHWLPGDOQGDJHQHLoSL\DVD\DG|QN\DWUPSURMHOHULQH\|QHOPH\LWHUFLK HWPLOHUGLU 7UNL\HGHNL E\N KROGLQJOHULQ EXJQ KDOD oRN JHQL ELU UHWLP \HOSD]HVLQH VDKLS ROPDODUQQ DUND IRQXQGD
-1970lerde izlenen politika
erevesinin yaratW EX L NOWUQQ GH SD\ EXOXQPDNWDGU .DQVX 004: 592593).
164
7UNL\HGH LOHWPHOHU ELUH\VHO RODUDN NXUXOPX YH YDUONO EHOLUOL NLPVHOHULQ DKVQGD Jo ND]DQPWU %DW ONHOHULQGH ROGXX JLEL E\N LOHWPHOHULQ KLVVHOHUL ELQOHUFH KLVVHGDUD \D\OP GHLOGLU VHUPD\H VRV\DOL]H HGLOHPHPLWLU %\N VHUPD\H VDKLEL ELU DLOHGHQ ELUNDo NLL E\N ELU LOHWPHQLQ JHUoHN VDKLELGLU %X GXUXP |]HO WHHEEVOHULQ NDUQ VQUO ELU VQID YHUPHNWH JHOLU YH VHUYHW GDOPQGDNL DGDOHWVL]OLL GDKD EHOLUJLQ KDOH JHWLUPHNWHGLU +]O ELU HNRQRPLN JHOLPH\L VDODPDN LVWH\HQ KHU NDUPD HNRQRPLGH |]HO WHHEEVOHUL JHQL NWOHOHUH
mal edecek bir sistem ve tutum, hem toplumsal hu]XU KHP GH HNRQRPLN JHOLPH
EDNPQGDQ]RUXQOXROPDNWDGU%LUJLOL
-9). lar;
%X G|QHPGH 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ EDOFD ROD\
GHYOHWoLOLLQ
JLGHUHNEHOLUJLQOHPHVLWLFDUHWWHGHGHYOHWSD\QQDUWPDV0DUVKDOO\DUGPODU|]HO JLULLPFLOLLQ WHYLN HGLOPHVL WDUPD DUON YHULOPHVL NDPXQXQ DUWDQ DOW\DS \DWUPODU |]HO JLULLPLQ VDQD\LGH SD\QQ \]GH H \NVHOPHVL .7OHULQ PDOL\HWOHULQLQ DOWQGD IL\DW EHOLUOHPHVL WDUP VDQD\L YH ILQDQV NHVLPLQGH
JLULLPFLOLLQ \D\JQODPDV %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQODU SODQO G|QHPGH |]HO JLULLPFLOLLQ|QSODQDDOQPDVYH|]HOVHNW|U\DWUPODUQQDUWPD\DGHYDPHWPHVL
27 MayV
KDUHNDW
G|QHP
EDODUQGD
NDPX
\DWUPODUQGD
GPH
HLOLPL
VDQD\LOHPH HLOLPOHULQLQ DUWPDV |]HO VHNW|U JLULLPFLOLLQLQ DUWPDV JHOHQHNVHO WFFDU DQOD\QQ \NOPD\D EDODPDV VDQD\LFL NDYUDPQQ \D\JQODPDV WHYLN X\JXODPDODUQQ ROXPOX VRQXo YHUPHVL JLULLPFL VD\VQGD FLGGL DUWODUQ
JHUoHNOHPHVLNDPX\DWUPODUQQKHGHIOHQHQLQDOWQGDJHUoHNOHPHVLYHJHOHQHNVHO PDO UHWLPLQL ELU LOHUL DDPD\D J|WUPH oDEDODUGU *LULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ
NDUODODQ HQJHOOHU LVH DU \DWUP VRQXFX \DDQDQ SDUD YH G|YL] VNQWV GHYDODV\RQ .EUV +DUHNDW YH DPEDUJR SHWURO RNODU VL\DVDO YH HNRQRPLN LVWLNUDUV]ON \NVHOHQ HQIODV\RQ LWKDO LNDPHVL SROLWLNDVQQ WNDQPDV GD DoN ROPDPDQQ \DUDWW ROXPVX]OXNODU G WLFDUHWH JHUHNHQ |QHPLQ YHULOPH\LL G|YL] VNQWV YH WHYLN X\JXODPDODUQQ JLGHUHN NRXOODUD X\PD\DQ ELU \DS\D
NDYXPDVGU0IWROX
-64).
165
Tablo 13. 1951-1980 <OODU$UDVQGD*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV

*HQHOONHDOW\DSV
Genel bte gelirleri taKVLODW|]HOJHOLUOHUYHIRQODU 112.394,71 24.742,66 886,52 3.304,9 889.482,54 603,4 12.332,13 90.243.364 100.852.195 10.608.831 19,74 24,98 24,66 1.773.389,93 829.434,4 32.102,79 219,2 62,06 78,4 5,49 9,9
*LULLPFLOLNDOW\DSV 7RSODP<DWUPODUGDg]HO6HNW|UQ3D\ 7RSODP<DWUPODUQ*60+GDNL3D\ 'ERUoPLO\RQ

.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL )L\DWODU\OD .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ )L\DWODU\OD .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ )L\DWODU\OD .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+NLLFDULIL\DW .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/&DUL)L\DW
TL.1948
11,96 50,58 15,78 2.544,23 64,71
oERUoPLO\DU7/

7HOHIRQDERQHVD\V
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*(/5(cari

fiyatlarla 1.000TL)
8.057,98 379.077,23 7.958,4

HKLU
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*'(5(cari

fiyatlarla 1.000TL)
'HPLU\ROODUX]XQOXXKDWX]XQOXXNP
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL$d,.(cari

fiyatlarla 1.000TL)
*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD7$5,0
HKLUYHN|\QIXVX
<NVHN|UHWLPNXUXPODUQGDRNXOYH|UHWLPHOHPDQ VD\V
*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD6$1$< *60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD+=0(7/(5 WKDODW
Banka kredileri (milyon TL)

<DEDPOONRUDQWRSODP <DEDPOONRUDQJHQoEDPOONRUDQ \D <DEDPOONRUDQ\DOEDPOONRUDQ
bin dolar)
KUDFDWELQGRODU
+\D
Nfus(1000)
7HIHHQGHNV\OONRUWDODPD
6RV\DOVLJRUWDSURJUDPODUQQNDSVDGQIXV <HQLNXUXODQNDSDQDQLUNHWOHUYHNRRSHUDWLIOHU
1963ten itibaren
KUDFDWQWKDODWNDUODPDRUDQ PDODWVDQD\LWRSODPL\HULVD\V PDODWVDQD\LGHYOHWVHNW|U PDODWVDQD\L|]HOVHNW|U
Genel bte gelirlerLWDKVLODWYHUJLJHOLUOHUL

%\PHIL\DWODU\OD *HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLGQRUPDOJHOLUOHU
(Ky) 21.183.798,16 129,7 7.587,73 98 392,96 81,21 73,76 7,45 3.791.424,33 (Yeni kurulan) 4.535,38 (Kapanan) 820,18 4.932,26 270,43 4.661,83
166
6RQUDVYH'D$oN%\PH
VRQUDVQGD 7UNL\H ELU \RO D\UPQQ HLLQH JHOPL 2FDN LVWLNUDUWHGELUOHUL\OH(\OODVNHULGDUEHVLQGHQGHJoDOQDUDNONHQLQNVDVUHOL LVWLNUDUQQ VDODQPDVQQ |WHVLQGH L]OHQHQ HNRQRPLN UHMLPLQLQ GHLWLULOHFHLQLQ
sinyalleri veULOPLWLU +HU QH NDGDU 8OXVODUDUDV 3DUD )RQX ,0) LOH RODQ LOLNLOHU
QHGHQL\OH |QFHVLQGH GH ,0) GHVWHNOL LVWLNUDU SURJUDPODU X\JXODQPVD GD SURJUDPYHVRQUDVLoHULLYHHWNLOHULDoVQGDQIDUNOODPDNWD,0)YH'Q\D %DQNDV SROLWLNDODU 7UNL\HQLQ LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUQGD EHOLUOH\LFL ELU URO
ND]DQPDNWDGU 6R\DN
- 178).
7UNL\H XOXVODUDUDV NRQMRQNWUQ GH
HWNLVL\OH\OQGDQLWLEDUHQ,0)YH'Q\D%DQNDVJLELXOXVODUDUDVNXUXOXODUQ |QHUGLLGDDoNVWUDWHML\LEHQLPVHPLYHX\JXODPD\DNR\PXWXU\OQDNDGDU LWKDO LNDPHVL SROLWLNDV X\JXODQUNHQ VRQUDNL \OODUGD LKUDFDWD G|QN VDQD\LOHPH EHQLPVHQPLWLU'XPDQ
2FDN .DUDUODUQGDQ|QFH7UNHNRQRPLVLQLQGXUXPXLQFHOHQGLLQGHJ|]H
arpan korkun bir dvi] GDUERD] YH EXQXQ QHGHQL RODUDN GD NURQLNOHHQ G
DoNODUQYDUOGU%XVRUXQDWHNoDUHLVH\DEDQFNUHGLVDODPDNROPXE|\OHFHEX NUHGLQLQ DQDKWDUQ HOLQGH WXWDQ ,0)\H EDYXUXODUDN RQXQ LVWLNUDU SURJUDP DG DOWQGD|QHUGLLHNRQRPLNYHPDOL|QOHPOHUDOQPWU.RQJDU
CHPnin
DUD VHoLPOHULQL ND\EHWPHVL LOH 'HPLUHO %DNDQOQGD NXUXODQ \HQL KNPHW g]DOQ NDWNODU\OD QO 2FDN VWLNUDU 3URJUDPQ DoNODPWU %X \HQL HNRQRPLNSROLWLNDODUQQEDOFDDPDoODUHNRQRPLQLQGUHNDEHWHDoOPDV\DEDQF
sermayenin zenGLULOPHVL
LKUDFDWQ DUWWUOPDV HNRQRPLGH GHYOHW VHNW|
rnn
kltlmesi, devlet mdahalelerinin minimum seviyeye indirilmesi, zel sektrde sermaye birikiminin zendirilmesi ve desteklenmesi ile piyasD PHNDQL]PDODUQQ
|]JUFH LOHPHVLQLQVDODQPDVROPXWXUdDYGDU%XDPDoODUD XODPDN
iin ngrlen politikalar:
VN SDUD SROLWLNDV \NVHN IDL] UHHO IDL] SROLWLNDV.7
UQOHULQLQ IL\DWODUQQ JHUoHNoL EHOLUOHQPHVL VEYDQVL\RQODUQ NDOGUOPDV NXU SROLWLNDVQQ WHUN HGLOLS JHUoHNoL G|YL] NXUX SROLWLNDVQQ L]OHQPHVL WHYLN HGLOPHVL
sabit
LKUDFDWQ GD\DO
G
WLFDUHWLQ
OLEHUDOOHWLULOPHVL
YH
LWKDO
LNDPHVLQH
167
VDQD\LOHPHQLQ WHUN HGLOLS LKUDFDWD GD\DO VDQD\LOHPHQLQ X\JXODQPDV ROPXW
ur
(Ergn 1990: 70).
2FDN GH X\JXODPD\D NRQDQ HNRQRPLN LVWLNUDU SURJUDP ]DPDQOD N|NOGHLLNOLNOHULDPDoOD\DQELU\DSVDOX\XPSURJUDPQDG|QPEXSURJUDPQ G]HQOHPH YH X\JXODPD HYUHOHULQGH ,0) YH 'Q\D %DQNDV VRQ GHUHFH HWNLOL ROPXWXU 6|QPH] %X G|QHPGH X\JXODQDQ VDQD\LOHPH SROLWLNDODU
birlikte uygulanan ve birbirini tamamla\DQ
DQD EDONODU DOWQGD WRSODQDELOLU
GHYDODV\RQODUOD 7UN /LUDVQQ GHHULQLQ GUOPHVL YH E|\OHFH |QFHVL X\JXODQPDNWDRODQDUGHHUOLNXUSROLWLNDVQQLKUDFDW]HULQGHNLROXPVX]HWNLVLQL RUWDGDQ NDOGUOPDV LJF PDOL\HWOHULQLQ GUOPHVL JPUN GXYDUODU YH NRUXPDFOQD]DOWOPDVLKUDFDWDVDODQDQGRUXGDQSDUDVDOGHVWHNOHU|]HOOHWLUPH \ROX\ODNDPXNHVLPLQLQVDQD\L\DWUPY
e retiminden elini ekmesi (Kepenek 1999:
236).
2FDN NDUDUODU VDGHFH SDUD RSHUDV\RQODUQD GD\DO EDVLW ELU LVWLNUDU SDNHWL
RODUDNGHLOELU\DSVDOX\XPSURJUDPRODUDNJ|UPHNJHUHNOLGLU$OQDQWHGELUOHUOH
Trkiye Ekonomisinde nemli yenilikler yaSOPWU
gUQHLQ OL \OODUQ
VRQXQGD WNDQPD QRNWDVQD JHOHQ LWKDO LNDPHVL VWUDWHMLVLQL WHPHOLQGHQ GHLWLULS EXQXQ\HULQHLKUDFDWDGD\DOVDQD\LOHPHVWUDWHMLVLEHQLPVHQPLWLU2FDNNDUDUODU LOH SL\DVD PHNDQL]PDVQD LOHUOLN ND]DQGUPD \ROXQGD
nemli mesafeler -71).
ND\GHGLOPL IL\DWODUQ SL\DVDGD DU] YH WDOHEH J|UH VHUEHVWoH ROXPDV YH IL\DWODUQ GRUXGDQGHLOGROD\ORODUDNHWNLOHPHEHQLPVHQPLWLU(UJQ
'|QHPH GDPJDVQ YXUDQ g]DOQ YHVRQUDVQGD7UNL\HHNRQRPLVLQGH
gereNOHWLUGLLROXPOXUHIRUPODUGWLFDUHWNDPEL\RYHILQDQVDODQODUQGDROPXWXU (Yenal 2003: 97). 24 2FDNSURJUDPQQHNRQRPL]HULQGHNLROXPOXHWNLVLVD\HVLQGH 1981-1986

DUDV HNRQRPLQLQ EDND ELU DOWQ G|QHPL ROPXWXU .DQVX
<DEDQF VHUPD\H JLULOHULQH NDU |QFHNL G|QHPGH J|]OHQHQ NVWOD\F WXWXP OL\OODUGD\HULQLoHLWOL|]HQGLULFLX\JXODPDODUDEUDNPWU6|QPH] OHULQ LNLQFL \DUVQGD \DEDQF VHUPD\H JLULL JHoPLOH NDUODWUODPD\DFDN ER\XWODUD XODP \DEDQF VHUPD\H JLULOHULQGH KL]PHW WXUL]P YH EDQNDFON VHNW|UOHUL |QHP ND]DQPD\D EDODPWU dDYGDU .UHGL SL\DVDODUQQ
168
VHUEHVWOHWLULOPHVL 6HUPD\H 3L\DVDVQQ NXUXOPDV 7UNL\HQLQ GQ\DGDNL PDOL VD\JQOQQDUWUOPDVE\PHQLQVUGUOHELOPHVLYHDOW\DS\DWUPODUQQLKPDO HGLOPHPHVL G|QHPLQ |QHPOL EDDUODU DUDVQGDGU ILQDQVDO UHIRUP VUHFL
(Yenal 2003: 102). Trkiyede

ELU X]DQWV RODUDN JHOLLP
VRQUDV SURJUDPQ
J|VWHUPLWLU %X VUHo ER\XQFD GH IDL] KDGOHULQGHNL VQUODPDODU NDOGUOP WHG|YL]DOPVDWPVHUEHVWOHWLULOPLXOXVDOILQDQVSL\DVDODUQD\|QHOLNRODUDN \OQGD 6HUPD\H 3L\DVDV .XUXOX ROXWXUXOPX YH VWDQEXO 0HQNXO .\PHWOHU %RUVDV NXUXOPXWXU <HOGDQ G LOH
zal dneminin olumlu yn

UHNDEHW
VHUEHVWOHWLUPH
\ROX\OD
GQ\D
EWQOHPH VUHoOHUL VRQXQGD
NRXOODUQQ EHQLPVHQPHVL YH GLQDPLN JLULLPFLOHULQ VD\ODUQQ DUWPDV ROPXWXU
(Kongar 2002: 416).
g]DOG|QHPLQLQROXPVX]JHOLPHOHULLVH|]HOOLNOHLNLDODQGDRUWD\DoNPWU NURQLNOHHQ DoN EWoH LOH +NPHWLQ \DVDODU YH \DUJ\ FLGGL\H DOPDPDV
(Yenal
2003: 104). ' YH Lo %RUoODQPD K]QQ DUWPDV G|QHPLQ HQ ROXPVX] \|QGU (avdar 1992: 229).
o ERUoODQPD NDPX DoNODUQQILQDQVPDQQGDJLGHUHNDUWDQELU
nem kazanP YH +D]LQHQLQ EDQNDODUD EHOOL DUDONODUOD WDKYLO YH ERQR VDWPDV
\|QWHPOHUL\OQGDEDODPYHG|QHPER\XQFDVUGUOPWU.,7VLVWHPLQLQ ILQDQVDO ELU NUL]H \|QHOLLQLQ WRKXPODU GD EX \OODU LoLQGH DWOP .7 IL\DWODU
genellikle genel fiyaW KDUHNHWOHULQL DUNDGDQ L]OHPL +D]LQHQLQ .7 \DWUPODUQQ

ILQDQVPDQQDNDWNVE\N|OoGHGDUDOWOPWU
(Boratav 2003: 154-155).
g]HO VHNW|UQ \NVHN IDL]OHUOH VHUYHWOHULQH VHUYHW NDWWNODU LoLQ ULVNOL VDQD\L \DWUPODUQD JLUPHOHUL LoLQ QHGHQ NDOPDP VDELW \DWUP IDDOL\HWOHUL GH
\DYDODPWU *HQL NDPX ND\QDNODUQQ NH\IL ELU HNLOGH |]HO VHNW|UH GDWOPDV \|QWHPL GHYDP HWPL YH WHYLN DG DOWQGD UDQW GDWP DGHWD VRUJXODQDPD] ELU |]HOOLNRODUDNNDOPWU ILQDQV WLFDUHW YH
(Yenal 2003: 107). 1980li yOODUGDND\QDNWDKVLVOHULUDQWL\H

VUDODPDVQ L]OHPL EX GD G|QHPLQ HQ ROXPVX]
VDQD\L
ER\XWODUQGDQ ELUL ROPXWXU .RQJDU
6DQD\L LOHWPHOHULQLQ DQD
IDDOL\HWOHUL GQGD HOGH HWWLNOHUL JHOLUOHU \OQGDQ EDOD\DUDN HN
bir kaynak
ROPDNWDQ oNP NDUODUQQ QHUHGH\VH ROPD]VD ROPD] ELU E|OP KDOLQH JHOPLWLU
169
<HOGDQ%XG|QHPGHDWODQUDQWNOWUL]OH\HQ\OODUGDGDGHYDPHWPL
1999- DUDVQGD E\N |]HO VHNW|U LUNHWLQLQ IDL] JHOLUOHUL LOHWPH NDUODUQ
DPWU
(Boratav 2003: 197).
'Q\D HNRQRPLVLQGH YH \OODUQGD RUWD\D oNDQ SHWURO RNODUQ L]OH\HQ G|QHPGH oHLWOL ONHOHUGH |QHPOL \DSVDO GHLPHOHU PH\GDQD JHOPL HNRQRPLOHUDUDVQGDEDPOONDUWP\HQLGHQJHOHULQROXPXWXU<HQLXOXVODUDUDV NRXOODUQ JHWLUGLL JHQHO HLOLPOHU JHOLU YHUJLVL RUDQODUQQ GUOPHVL PDO YH KL]PHW SL\DVDODUQGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ GHYOHW LOHWPHOHULQLQ |]HOOHWLULOPHVL YH XOXVODUDUDV VHUPD\H KDUHNHWOHULQLQ NROD\ODWUOPDV ROPXWXU
(Kongar 2002: 377).
'|QHPLQ HQ |QHPOL ROJXODUQGDQ ELUL VD\ODQ |]HOOHWLUPHGH LON X\JXODPD \OQGD EDODPWU g]HOOHWLUPH DPDF GRUXOWXVXQGD DWODQ GLHU DGPODU DUDVQGD \OQGD.7OHULQYHUJL JPUNYHNUHGL D\UFDONODUQQNDOGUOPDV
te
oD\ YH WWQGH GHYOHW WHNHOLQH VRQ YHULOPHVL YH EDWD LPDODW VDQD\L ROPDN ]HUH HNRQRPLN \DDPGDNL UROQQ D]DOWOPDV EXOXQPDNWDGU 6|QPH]
-17).
$QFDN ELUNDo VDQD\L WHVLVL GQGD |]HOOHWLULOPH\H JLGLOPHPL NDPX EDQNDODU
titizlikle elde tutXODUDNLNWLGDUQGHQHWOHPHGHQX]DN|]HOKD]LQHVLKDOLQHVRNXOPXWXU (Yenal 2003: 115).

\OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ NDPXR\XQXQ JQGHPLQH NRQX
lan
|]HOOHWLUPH |QFHOLNOH ELU UHWNHQOLN YH ND\QDNODUQ GDKD YHULPOL NXOODQOPDVQ VDODPDN LONHVL ]HULQH RWXUWXOPXWX 7UN LPDODW VDQD\LQGH \D GD |]HOOHWLULOPL EXOXQDQ oLPHQWR LOHWPHOHULQLQ |]HOOHWLULOPH |QFHVL YH VRQUDV NDPX YH |]HO VHNW|U D\UPQGDNL HWNLQOLN NDUODWUPDODU |]HO VHUPD\H OHKLQH KLoELU DQODPO EXOJX EXODPDPDNWDGU 1LWHNLP ]DPDQ LoLQGH 7UN LNWLVDW \D]QQ
da giderek nemini tirme
ND\EHGHQ EX J|U \HULQL NDPX NHVLPL DoNODUQ NDSDWPDN LoLQ |]HOOH GQFHVLQHEUDNPWU<HOGDQ
%X G|QHP GDKLOLQGH GHHUOHQGLULOHFHN LON SODQ %HLQFL %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQGU 3ODQ SODQODPD WDULKLQGH LON NH] ELU KNPHWLQ KD]UODG YH DUDONV] X\JXODPD RODQD EXODELOGLL ELU SODQ ROPD |]HOOLLQH VDKLSWLU
(Tokgz 2001: 196).
$QFDN SODQQ QDVO ELU NDONQPD YH VDQD\LOHPH VWUDWHMLVL|QJ|UGQWDUWPDNYH GHHUOHQGLUPHN GDKL JHUHNVL] RODUDN QLWHOHQGLULOHELOLU oQN EX G|QHPH GDPJDVQ
170
YXUDQ g]DO SODQODPD YH SODQ X\JXODPDODUQD LOJLVL] NDOP HNRQRPL\L SODQ G NDUDUODU\OD SROLWLNDVQGD LoJGOHUL\OH DPDo \|QHWPLWLU .DQVX SODQ KHGHIOHUL
3ODQQ
WHYLN
JLULLPFLOHULQ
WHUFLKOHULQL
GRUXOWXVXQGD
\|QOHQGLUPHNWLU %X NDSVDPGD LKUDFDWQ WHYLNLQGH WHPHO DPDo LKUDFDW KDFPLQLQ DUWUOPDV YH EX DUWD VUHNOLOLN ND]DQGUOPDV LKUDo UQOHULQLQ oHLWOHQGLULOPHVL YH WRSODP LoLQGH |]HOOLNOH VDQD\L UQOHULQLQ SD\QQ DUWUOPDV ROPXWXU OHWLLP DOW\DSVQQILQDQVPDQWHYLN HGLOHFHNWLU7HYLNYH\|QOHQGLUPHDUDoODUQQWHYLN HGLOHFHNLOHWPHQLQ \DWUPQ NRQXVXQDNDSDVLWHVLQHWHNQRORMLVLQHLVWLKGDPYH |GHPHOHU GHQJHVLQH NDWNV LOH \HU VHoLPLQH J|UH IDUNOODWUOP RODUDN YH VHOHNWLI ELU ELoLPGH NXOODQOPDV |QJ|UOPWU 7HYLN LOH LOJLOL PHY]XDW WHN \DVDGD WRSODQDUDN ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQ YH GHLHQ Lo YH G SL\DVD DUWODUQD X\XP VDOD\DELOHFHN HVQHNOLNWH ELU \DWUP YH LKUDFDW WHYLN VLVWHPLQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL DPDoODQPDNWDGU VWLKGDP SUREOHPLQLQ o|]OPHVLQGH HPHN \RXQ \DWUP SURMHOHULQLQ WHYLNLQH |QHP YHULOHFHN GLHU WDUDIWDQ \DWUPODUQ ILQDQVPDQQGD |] ND\QDNNXOODQPWHYLNHGLOHFHNWLU'37
-33).
VRQUDVQGD 7UNL\HGHHQIODV\RQJQGHPLQWHPHONRQXVXKDOLQHJHOPL VRQUDVQGD LVH EXQD VL\DVDO LVWLNUDUV]ON WD HNOHQPLWLU 2FDN NDUDUODUQGDQ VRQUD,0)GHVWHNOLSURJUDPGDDPDoNVDYDGHGH\NVHNHQIODV\RQRUDQQGUPHN X]XQ G|QHPGH GH LWKDO LNDPHVLQH GD\DO VDQD\LOHPH\L GD DoN KDOH JHWLUPHN ROPXWXU (PVHQ
Trkiye ekonoPLVL O \OODU ELU NUL] VUHFL LoLQGH
JHoLUPLWLU%XRQ\OER\XQFD\OQQ1LVDQ,0)QLQ\DNQGDQL]OHPH SURJUDPJLELNVPLLVWLNUDUSURJUDPODUX\JXODPD\DNRQPXROVDGDEXQODUQNDOF ELU EDDUV RODPDP YH XOXVDO HNRQRPL $V\D YH 5XV\D NUL]OHULQGHQ GH ROXPVX]\|QGHHWNLOHQHUHNDUELUGDUDOPDLoLQHJLUPLWLULQLNLQFL\DUVQGDQ
itibaUHQ GHULQOHHQHNRQRPLNNUL]ELU\DQGDQV|]NRQXVXGVDORNODUQELU\DQGDQ
GD ODU ER\XQFD VUGUOHQ GD EDPO \DSD\ E\PH VWUDWHMLVLQLQ YH oDUSN WRSOXPVDO E|OP YH ELULNLP PHNDQL]PDODUQQ WNDQPDVQQ ELU VRQXFX ROPXWXU
(Yeldan 2003: 159).
\OQGD RUWD\D oNDQ .|UIH] 6DYD YH 'RX %ORN
ONHOHULQLQ SDUoDODQPDV 7UNL\H\L XOXVODUDUDV HNRQRPLN YH SROLWLN SODWIRUPODUGD \HQLUROOHUVWOHQPHNGXUXPXQGDEUDNPWU*YHO
171
VRQUDVQGD 7UNL\H ]DWHQ SODQO \D GD SODQV] NDONQPD\ HNRQRPLN E\PH\LELUWDUDIDEUDNPWPoDEDVQELUELULSHLQHJHOHQHNRQRPLNNUL]OHUGHQ NXUWXOPD\D KD]UODQPDN ]RUXQGD NDOQDQ IDNDW KHSVL WDPDPODQDPDGDQ WHUN HGLOHQ
istikrar programODUQ X\JXODPD\D YHUPLWLU .DQVX g]DOQ HNRQRPL

X\JXODPDODUQ LGGHWOH HOHWLUHQ dLOOHU %DE
akan olarak ekonominin ynetimini
HOLQHDOQFDWP\OHEXX\JXODPDODUDX\JXQELUSROLWLNDL]OHPLWLUdLOOHULQ1LVDQ WH DOWQD LP]D DWW LVWLNUDU WHGELUOHUL g]DOQ PLPDU ROGXX 2FDN NDUDUODUQQ D\QVGU $VOQGD EX WHGELUOHU 7UNL\
ekonomisinin
temel
GDUERD]ODUQQ NDoQOPD] ELU VRQXFX ROPXWXU dQN HNRQRPL SROLWLNDV GHLVH GH\DGDGHLPLJ|UQVHGHLNL|]HOOLNKHSVDELWNDOPWUGERUoODQPDJHUHLYH DUWDQ ERUo \N HQIODV\RQ YH HQIODV\RQ \ROX\OD NDONQPDQQ EHGHOLQL JHOLUOL YDWDQGDD \NOHQPHVL .RQJDU
n sabit ve dar
-421). Enflasyon, ekonomide rant
NROODPDGDYUDQQD\RODoDUDNND\QDNODUQGDKDD]YHULPOLDODQODUD\|QHOPHVLQH\RO DoPDNWD HQIODV\RQ RUDQQGDNL K]O ELU DUW \DWUP RUDQODUQGD GH QHGHQ ROPDNWD WDVDUUXIODU ROXPVX] \|QGH HWNLOH\HUHN GDKD D] YHULPOL DODQODUD NDQDOL]H ROPDODUQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGU 8]D\
-40).
Trkiyede
enflasyon
G|QHPOHULQGH JLULLPFLOHULQ JHOLU YH NDUODUQGD E\N DUWODU ND\GHGLOPL DQFDN
zel sektrn genel tasDUUXI KDFPLQGH \NVHOPHGHQ oRN G ROPXWXU %XQXQ

QHGHQLLVHNROD\HOGHHGLOHELOLUVSHNODWLIND]DQoODUQJ|VWHULOLWNHWLPH\|QHOWLOPHVL YHXFX]NUHGLSROLWLNDVVRQXFXJLULLPFLOHULQNHQGLJHOLUOHULQGHQ\DSDFDNODUWDVDUUXI
yerine banka kredilerine y|QHOPL ROPDODUGU %LUJLOL %X DQOD\Q KDNLP
ROGXX JLULLPFLOLN NOWU VDKLS ROGXX JLULLPVHO GHHUOHUL ELU NHQDUD EUDNDUDN UDQWND]DQFQD\|QHOPH\LPHUNH]GHHUNDEXOHWPLWLU
Trkiye ekonomisi 1987-
\OODU DUDVQGD .|UIH] 6DYD VRQUDVQGD
GDUDODQ G HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHU LOH Lo VL\DVDO JHOLPHOHULQ HWNLVLQGH HNRQRPLN LVWLNUDU SURJUDPODUQD EDYXUPD\ JHUHNWLUHFHN NDGDU ]RUOX DUWODU DOWQGD JHoLUPLWLU OJLOL G|QHPGH HNRQRPLN E\PHGHNL LVWLNUDUV]ON \NVHN HQIODV\RQYHN|\OHUGH
n kente
J|oQ E\WW LVL]OLN VRUXQX LOH K]O NHQWOHPHQLQ \DUDWW UDQWODUQ HWNLVL\OH JHOLU GDOPQGDNL HLWVL]OLN DUWPWU 'DGHPLU \O VRQUDVQGD VL\DVL DODQGD GD |QHPOL JHOLPHOHU ROPX VL\DVL \DVDNODU NDONPWU ]OH\HQ \
llar
172
HUNHQVHoLPOHUHYHNRDOLV\RQODUDVDKQHROPXWXU*YHO
Bylece, 5 Nisan
LVWLNUDU WHGELUOHUL $OWQF %H <OON .DONQPD 3ODQQ $%<.3 VRQ \OQD UDVWODPWU
(Kongar 2002: 390).
' HNRQRPLN LOLNLOHUGH \O EDQD NDGDU
TLnin
\DEDQF SDUDODU NDUVQGD GHHU ND]DQPDV LWKDODW
cazip hale getiUPL
LKUDFDW D]DOWP YH G WLFDUHW DoNODUQ DUWUPWU $QFDN \OQGD 7/QLQ \DSODQ GHYDODV\RQODUOD E\N GHHU ND\EQD XUDPDV VRQXFX WDEOR WDP WHUVLQH G|QP LWKDODW D]DOUNHQ LKUDFDW UHNRU G]H\GH \NVHOPLWLU
(Tokgz 2001: 250-
251). kiyenin Nisan 1987deki tam yelik
$YUXSD
%LUOLL LOH LOLNLOHU
7U
EDYXUXVX YH EXQX L]OH\HQ *PUN %LUOLL J|UPHOHUL LOH \HQL ELU LYPH ND]DQP 6|QPH] G WLFDUHW SROLWLNDODUQGDNL OLEHUDOOHPHQLQ VRQ GXUD LVH 7UNL\HQLQ \OQGD $YUXSD %LUOLL LOH JPUN ELUOLLQH JLUPHVL ROPXWXU %RUDWDY 7UNL\H *PUN %LUOLLQH JLUPLWLU DQFDN EX NDWOP WHN WDUDIOGU oQN 7UNL\H QH RUWDNOQ NDUDU RUJDQ RODQ $YUXSD %LUOLLQLQ KHUKDQJL ELU UHVPL RUJDQQGD R\ KDNNQD VDKLSWLU QH GH *PUN %LUOLLQH JLUHQ ONHOHUH \DSODQ\DUGPGDQ\DUDUODQDELOPLWLU.RQJDU
$%<.3Q GD g]DO KD]UODPWU 7HYLN VLVWHPL VDQD\LQLQ RSWLPDO |OoHNWH DUONOD LKUDFDWD G|QN YH G SD]DUODUGD UHNDEHW HGHELOHFHN ELoLPGH JHOLPHVLQL VDOD\DFDNG]HQOHPHOHU\DSOPDV|QJ|UOPWU.RQJDU$%<.3QQ WHYLN SROLWLNDVQQ WHPHO DPDF UHNDEHW HGHELOLU ELU \DS LoLQGH G|YL] ND]DQGUF
faaliyetlerin ve plan hedeIOHUL LOH X\XPOX RODUDN \DWUPODUQ DUWWUOPDV YH E|OJHOHU
DUDVGHQJHVL]OLLQJLGHULOPHVLGLU3ODQG|QHPLQGH\DWUPYHG|YL]ND]DQGUF IDDOL\HWOHUL WHYLN VLVWHPLQLQ WHN ELU \DVDGD WRSODQDUDN ELUELULQL WDPDPOD\DQ GHLHQLoYHGSL\DVDDUWODUQDX\XPVDOD\DELOHFHNHVQHNOLNWHEURNUDVL\LHQDOW G]H\HLQGLUHFHNELoLPGHJHOLWLULOPHVLKHGHIOHQPLWLU$YUXSD%LUOLLQHWDP\HOLN NRQXVX GD GLNNDWH DOQDUDN WHYLN HGLOHFHN \DWUP SURMHOHULQLQ X]XQ G|QHPGH UHNDEHW DQVQD VDKLS WHNQRORMLN \DSGD NXUXOPDV PHYFXW WHVLVOHULQ LVH PRGHUQL]H YH WHYVL HGLOPHVL NRQXODU JQGHPH DOQDFDNWU 7HYLN SROLWLNDV oHUoHYHVLQGH DUDWUPDYHJHOLWLUPH\NVHNWHNQRORMLoHYUH NLUOLOLLQL|QOHPHHQHUMLWDVDUUXIX
gibi konular zerinde nemle
GXUXODFDN YH \DWUPODUQ ILQDQVPDQQGD |] ND\QDN
173
NXOODQP WHYLN HGLOHFHNWLU KUDFDWQ WHYLNLQGH WHPHO DPDo |]HOOLNOH LKUDo UQOHULQLQ YH SD]DUODUQQ oHLWOHQGLULOPHVL \ROX\OD LKUDFDWQ YH WRSODP LKUDFDW LoLQGH VDQD\L UQ SD\QQ \NVHOWLOPHVLGLU (N RODUDN LKUDFDWoODUQ XOXVODUDUDV SL\DVDODUGDUHNDEHWHWPHOHULQHLPNDQYHUHFHNDUWODUQVDODQPDVQDGHYDPHGLOHFHN LKUDFDW NUHGLVL YH VLJRUWDV VLVWHPOHUL JHOLWLULOHFHN YH LKUDFDWoQQ KHU WUO WHNQLN \DUGPGDQ \DUDUODQPDV VDODQDFDNWU <XUWG PWHDKKLWOLN KL]PHWOHULQLQ YH \DEDQFONHOHUGH\DWUP\DSDFDNJLULLPFLOHULQGQ\DSL\DVDODUQGDGDKDJoOKDOH JHOPHOHUL LoLQ YHULOHQ WHYLNOHU VUGUOHFHN YH JHUHNOL G]HQOHPHOHU \DSODFDNWU
(DPT 1989: 30-31).
7UNL\H VDQNL GHLPH] NDGHUL\PL JLEL <HGLQFL 3ODQ G| VRV\DO YH HNRQRPLN GDOJDODQPDODU \DDPWU
neminde de siyasal,
(Tokgz 2001: 277). Trkiye 1990-
\OODU DUDVQGD ELUL 1LVDQ GLHUL $UDON ROPDN ]HUH LNL NH] GDKD ,0) ND\QDNO LVWLNUDU SURJUDPODUQ X\JXODPDN GXUXPXQGD NDOPWU (PVHQ
2002: 87).
<HGLQFL %H <OON 3ODQ <%<.3 JHQHO RODUDN WRSODP
yirmi projeye
da\DO ELU UHIRUP PHWQL QLWHOLL WDPDNWDGU $QFDN <%<.3 L\L QL\HWOL ELU UHIRUP
EHOJHVL ROPDQQ |WHVLQH JHoHPHPL
Erbakan-iller ikilisinin ynHWLPL LOH EDOD\DQ (Kongar 2002: 393).
HNRQRPLNX\JXODPDODURQXUDIDNDOGUYHUPLWLU
<%<.3QGD VDQD\LOHPH LOH LOJLOL PHYFXW GXUXP WHVSLWLQGH ED] VHNW|UOHUGH UHNDEHW JoO oHNLOPHVLQH GHLQLOPL YH EXGXUXPXQQHGHQOHUL RODUDN
ise makro ekonRPLN
LVWLNUDUQ VDODQDPDPDV NURQLNOHHQ \NVHN HQIODV\RQ
VHUPD\H ELULNLPLQLQ \HWHUVL] ROPDV VHUPD\H PDOL\HWLQLQ YH VDQD\LQLQ WHPHO JLUGL IL\DWODUQQ \NVHN ROPDV NXUXPVDO \DSGDNL LVWLNUDUV]ON LOH WHNQRORMLGHNL
JHOLPHOHULQ \HWHULQFH L]OHQHPHPHVL WHNQRORML UHWHQ ELU G]H\H XODODPDPDV |OoHN VRUXQODU LOH XOXVODUDUDV VWDQGDUWODUGD UQ NDOLWHVLQH YH SD]DUODPD
RUJDQL]DV\RQXQGD \HWHUOL G]H\H XODODPDPDV J|VWHULOPLWLU %X SODQ G|QHPLQGH NDONQPDQQ DQD XQVXUODUQGDQ ELUL VDQD\LOHPH RODFD YXUJXODQDUDN GQ\D
SL\DVDODUQDHQWHJUHROPDYH$YUXSD%LUOLLQHX\XPoHUoHYHVLQGHGDDoNUHNDEHW JF \NVHN YH LKUDFDWD G|QN KDPPDGGH YH LQVDQ ND\QDNODU JLEL DYDQWDMODUQ GHHUOHQGLULOGLL ELU VDQD\L \DSVQQ |]HO VHNW|U PHUNH]OL ROXWXUXODFD VDQD\LQLQ
174
WHYLNLQGH VHNW|UHO WHYLNOHU \HULQH IDDOL\HW ED]QGD GHVWHN YHULOPHVL WHPHO LONH ROPXWXU7HYLNVLVWHPLQLQEDVLWOHWLULOHUHN\HQLGHQG]HQOHQPHVLWHYLNDUDoODUQQ XOXVODUDUDV \NPOONOHUOH X\XPOX KDOH JHWLULOPHVL YH HWNLQOLLQLQ DUWUOPDV KHGHIOHQPLWLU 6DQD\L \DWUPODUQQ WHYLNLQGH $U *H LOH WHNQRORMLN JHOLPH
ncelikli olmak zere, evre koruma, yeni istihdam yaratma, kk ve orta lekli
LOHWPHOHUL GHVWHNOHPH E|OJHOHUDUDV JHOLPLOLN IDUNQQ D]DOWOPDVQD NDWNGD
bulunmD YH *PUN %LUOLLQLQ JHUHNWLUGLL \DSVDO X\XPX VDODPD NRQXODU WHPHO
RODUDNHOHDOQDFDNWU
\OQGD|QFH*QH\GRX$V\DGDL]OH\HQ\O5XV\DGDER\J|VWHUHQYH JLGHUHN GQ\D HNRQRPLVLQH \D\ODQ NUHVHO NUL]LQ WHPHO QHGHQL EX ONHOHULQ NVD
vaGHOL\DEDQFVHUPD\HLOHX]XQYDGHOL\DWUPODUILQDQVHHWPLROPDODUGU%XNUL]
7UNL\HGH LKUDFDWQ D]DOPDVQD YH XOXVODUDUDV SL\DVDODUGD ERUo EXOPDQQ GDKD GD ]RUODPDVQDQHGHQRODUDNHWNLOHPLWLUoSL\DVDODUGDLVH\DDQDQWDOHSGDUDOPDVLOH
byPH GXUPXWXU 0RUJLO - o YH G WDOHS G VRQXFX VDQD\LGH

NDSDVLWH NXOODQP RUDQODU D]DOUNHQ ELUoRN DOW VHNW|UGH UHWLP \DYDODPWU
(Snmez 1999: 17).
\O VRQXQGD +NPHW HNRQRPLGH GDKD LVWLNUDUO ELU E\PH RUWDP
yaratmak amDF\OD
,0) GHVWHL\OH o \OON ELU PDNUR HNRQRPLN SURJUDP
X\JXODPD\D NR\PXWXU %X SURJUDPQ X\JXODQPDV VRQXFXQGD \OQGD HNRQRPLGH IDL] RUDQODUQQ K]OD EHNOHQHQ VHYL\HQLQ DOWQD LQPHVL HQIODV\RQ RUDQQQ |QHPOL |OoGH GPHVL UHWLP YH Lo WDOHELQ \NVHOPH\H EDODPDV ELoLPLQGHROXPOXJHOLPHOHUJ|]OHQPLWLU'37\OLVWLNUDUSURJUDP SDUD YH G|YL] SROLWLNDODU DoVQGDQ GDKD VRPXW SROLWLND G|QPOHUL LoHUPHNWHGLU %XUDGD DQD KHGHI SDUD YH G|YL] NXUX JHOLPHOHULQLQ |QFHGHQ
tahmin edilebilir
ROPDV\OD\HUOLYH\DEDQFODULoLQILQDQVDO\DWUPODUQJHWLULVL]HULQGHNLEHOLUVL]OLLQ D]DOWOPDV ROPXWXU <HOGDQ $QFDN 7UN /LUDVQQ UHHO GHHULQLQ EHNOHQHQLQ ]HULQGH DUWPDV Lo WDOHELQ K]OD \NVHOPHVL KDP SHWURO YH GRDO JD] JLEL HQHUML UQOHULQLQ IL\DWODUQQ DUWPDV YH FDUL LOHPOHU DoQQ SURJUDP VHYL\HVLQL |QHPOL |OoGH DPDV JLELED]EHNOHQPH\HQJHOLPHOHULQ\DDQPDVJLEL
175
ROXPVX]
JHOLPHOHUH
ED]
|QHPOL
NDPX
LOHWPHOHULQLQ
|]HOOHWLULOPHOHULQGHNL
gecikPHOHU ILQDQV VHNW|UQQ VDONV] \DSV YH NDPX EDQNDODUQQ QHGHQ ROGXX
VRUXQODU HNOHQLQFH \OQQ LNLQFL \DUVQGD 7UNL\H\H QHW VHUPD\H JLULL D]DOPWU%XJHOLPHOHU.DVPYHXEDWGHROPDN]HUHDUNDDUND\DLNL NUL]H \RO DoP EXQXQ VRQXFXQGD IDL] RUDQODU \NVHOPL GDOJDO NXU VLVWHPLQH JHoLOPLYH7UN/LUDVGHYDOH HGLOPLWLU.UL]LDPDNLoLQ1LVDQGH\HQLELU HNRQRPLN SURJUDP DoNODQPWU
(DPT 2003: 3-4). 1994 ve 2000 krizlerinde ulusal
para talebinden kaynaklanan
PDOL VHNW|U VNWUPDODUQQ RUWD\D oNDUG OLNLGLWH
krizi bu krizlere neden olarak grlmektedir. 2001 krizi ise 1994 krizine benzer
RODUDN G|YL]H DU WDOHSWHQ ND\QDNODQPWU (PVHQ 'LHU WDUDIWDQ \O LVWLNUDU SURJUDP oHUoHYH
siQGH |]HOOHWLUPH ELU UHWNHQOLN YH HWNLQ ND\QDN
daOPQGDQ
oRN GRUXGDQ GRUX\D GHYOHW EWoHVLQH JHOLU \DUDWPDN DPDFQD
G|QPWU<HOGDQ
%XG|QHPGHX\JXODPD\DNRQDQVRQSODQRODQ6HNL]LQFL%H<OON.DONQPD 3ODQ 6%<.3 HQIODV\RQX $YUXSD %LUOLL NULWHUOHUL LOH X\XPOX G]H\OHUH
GUPH\L HNRQRPLGH VUGUOHELOLU ELU E\PH RUWDP WHVLV HWPH\L YH $YUXSD %LUOLLQH WDP \HOLN KHGHIL GRUXOWXVXQGD HNRQRPLQLQ UHNDEHW YH X\XP JFQ DUWUPD\ |Q SODQD oNDUPWU $QFDN EX SODQOD LOJLOL WHPHO KHGHIOHUH XODDELOPH DGQDRUWD\DNRQDQSROLWLNDODU\UUOHJLUPHGHQ.DVP.UL]LLOHJQGHPGHQ GP YH JQ NXUWDUDELOPH XUD LoLQGH J|] DUG HGLOPLWLU
(Tokgz 2001: 280-
281).
3ODQ GDKLOLQGH .oN YH 2UWD %R\ OHWPHOHULQ .2% GHVWH \HQLOLN \DSDELOPH VLVWHPOHULQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVLQH YH \HQL
klenmesine,
WHYLN
JLULLPFLOHULQ
HGLOPHVLQH|]HOOLNOH|QHPYHULOPHVL|QJ|UOPWU<DWUPODUGDWHPHODPDoNDPX YH |]HO NHVLP ND\QDNODUQQ DNOF YH ELUELUOHULQL WDPDPOD\DQ \DWUP DODQODUQD
ynOHQGLULOPHVLQL
VDODPDNWU
'37

-14).
6%<.3
NDSVDPQGD
VDQD\LOHPHGH GD G|QN ELU \DS ROXWXUDUDN UHNDEHW JFQQ \NVHOWLOPHVL DPDoODQPWU%XDQODPGDVDQD\LQLQWHNQRORMLUHWHQ$U
-Geye nem veren, retim
IDDOL\HWOHULQLoHYUHQRUPODUQDX\DUDN\DSDQWNHWLFLRGDNOQLWHOLNOLLJFNXOODQDQ
176
YH |]JQ WDVDUP YH PDUND \DUDWDELOHQ ELU \DS ND]DQPDV KHGHIOHQPLWLU
Devlet
XOXVODUDUDV NXUDOODU oHUoHYHVLQGH VDQD\L\L GHVWHNOH\LFL SL\DVD\ G]HQOH\LFL UROQ VUGUHFHNDQFDNED]VWUDWHMLNDODQODUGQGDWDPDPHQVDQD\LGHQoHNLOHFHNWLU'37
2000: 225-226).
SBYKPQ
.2%OHU LOH LOJLOL |QJ|UOHUL EX LOHWPHOHULQ UHNDEHW
JFQQ \NVHOWLOPHVL LoLQ WHNQRORMLOHULQLQ YH UQ NDOLWHOHULQLQ JHOLWLULOPHVL YHULPOLOLNOHULQLQ DUWUOPDV ELOJL\H HULLPOHULQLQ NROD\ODWUODUDN UHKEHUOLN YH GDQPDQON LELUOLLQLQ KL]PHWOHULQGHQ L\LOHWLULOHUHN %DQNDFON ID\GDODQPDODUQQ HOHNWURQLN WLFDUHW VDODQPDV LPNDQODUQQ LOHWPHOHUDUDV DUWUOPDVQQ SD\ODUQQ
GHVWHNOHQPHVLGLU
VLVWHPLQGHQ
.2%OHULQ
\DUDUODQPD
\NVHOWLOPHVL YH ULVN VHUPD\HVLQLQ JHOLPHVLQL VDOD\DFDN G]HQOHPHOHULQ \DQ VUD .2%OHULQ VHUPD\H SL\DVDVQGD PHQNXO N\PHW LKUDo HGHELOPHOHULQL VDOD\DFDN PHY]XDWQ G]HQOHQPHVL JHUHNOL J|UOPWU '37
SBYKPQQ X]XQ
dnemJHOLPHVWUDWHMLOHULQHEDNOGQGDONHQLQGQ\DLOHEWQOHPHVLQLQGDKDGD
K]ODQGUOPDVQQ KHGHIOHQGLL GDKD HWNLOL ELU GQ\D YH E|OJHVHO Jo KDOLQH JHOLQPHVLQLQDPDoODQGJ|UOPHNWHGLU6R\DN
Trkiye, Nisan 2002 tarihinde Avrupa KoN

RQD\ODP YH EX oHUoHYHGH SL\DVDGD UHNDEHWLQ
OHWPHOHU 6|]OHPHVLQL LVWLKGDPQ
ROXWXUXOPDVQGD
DUWUOPDVQGD JLULLPFLOLLQ JHOLPHVLQGH YH JHOLU GDOPQQ L\LOHWLULOPHVLQGH ROXPOX HWNLOHUL RODQ .2%OHULQ JHOLWLULOPHVL E\N |QHP WDPDNWDGU .2%OHUH LNXUPDJHOLPHYHE\PHDDPDODUQGDILQDQVDOGHVWHNYHGDQPDQONKL]PHWOHUL VDODPDN DPDF\OD 7UNL\H 2GDODU YH %RUVDODU %LUOLL |QFOQGH .2%
<DWUPODUQD 2UWDNON $ NXUXOPXWXU .UHGL *DUDQWL )RQX \O VRQX LWLEDU\OD .2%\H NUHGL JDUDQWL GHVWHL VXQPXWXU .oN YH 2UWD %R\ OHWPHOHU %LOJL $ 3URMHVL LOH .2%OHU YH UQOHUL G SL\DVDODUD WDQWOPDNWD HOHNWURQLNWLFDUHWLQWHYLNLVDODQPDNWDGU'37
-19).
VRQUDV VDQD\LOHPHVLQLQ LNL |QHPOL ER\XWX \D GD QLWHOLL YDUGU %XQODUGDQELULQFLVLGHYOHWLQVDQD\L\H\DWUP\DSPDPDVHOLQGHNLVDQD\LWHVLVOHULQL
177
GH K]OD HOLQGHQ oNDUPDV YH VDQD\L \DWUPODUQQ YH UHULPLQ HVDV RODUDN VHUEHVW SL\DVDNRXOODUQDWHUNHGLOPHVLGLU%XQXQVRQXFXRODUDN7UNL\H YH HOHNWURQLN DODQODUQGD NXUXOPDN LVWHQHQ \DWUP
de makine, elektrik
VDQD\LOHULQLQ
PDOODU
NXUXOPDVQGDQ YD]JHoLOPLWLU YH GHYOHW VHNW|UQQ VDQD\L \DWUPODUQGDQ HOLQL oHNPHVL EX DODQQ |]HO VHNW|U WDUDIQGDQ GROGXUXOPDV VRQXFXQX YHUPHPL DNVLQH
zelNHVLPLQVDQD\L\DWUPODUGDD]DOPWU.HSHQHN1980den bu yana

JHoHQ G|QHPGH X\JXODPD\D NRQDQ SROLWLNDODU VRQXFXQGD GHYOHW EDWD G WLFDUHW G|YL] NXUX IDL] RUDQ NDPX \DWUPODU ROPDN ]HUH |QHPOL VDQD\LOHPH DUDoODU
zerindeki doUXGDQ
NRQWUROQ
\LWLUPL
VDQD\LOHPH
GH
JLGHUHN
WRSOXPVDO
JQGHPGHQGPH\HEDODPWU.2%OHUEXJQHGHNKLoELUONHGHVDQD\LOHPHQLQ WHPHO GLQDPLLQL ROXWXUPDG KDOGH VDQD\L SROLWLNDV YH WHYLN VLVWHPL .2%OHU YH WHNQRORMLN ELU DWOP DUDFO LOH NDONQPDQQ VDODQPDVQD \|QHOLN ELoLPGH KD]UODQPDNWDGU 2\VD EDDUO ONH GHQH\LPOHUL LOHUL VDQD\LOHUH GRUX ELU \DWUP KDPOHVL JHUoHNOHWLUPHGHQ YH GHYOHWLQ EX VUHFH NDWOP VDODQPDGDQ EX WU oDEDODUQROXPOXELUVRQXoYHUPH\HFHLQLJ|V
termektedir 6|QPH]+]O
ELUVHUPD\HELULNLPLVDOD\DELOPHNLoLQLOHULWHNQRORMLLKWLYDHGHQUQOHUUHWPHNYH LKUDo HWPHN JHUHNOLGLU YH ELOLP YH WHNQRORML\L HOGH HWPHQLQ LNL IDUNO \ROX EXOXQPDNWDGU UHWPHN \D GD WUDQVIHU HWPHN *HOLPHNWH
olan lkeler, iktisadi
JHOLPH YH SL\DVDODPD G]H\OHULQH X\JXQ ROPD\DQ WHNQRORMLOHUL LWKDO HGHUHN WHNQRORMLN EDPOO VUHNOL KDOH JHWLUPHNWHGLU
(Duman 2001: 37-38).
8OXVODUDUDV
PDOYHKL]PHW DNPQQ|]HOOLNOHGHVHUPD\HQLQGRODPQQK]ND]DQPDVELOLLP YHLOHWLLPWHNQRORMLOHULQGHNLK]OJHOLPHQLQGRUXGDQVRQXFXGXU%XJHOLPHOHUELU WDUDIWDQ NUHVHOOHPH VUHFLQL \DUDWUNHQ GLHU WDUDIWDQ GD JHOLPL ONHOHULQ XOXVDO
teknoloji sistemlerini glendirPHN DPDF\OD \HQL SROLWLNDODU ROXWXUPDODUQD QHGHQ

ROPDNWDGU 6RQXoWD JHOLPL ONHOHU JHQHOOLNOH LOHUL WHNQRORML NXOODQDQ VDQD\L UQOHULUHWLUNHQD]JHOLPLOHUHHPHN\RXQVHNW|UOHUNDOPDNWDGU%XXOXVODUDUDV LE|OP VRQXFX JHOLPL YH D] JHOLPL ONHOHU DUDVQGDNL XoXUXP JLGHUHN
dHULQOHPHNWHGLU 7UN VDQD\LVLQLQ G SD]DUODUGD UHNDEHWL XFX] HPHN SROLWLNDVQD

GD\DQGUOPWU
(Kepenek 1999: 237).
6DQD\L SROLWLNDVQQ ROXWXUXOPDVQGDHWNLOLRODQEDOFDNXUXPYH NXUXOXODU LOH EXQODUQ J|UHYOHUL LVH '37 0VWHDUO VDQD\L SROLWLNDODUQQ GD DQD ELU XQVXU
178
RODUDN
\HU
DOG
X]XQ
YDGHOL
NDONQPD
SODQODUQ
YH
\OON
SURJUDPODU
KD]UODPDNWDGU 6DQD\L YH 7LFDUHW %DNDQOQQ WHPHO J|UHY YH VRUXPOXOXNODU PHYFXW HNRQRPLN YH WHNQRORMLN DUWODUD J|UH VDQD\L SROLWLNDODUQQ ROXWXUXOPDVQD NDWN VDODPDN NDONQPD SODQODU YH SURJUDPODUGD |QJ|UOHQ KHGHI YH SROLWLNDODU oHUoHYHVLQGH VDQD\LQLQ K]O YH LVWLNUDUO JHOLPHVLQL VDODPDNWU +D]LQH
0VWHDUO \DWUP WHYLN VLVWHPLQLQ
EHOLUOHQPHVL
YH X\JXODQPDV \DEDQF
\DWUPODUOD LOJLOL SROLWLNDODUQ EHOLUOHQPHVL \DEDQF \DWUPODUQ WDNLEL YH WHYLN HGLOPHVLQL VDODUNHQ YH ' 7LFDUHW 0VWHDUO G WLFDUHW IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ VHUEHVW
NRRUGLQDV\RQX
GHVWHNOHQPHVL
LKUDFDW
WHYLNOHULQLQ
G]HQOHQPHVL
E|OJHOHULQ NXUXOPDV \|QHWLOPHVL YH LOHWLOPHVL LOH LOJLOL LONH YH SROLWLNDODUQ EHOLUOHPHNWHGLU g]HOOHWLUPHGDUHVL%DNDQO|]HOOHWLUPH X\JXODPDODU\ODLOJLOL NDUDUODUQ DOQPDV YH X\JXODQPDVQ \HULQH JHWLUPHNWH .oN YH 2UWD gOoHNOL 6DQD\L *HOLWLUPH YH 'HVWHNOHPH %DNDQO $
r-Ge faaliyetlerinin desteklenmesi,
NDOLWH L\LOHWLUPH YH VHNW|UHO JHOLPH\H \|QHOLN GHVWHN VDODQPDV SD]DUODPD YH LVWLKGDP\DUDWPDNRQXODUQGDGDQPDQONYHHLWLPKL]PHWOHULYHUPHNWHGLU7UNL\H %LOLPVHO YH 7HNQLN $UDWUPDODU .XUXPX ELOLP YH WHNQRORML SROLWLNDODUQQ ROXWXUXOPDV YH $U *H
IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ
WHYLN
HGLOPHVL
YH
NRRUGLQDV\RQX
VDODPDNWDGU %X VUHoWH \HU DODQ GLHU NXUXPODU 5HNDEHW .XUXPX 7UN 6WDQGDUWODU (QVWLWV 7UN 3DWHQW (QVWLWV YH NDPX NXUXPODU\OD LELUOLL \DSDQ
zel sekt|U NXUXOXODU 7UNL\H 2GDODU YH %RUVDODU %LUOLL 7UN 6DQD\LFLOHUL YH
DGDPODU 'HUQHL 7UNL\H (VQDI YH 6DQDWNDUODU .RQIHGHUDV\RQXGXU '37
10-12).
%X G|QHPGH 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLL HWNLOH\HQ EDOFD ROD\ODU
; 24 Ocak
VWLNUDU 3URJUDP (\OO +DUHNDW GD DoN E\PH SROLWLNDVQD GD\DO HNRQRPLGH OLEHUDOOHPH NDPX DOW\DS \DWUPODUQQ |QHP ND]DQPDV |]HOOHWLUPH WDUWPD YH X\JXODPDODU KL]PHW VHNW|UQGHNL JHOLPH\H SDUDOHO RODUDN EX DODQGD IDDOL\HWWHEXOXQDQJLULLPFLVD\VQQDUWPDVILQDQVDOKL]PHWOHULQJHOLPHVLLKUDFDWD G|QN JLULLPFLOLLQ \D\JQODPDV WHNQRORML \RXQ LOHWPHOHU NXUPD oDEDODU YH WDUPGDPRGHUQOHPHoDEDODUGU
179
*LULLPFLOLN DoVQGDQ NDUODODQ HQJHOOHU LVH NURQLN \NVHN HQIODV\RQ
belirsizlik, rant ekRQRPLVLQLQ \D\JQODPDV NDPXQXQ PDOL SL\DVDODUGD DUOQ

NRUXPDV PH\GDQD JHOHQ ND\QDNODUQ |QHPOL E|OPQQ NDPX\DWUDQVIHU HGLOPHVL KXNXNL EROXNODUQ JLGHULOHPHPHVL WP |QOHPOHUH NDUQ EURNUDWLN \DSQQ YH PHY]XDWQ EDVLWOHWLULOHPHPHVL NRXOODUD X\JXQ WHYLN X\JXODPDODUQQ KD\DWD JHoLULOHPHPHVL LKUDFDWQ DUWQGD VUHNOLOLLQ VDODQDPDPDV ROPXWXU 0IWROX
1996: 64-65).
180
Tablo 14. 6RQUDV*HQHOhONHYH*LULLPFLOLN$OW\DSV

*HQHOONHDOW\DSV oERUoPLO\DU7/
-01) (Yerli) (81-05) -05)
6.693,56 1.143
%DYXUX
GSMH 1968 Sabit Fiyat Milyon TL(80-01) GSMH Cari Milyon $(80-01)
.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/
-01) -01)
347.873,85 131.592,42 1.531,47 5.974,47 2.211.668,61 2.237,28 358.456.618,76 6.016.520.555.000 8.876.211.062.352 2.859.690.507.352 57,36 63,43 62,68 31.350.925,91 19.881.079,29 3.058.972,23 3,83
AR-*(KDUFDPDVPLO\RQ-02)

3DWHQWEDYXUXODUYHYHULOHQSDWHQWOHU
Verilen: 50
.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/ 0DUNDEDYXUXODUYHYHULOHQPDUNDODU<HUOL %DYXUX
Tescil:11.830 i TL 1987 Fiyat(80-01) .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL&DUL)L\DW-01) .LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.LL7/&DUL)L\DW-01)

.LLEDQDGHQJD\ULVDILPLOOLKDVOD*60+.L *LULLPFLOLNDOW\DSV
Nfus(1000) (80-01) Santralarla gre elektrik enerjisi retimi(brt) 106 kWh (80-03)
7HOHIRQDERQHVD\V
56.911,33 73.665,29 10.262.380,83 8.493,79

HKLU
Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*(/5FDULIL\DWODUOD 1.000TL) Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL*'(5 Konsolide Btenin Gelir-*LGHUYH$oN.DOHPOHUL$d,. *60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD7$5,0-04)
*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL\DWODUOD6$1$<
-04) -04) (km) -
'HPLU\ROODUX]XQOXXKDWX]XQOXX
ehir ve ky nfusu
-04)
*60+VHNW|UHOE\PHK]ODU&DULIL
yatlarla (hizmetler) (80-04)
02) Banka kredileri(milyon TL)

<DEDPOONRUDQWRSODP
-04) KUDFDWELQGRODU-04)

WKDODWELQGRODU 7HIHHQGHNV\O2UWDODPD
-00)
%\PHIL\DWODU\OD
-01) -01) -04) -04) -04) -04)
-14\D-00) +\D-00) 6RV\DOVLJRUWDSURJUDPODUQQNDSVDGQIXV-03) Yeni kurulaQNDSDQDQLUNHWOHUYHNRRSHUDWLIOHU-04)

<DEDPOONRUDQJHQoEDPOONRUDQ <DEDPOONRUDQ\DOEDPOONRUDQ PDODWVDQD\LWRSODPL\HULVD\V
KUDFDWQWKDODWNDUODPDRUDQ
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLJHOLUOHUL
*HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODWYHUJLGQRUPDOJHOLUOHU *HQHOEWoHJHOLUOHULWDKVLODW|]HOJHOLUOHUYHIRQODU
64,52 82,25 8,79 8,95 59,4 21,92 58.062,66
-01)
sektr(80-01) PDODWVDQD\L|]HOVHNW|U-01)

PDODWVDQD\LGHYOHW (LWLPGXUXPODUQDJ|UHLVWLKGDPHGLOHQOHU
23.581.012,66 Ky 582,18 39.194,54 5.048.923.223,8 63,86 56,16 7,70 7.660.066,43 29.351,20 1.468,29 10.120 373 9.747 20.351,820; Yksekokul ya da faklte 1.503,230 196,68 36.639,84
OHPKDFPL
-04)
7RSODP<DWUPODUGDg]HO6HNW|UQ3D\
-01)
VWDQEXOPHQNXON\PHWOHUERUVDVQGDKLVVHVHQHWOHULLOHPJ|UHQ LUNHWVD\VYHWRSODPSL\DVDGHHUOHUL
-04) (Milyon $)
ToSODP<DWUPODUQ*60+GDNL3D\-01) 'ERUoPLO\RQ-01)
+LVVHVHQHWOHULSL\DVDV
-04)(Milyon $)
181
7UNL\HGH*LULLPFLOLN.OWUQ<|QOHQGLUHQgQF*LULLPFLOHU
7UNL\HGH JHoPLL ROGXNoD JHULOHUH X]DQDQ N|NO JLULLPOHUH oRN HQGHU UDVWODQPDNWDGU $YUXSDGD YH $PHULNDGD \D \O DDQ oRN VD\GD PLNUR YHPDNUR|OoHNOLILUPD\DUDVWODPDNPPNQGU7UNL\HGHLVHNXUXODQLOHWPHOHULQ E\N oRXQOXXQXQ \DDP VUHVL NXUXFXQXQ \DDP VUHVL\OH VQUO NDOPDNWDGU OHWPHQLQ NXUXFXVX GXUXPXQGD RODQ YH RQX NoN ELU |OoHNWHQ EDOD\DUDN DGP DGP E\WHQ NLL EDDU NDEXO HGLOHELOHFHN VHYL\HOHUH XODWNWDQ VRQUD LOHWPHVLQL LNLQFL QHVLOH EUDNWQGD ILUPDQQ \DDP VUHVL JHQHOOLNOH VRQ EXOPDNWDGU %X GXUXPGDLOHWPHIDDOL\HWLQHVRQYHUPHNWHHOGHLWLUPHNWH\DGDPLUDVoODUDUDVQGD SD\ODODUDN WHNUDU EDODQJo DDPDVQD G|QOPHNWHGLU 7HNUDU NoN |OoHNOHUH G|QOPHVL LVH NXUXFX NLLQLQ HOGH HWWLL EDDUODU VIUODPDNWD LO
etmenin
SHUIRUPDQVQROXPVX]\|QGHHWNLOHPHNWHGLU0IWROXYHGLHUOHUL
OHWPHOHULQ \DDP VUHVLQLQ 7UNL\HGH JHQHOOLNOH ELU QHVLOOH VQUO NDOPDV QHUHGHQ ND\QDNODQPDNWDGU" 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOHU JHQHOOLNOH KD\DWD HUNHQ \DWD DWOGNODULoLQLOHULHLWLPRODQDEXODPDP\DEDQFGLOVHYL\HVLGNELUH\OHUGLU +LVVHWWLNOHUL EX HNVLNOLL oRFXNODUQGD WDPDPODPD \ROXQD EDYXUPDNWDGUODU
dRFXNODUQ HQ L\L RNXOODUGD RNXWPD\D ELU \D GD ELUNDo OLVDQ |UHQPHOHULQL VDODPD\D oDOPDNWDGU $QFDN JHQHOOLNOH JHQL LPNDQODU LoLQGH \HWLHQ oRFXNODU LOHWPH\HLOJLVL]NDOPDNWDLOHWPHQLQ|PUELUQHVLOGHQ|WH\HJLGHPHPHNWHGLU'LHU WDUDIWDQ LOHWPH\L JLULLPFLGHQ VRQUD GHYLU DODQ QHVOLQ DQODPD]ONODUD GPHVL VRQXFXRUWDNOQER]XOPDVGD7UNL\HGHVNONODUDVWODQODQELUNRQXGXUOHWPH\L NXUDQ YH RQX E\WS EHOLUOL ELU DDPD\D JHWLUHQ JLULLPFLQLQ EX NRQXGD \DSPDV JHUHNHQ VDKLS RODPDG HLWLP LPNDQODUQQ \DQQGD oRFXNODUQD VDKLS ROGXX YH EDDUVQGD HQ |QHPOL IDNW|U RODQ JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ DODPDNWU *LULLPFLOLN NOWUQQ \DQ VUD LOHWPHQLQ GLHU NXDNODUD GHYULQGH EDDU\ VDOD\DQ GLHU ELU IDNW|UGHNXUXPVDOODPDGU0IWROXYH'XUXNDQ
-122).
182
.OWU ELUH\LQ GDYUDQODUQQ EWQGU %LU WRSOXOXXQ WDULKL
sre iinde
ND]DQG PDGGL PDQHYL GHHUOHULQL GQ ELUOLLQL ROXWXUDQ KHU WUO \DD\ GQFH YH VDQDW YDUONODUQQ WPGU .OWU ELU ONH KDONQQ RUWDN PDO YH NLLOLLQL ROXWXUDQ HGHEL\DWD VDQDWD W|UHOHUH JL\VLOHUH JHOHQHNOHUH GQPH YH \DDP ELoLPLQH LOLNLQ ND]DQPODUQQ WDPDPGU .DYUDPODU ELOJLOHUL LQDQoODU VDQDWODU \DVDODU DKODN JL\VLOHUL YH ELU WRSOXP \HVL RODUDN ELUH\LQ HGLQGLL WP GLHU\HWHQHNYHDONDQONODUNDSVD\DQNDUPDNEWQHNOWUGHQPHNWHGL
r. Kltr,
WRSOXPGD \DD\DQ ELUH\OHULQ WP |UHQGLNOHULQL YH SD\ODWNODUQ NDSVD\DQ ELU NDYUDPGU %LU WRSOXPXQ NOWU R FHPL\HWLQ \HOHULQLQ VRUXQODUQ o|]POHPHN ]HUH ROXWXUPX ROGXNODU ED] G]HQ YH NXUDOODUGDQ ROXPDNWDGU (YUHQVHO EDNPGDQ GQOGQGH NOWU LQVDQOQ RUWD\D NR\GXX LOHUOHPHOHULQ WPGU %LUH\LQ\DDQWVQYHHLWLPLQLQWPQNDSVDPDNWDGU
.OWU%LUWRSOXPXQ NHQGLLo\DVDODUQDJ|UHELoLPND]DQPDVYHJHOLPHVL ELU WRSOXPXQ \DDP ELoLPOHULQLQ oHLWOL DODQODUGD ROJXQODPDV JHQL ELU WRSOXPXQ EWQ DODQODUQGD RUWDN RODQ GLQVHO DKODNL HVWHWLN WHNQLN YH ELOLPVHO QLWHOLNWHNL WRSOXPVDO DOJODUQQ EWQ GHHUOHQGLUPH \HWHQHNOHULQL JHOLWLUPL ROPD
GXUXPXGXU%HOOLELUNRQXGDND]DQOPJHQLYHG]HQOLELOJLGLU
(Akdemir 2003: 25-
26).
$NGHPLU NOWU NDYUDPQGDQ \ROD oNDUDN JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ WRSOXPGD JUXSWD \D GD ELUH\OHUGH NHQGLQL NDEXO HWWLUPH PDGGL ]HQJLQOLH XODPD DGQD LOHWPH NXUPD IDUNOODPD DUD\ YH X\JXODPDODU ELoLPLQGH WDQPODPWU +DOLKD]UGD LOHWPH NXUPX RODQ ELUH\OHULQ VDKLS ROGXNODU PWHUL\L DOGDWPDPD VUHNOL \HQLOLNoL ROPD oDODQODUQ \DUDWFONODUQGDQ \DUDUODQPD NDWOPFO VDODPD JLEL GHHUOHUL GH JLULLPFLOLN NOWU NDSVDPQGD GHHUOHQGLUPLWLU
Akdemir, girLLPFLOLNNOWUQQoIDUNOER\XWDVDKLSROGXXQXEHOLUWPLWLU%LULQFL
ER\XWWDELUH\OHULQNHQGLQLNDEXOHWWLUPHNHQGLQLDPDWDNGLUDOPD\|QHOLPOLRODUDN LOHWPH NXUPD XUDVQGD ROPDODU KHUKDQJL ELU |OoHNWH LOHWPH NXUXS SDWURQ ROPD
gdsne sahLS
ROPDODU YH EXQX RODDQ ELU GDYUDQ KDOLQH JHWLUPHOHUL \HU ER\XWWD KHUKDQJL ELU JLULLPFL \D GD JLULLPFL JUXEXQXQ
DOPDNWDGU NLQFL
183
WNHWLFLOHUH oDODQODUD GHYOHWH YH WRSOXPVDO VRUXPOXOXD LOLNLQ \DNODPODU \HU DOPDNWDGU 7NHWLFLOHUH GDKD \N
sek bir kaliteyi, daha ucuza sunma gayreti
LoHULVLQGH ROPD NDOLWHVL] UQOHUL SDKDO\D VDWPD VUHNOL GHYOHWH YHUJL YHUPH \D GD VUHNOL GHYOHWL VR\PD\D oDOPD GHYOHWWHQ WHYLN YH WHYLN NUHGLVL DODUDN EXQODU
trl numaralarla dememeyi adet haline getiUPH oDODQODUD VUHNOL \NVHN FUHW
YHUPH JD\UHWL LoHULVLQGH ROPD \D GD VUHNOL GDKD oRN oDOWUS D] FUHW |GHPH JD\UHWLQGH ROPDN NDWOPF ELU \|QHWLP NOWU ROXWXUPDN VUHNOL VHUW J|UQW VHUJLOH\HUHN RWRNUDWLN ELU NOWU EHQLPVHPHN GH JLULLPFL
lik kltrdr. nc
ER\XWWD LVH ELUH\OHULQ NXUXPODUQ JUXSODUQ JLULLPFLOLH EDN NVDFDV WRSOXPXQ JLULLPFLOLH EDN JLULLPFLOLN NOWU RODUDN LIDGH HGLOHELOLU *LULLPFL NDYUDP WRSOXPDNDKUDPDQOGUVWONXWVDOOoDUWUDELOLU'LHUWDUDIWDQKUV]O \DPDODPD\GHYOHWWHQNUHGLDOS|GHPHPH\LYHUJLYHUPHPH\LoDUWU\RUVDEXGD QHJDWLIJLULLPFLOLNNOWUELoLPLQGHDOJODQDELOLU
%LUH\OHULQ NHQGLOHULQL NDQWODPD HNRQRPLN JHoLPLQL VDODPD HNRQRPLN
zenginliklere ulaPD VRV\DO VWDW ND]DQPD KHGHIOHUL\OH JLULLPFLOLL LOLNLOHQGLUPH

\DNODPODU JLULLPFLOHULQ GHYOHWH WRSOXPD WNHWLFLOHUH oHYUH\H PDO YH KL]PHW VXQPD ID\GDO \D GD]DUDUOROPDNRQXVXQGDNL GHHU\DUJODUELUH\OHULQJUXSODUQ NXUXPODUQ GHYOHWLQ YH WRSOXPXQ JLULLPFLOHUH JLULLPFLOLH LOLNLQ DOJODU YH GHHUOHQGLUPHOHULJLULLPFLOLNNOWURODUDNNDYUDPODWUODELOLU$NGHPLU
27).
dHOLN YH $NJHPFL 7UN WRSOXPXQGD NHQGL LLQL NXUPD EDPV] oDOPD YH WHN EDQD ELU WDNP JLULLPOHUGH EXOXQPD DU]XVXQXQ oRN ID]OD ROGXXQX 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLLQ WHPHOLQGH LVH LOHWPH VDKLSOLLQLQ EXOXQGXXQX YHEXQXQELUVRQXFXRODUDNJLULLPFLQLQLOHWPHVLQGHKHUH\LELOHQKHUH\LGQHQ ELUH\NRQXPXQGDROGXXQXEHOLUWPLOHUGLU*LULLPFLLOHWPHVDKLSOLLNRQXPXQGDQ GROD\ WHN RWRULWH YH GHQHWLPH WDEL ROPD\DQ WHN \|QHWLFLGLU YH YHUGLL NDUDUODUGD EDPV]GU
184
7UNL\HGH
JLULLPFLOHU PDGGL
ND]DQo DPDF LOH
JLULLOHQ IDDOL\HWOHULQ
PHUXL\HWLQH LOLNLQ ELU JYHQVL]OLH VDKLSWLUOHU *LULLPVHO EDDUODUQQ VDODP ROGXXPDGGLJHWLULOHUGHQoRN\DSWNODULOHULQONHYHWRSOXPXQPHQIDDWLQHYHUGLL NDWN\ |Q SODQD oNDUPDNWDGUODU <DVDO KDNODUQGDQ YH |]HO PONOHULQL LVWHGLNOHUL JLEL NXOODQDELOHFHNOHULQGHQ SHN HPLQ GHLOGLUOHU *LULLPFLOHULQ EX JYHQVL]OLN GX\JXVX ONHGH ELU VDQD\LFL WDYUQQ JHOLPHVLQL EX JLULLPFLOHULQ EHOOL ELU VDQD\L GDOQDEDODQPDODUQHQJHOOHPHNWHGLU%XUD
-16).
7UNL\HGH |QF JLULLPFLOHULQ EHOLUOHQPHVL DPDF\OD 'Q\D *D]HWHVLQLQ YH WDULKOL .|NO LUNHWOHU HNOHUL 0IWROX YH 'XUXNDQ (UGRPX .RoHO ND\QDNODUQGDQ ID\GDODQODUDN YH |QFHVL NXUXODQ LOHWPHOHU WHVSLW HGLOPL YH DDGDNL WDEORODU ROXWXUXOPXWXU %X EDODPGD ELU DVU |QFHVLQGH NXUXODQ LOHWPH VD\V GLU gPU LNL DVU DDQ LOHWPHOHU LVH &DDOROX +DPDP dXNXURYD *GD 6DQD\L YH +DF %HNLU /RNXP HNHUOHPHGLU
185
Tablo 15. gQFHVL7UNL\HGH.XUXODQgQF*LULLPOHUYH.XUXOX<OODU

)LUPD$G
KurXOX
<O
)LUPD$G
.XUXOX<O
&DDOROX+DPDP dXNXURYD*GD6DQD\L 7&=LUDDW%DQNDV$
ukurova Sanayi
$EGXOODK(IHQGL/RNDQWDV
Pera Palas Banco di Roma SPA

/DIDUJH$VODQdLPHQWR$ 0LOOL$\GQ%DQNDV7$
1471 1783 1863 1888 1888 1888 1911 1911 1913 1918 1921 1923 1924 1924 1925 1927 1927 1928 1929 1930 1932 1933 1933 1934 1934 1935 1935 1936 1937 1938 1941 1942 1943 1943 1944 1944 1945 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949
7UNL\H6QDL.DONQPD%DQNDV dLPHQWD]PLUdLPHQWR)DEULNDVWUN$ 7UNL\H6QDL.DONQPD%DQNDV$ (6(F]DFEDODo6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$ %RVVD7LFDUHW9H6DQD\LOHWPHOHUL7$ $NVXSOLN9H%R\D$SUH)DEULNDODU7$ $OWQ\OG]0HQVXFDW9H.RQIHNVL\RQ)$ *EUH)DEULNDODU7$
Biofarma
%LOLPODo HNHUEDQN7$ HNHU6LJRUWD 7UNL\H9DNIODU%DQNDV7$2 $GDQDoLPHQWRVDQD\L7$ .RQ\DdLPHQWR6DQD\L$
1950 1950 1950 1951 1951 1952 1952 1952 1953 1953 1953 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1954 1955 1955 1955 1956 1956 1956 1957 1957 1957 1957 1958 1958 1958 1958 1958 1958 1959 1959 1959 1959 1960 1960 1960 1960
Axa Oyak Abn Amro Bank NV Ko Allianz

7UNL\H%DQNDV$
Gven Sigorta Anadolu Sigorta

7UN(NRQRPL%DQNDV$ 7DKLQFLROX 7UNL\HPDU%DQNDV7$
Trk Traktr
7UN'HPLUG|NP)DEULNDODU$ 0LJURV7UN7LFDUHW$ $I\RQdLPHQWR6DQD\L7$ 3DPXNEDQN7$ %DWV|NHoLPHQWRVDQD\L7$ *LPD*GDYHKWL\Do0DGGHOHUL7UN$ (PELOODo +HNWD7LFDUHW7$ *QH6LJRUWD
Milli Re. Sigorta Koska MKEK

OOHU%DQNDV +H]QHGDU$WH7XOD
Merkez Lab.
HQDSND9DNNR 7UNL\HLHYH&DP)DEULNDODU$
Kelebek Mobilya Sanayi ve Ticaret

$
Pfizer Trkiye Oysa imento Sanayi YH7LFDUHW$

0DNLQD7DNP(QGVWULVL$ %D\QGUEDQN$
Ankara Sigorta
.$5'(05 7UNL\H+DON%DQNDV$ 3HWURO2ILVL$
Birlik Sigorta Ray Sigorta

'HYDKROGLQJ$
z-Has
<DVD 6DEDQF <DS.UHGL6LJRUWD <DSYH.UHGL%DQNDV$
Roche Trkiye
%RUXVDQ%LUOHLN%RUX)DEULNDODU$ %DDNV*257$ )RUG2WRPRWLY6DQD\L$
lker Destek. Re. Sigorta

VWDQEXOdRUDS 7UNL\H*DUDQWL%DQNDV$ $NEDQN7$
Ford Otosan FakRODo Aksigorta

(5'(05 9DNNR7HNVWLOYH+D]U*L\LP6DQD\L$ +UUL\HW*D]HWHFLOLNYH0DWEDDFON$
T. Genel Sigorta
$SD\GQODU2WRPRWLYYH7DUP
186
Tablo.16 <OgQFHVLQGH)LUPD.XUDQgQF*LULLPFLOHU*LULLPOHULYH.XUXOX<OODU
LUNHW +DF%HNLU/RNXPHNHUOHPH +DWHPROX VNHQGHU.HEDS +DI]0XVWDID 9HID%R]DFV
Kurucusu
$OL0XKLWWLQ+DF%HNLU +DF0XVWDID6D\N 0HKPHWROXVNHQGHU(IHQGL HNHUFLVPDLO+DNN]DGH +DF6DGN
.XUOX<O
Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi

*OOROX%DNODYDFV 6DEDdLoHNoLOLN7LFDUHW$QRQLPLUNHWL (UGHQ*GD6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$
Mehmet Efendi
+DF0HKPHWJOO VWLUDWL6DEXQFDNLV HNHUFL]DGH0DKLU9H.DPLO .DUGHOHU
1777 1826 1860 1864 1870 1871 1871 1874 1878 1878 1880 1883 1883 1888 1889 1893 1893 1897 1898 1899 1902 1904 1907 1911 1912 1914 1915 1916 1918 1919 1920 1923 1923 1923 1923 1923 1923 1924 1925 1925 1926 1926 1926 1926 1927 1927 1927 1927 1928 1929 1930 1930 1930 1932 1935 1935 1935
Komili
+DPDPFROX d|HQOHU+HOYDFON &HPLO]DGH$ +DF$EGXOODK/RNDQWDV
Komili Hasan Ali Nuri Bey Rasih Efendi

HNHUFL8GL&HPLO%H\
Abdullah Bey
.UPWDWDUODUQGDQ+DF$OL +0HKPHW%RWVDO
HacDNLU Teksima Tekstil

7X]FXROXQDNOL\DW
Fehmi,Mustafa ve Mehmet Ali

7X]FXROX +DF$KPHW%H\
.RQ\D/H]]HW/RNDQWDV $OHYOL$ 0XVWDID+D\GDU1D]O*GD
Arkas Holding Bebek Badem Ezmecisi

.RVND+HOYDFV %LORO7HNVWLO6HUYLVWKDODWKUDFDWYH3D]DUODPD /WGLUNHWL $EGLEUDKLPLODoODU <HQLJQ*GD 7DUL
Yuda Levi Ali Haydar1D]O Gabriel J.B. Arcas Mehmet Halil bey Adil Efendi -'HQL]OLOLKDFHPLQ Hilmi Naili Barlo
$EGLEUDKLPEDUXW 0DKPXW<DFODU 1D]PL7RSoXROX.D]P 1XULd|U$KPHW6DU
.DUDYHOLROXLUNHWOHUJUXEX
Cemal Azmi Ve Osman Azmi

.DUGHOHU
Dedeman Holding
gUGHNoLROX0XWIDN(\DODU 8OXVR\7LFDUL<DWUPODU+ROGLQJ$
Mehmet Kemal Dedeman

$KPHWgUGHNoLROX +DF0HKPHW%DKDWWLQ8OXVR\
Kamil Ko Otobsleri
(\S6DEUL7XQFHU.RORQ\DODU %URGHUL1DULQOHPHOL.XPD6DQD\L$
E.R. Roditi Halefleri

0XVWDID1HY]DWLODoVDQ$ <UFDOLUNHWOHUJUXEX +DWHPROX0,%0DD]DFONWLF$
Kamil Ko Eyp Sabri Tuncer Hamdi Narin Eliezer Roditi

0XVWDID1HY]DW3VDN
Muharrem Hasbi
0XVWDID6D\N .HPDO'|QHUWDYH(GLS $DRXOODU
Trakya Un
6DEDQF+ROGLQJ 'ROXFDDUDSoON3D]DUODPD9H7LFDUHW$
+DFgPHU6DEDQF
Nihat A. Kutman
$KPHW(PLQ<OPD]
Tatko Ko Holding
'ROXFDDUDSODU .HQW*GD$
Ahmet Vehbi ko Nihat A. Kutman

$EGXOODK7DKLQFLROXQGD 0HKPHW5IDW(Y\DS 6HOoXN<DDU 'XUPX <DDU
Evyap Sabun
<DDU+ROGLQJ
.OoROX.LUHPLW $OL5DLIODoODU 0QLUDKLQODo 'HGHPDQQDDW .DINDV3DVWDH
6DEUL.OoROX
Ali Raif Bey

0QLUDKLQ
Mehmet Kemal Dedeman

$OLDNLU7DWYHUHQ 1HY]DWYH(UGRDQg]J|UNH\ +DOLO$NQJo EUDKLP0DUDROX
kerleme San. Tic.
zgrkey
.OWU(LWLP.XUXPODU 0DUDROX<D6DQD\L
Bayraktarlar
KUDKLP8]HO
Halil Bayraktar
EUDKLP8]HO
187
Mithat Giyim
%DONDQROX .oNoDON .Ro7LFDUHW7UN$
Mithat Grsoy
1D]PL%DONDQROX 1XK0HWH.oNoDON
Vehbi Ko
&DIHU6DGN$EDOROX
Baki-&DIHU$EDOROX7DEDNKDQHVL Ulusoy Kollektif STFA

<DOQND\D+ROGLQJ
Mehmet Bahattin Ulusoy Sezai TrNH-Fevzi Akkaya

$ULI=HNL<DOQND\D EUDKLP8]HO
Uzel Makine
1XKoLPHQWR(PLQWD (F]DFEDODo6DQD\L 7LNYHOL <DS.UHGL6LJRUWD$
Nuh Mehmet Baldkt

1HMDW(F]DFED 'RDQ9DUGDUO VPDLO1LOL +DPGL.LWDSo 6DOLN.RQXNROX $VP.RFDE\N .D]P7DNHQW
Ender ikolota Hilal Tekstil

VWLNEDO7LFDUHW <DS.UHGL
Sarar
3HNGHPLUQDDW6DQ7LF$ VWDQEXOdRUDS6DQD\L$
Abdurrahman Sarar
VPDLO3HNGHPLU
Jojo Doenyas
NU'HPLUD\DN
Bizim Bakkaliye Mutlu Ak

6DEDQF+ROGLQJ *$3gQ0DNDUQD 8OXGD0DGHQ6XODU g]HUOHU$\DNNDE9H/DVWLN
Cemil Trker
+DF|PHU6DEDQF +VH\LQ$UFD 0HKPHW+DNN(UEDN
Yusuf zer Ekrem Elginkan Mehmet Keser

%DKDWWLQ7DWL .DPLO<D]F ]]HWg]LOKDQ
Yeni Sivas Emniyet Ekrem Elginkan Mhendislik

$\WXdRUDS ]PLUg]HO7UN.ROHML
Yeni Karamrsel
(VNLHKLU-DQW)DEULNDV
Nuri Gven Ahmet Musubeyli

$EGXUUDKPDQ%DGDGL=DGH 3DNVR\YHRXOODU
Paksoy zler Ziraai Ticaret

(JH<OG] QFHNDUD*UXEX dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU$ 1DULQ'7LFDUHW$
1937 1937 1937 1938 1938 1938 1938 1940 1940 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1944 1944 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1946 1948 1948 1949 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1951 1951 1951 1957 1957
Sefa zler Mahzar Zorlu

+VH\LQ$YQLQFHNDUD +DOLOEUDKLP%RGXU
Rasim Narin
188
NC BLM
g1&h%5*50&2/$5$.%5$+0%2'8502'(/
ON LNL E|OPGH JLULLPFLOLN NDYUDP YH \DNODPODU LQFHOHQGLNWHQ YH JLULLPFLOLNNOWUQQ7UNL\HGHJHOLLPLEHOLUWLOGLNWHQVRQUDEXE|OPGH|QFELU JLULLPFL RODUDN EUDKLP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQL VDOD\DQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIHVL DQDOL] HGLOHFHNWLU %X EDODPGD LNLQFLOND\QDNODUQ\DQVUDELULQFLOND\QDNODUGDGHULQOHPHVLQHPODNDW\|QWHPL\OH
elde edilerekNXOODQOPWU
$5$7,50$1,1.21868$0$&,9(g1(0
*HoHUOLOLN DU] HGHQ ELU ELOLP GDO L\L ELU WDQPOD EDODPDOGU %LULQFL E|OPGH JLULLPFLOLN YH JLULLPFL WDQPODU\OD LOJLOL RODUDN \DSODQ LoHULN DQDOL]LQLQ VRQXFXQD GD\DQDUDN JLULLPFL IUVDWODU DOJOD\DQ YH DOJODG IUVDWODUGDQ
\DUDUODQPDN DPDF\OD RUJDQL]DV\RQ \DUDWDQ ELUH\ ELoLPLQGH WDQPODQDELOPHNWHGLU %X WDQP D\Q ]DPDQGD WH]LQ JLULLPFLOLN YH JLULLPFL NDYUDPODUQD EDNQ \DQVWPDNWDGU $UDWUPDQQ NRQXVX EX EDN DoVQD SDUDOHO RODUDN JLULLPFLOLL VUGUOHELOLU NOP |QF ELU JLULLPFL RODQ .DOH *UXEXQXQ NXUXFXVX EUDKLP %RGXUGXU%XoHUoHYHGHDUDWUPDQQDPDFEUDKLP%RGXUXQ%RGXUJLULLPFLOLN
kariyerini tercih etmesine etki eden dinamiklerin tespit edilmesi,EDDUVQQDUGQGD

\DWDQ VDKLS ROGXX JLULLPFLOLN YH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIH YH HLOLPOHULQLQ DQDOL] HGLOPHVLGLU %X EDODPGD %RGXUX JLULLPFL ROPD\D \|QOHQGLUHQ GLQDPLNOHU JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQH EDODUNHQ GD\DQG YH JYHQGLL ELUH\VHO YH oHYUHVHO
fDNW|UOHU HQ oRN |QHP YHUGLL LOHWPHFLOLN YH JLULLPFLOLN NRQXODU, eleman ve
\|QHWLFLVHoLPLQGH|QHPYHUGLLNULWHUOHUPWHULOHUHNDUWXWXPXE\PHYH\HQL JLULLP \DUDWPD LONHOHUL oDODQODU LOH GL\DORX GHYOHW YH SROLWLND\OD L GQ\DV YH
zeOVHNW|UOHLOLNLOHULVLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXODUQDEDNEDDU\|GOOHQGLUPHWDU]
189
sektr tercih kriterleri,

NXUXOXQXQ YDUO DVOD
GHYDPO J|UW YH LVWLDUH HWWLL LQIRUPDO GDQPD GHLWLUHPHGLL \|QHWLP YH oDOPD SUHQVLSOHUL DLOH
LOLNLOHULQLQ\DSVYHEXLOLNLOHUGHQVDODGGHVWHLQDUDWUOPDVDPDoODQPWU
7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ \|QOHQGLUHQ |QF JLULLPFLOHU DUDVQGD .DOH*UXEXLOHRQXQPLPDUNRQXPXQGDNL%RGXUGDEXOXQPDNWDGU*LULLPFLOLLYH |QFOELUKD\DWIHOVHIHVLELoLPLQGHDOJOD\DQYHX\JXOD\DQ%RGXULONJLULLPLQLQ WHPHOOHULQL\OQGDdDQLOoHVLQGHDWPWU2\OODUGDEXJLULLPLQdDQLOoHVLQGH \DSOPROPDV|QHPOLELUIDUNOONWUdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUNXUXOGXXQGD QIXVX FLYDUQGD RODQ dDQ JQP]GH JHOLHQ GLQDPLN ELU L \DSVQD YH QIXVD VDKLS ELU LOoH ROPXWXU 0XWDW ELU JLULLPFLOLN \DSV DU] HGHQ %RGXU YH RQXQ |QF IDDOL\HWOHUL LOH KHPHQ KHU DODQGD E\N |OoHNOL YH NDSVDPO \DWUPODUQ\DSOG.DOH *UXEXQXQUHNDEHWJFQQNUHVHOVWDQGDUWODUDXODP ROPDVDNDGHPLNDoGDQNRQXQXQDUDWUOPDVYHLQFHOHQPHVLQLJHUHNOLNODQ|QHPOL
bir nedendir.
$5$7,50$1,19$56$<,0/$5,9(6,1,5/,/,./$5,
$UDWUPDGD %RGXU 7UNL\HGH JLULLPFLOLN NOWUQ \|QOHQGLUHQ
nc bir
JLULLPFL RODUDN NDEXO HGLOPLWLU $\Q ]DPDQGD %RGXU JLULLPFLOLN GDYUDQQ VUGUOHELOLU NODUDN PXWDW JLULLPFL WLSRORMLVLQLQ SDUDOHO JLULLPFL WUQH X\JXQ ELU JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQH VDKLSWLU %X EDODPGD DUDWUPDGD %RGXUXQ LON JLULL JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQLQ EDODQJF RODQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN
mi ve
)DEULNDODUQQ
NXUXOPDVQQ DUGQGD \DWDQ GLQDPLNOHULQ WHVSLWL |Q SODQD DOQPWU $UDWUPDQQ DPDFGDKLOLQGH%RGXUXQJLULLPFLOLNYHLOHWPHFLOLNIHOVHIHVLDQDOL]HGLOHFHNWLU
190
3.3$5$7,50$1,1<g17(0
$UDWUPDGD KD\DW WDULKL \|QWHPL NXOODQOPWU +D\DW WDULKL \|QWHPL \DDQDQ NDUPDDODU EHOLUVL]OLNOHU YH oHOLNLOHUL NHIHWPHN LoLQ |]HOOLNOH ELoLOPL NDIWDQGU %X \|QWHP |QFHOLNOH ELUH\L WP \DDPQ NDSVD\DQ GHQH\LPOHULQ L \HUOHWLUPH\H oDOPDNWD GDKD VRQUD LVH LoLQGH \DDG HQ JHQL VRV\R
ine
-tarihsel
\DS\D RWXUWPD\D oDEDODPDNWDGU +D\DW WDULKL \|QWHPL ELU ELUH\LQ WP \DDPVDO EDODPQ UHVPHWPHNWHGLU %X \]GHQ ELUH\LQ JHOLLP VUHFLQGHNL HQ NULWLN
G|QHPOHULQ YH DDPDODUQ WDP RODUDN NDYUDQPDV PPNQ ROPDNWDGU g]QHOHULQ EDDU\DGDEDDUV]ONODUODGROXJHoPLOHULQHJ|]DWOPDVQDELUH\LQoHLWOLVRV\DO SVLNRORMLN YH HNRQRPLN ROD\ODUGDQ QDVO HWNLOHQGLLQLQ GH J|UOHELOPHVLQH LPNDQ WDQPDNWDGU %LUH\OHULQ \DDP |\NOHUL LOH LoLQGH \DDGNODU WRSOXPXQ WDULKL DUDVQGDNL HWNLOHLPLQ J|UOPHVLQH GH RODQDN WDQPDNWD EXUDGDQ KDUHNHWOH ELUH\LQ |QQGHNLVHoLPOHURODVONODUYHWHUFLKOHUGDKDL\LDQODODELOPHNWHGLU%XNDWNODUQ \DQ VUD KD\DW WDULKL \|QWHPL oHLWOL SUREOHPOHUL GH EHUDEHULQGH JHWLUPHNWHGLU %LU ELUH\OH GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDW \DSOGQGD EWQ VUHFL YH DQODP NDSVD\DQ ELU oRN HQGLH YH WDVD\OD NDUODOPDNWDGU +D\DW WDULKL WHNQLL EXQODU RUWD\D oNDUPD\ELU KHGHIRODUDN EHOLUOHPLWLUDPDQDGLUHQEXQXEDDUDELOPLWLU+DNNQGD oRN D] H\ ELOLQHQ DUDWUPD DODQODUQGD KD\DW WDULKL \|QWHPL EXUDGD RUWD\D oNDELOHFHNoHLWOLNRQXYHVRUXQODU\XPXDWDELOHFHNELUWHNQLHG|QHELOPHNWHGLU g]HOOLNOH GH VRUXQODUQ NDYUDPVDOODWUOG VDKDODUGD oRNoD ID\GDO ELU \|QWHPGLU
(Faraday ve Plummer 1979: 776-778 ).
+D\DW WDULKL \|QWHPLQGH NXOODQODELOHFHN LNL WU GRNPDQ EXOXQPDNWDGU %XQODU RWREL\RJUDIL JQON JLEL \D]O PDWHU\DOOHU YH GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDWODUOD WRSODQP ELOJLOHU (UGRPX $UDWUPDGD GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDW \|QWHPLNXOODQOPWU'HULQOHPHVLQHPODNDW\|QWHPLQLWHOELUDUDWUPDWHNQLLGLU 1LWHODUDWUPDWHNQLNOHULQGHPODNDWELOJLUHWPHNLoLQ\DSODQNDWOPFELU\|QWHP ELoLPLQGH DOJODQPDNWDGU 6KDK $UDWUPDFQQ ELUH\OHUGHQ JHoPL ROD\ODUYHGHQH\LPOHUOHLOHLOJLOLEDDUOELUELoLPGHELOJLVDOD\DELOPHVLQLQWHN\ROX GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDW \|QWHPLQLQ NXOODQPDVQGDQ JHoPHNWHGLU :HUQHW YH 'HYULQ
191
2005: 174). Derinlemesine mlakat yntemi; bireysel ve hassas konularda bilgi

WRSODPDQQ JL]OLNDOPDQODP YHGX\JXODUDXODPDQQJUXSWDQHWNLOHQPH\LVRV\DO RQD\ODQPD\ YH EHHQLOPH ND\JVQ HQ D]D LQGLUJH\HUHN ELUH\VHO J|UOHUL DQODPDQQ |QHPOL ROGXX GXUXPODUGD HQ \NVHN G]H\GH YHULPOLOLN VDODPDNWDGU
(www.bilesim-LQWFRPWU 1LWHO DUDWUPD WHNQLL HHU ELOLPVHO ROPD\DQ NH\IL YH

|]QHO ROPD GDPJDVQGDQ NXUWXOPDN LVWL\RUVD YHUL WRSODPD DQDOL] UDSRUODPD JLEL NRQXODUGDVLVWHPDWLNYHHIIDI\|QWHPOHUL]OHPHOLGLU6FKLOOLQJ
MlDNDW JHQHO DQODPGD HQ D] LNL ELUH\ DUDVQGD V|]O RODUDN VUGUOHQ ELU
LOHWLLP VUHFLGLU 7HULP RODUDN PODNDW DUDWUPDODUGD ELUH\OHUOH V|]O LOHWLLP NXUPDN VXUHWL\OH ELOJL WRSODPD WHNQLL RODUDN WDQPODQPDNWDGU &HEHFL 0ODNDWQ DPDF ELU ELUH\LQ Lo GQ\DVQD JLUPHN YH RQXQ SHUVSHNWLILQL DQODPDNWU 0ODNDW\ROX\ODDUDWUPDFODUGHQH\LPOHUWXWXPODUGQFHOHUQL\HWOHU\RUXPODU ]LKLQVHO DOJODU YH WHSNLOHU JLEL J|]OHQHPH\HQL DQODPD\D oDOPDNWDGU <OGUP YH LPHN 0ODNDW VRV\DO ELU ROD\GU YH DUDWUPDF EX \|QWHPGH YHUL WRSODPD YH DQDOL] HYUHOHULQH PGDKDOH HGHELOPHNWHGLU $UDWUPDF YH PODNDWoODU EXELOJLLQDHWPHVUHFLQGH\HUDOPDNWDGU6KDK
g]HOOLNOH QLoLQ" VRUXVXQD FHYDS DUDQODQ GXUXPODUGD
mlakatlar ideal veri
HGLQPH \|QWHPOHULGLU $OWXQN YH GLHUOHUL 1LFHO DUDWUPDODUGD VN NXOODQODQ DQNHWOHUOH NDUODWUOGQGD J|UPH \|QWHPLQLQ ED] ROXPOX \|QOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU %XQODU HVQHNOLN \DQW RUDQ V|]HO ROPD\DQ GDYUDQ
ortam
]HULQGHNL NRQWURO VRUX VUDV DQON WHSNL YHUL ND\QDQQ WH\LW HGLOPHVL WDPON YH GHULQOHPHVLQH ELOJL VDOD\DELOPHGLU $QNHW \|QWHPLQLQ HQ ]RU \DQODUQGDQ ELUL
DQNHWL ]DPDQ ]DPDQ oRN IDUNO HLWLP VRV\RHNRQRPLN G]H\ GLHU VRV\DO YH
psikoloMLN IDUNOONODU RODQ ELUH\OHULQ KHSVLQH KLWDS HGHELOHFHN WDU]GD KD]UODPDNWU

.DUPDN DQNHWOHU oRX GXUXPGD J|UPH L\L HLWLOPL EX ELUH\OHU VRUXQ WDUDIQGDQ ELOH
DQODODPD\DELOLU
2\VD
\|QWHPLQGH
\DDQPDPDNWDGU
'HQH\LPOL EHFHULNOL YH L\L HLWLOPL J|UPHFLOHU NDUPDN ELU NRQX \D GD SUREOHP KDNNQGD ]HQJLQ ELU YHUL VHWL ROXWXUDELOPHNWH YHUL WRSODPD VUHFLQGH HNLOOHU JUDILNOHU \DGD D\UQWODoNODPDODU\ROX\ODLVWHGLNOHULELOJL\LHOGHHGHELOPHNWHGLUOHU
192
<OGUP YH LPHN 0ODNDW \DSODQ ELUH\H NRQX\OD LOJLOL NRQXPD RODQD \DUDWOGQGDQ LOJLVL oHNLOHELOPHNWH DQODODPD\DQ VRUXODUGD WHNUDUODPD \DSODELOGLLQGHQDOQDQFHYDSODUQJYHQLUOLL\NVHNROPDNWDGU*|NoH *|UPH \|QWHPLQLQ ROXPVX] \|QOHUL LVH PDOL\HW ]DPDQ RODV \DQOON ND\WO \D GD \D]O ELOJLOHUL NXOODQDPDPD ]DPDQ D\UPD JoO JL]OLOLLQ RUWDGDQ NDONPDV VRUX VWDQGDUGQQ ROPD\ YH ELUH\OHUH XODPD JoO RODUDN VUDODQDELOPHNWHGLU <OGUPYHLPHN
Patton, mlakat ynWHPLQL VRKEHW WDU] PODNDW IRUPX \DNODP YH VWDQGDUW
DoN XoOX ROPDN ]HUH o \DNODPD D\UPWU <OGUP YH LPHN %XQODUGDQ PODNDW IRUPX \DNODP EX oDOPDGD NXOODQOPWU %X \DNODP PODNDWWD DUDWUODFDN ELU VRUXODU \D GD NRQXODU OLVWHVLQL NDSVDPDNWDGU 0ODNDW IRUPX \|QWHPL EHQ]HU NRQXODUD \|QHOHUHN GHLLN ELUH\OHUGHQ D\Q WU ELOJLOHULQ DOQPDV DPDF\OD KD]UODQPDNWDGU $UDWUPDF |QFHGHQ KD]UODG NRQX \D GD DODQODUD VDGN NDODUDN KHP |QFHGHQ KD]UODQP VRUXODU
sorma, hem de bu sorular
KDNNQGD GDKD D\UQWO ELOJL DOPD DPDF\OD HN VRUXODU VRUPD |]JUOQH VDKLS ROPDNWDGU 0ODNDW IRUPX DUDWUPD SUREOHPL LOH LOJLOL WP ER\XWODUQ YH VRUXODUQ NDSVDQPDVQ JYHQFH DOWQD DOPDN LoLQ JHOLWLULOPL ELU \DNODPGU *|UPHFL PODNDW VUDVQGD VRUXODUQ FPOH \DSVQ YH VUDVQ GHLWLUHELOPHNWH ED] NRQXODUQ D\UQWVQD JLUHELOPHNWH \D GD GDKD oRN VRKEHW WDU] ELU \|QWHP EHQLPVH\HELOPHNWHGLU0ODNDWIRUPX\DNODPED]DYDQWDMODUDVDKLSWLUONRODUDN
arDWUPDF\D]DPDQHVQHNOLLVDODPDNWDGU$\Q]DPDQGDEHOLUOLELUIRUPDGD\DO
ELU PODNDW IDUNO ELUH\OHUGHQ GDKD VLVWHPDWLN YH NDUODWUODELOLU ELOJLHOGHHWPH\L VDODPDNWDGU<OGUPYHLPHN
0ODNDW \DSODFDN ELUH\OHULQ VHoLPLQGH L] VUPH \|QWHPL NXOODQOPWU ]
srme oDOPDODUQLWHODUDWUPDPHWRWODUQGDQELULVLROXSKHPYHULWRSODPDKHPGH
|UQHNOHPHQLQ JYHQLOLUOLLQLVDODPD\D\|QHOLNELU\|QWHPGLU%X \|QWHPGHELOJL\H XODPD\D\DUGPFRODFDNND\QDNODUQEHOLUOHQPHVL
nden sonra mlakatlar ve anketler
JLELKHUKDQJLELU YHUL WRSODPD\|QWHPLNXOODQODELOPHNWHGLU]VUPHoDOPDODULOH |QFHOLNOH ELU HWLNHW \D GD HWLNHWOHU ROXWXUXOPDNWD YH EX WDQPODQDQ HWLNHWOHULQ
193
\DUGP\OD DUDWUPDQQ oHUoHYHVL ROXWXUXODELOPHNWHGLU $UDWUPDF DUDWUPD\D NRQX RODQ IHQRPHQLQ DoNODQPDV LoLQ GRUX L] VUPHOLGLU %HOLUOHQHQ HWLNHWOHU KHP ELUHU ELOJL ND\QD RODUDN KHP GH EHOLUOL GXUXPODUGDNL DQDKWDU NDWOPFODUQ RUWD\D oNDUOPDVLoLQNXOODQOPDNWDGUYHEXQXQQHGHQLL]VUPHQL
n ncelikle veri toplama
YH |]HOOLNOH YHUL |UQHNOHPHVL LOH LOJLOL ROPDVGU ] VUPH oDOPDODU WHVDGIL ROPD\DQ|UQHNOHPHQLQELUELoLPLGLUYHHWQRJUDI\DGDNLDQDKWDUELOJLYHULFLNDYUDPQD EHQ]HPHNWHGLU %X |UQHNOHPH WUQGH ELOJL\H XODDELOPHN LoLQ JHU
ekli olan belirli
VD\GDNL ELOJL VDKLELQH XODOPDNWDGU $PDo WHVDGIL \D GD WHPVLOL |UQHNOHPH HOGH HWPHN GHLO EHOLUOL VUHoOHU KDNNQGD ELOJL VDKLEL RODQ ELUH\OHULQ WHVSLW HGLOPHVLGLU %|\OHFH ELOJL VDKLEL ELUH\OHU DUDWUPD\D NDWNGD EXOXQDFDNODU LoLQ DUDWUPDQQ JYHQLOLUOLL YH JHoHUOLL DUWP RODFDNWU $QDKWDU ELOJL YHULFL ELUH\OHU EHOLUOL ELU NRQX ]HULQGH ELOJL VDKLEL RODQ YH DUDWUPDFQQ oDOPD \DSODFDN IHQRPHQH YH GROD\V\ODELOJLND\QDNODUQDXODPDODULoLQ\DUGPFROPD\DKD]URO
an bireylerdir.
9HUL WRSODPDQQ GXUGXUXOPDV JHUHNHQ ]DPDQ DUDWUODQ VSHVLILN GXUXPODUOD LOJLOL LON HWLNHWWHQ oNDUODQ EWQ NDWOPFODUQ DUDWUPD\D GDKLO HGLOGLL ]DPDQGU %X GDKDID]ODID\GDOELOJLHOGHHGLOHPHGLL]DPDQGR\PDQRNWDVQDXODOPDQODPQD JHOPHNWHGLU$OWXQNYHGLHUOHUL
-202).
dDOPDGDPODNDW\DSODQELUH\OHULQOLVWHVL(N ,,GHVXQXOPXWXU%XOLVWH\L ROXWXUPDN LoLQ %RGXUX %DONHVLU /LVHVL \OODUQGDQ LWLEDUHQ WDQ\DQ RQXQOD KHP GRVWOXNNXUPXKHPGHRQXQLKD\DWQGDPHVDLDUNDGDYHVWG]H\oDODQRODUDN \HU DOP YH .DOH *UXEXQXQ WHPHOOHULQLQ DWOPDVQGDQ LWLEDUHQ EX VUHFL \DNQGDQ WDNLS HWPL RODQ +XOXVL 'DPJDFROX LOH WHPDV NXUXOPX RQXQ J|UOHUL
GRUXOWXVXQGD DUDWUPD DPDFQD X\JXQ ELOJLOHUL VDOD\DELOHFHN RODQ ELUH\OHULQ OLVWHVL ROXWXUXOPXWXU 0ODNDW OLVWHVLQGH EXOXQDQ ELUH\OHU %RGXU LOH X]XQ \OODU ELUOLNWH oDOP YH oHLWOL NDGHPHOHUGHQ JHoHUHN VW G]H\ \|QHWLFL RODUDN J|UHY DOP YH KDOD J|UHYOHULQH GHYDP HGHQ ELUH\OHUGLU %X OLVWH
de yer alan bireyler ile
RUWDODPDELUEXoXNVDDWPODNDW\DSOPYHPODNDW\HULRODUDNJHQHOOLNOHELUH\OHULQ RILVOHUL WHUFLK HGLOPLWLU %LUH\OHULQ LVWHL GRUXOWXVXQGD VHV ND\W FLKD] ROPDVQD UDPHQ PODNDWODUGD NXOODQOPDPWU 0ODNDW VRUXODU oDOPDQQ DPDFQD X\JXQ RODUDN GDQPDQ 3URI 'U $OL $NGHPLULQ GHVWHL LOH KD]UODQPWU 0ODNDWODU
194
VUDVQGD GHULQOHPHVLQH YHUL VDODPDN LoLQ DOQDQ FHYDSODUD J|UH HN VRUXODU GD J|UOHQ ELUH\OHUH \|QHOWLOPLWLU 6DODQDQ YHULOHU LoHULN DQDOL]L \|QWHPL
ile
LQFHOHQPLWLU 1LWHOLNVHO LoHULN DQDOL]L PHWLQOHUL LoHULN DQDOL]L NXUDOODUQ WDNLS HGHUHN YH DGP DGP LOHUOH\HUHN ELU LOHWLLPVHO DQDOL] NRXOODUD X\DUDN DPSLULN YH
PHWRGRORMLN
DoODUGDQ
NRQWUROO
VUHFLQH
WDEL
WXWPDN
ELoLPLQGH
WDQPODQDELOLU 6FKLOOLQJ oHULN DQDOL]LQGHQ VDODQDQ YHULOHU PODNDW VRUXODUEDONODUDOWQGDNRGODQPYHWDEORELoLPLQGHVXQXOPXWXU
%5$+0%2'8581%<2*5$)69(<$5$77,, *50&/.(6(5.$/(*58%8
%RGXUXQ
HLWLP
\OODUQGD
LGHDOL]H
HWWLL
SURMH
GRGXX
WRSUDNODUQ
SRWDQVL\HOLQL LJFQ GHHUOHQGLUPHN R E|OJH\L YH KDONQ NDONQGUDELOPHNWL 6DQD\LOHPHLoLQJLULLPYHVHUPD\HQLQLJFLOHPLOOLND\QDNODUQEXOXQGXX\HUH JLWPHVLJHUHNWLLGQFHVL\OHJHOLWLUGLLSURMHVRQXFX\OQGD.DOH*UXEXQXQ |QF JLULLPL dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU GRPXWXU 6DU \O LWLEDUL\OH NXUXOX \O NXWODQDQ 7UNL\HGH VHUDPLN VHNW|UQQ OLGHUL RODQ EX JLULLPL %RGXUXQ 7UNL\HQLQ NDONQPDV YH VDQD\LVLQLQ JHOLHUHN $QDGROX\D \D\OPDVPRWLYDV\RQX\ODNXUGXX\LQHKHUELULNHQGLIDDOL\HWDODQQGD|QFYHOLGHU RODQ ELU oRN JLULLP L]OHPLWLU dRFXNOXXQGDQ LWLEDUHQ DLOH YH \DNQ oHYUHVLQGHQ HGLQGLL GHHUOHUL EDDUO ELU HLWLP KD\DW ONH YH KDON VHYJLVL LOH ELUOHWLUHQ %RGXU KHP \DUDWW JLULLPOHUOH KHP GH JHUoHNOHWLUGLL \HQLOLN YH \DUDWFON KDPOHOHUL\OH|UQHNELUVDQD\LFL|UQHNELUJLULLPFLYH|UQHNELULDGDPGU
Bodur, 1952 yl bandan gnmze dek geen srede, bir ok kurulutan oluan, tekstil, inaat malzemeleri, inaat kimyasallar, makine tehizat, savunma sanayi, robotik ve otomasyon sistemleri, enerji, enerji datm ve lm sistemleri, teknik seramik, seramik hammaddeleri, nakliye, i ve d ticaret irketleri ve biliim gibi bir ok konuda ve sektrlerde faaliyet gsteren Kale Gurubunu oluWXUPXWXU Ayrca gerek yurt iinde ve gerekse yurt dnda nemli irketlere kurucu ortak
195
olarak katOP 6LHPHQV 5RFD YH *HQHUDO (OHFWULF JLEL ELUoRN |QHPOL NXUXOXlarla yabanc ortaklNODU WHVLV HWPLWLU %RGXU .DOH *UXEX %Dkan ve Kurucu Murahhas
$]DV RODUDN J|UHY YH IDDOL\HWOHULQL VUGUPHNWHGLU .DOH *UXEX EXJQ KHU ELUL NHQGLDODQODUQGDOLGHU LUNHWH XODPEHELQLDNQoDODQ7UNHNRQRPLVLQH VDODG PLO\DUODUFD GRODU NDWPD GHHUOH 7UNL\HQLQ |QHPOL VDQD\L NXUXOXODU DUDVQGD \HULQL DOPWU ZZZNDOHFRPWU 7RSUDNWDQ NDWPD GHHU \DUDWDQ %RGXU EXJQ PLO\RQ PHWUHNDUH UHWLP LOH GQ\DQQ oQF E\N LUNHWLQH VDKLSWLU YH EX NDSDVLWH LOH LUNHW 7UNL\HQLQ VHUDPLN UHWLPLQLQ Q JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWH UHWLPLQLQ VLQL EH NWDGD WDQ ID]OD ONH\H LKUDo HWPHNWHGLU .DOHPDGHQ XEDW dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN .DOHERGXU 5RFD .DOH .DOHNLP .DOHWHUDVLW .DOHGHNRU YH .DOHNDOS KD\DW YHUGLL .DOH *UXEXQXQ PDUNDODU DUDVQGD \HU DOPDNWDGU.DOHERGXU.DOHNLPYH.DOHWHUDVLWUQHDGQYHUPLRODQPDUNDODUGU
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\RORMLN0HQVXEL\HWL
%\N ELU JLULLPFL E\N ELU VDQD\LFL .DOH *UXEX LUNHWOHULQLQ NXUXFXVX YH PXUDKKDV D]DV RODQ %RGXU \OQGD dDQDNNDOH LOLQLQ <HQLFH LOoHVLQH EDO $WDWUNQ ]L\DUHWLQGH LVPLQL 1HYUX] RODUDN GHLWLUGLL N|\GH GQ\D\D JHOPLWLU %RGXU DLOHVL R G|QHPGH JHOHQHNVHO ELU JHoLP ND\QD RODQ WDUP YH KD\YDQFON LOH XUDPDQQ \DQ VUD E|OJH\H KLWDS HGHQ EDNNDOL\H YH PDQLIDWXUD GNNDQODU\OD GD WLFDUHW \DSPDNWD\G *QHU 'HGHVL +DF EUDKLP %H\LQ YHIDW LOH RQGDQ NDODQ L\HUOHULQLQ oDOWUOPDVQ VWOHQHQ EDEDV +DVDQ %RGXU GHYLU DOG L\HUOHULQLQ \DQQGD |]HOOLNOH GHUVDQH YH PLVDILU HYLQLQ NDSDQPDPDV DPDF\OD N|\Q +RFD 'HGHVL 0ROOD 0HKPHW (IHQGL\L EXQODUQ EDQD \|QHWLFL RODUDN DWDPW +RFD 'HGH VWDQEXOGD \NVHN WDKVLO \DSP D\GQ YH LOHUL J|UO ROPDVQQ \DQQGD .XUWXOX 6DYDQGDQ LWLEDUHQ $WDWUNQ GRVWOXXQX ND]DQP
bir bireydi.
%RGXUXQ
GHHUOHU
VLVWHPLQLQ
HNLOOHQLLQGH
DLOHVLQLQ
\DQVUD
+RFD
'HGHVLQGHQ HGLQGLL NDYUDP YH ELOJLOHULQ UROQQ oRN |QHPOL ROGXXQX YH
196
JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HUL ER\XQFD GD NULVWDOL]H HWWLL EX GHHUOHUL KHP NRUXGXXQX KHP
de uygulamDGD RUWD\D NR\GXXQX N] =H\QHS %RGXUXQ .DOH $LOHVL GH
DNWDUG +RFD 'HGH LOH LOJLOL EL]]DW %RGXU WDUDIQGDQ DQODWOP ELU DQ\OD NROD\FD WHVSLW HGLOPHNWHGLU \OQGD $WDWUN PLVDILUL UDQ DK LOH %DONHVLUGHQ
anakkaleye geerken Hoca
'HGH RQODU \ROGD NDUODP YH VRKEHW HWPL VRQXoWD
$WDWUN N|\Q DGQ UDQ DKQD ELU MHVW RODUDN 1HYUX] \HQL JQ ELoLPLQGH GHLWLUPLWLU %|\OHFH %RGXU $WDWUNQ DGQ NR\GXX N|\Q GDKD GD
EHQLPVHPL YH GRGXX \HUOHUL \DDWPD\ YH JHOLWLUPH\L PLV\RQ HGLQPLWLU .DOHDLOHVL %X .DOH *UXEXQXQ WHPHOOHULQLQ dDQ E|OJHVLQGH DWOPDVQQ LoVHO QHGHQOHULQGHQ ELULGLU %RGXU GRGXX N|\H YH dDQDNNDOH E|OJHVLQH
oRFXNOXXQGDQ LWLEDUHQ GHULQ ELU EDOON GX\PX YH EX EDOOQ .DOH *UXEXQXQ
APLUDO*HPLVLYHRQXQLONJ|]DUVRODQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQdDQGD
NXUDUDNYHdDQDNNDOHNHOLPHVLQLGHEXJLULLPLQLVPLQHHNOH\HUHNJHUoHNOHWLUPLWLU
(Kaleailesi 1977: 4).
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ7DKVLO+D\DWYH(YOLOLL
Bodur; ocukluk -
YH
LON|UHWLP
\OODUQGD
5HGG L
OKDN
&HPL\HWLQLQ
NXUXFXODUQGDQ.XYD L0LOOL\H7HNLODWQQ|QFOHULQGHQ0LOOL0FDGHOH\OODUQGD $WDWUNQ JYHQ YH WDNGLULQL ND]DQDQ +RFD 'HGHVLQLQ HLWLP YH |UHWLPLQLQ HWNLVLQGH NDOP RQGDQ PLOOL WDULKL YH WRSOXPVDO GHUVOHUL DOP EX GX\JX YH RUWDP LoLQGH E\PWU <HQLFH ON|UHWLP |QFHVLQGH DOG EX HLWLPGHQ VRQUD LONRNXO |UHQLPLQL <HQLFHGH \DSPWU 2UWD YH /LVH HLWLPL LoLQ %DONHVLU
Lisesine giden Bodur; 1943- G|QHPLQGH PH]XQ ROPX \NVHN |UHQLPL LoLQ
VWDQEXOD JLWPL YH EXJQN %RD]LoL hQLYHUVLWHVLQLQ HYYHOL\DW RODQ 5REHUW .ROHMLQH JLUHUHN \OQGD EDDU\OD EX RNXOXQ 7LFDUHW %|OPQGHQ PH]XQ ROPXWXU 6RQUDVQGD $%'QGH 1RUWK &DUROLQH hQLYHUVLWHVLQGH |UHQLPLQH GHYDP HGHUHN GDUHVL YH 3D]DUODPD DODQQGD \NVHN OLVDQV \DSP YH \OQGD EDDU\OD |UHQLPLQL WDPDPODPWU .DOHDLOHVL <HQLFH *QHU
2002: 4).
197
*LULLPFLOLN NDUL\HUL ER\XQFD RQXQOD ELUOLNWH oDODQ YH HPHN YHUHQ ELU oRN
st dzey
WDQG
\|QHWLFLVL %DONHVLU /LVHVL YH 5REHUW .ROHMLQGHNL HLWLP \OODUQGDQ GRVWOXN NXUGXX ELUH\OHUGLU %X ELUH\OHU .DOH *UXEXQXQ NLOLW
YH
QRNWDODUQGDJ|UHYOHULQLX]XQ\OODUEDDU\OD\HULQHJHWLUPLOHUYHJHWLUPHNWHGLUOHU
Kalemaden (2004) Temmuz
VD\VQGD X]XQ VUH .DOH *UXEXQGD *HQHO
0GUON YH VW G]H\ \|QHWLFLOLN \DSP RODQ YH KDOHQ %RGXUXQ %DGDQPDQ RODUDN J|UHYLQH GHYDP HGHQ +XOXVL 'DPJDFROX %DONHVLU /LVHVLQGH WDQWNODU %RGXU LoLQ V|\OHGLL |QFH RNXO DUNDGDP VRQUD GRVWXP V|]OHUL\OHEXWHVSLWLGRUXODPDNWDGU
sonra da patronum oldu
%RGXU \OQQ VRQXQGD %DONHVLU /LVHVLQGH DUNDGDONODU EDOD\DQ 6HYLP +DQP LOH HYOHQPL oRFXX JLEL VHYLS EDO ROGXX dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU JLULLPLQL E\WPH\H oDOP
, onu bytp gl hale getirdikten sonra
WH=H\QHS+DQPGRPXWXU.DOHDLOHVL
%DONHVLU /LVHVL \OODU %RGXU LoLQ ELU G|QP QRNWDVGU *LULLPOHULQL \DUDWDFD YH \|QHWLPOHULQL WHVOLP HGHFHL JLULLP WDNPQQ \HOHUL LOH EXUDGD WDQPYHGRVWOXNJHOLWLUPLKD\DWDUNDGD6HYLP%RGXUXGDEXUDGDWDQPWU
EUDKLP %RGXUXQ N] RODQ =H\QHS %RGXU 2N\D\ EDEDVQQ NXUGXX EX |UQHN YH GHY NXUXOXODUQ E|OJH YH ONH \DUDUQD GHYDPQ YH EDDUVQ VDODPDN
iin Kale Grubunda grev almDNWDGU
.oN
\DWD
6HUDPLN
)DEULNDVQQ
KDPXUX\OD \RUXODQ YH EX LL LoLQH VLQGLUHQ =H\QHS %RGXU DWN EDEDVQQ L]LQGH HPLQ DGPODUOD LOHUOHPHNWH KHP NDUDU KHP GH \UWPH RUJDQODUQGD \HU DOPDNWDGU
(Olay Aktif 1998: 7).
198
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\DO.OWUHO(QWHOHNWHO(LOLPOHUL
%RGXU YH LQD HWWLL .DOH *UXEXQXQ dDQDNNDOH YH E|OJHVLQH LQVDQQD GRDVQD HLWLPLQH NOWU YH VRV\DO KD\DWQD \DSW \DWUPODUOD E|OJH JHOLUL YH VRV\DO\DDQWV7UNL\HVWDQGDUWODUQQoRN]HULQGHELU\DS\DNDYXPXWXU%XJQ 7UNL\HQLQ JHOLUL HQ \NVHN E|OJHOHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ dDQDNNDOH YH E|OJHVL HLWLP VHYL\HVL GH HQ \NVHN E|OJHOHULQGHQ ELUL ROPXWXU .DOHDLOHVL g]HO 6D\ %RGXU VDGHFH ELU JLULLPFL RODUDN 7UNL\H\H GDPJDVQ YXUPDP D\Q
zamanda
JHUoHNOHWLUGLL VRV\DO IDDOL\HWOHU LOH GH 7UNL\H\H YH 7UN L GQ\DVQD |QFON HWPLWLU6DU
%RGXU KHU H\GHQ |QFH VRV\RORMLN N|NHQLQH EDO ELU JLULLPFLGLU 1IXV NW KDOD GRGXX \HU RODQ 1HYUX] N|\QGHGLU 'XUXPX YH L JHUHL ROVD GDKL ND\GQQ EDND \HUH QDNOLQLQ \DSOPDVQD UD] ROPDPWU .DOHDLOHVL 'RXS E\G N|\QGHNL HYL RQXQ LoLQ oRN |]HO ELU PHNDQGU YH EDKoHGH DQQHVLQLQ HYLQL D\QHQ PXKDID]D HWPHNWHGLU %X JQOHUH JHOPHVLQGH DQQHVLQLQ HWWLL GXDODUQQE\NNDWNVROGXXQXEHOLUWPHNWHGLU.DOHPDGHQ7HPPX]
%RGXUXQ VDKLS ROGXX GHHUOHU VLVWHPLQLQ HQ VW NHVLPLQGH YDWDQ YH PLOOHW VHYJLVL \HU DOPDNWDGU %X VHYJL NXUXFXVX ROGXX .DOH *UXEXQGD |QFH 7UNL\HYH 7UNKDONVORJDQ\OD\HUDOPYHoDODQODUFDGDEHQLPVHQPLWLU<O
2QD J|UH EWQ ROXXPODUQ PD\DV LQDQoWU QDQF NDUDUOONOD NDUDUOO PFDGHOH\OHEWQOHWLUHQELUH\OHULQXODDPD\DFDKLoELUKHGHI\RNWXU%XJQ7UN
ve Dnya Seramik Devlerinin en gl
NXUXOXODUQGDQ ELULVL KDOLQH JHOHQ
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU GD EX LQDQo YH D]LPOH EDDU\D XODPWU .HQGLQH WRSOXPD YH WRSUDQD LQDQDQ %RGXUXQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ WHPHOLQL E\NHKLUOHUYHDOW\DSVKD]UDODQODU\HULQH\ROHQHUMLHLWLOPLLJFROPD\DQ dDQGD DWPDV WRSOXPXQ EWQ GLQDPLNOHULQL KDUHNHWH JHoLUHUHN ELU IDEULND EDFDVQGDQ ELU GQ\D VHUDPLN GHYL RUWD\D oNDUPDV LQDQF NDUDUOOD NDUDUOO YDWDQ VHYJLVL LOH PFDGHOH\H G|QWUS ]DIHU ND]DQPDV\OD QHWLFHOHQPLWLU QDQo
199
ELU DQODPGD ]RU RODQ VHoPHNWLU %RGXU GD LQDQG \ROGD GDLPD ]RUX HQ X]DN KHGHIOHUL VHoHQ YH ]RU RODQ ONH KL]PHWOHULQH DUPDDQ HWWLL HVHUOHUL\OH EDDU\D oHYLUHQ KD\DW IHOVHIHVL\OH |UQHN RODQ oRN |QHPOL ELU JLULLPFLGLU *HOLPH
L]JLVLQGHNL
dDQQ KHU WDQGD KHU HVHULQGH %RGXUXQ HPHL YH L]L YDUGU
dDQDNNDOH\H YH 7UNL\H\H PDKDOOL GHHUOHUGHQ PLOOL GHHUOHUH YH HYUHQVHO GHHUOHUH LQDQoOD XODODELOHFHLQL LVSDWOD\DQ %RGXU E|\OHOLNOH LQDQo YH KHGHIOHULQ
bireye byk bir soruPOXOXN \NOHGLLQL GH J|]OHU |QQH VHUPLWLU %RGXU ONH\H
\DSODQKL]PHWLYLFGDQERUFXELoLPLQGHJ|UPHNWHGLU<O
%LUH\LQ \NVHN VHYL\HGH GLNNDW YH oDED JHUHNWLUHQ ELU LH NHQGLQL DGDPD LVWHNOLOLLQGHNL WHPHO IDNW|U EDDU LoLQ JHUHNHQ I
iziksel, entelektel ve duygusal
ND\QDNODUQKDUHNHWHJHoLUHELOPHNDSDVLWHVLQHRODQLQDQFGUEX|]HWNLQOLNWLU(GHQ YH $YLUDP g] HWNLQOLN ELUH\OHULQ JHUHNOL RODQ GDYUDQODU EDDUO ELU ELoLPGH JHUoHNOHWLUHELOHFHLQH RODQ LQDQFQ LDUH GLHUOHUL YH EX LQDQFD VDKLS RODQ
t etmektedir (Markman ve yksek performans
ELUH\OHU
J|VWHUHELOHFHNOHUGLU6KHSKHUGYH.UXHJHU<XNDUGD%RGXUYHJLULLPFLOLN EDDUV LOH LOJLOL VDUI HGLOHQ V|]OHU RQXQ |] HWNLQOLLQLQ QH GHUHFH \NVHN ROGXXQX
destekler niteliktedir.
.HQGLQH JYHQ LQDQo YH NDUDUOON %RGXUXQ \HQL NXDN
JLULLPFLOHUHWDYVL\HHWWLLGHHUOHUDUDVQGDGU.DOHPDGHQXEDW
-4).
%RGXU DLOHVLQH YH HYLQH oRN GNQ YH EDOGU .DOHDLOHVL $LOHVL
ile olmDQQ RQX GLQOHQGLUGLLQL YH PXWOX HWWLLQL V|\OH\HQ %RGXU DLOHVL LOH ELUOLNWH
P]LN GLQOHPH\L YH VRKEHW HWPH\L oRN VHYPHNWHGLU %RGXU VDQD\LGH \OQ NXWODG dDQGD \DSODQ W|UHQGH HL 6HYLP %RGXUD ELU WHHNNU PDGDO\DV DUPDDQHWPLWLU6HYLP%RGXULNXUXOXUNHQHLQLKLo\DOQ]EUDNPDPYHRQXQOD ELUOLNWH oDED J|VWHUPLWLU .]ODU =H\QHS %RGXU LVH E\GNoH \DYD \DYD DQQHVLQLQ\HULQHJHoPLYHEDEDVQDGHVWHNROPXWXU=H\QHS%RGXUDQQHVLQHJ|UH KHPIL]LNLKHPGHNDUDNWHURODUDNEDEDVQDoRNEHQ]HPHNWHGLUYHVRV\DOLOLNLOHULGH %RGXU NDGDU NXYYHWOLGLU 6HYLP %RGXU HLQLQ KHU ]DPDQ ILNULQL VRUGXXQX \DWUPODUQGD RQD GDQWQ DQFDN VRQ NDUDU NHQGLVLQLQ DOGQ EHOLUWPHNWHGLU
200
%RGXU \DOQ]O VHYPHPHNWH EWQ L VH\DKDWOHULQH HL\OH ELUOLNWH oNPDNWDGU
(Kalemaden 2003 Temmuz: 2-3).
%RGXU|UIYHDGHWOHUHLQDQFQDVDPLPLRODUDNEDOGUDUOYHID]ODVUDU VHYPHPHNWHGLU QDQF YH V|] KHU H\LQ VWQGH WXWPDNWD YHUGLL V|] \HULQH JHWLUPHNWH NDUVQGDNLQGHQ GH D\Q GDYUDQ EHNOHPHNWHGLU 7RSOXPD ID\GD VDODPD\ KL]PHWOHULQ HQ J]HOL VD\PDNWDGU 2QD J|UH ELUH\OHULQ PRWLYDV\RQX WRSOXP LoLQGH VUDGD ROPDNWDQVD NoN \D GD E\N ELU VUDQQ PXWODND ED ROPD DGQDoRNoDOPDROPDOGU.DOHDLOHVL
(Q GHHUOL \DWUP LQVDQD \DSODQ \DWUP ELoLPLQGHDOJOD\DQ%RGXU <O GRVWOXNODUDoRN|QHPYHUPHNWHGLU.|\QGHIDEULNDVQGDLoLOHUOHVRKEHW HWPHQLQELUOLNWH\HPHN\HPHQLQNHQGLVLLoLQoRN|QHPOLELU]HYNROGXXQXLQVDQQ KD\DWWD GRGXX GR\GXX YH JHOLWLL \HULQ oRN |QHPOL ROGXXQX YXUJXODPDNWDGU .DOHPDGHQ7HPPX]6DQD\L\LN|\OHUHNDGDUXODWUDQdDQLOoHVLQH\O ER\XQFD HOHNWULN YHUHQ dDQ GD ROVD ROVD GHYH GDP \DSOU J|UQH GLUHQHUHN KHP IDEULNDODU NXUDQ KHP GH NDS NDS GRODDUDN YL]\RQXQD KDON GD RUWDN HGHQ YH LQDQGUDQ%RGXUXQLoLOHULQLQDUDODUQGDSDUDWRSOD\DUDNRQD%0:PDUNDRWRPRELO KHGL\HHWPHOHULXQXWDPDGDQODUDUDVQGD\HUDOPDNWDGU .DOHPDGHQXEDW %X ROD\ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQGH HNRQRPLN DPDoODUQ \DQ VUD VRV\DO DPDoODUD GD \HU YHUHUHN E|OJH\H \DSW \DWUPODUQ KDON WDUDIQGDQ GD VDKLSOHQLOGLLQLQ
nemli gstergelerinden biridir.
%RGXU \DWUPODUQ NHQGL |] ND\QDNODU LOH \DSPDNWD \DWUPODUQGD KLoELU ]DPDQ NVD \D GD RUWD YDGHOL ERUoODQPD\D JLWPHPHNWHGLU <HQL \DWUPODUQ WHPHO DWPD W|UHQOHUL 7HPPX] WDULKOHULQGH NXUXOX \OG|QPOHULQLQ NXWODQG
NXUXPVDOODP6HUDPLN%D\UDPQGD\DSOPDNWDGUDQOD\LVH\DEDQFND\QDN NXOODQP \HULQH |] ND\QDNODUOD \DWUP \DSPD YH E\PH VDODPD VRUXPOXOXN VDKLEL RODUDN NXOODQODQ \DEDQF ND\QDNODUQ JHUL |GHPHVLQL \DSDELOPH GHYOHWH \N ROPDN\HULQHNDWNVDODPDJYHQWHVLVHWPHYLFGDQVDKLELROXSDGDOHWOLGDYUDQPD VDEU YH NDUDU VDKLEL ROPD ELoLPLQGH |]HWOHQHELOLU &DS
ital 1999: 43-46). Bodur, 201
NXUGXX JLULLPOHUOH KHP ELU SURMH EDEDV KHP GH VDQD\L XVWDVGU (L 6HYLP %RGXUOD HO HOH oNW VDQD\L \ROFXOXXQGD QH GXU LDUHWOHUL QH UDNLSOHULQH YHULOHQ WHYLNOHUQHGHRODQDNV]ODURQX\OGUPDPWUR KHUVRUXQDoDU
e bulmakla nldr
(Power 2003: 49).
%RGXU VDQD\LOHPHQLQ $QDGROXGDQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQ
EDODPDV JHUHLQH RODQ LQDQF\OD NXUDUDN EX NRQXGD |QFO
dDQGD
JHUoHNOHWLUPLWLU gQFOQ JHUoHNOHWLUGLL EX KDUHNHWLQ $QDGROXGD \HHUPHVL
vH JHOLPHVL RQX PXWOX HWPHNWHGLU 6DKLS ROGXX GLHU ELU L GHHUL GH VHUPD\HQLQ halND
oDODQODUD \D\OPDV oDODQODUD KLVVH VH
nedi verilmesidir. anakkale
6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQNXUXOXJQOHULQGHoDW\DSPDLOHXUDDQXVWDODUDPHVDLOHUL NDUOQDNLW\HULQHKLVVHVHQHGLYHUPHVLYHEXXVWDODUQEXJQdDQQLOHULJHOHQOHUL DUDVQGD ROPDV%RGXUXQVHUPD\H\LKDONDYHoDODQD \D\PDoDEDODUQDVDGHFHELU |UQHNWLU 'LHU ELU LGHHULLVH SD\ODPFONYHX]ODPDGUGH(F]DFEDYH GLHU JLULLPFLOHU SRUVHOHQ UHWLPL\OH VHUDPLN VHNW|UQH JLUPL %RGXU RQODUOD ELUOLNWH RWXUXS ELU FHQWLOPHQOLN DQODPDV LP]DODP YH NHQGLOHULQLQ NDSODPDON
malzePH
YH
L]RODW|UGH
NDODFDNODUQ
RQODUQ
GD
VKKL
WHVLV
IDDOL\HWLQGH
EXOXQDELOHFHNOHULQLEHOLUWPLWLU%RGXUSL\DVDQQUDKDWONODSD\ODODELOHFHLQLELULL \DSDQQ SHLQGHQ NR\XQ JLEL JLWPHQLQ ELU DQODP ROPDGQ GQPHNWHGLU <O
1997: 26).
%RGXU \OQGD 7UNL\HQLQ LON PVWDNLO VDQD\L RGDV RODQ VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDVQQ NXUXOX IDDOL\HWOHULQH NDWOP \OQGDQ \OQD NDGDU VWDQEXO6DQD\L2GDVWDYHWRSUDDGD\DOWXODUHIUDNWHUoLPHQWRVHUDPLNYHFDP PHVOHN NRPLWHOHUL \HOLLQGH EXOXQPXWXU \OQGD VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV PHFOLV \HOLLQH VHoLOPL PHFOLV \HOLL J|UHYLQGH \OQD NDGDU NHVLQWLVL] ELU UHNRU VUH RODUDN \O NDOPWU 6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH \O \OQGD VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDVQ WHPVLOHQ 7UNL\H 2GDODU %LUOLL JHQHO NXUXO \HOLLQH VHoLOHQ %RGXU \OQGD 7UNL\H 2GDODU %LUOLL <|QHWLP .XUXOXQD VHoLOPL YH GDQ \OQD NDGDU \O VUH LOH 2GDODU %LUOLL %DNDQON 'LYDQQGD %DNDQ YH%DNDQ 9HNLOOLLJ|UHYLQL \HULQHJHWLUPLWLU %X VUH]DUIQGD
202
2GDODU %LUOLL EQ\HVLQGH VHNW|U NRQVH\OHULQL NXUDQ %RGXU GHQ \OQD NDGDU LNL G|QHP 7UNL\H 6DQD\L 2GDODU .RQVH\ %DNDQOQ YH \OODU DUDVQGD LNL G|QHP 7UNL\H 2GDODU %LUOLL *HQHO .XUXO %DNDQO J|UHYOHULQL \DSPWU \OQGD NXUXOXXQGD EXOXQGXX VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV PHFOLV \HOLLQH VHoLOHQ %RGXU \OQGD VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV 0HFOLV %DNDQOQD VHoLOPLWLU \OQGDQ \OQD NDGDU DUDONV] \O VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV 0HFOLV %DNDQ RODUDN HQ X]XQ VUHOL VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV %DNDQ ROPXWXU %X
grevleri sresinde, Trk sanayine ve Trk ekonomisine nemli hizmetler veren

%RGXU 7UNL\H 2GDODU %LUOLLQL WHPVLOHQ 7UNL\H 6DQD\L 2GDODU 6DQD\L
.RQVH\LQL 7UNL\H ' (NRQRPLN OLNLOHU .RQVH\LQL 7UN WDO\DQ .RQVH\LQL NXUDUDN X]XQ VUH EDNDQOQ \DSP 6DQD\L 2GDVQ WHPVLOHQ 7UNL\H NWLVDG .DONQPD 9DNIQYHVWDQEXO 6DQD\L2GDV 9DNIQNXUDUDNEXNXUXOXODUGDJ|UHY \DSPWU $\UFD 7UNL\H 6DQD\LFL YH $GDPODU 'HUQHLQLQ LON DOW
NXUXFXVXQGDQELULRODQ%RGXUX]XQ\OODUEXNXUXOXXQ\|Q
etiminde ve Genel Kurul
%DNDQOQGD EXOXQPX KDOHQ GH <NVHN VWLDUH .XUXOX h\HOLL J|UHYLQL VUGUPHNWHGLU ZZZNDOHFRPWU .] =H\QHS %RGXU 2N\D\Q VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV0HFOLVh\HOLLQHYH2GD<|QHWLP.XUXOXh\HOLLQHNWLVDG.DONQPD9DNI
Y|QHWLP
.XUXOX %DNDQ 9HNLOOLL YH 7UN WDO\DQ .RQVH\L %DNDQOQD
VHoLOPHVLQH PWHDNLS \O EDQGD VWDQEXO 6DQD\L 2GDV 0HFOLVL 2QXUVDO h\HVL YH %DNDQ RODUDN RQXUODQGUODQ YH \OQGDQ EX \DQD NXUXFX\H RODUDN
fiilen sanayi hizmetlerini srdren Bodur, Trk sanayine olan hizmetlerini, ilgisini ve
DNQVUGUPHNWHGLU6DQD\LGH6HUDPLNWH\O
*LULLPLQ EHOOL E\N HKLUOHU GQGD PLOOL ND\QDNODUD YH L JFQH \DNQ E|OJHOHUGH NXUXOPDVQD OL \OODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ |Q
clk eden Bodur, 1990
\OODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ N|\OHULQ GH VDQD\LOHPHVLQH |QFON HWPLWLU 7UN 6DQD\LQLQ YH UQOHULQLQ \XUW LoLQGH ROGXX NDGDU \XUW GQGD GD WDQWOPDV YH JHOLPHVL LoLQ XOXVODUDUDV VDQD\L YH WLFDUL LELUOLLQLQ VDODQPDVQD E\N |QHP
veren ve
dDQDNNDOH\L HNRQRPLN JF\OH GQ\D\D WDQWS EX \ROGD |QHPOL JD\UHWOHU VDUI HGHUHN EDDUODU ND]DQDQ %RGXU WH dHNRVORYDN\D GHYOHW QLDQ GH &DYDOLDUL GL /DYRUD WDO\D 'HYOHW 1LDQ GH 7UNL\H &XPKXUL\HWL hVWQ
203
+L]PHW 1LDQ LOH RQXUODQGUOPWU ZZZNDOHFRPWU 7UNL\H LOH GRVW ONHOHU DUDVQGDNLHNRQRPLNVRV\DOYHNOWUHOLOLNLOHUHGHE\N|QHPYHUHQ%RGXU6XXGL $UDELVWDQQ &LGGH 0HNNH 0HGLQH 7LFDUHW YH 6DQD\L 2GDODU LOH V
tanbul Sanayi
2GDV YH $QDGROX 2GDODU DUDVQGDNL NDUGH RGD VWDWVQ YH LELUOLLQL EDODWPDV QHGHQL\OH6XXGL$UDELVWDQ.UDOOhVWQ+L]PHWYH.DUGHOLN$OWQ0DGDO\DVLOH RQXUODQGUOPWU <HQLFH7UNL\HGHLQDQoOYHPWHYD]LNLLOLLPLOOLYH PDQHYL GHHUOHUH EDOO LOH KHU DODQGD |QHPOL KL]PHWOHU YH NDWNODUGD EXOXQDQ
Bodura; 1994te Karadeniz Teknik niversitesi, 1997de anakkale Onsekiz Mart

hQLYHUVLWHVL GD %RD]LoL hQLYHUVLWHVL WDUDIQGDQ )DKUL 'RNWRUD XQYDQ YHULOPLWLUZZZNDOHFRPWU
Bodur; bir VDQD\LFL RODUDN VUHNOL SROLWLND\ WDNLS HWPL SROLWLNDFODUOD GRVW
ROPX DPD DNWLI SROLWLND\OD XUDPDPWU 0HVOHNL RUJDQL]DV\RQODUGD HGLQGLL GHQH\LPOHUH GD\DQDUDN %RGXUXQ HGLQGLL ELU GHUV YDUGU PHVOHNL RUJDQL]DV\RQODUD SROLWLND EXODPDPDOGU <O dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ <OG|QP NXWODPDODUQGD &XPKXUEDNDQ 6OH\PDQ 'HPLUHO VDQD\L
NXUPDNOD LLQ ELWPHGLLQL NXUXODQ JLULLPLQ \HQLOLNoL IDDOL\HWOHU YH WHNQRORML LOH ]DPDQDYHDUWODUDX\GXUXOPDVJHUHNWLLQLYXUJXODPYH.DOH*UXEXQXQ\HQLOLNoL IDDOL\HWOHUGH EXOXQDUDN WHNQRORML\H D\DN X\GXUPDV VD\HVLQGH |PUQQ EX NDGDU X]XQ ROGXXQX EHOLUWPLWLU <O %RGXU .DOH *UXEXQGD LPGL\H NDGDU JLULOPL VHNW|UOHU GQGD IDUNO IDDOL\HW NRQXODUQD YH \HQL VHNW|UOHUH HO DWPD\ GQPHPHNWHGLU .DOH *UXEXQXQ IDDOL\HWWH EXOXQGXX PHYFXW VHNW|UOHUL JOREDO SD]DUODUGD UHNDEHW HGHELOPH DGQD oDQ DUWODUQD YH WHNQRORMLVLQH X\JXQ KDOH
getirmeyi tercih etmektedir (Capital 1999: 42).
Bodur; anakkaleli potansiyel
JLULLPFLOHUH \DQL L NXUPD\ GQHQ
ELUH\OHUH KLWDEHQ ELOGLUGLL J|UOHULQGH KHU H\GHQ |QFH NXUDFDNODU LH LQDQPDQQ YH JYHQPHQLQ JHUHNOL ROGXXQX YXUJXODPWU dDQDNNDOH 6DYDODUQD GD DWI \DSDUDNE|\OHE\NELU]DIHULQND]DQOGEXNXWVDOWRSUDNODUGDGRGXNODUQYHEX IDUNQGDOQ LQDQo YH JYHQOHULQL DUWUDFDQ EHOLUWPLWLU dQN dDQDNNDOHGH ND]DQODQ ]DIHULQ ND\QD HOGH KLoELU H\ \RNNHQ ELUH\OHULQ LQDQo YH JYHQL
204
ROPXWXU .DOH *UXEXQGD GD D\Q IHOVHIH YH LQDQoOD IDEULNDODUD LU
ketlere ve
UQOHUH KHS dDQDNNDOH DGQQ YHULOGLLQL EHOLUWPLWLU QJLOL]FH YH WDO\DQFD ELOHQ %RGXUXQ HNRQRPLN XUDODU \DQQGD J]HO VDQDWODUD NDU GD WXWNXVX YDUGU (NRQRPL NRQXODUQGD GD oHLWOL DUDWUPDODU ROGXX JLEL HGHEL\DWOD YH |]HOOLNOH LLUOH DNWLI LOJLVL EXOXQPDNWDGU LLU \D]PDVQ VHYPHNWH KHQ] WRSODQS
\D\QODQPDP oRN VD\GD LLUL YH EHVWHOHQPL JIWHOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU .DOHDLOHVL <D]P ROGXX LLUOHUL $YQL $QO $PLU $WH YH (URO 6D\DQ WDUDIQGDQ EHVWHOHQPLWLU.DOHPDGHQ7HPPX]YH%RD]LoL0XVLNL9DNI7UN0]LL .RQVHUYDWXDU \OQGD EX HVHUOHULQ \HU DOG ELU NRQVHU YHUPLWLU .DOHDLOHVL g]HO6D\%RGXU.ODVLN7UN6DQDWP]LLQLGLQOHPH\LYHNLWDSRNXPD\
ok sevmektedir; en ok seramLNOH LOJLOL NLWDSODU RNXPDNWDGU 'HQL]H NDU LOJLVL olan Bodur denizi ve tekne gezilerini sevmektedir (Kalemaden 2003 Temmuz: 2).
EUDKLP %RGXUXQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQGDQ gQFH +D\DWQD<|QHOLN'HQH\LPOHUL
Robert
Kolejdeki
tahsili
sresince,
Trkiyenin
ilk
yaprak
ttn
LKUDFDWoODUQGDQ RODQ EDEDV +DVDQ %RGXUXQ WWQ LOHWPHOHULQGH \D] WDWLOOHULQGH oDODQ%RGXULYHLOHWPHNRQXVXQGDWHFUEHYHELOJLVDKLELROPXWXU6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH\O*LULLPFLOLNNDUL\HULER\XQFDVHUJLOHGLL\HQLOLNoLYH|QF WXWXPODUQQ ND\QDNODU DLOHVLQGHQ HGLQGLL \HQLOLN YH |QFON NOWUQH
GD\DQPDNWDGU<HQLFHLoLQKD\DWL|QHPLRODQWWQE|OJH\H%RGXUXQEDEDV+DVDQ
Bodur taUDIQGDQ
VDOoDON NUP] ELEHU GH NDUGHL 0HKPHW %RGXU WDUDIQGDQ
JHWLULOPLWLU<HQLFH2LVH7UNL\H\LVHUDPLNLOHWDQWUDFDNYHVDQD\LQLQ GLQDPLLQLELUoRN\HQLOLNYH|QFONLOHDUWUDFDNW
%RGXU\OQGDEDEDVLKUDFDWo+DVDQ%RGXULOHND\QSHGHUL%DONHVLUOL
sanayici
HUHI (LQOLROXQXQ RUWDN JLULLPL YH 7UNL\HQLQ LON SHQ\H
-pamuk iplik
IDEULNDODUQGDQ RODQ (GLUQHNDS 3DPXN SOLN )DEULNDV .ROHNWLI LUNHWLQLQ NXUXOX YH\|QHWLPLQGHEXOXQPXWXU<HQLFH 6DQD\LFLOLH\OQGDEXIDEULND
205
LOH EDOD\DQ %RGXU .DOHDLOHVL |]HOVD\ \OQGD \DQGD\NHQ EDDU\OD LOHWWLL EX JLULLPGHQ LOHWPH\L oRN RUWDNO VHUPD\H LUNHWLQH
G|QWUPHNWH EDEDVQ YH ND\QSHGHULQL LNQD HGHPHGLL LoLQ J|U IDUNOO QHGHQL\OHD\UOPWU.DOHDLOHVL
).
%RGXUXQ EDEDP YH OL \OODUGD <HQLFH E|OJHVLQLQ |QHPOL ELU WDUP UQ RODQ WWQ LKUDFDW \DS\RUGX \DQL DLOHP R E|OJH\H KL]PHWL J|UHY HGLQPLWLU.D\QSHGHULPLQGH]H\WLQ\DIDEULNDVYDUG%HQLPEDVDODGPLNL
aileden biUL LKUDFDWo |EU GH VDQD\LFL\GL \O V|]OHUL\OH JLULLPFLOLN
NDUL\HULQLQ WHPHOOHULQL YH URO PRGHOOHULQLQ ]DWHQ DLOHVLQGH PHYFXW ROGXX
JLULLPFLOLN NOWU LOH \RUXOPX ELU DLOHGHQ JHOGLL YH JLULLPFLOLN GHHUOHULQL GH E|\OHFHNROD\ONODHGLQGLLWHVSLWHGLOPHNWHGLU
dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQ.XUXOPDV
7UNL\HGH VDQD\LOHPH IHOVHIHVL GRUXOWXVXQGD |UQHN YH |QF ELU NXUXOX RODQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ KD\DWD JHoLULOPHVL oDOPDODUQQ JHoPLL \OQD GHN X]DQPDNWDGU 2OD\ $NWLI
. Ancak Bodurun anakkale
6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ NXUXOPDV LOH LOJLOL GQFHOHUL \OQGD EDODP EX GQFHOHULQ UHDOL]H HGLOPHVL LOH LOJLOL SURMH LVH \OQGD RQXQ WDUDIQGDQ ROXWXUXOPXWXU \O %X SURMH\L \OQGD dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU /LPLWHG LUNHWLQL 7/ VHUPD\H YH RUWDNOD NXUDUDN JHUoHNOHWLUPL YH D\Q \O VHUDPLN VDQD\L LoLQ JHUHNOL HWG YH DUDWUPDODUD EDODPWUZZZNDOHFRPWU
OL \OODUQ VRQXQGD 7UNL\H FLGGL ELU G|YL] VNQWV LoHULVLQGH\GL YH NOLULQJ DQODPDV \DQL NDUONO PDO GHLLPL LOH LWKDODW \DSO\RUGX
dHNRVORYDN\D\D EDNU SDPXN YHULOPHNWH NDUOQGD GD PDNLQHOHU DOQPDNWD\G %RGXUGD EX\|QWHPOH IDEULNDQQPDNLQHYHJHUHoOHUL
ni taPDPODPWU\O
24).
\O0D\V D\QGD dHNRVORYDN7HFKQRH[SRUWILUPDVQD PDNLQHYHWHoKL]DW
206
VLSDULLQGH EXOXQXOPX ILUPD\OD WHNQLN YH WHNQRORMLN DQODPDODU \DSOPWU 7HPPX] \OQGD LVH G|QHPLQ %DEDNDQ YH GHYOHW \HWNLOLOHU
inin huzurunda
JLULLPLQ WHPHOL DWOPWU \OQGD LVH dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU /LPLWHG LUNHWLQLQ WU 0LO\RQ 7/ VHUPD\HOL $QRQLP LUNHWH $ G|QWUOPWU \O dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $QLQ VHUPD\HVLQH (WLEDQN
33
RUDQQGD LWLUDN HWPLWLU *QHU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $L \OQGD IDDOL\HWH JHoPLWLU \O %RGXU EX JLULLPOHUL\OH YH dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $ LOH KDOND DoN oRN RUWDNO YH VDQD\LQLQ
Anadoluya ynelmesine nclk eden, Trkiyenin ilk fayans ve izolatr reten

VHUDPLNIDEULNDODUQNXUPXWXU 6DQD\LGH6HUDPLNWH\O
)LNULQLQ 'RPDV 9H dDQ OoHVLQLQ .XUXOX <HUL 2ODUDN 6HoLPLQLQ$UGQGD<DWDQ)DNW|UOHU
Trkiyede 1950lerdeki sanayi hareketi ile blgelerin ve illerin kaynakODU

]HULQH GHYOHW DUDWUPDODU \DSPDNWD\G dDQDN
kale blgesinde de ekoslovak
X]PDQODU VWDQEXO 7HNQLN hQLYHUVLWHVL YH dDQDNNDOH g]HO GDUHVL\OH EX oDOPDODU
srGUOPHNWH\GL $\UFD WDUPD HOYHULOL ROPD\DQ EX WRSUDNODUGD \DD\DQ KDON L

EXODELOPHN LoLQ N D\ODUQGD ]H\WLQ WRSODPD\D (GUHPLW $\YDON \D GD KDVDW LoLQ oHOWLN WRSODPD\D 7UDN\D\D JLGL\RUODUG VL]OLN R NDGDU ID]OD\G NL ED]HQ D\ODUFD \OODUFD L LoLQ VUD EHNOL\RUODUG 'LHU WDUDIWDQ ELU \HUOHLP \HUL ROD N|\OHUH \DNQO LOH ELU EDODQW QRNWDV\G %RGXUGD dD
rak an, evre
nakkale Blgesinde daha
WHNVWLO LLQGH\NHQ DUDWUPDODU \DSWUPD\D EDODP ]HQJLQ NDROHQ NLO \DWDNODU YH
byk enerjiye gereksinim duyan seraPLN VHNW|U LoLQ KD]U N|PU RFDNODU LOH
E|OJHQLQVHUDPLNVHNW|ULoLQHQLGHDO\HUROGXXQXWHVSLWHWPLWLU\O
%RGXU \OQGD 7UNL\HQLQ NDONQPDV YH EX NDONQPD\D NDWPD GHHUL YH LVWLKGDP \NVHN GD EDPOO D] QH WU ELU IDDOL\HWOH NDWNGD YHULOHELOLU GQFHVL\OH PHJXONHQ dDQDNNDOHQLQ YDOLVL KVDQ 6DEUL dDOD\DQJLOLQ \DSWUG dDQDNNDOH E|OJHVLQLQ LNWLVDGL YDUONODUQQ QH RODELOHFHLQL DUDWUDQ YH
207
VRQXoODUQ GHHUOHQGLUHQ ELU HWG GLNNDWLQL oHNPLWLU 2 GD EX
etdten yararlanarak
HN oDOPDODUGD EXOXQPX E|\OHFH VHUDPLN VHNW|U ELU L ILNUL YH IUVDW RODUDN ]LKQLQGHHNLOOHQPLWLU<O
dDQDNNDOH
6HUDPLN
)DEULNDODUQGDQ
|QFH
7UNL\H
VHUDPLN
LKWL\DFQ
WP\OH LWKDODWWDQ NDUO\RUGX 2 ]DPDQODU KHQ] WDO\D GQ\D SD]DUQD JLUPHPLWL YH SD]DUQ OLGHUL dHNRVORYDN\D LGL %RGXU \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ EX \HUHO DUDWUPDODU SURMHOHQGLUPH oDOPDODUQ EDODPW 7HNVWLO )DEULNDVQGDNL \HUL LVH EDEDV YH ND\QSHGHUL DUDVQGD NDOP ELU \|QHWLFL\GL \O 9H QLKD\HWLQGH EX IDEULNDGDQ D\UODUDN ]LKQLQGH HNLOOHQGLUGLL YL]\RQXQX
JHUoHNOHWLUPHDPDF\ODKDUHNHWHJHoPLWLU
dDQ OoHVLQLQ NXUXOX \HUL RODUDN VHoLPLQL HWNLOH\HQ IDNW|UOHUL +DVDQ 6D]F (NRQRPL GHUJLVLQGH EHOLUWPLWL
r. Trkiyede ilk kez taUPD HOYHULOL \NVHN
verimli alanlarGDQ X]DN GXUXOPDV WHUFLK HGLOPL \HU VHoLPLQGH LON NH] KHU WUO DOW yaSGDQ PDKUXP ELU \HUOHLP PHUNH]L KHGHIOHQPLWL dDQQ WHUFLKLQGH VHUDPLN hammaddelerinin ve o gnk teknoloji iin geUHNOLRODQHQHUMLLKWL\DFQNDUOD\DFDN
N|PURFDNODUQQYHLVWLKGDPLPNDQQQEXOXQPDVHWNLOLROPXWXU(NRQRPL
5-6).
OoHQLQPHUNH]QIXVXR\OODUGDFLYDUQGD\G%|OJHKDONKD\YDQFON YH NXUX WDKOOD JHoLPLQL VDODPDNWD VXOX ]LUDDW LVH EXOXQPDPDNWD\G .|\OHU LOoH PHUNH]LQH \DNQ PHVDIHGH\GL YH L JF SRWDQVL\HOL\NVHNWL $QFDNLDODQ \RNWX +DON EDND E|OJHOHUH oDOPDN LoLQ JLWPHNWH\GL dDOPD\ VHYHQ YH L DUD\DQ ELU NLWOH EXOXQPDNWD\G (N RODUDN \HU YH GXYDU NDURVX UHW
imi iin gereken
KDPPDGGHOHULQ dDQQ NLORPHWUH JLEL \DNQ FLYDUQGD PHYFXWWX (Q |QHPOLVLLVHdDQQ ELUOLQ\LWKDY]DVROXX\GX%XHQHUMLGHPHNWLYHOLQ\LWVDGHFH NLORPHWUH X]DNONWD\G 6RQ RODUDN dDQ LOoHVLQLQ VRV\R HNRQRPLN \DSV IDEULNDQQ NXUXOPDV LoLQ X\JXQGX oQN LOoH KDON YH LGDUL NDGHPHOHU JLULLP LoLQ E\N ELU GHVWHNYH\DUGPWDDKKWHWPHNWH\GL*QHU
208
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ NXUXOX \O NXWODPDODUQGD %RGXU dDQQNXUXOX\HULRODUDNWHUFLKHGLOPHVLQLVHUPD\HYHJLULLPLLJFQQ\DNQQD JHWLUHUHN VDQD\LOHPH KDUHNHWLQLQ $QDGROXGDQ EDODPDV JHUHLQH ELU LQDQo RODUDN EHOLUWPLWLU 9H E|\OHFH VDQD\LQLQ E\N HKLUOHUGHQ $QDGROX\D KDUHNHWLQLQ |QFOQ\DSWNODUQYXUJXODPWU\O
).
dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQgQFOQ<DSWONOHU
OL \OODUGD 'HYOHW WDUDIQGDQ LON NH] X\JXODQ
mak istenen zel sektrn
VDQD\L DODQQD oHNLOPHVL SROLWLNDVQD X\JXQ RODUDN dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU LON KDOND DoN LUNHW ELoLPLQGH NXUXOPXWXU +DWWD EX NRQXGD GDKD GD GLNNDW oHNLFL ELU X\JXODPD\D \HU YHULOHUHN GHYOHW JLULLPFL YH KDON LON NH] ELU DUD\D JHWLULOPLWLU 6HUPD\HQLQELUNVPQVWOHQHQ%RGXUYHDUNDGDODUdDQE|OJHVLQGHWDKVLOGDUJLEL N|\ N|\ GRODDUDN IDEULND V|]FQGHQ KDEHUL ELOH ROPD\DQ KDOND LON NH] KLVVH VHQHGL VDWPWU 2 JQOHULQ NRXOODUQGD ELULNWLULOHQ NoN WDVDUUXIODU HNRQRPL\H ND]DQGUOPWU$\UFDJLULLPFLKDONYHGHYOHWoOVQQGLHUD\DQWHNLOHGHQ (WLEDQNQ 7U
kiyede ilN NH] L]RODW|U UHWLPLQL JHUoHNOHWLUPHVL DUW\OD dDQDNNDOH (Ekonomi 1995: 4-5).
6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQDLWLUDNLVDODQPWU
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU 7UNL\HQLQ YHULPOL WDUP DUD]LOHUL GQGD NXUXODQ DOW\DS LPNDQODU QLVSHWHQ GDKD L\L RODQ E\N NHQWOHULQ GQGD
LPNDQV]ONODUQJ|EHLQGHNXUXODQLONVDQD\LWHVLVL\GLYH7UNL\HQLQLONKDONDDoN LUNHWL\GL EUDKLP %RGXU dDQGD VDGHFH IDEULND NXUPDG dDQQ VRQUD GD dDQDNNDOHQLQ DUGQGDQ GD E|OJHQLQ WDOLKLQL GHLWLUGL 2 JQOHUGH QIXVX
1000
FLYDUQGDRODQ dDQE\GQIXVX\ODE|OJHQLQ J|]GH LOoHOHULQGHQELULKDOLQH JHOGL JFQQ EXOXQGXX \HUH NXUXODQ IDEULND\OD E|OJHGHQ E\N NHQWOHUH J|o |QOHQGLYHKDONNXDNODUER\XoDODFDNELUWHVLVHNDYXWX2\OODUQ\HWLNLQOHULLoL ROGXRXOODUWHNQLV\HQWRUXQODULVHPKHQGLV6DU %\NHKLUOHUGH $QDGROXQXQ GHLLN \HUOHULQGHQ J|oS JHOHQ LoLOHU R HKULQ GRNXVXQD X\XP VDOD\DPDPDNWD YH |QHPOL VRUXQODU RUWD\D oNPDNWDGU .|\QGH WRSUDD EDO ELU
209
KD\DWWDQ HKLU KD\DWQD NROD\ NROD\ DGDSWH RODPD\DQ LoL WLSL X\JXODQDQ |]JQ ELU
modelle ortadan kalGUOPWU oLOHULQ E\N E|OP VDEDK VHUYLVOHUOH HYOHULQGHQ

DOQPDNWD \LQH L oN DNDP HYOHULQH EUDNOPDNWD YH EX VD\HGH LoLOHU EDO ROGXNODU NOWUGHQ NRSPDGDQ oHOLNLOHUGHQ X]DN \DDPODUQ VUGUPHNWHGLU
(Yenice 1999: 69-70).
\OQGDQLWLEDUHQJHUoHNOHWLULOHQID\DQVUHWLPLLOHSL\DVD\DKDNLPRODQ LWKDOID\DQVQNDUVQDLONNH]PLOOLND\QDNODUDGD\DO\HUOLPDOID\DQVoNDUOPWU \O
1992: 27).
ODUGDVDQD\LLOH\HQLWDQDQ7UNL\HLKUDFDWKHQ]NDYUDPRODUDNELOH ELOPL\RUGX YH ONHQLQ \XUW GQD VDWDELOGLNOHUL ELUNDo WDUP UQQGHQ LEDUHWWL dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLNWH )DEULNDODUQGD VHUDPLN UHWLPLQL KHU \O NDWOD\DUDN DUWWUDQ %RGXU LKUDFDW KHGHIOHPLWL %RGXU 7UNL\HQLQ LON VDQD\L UQ LKUDFDWQ \OQGD JHUoHNOHWLUHUHN ONHQLQ VDQD\L UQOHULQH G|YL] ND]DQGUDQ LON LKUDFDWoV ROGX 6DU ON ONH \DNQ ROPDV QHGHQL\OH <XQDQLVWDQG 'DKD VRQUD
Bodur,
EDEDVQQ WWQ LLQGHQ WDQG $OPDQ\DGDNL DGUHVOHUOH EDODQW NXUPX YH
EXE|OJHOHUHGHLKUDFDW\DSPD\DEDODPWU<O
KUDFDW \DSDELOPHN YH ELU LUNHWLQ SD]DUGDNL SD\Q NRUXPDN LoLQ VUHNOL
bymek gereklidir. GruEXQ JHOLPHVLQH K] NDWDQ HQ E\N JLULLP .DOHIOHNV
.DOHERGXUYH.DOHSRUVHOHQLQNXUXOPDVGU6RQUDGDUQOHULQNDOELoLQ.DOHNDOS L \OODUGD VHUDPLN VHNW|UQGH WDO\DQODUQ OLGHUOLL DOPDV YH GDKD VRQ VSDQ\ROODUQ SD]DUD JLUPHVL\OH VHNW|UGH oRN |QHP
ra da
li
WHNQLN JHOLPHOHU \DDQPWU
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN dHNOHU LOH LH EDODG \OODUGD VDDW RODQ ID\DQV SLLUPH VUHVL EXJQ DUWN GDNLND\D LQPL GXUXPGDGU %XQX VDOD\DQ IDNW|UOHU LVH HQHUMLQLQ SDKDO ROPDVQGDQ GROD\ WDVDUUXI VDOD\DFDN PDNLQH YH IUQODU UHWLOPHVL
ve bilgiVD\DUVLVWHPOHULQLQJHOLPHVLGLU<O
210
dDQDNNDOH
6HUDPLN
)DEULNDODU
EWoHVLQGHQ
$U *H\H
SD\
D\UDQ
LON
NXUXOXWXUYH\LQHEQ\HVLQGH\HWLWLUGLLoDODQODULONNH]PDNLQHWHoKL]DWYHIUQ
retimini gerekOHWLUHUHN\DWUPPDOUHWPLWLU\O
dDODQODU LOH LOLNLOHU DoVQGDQ GD %RGXUXQ WXWXPX ELU LONWLU %RGXU |UJWVHO YDWDQGDO GDKD 7UNL\H OLWHUDWUQH JLUPHGHQ X\JXODPDODU LOH VDOD\DQ ELU JLULLPFLROPXWXU dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQNXUXOXXQGDQ EX\DQDELU JHOHQHNELoLPLQLDODQWPoDODQODUQ.DOHDLOHVLQLQELUIHUGLJLELGHHUOHQGLULOPHVL GQOHULQLQ .DOHDLOHVLQLQ GQ ROPDV WRSOX VQQHWOHUOH oRFXNODUQQ VQQHW HWWLULOPHVL YH EHQ]HU IDDOL\HWOHUOH oDODQODU LOH EWQOHPL ELU \|QHWLP IHOVHIHVL RUWD\DNRQPXWXU<HQLFH
%RGXUWDULKHWDQNONHGHQGRGXXWRSUDNODUGDE|OJHLQVDQLOHHOHOHJ|QO J|QOH E|OJHVHO NDONQPDQQ HQ J]HO |UQHLQL YHUPL .DOH *UXEXQXQ WHPHOOHULQL
atarken milli kaynakODUD GD\DO PLOOL VDQD\LQLQ \DWUPODUOD LJFQQ EXOXQGXX

\HUH JLWPHVL YH L VDKDODU DoODUDN E\N NHQWOHUH J|oQ |QOHQPHVL LONHVLQGHQ KDUHNHWHWPLWLU.DOHJUXEXEXLGHDOGHQKDUHNHWOH7UNL\H\HVDGHFHUHWLP\DSDUDN KL]PHW HWPHPHNWH E|OJH LQVDQQD L YH D VDOD\DUDN E|OJHVHO J|o |QOHPHNWH KDONOD HO HOH YHUHUHN E|OJHQLQ NDONQPDVQD NDWNGD EXOXQPDNWDGU .DOHDLOHVL g]HO 6D\

EUDKLP
%RGXUXQ
.OWU YH
6DQDW
(LWLP
6DON
+L]PHWOHUL $QOD\\OD
6DKDVQGDNL
.DWNODU
6RV\DO
6RUXPOXOXN
*HUoHNOHWLUGLL6RV\DO*LULLPOHU
%RGXU VDQD\L LOH VDO GRD\ HLWLPL VDQDW YH VSRUX EWQOHWLUPH\L EDDUDELOHQHQGHU JLULLPFLOHUGHQELULGLU\OGUEX WRSUDNODUGDUHWLP\DSDQ.DOH
Grubu, kurucusunun ilkeleriyle, toplumsal sorumOXOXNODUQ ELOLQFL\OH EX ONH\H

LQVDQQD GRDVQD HLWLPLQH NOWUQH YH VRV\DO \DDQWVQD KL]PHW HWPH\L J|UHY ELOPHNWHGLU 6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH \O 8\JDUOQ \HHUGLL EX
211
WRSUDNODUGD UHWLP \DSDQ .DOH *UXEX \DWUP SODQODUQGDQ UH
tim tesislerine,
UHWLPGHQ WDPD\D NDGDU KHU DDPDGD |QFHOLNOH GRDO oHYUH\L GQHUHN DGP DWPDNWDGU dHYUH\L NRUXPD NRQXVXQGD GQ\D VWDQGDUWODUQ ED] DODQ .DOH *UXEX GRD\ NRUXPDN NDGDU JHOLWLUPHQLQ GH |QHPOL ROGXXQXQ ELOLQFL\OH \HQL GRDO
alanlarQROXWXUXOPDVLoLQoDEDJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU.DOHDLOHVLg]HOVD\.
%RGXU WDULKH WDQNON HGHQ GRGXX WRSUDNODUGD E|OJH KDON\OD HOHOHJ|QO J|QOH E|OJHVHO NDONQPDQQ HQ J]HO |UQHLQL YHUPLWLU %RGXU .DOH *UXEXQXQ
temellerini atarken millL ND\QDNODUD GD\DO ELU VDQD\LQLQ \DWUPODUOD L JFQQ

EXOXQGXX \HUHJLWPHVLYHL VDKDODUDoDUDNE|OJHGH \DD\DQKDONQ E\NNHQWOHUH J|oQQ |QOHQPHVL LONHVLQGHQ KDUHNHW HWPLWLU ZZZNDOHFRPWU %RGXU YH .DOH
Grubunun anakkale ve blgesine, hDONQD GRDVQD HLWLPLQH NOWU YH VRV\DO

KD\DWQD \DSW \DWUPODUOD E|OJH JHOLUL YH VRV\DO \DDQWV 7UNL\H VWDQGDUWODUQQ oRN ]HULQGH ELU \DS\D NDYXPXWXU %XJQ 7UNL\HQLQ JHOLUL HQ \NVHN E|OJHOHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ dDQDNNDOH HLWLPL GH HQ\NVHNE|OJHOHULQGHQELULROPXWXU 6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH <O dDOPD\ YH LOHWPH NXUPD\ ELU KREL ELoLPLQH JHWLUHQ %RGXU VRV\DO GD\DQPD\ YH \DUGP oRN VHYPHNWHGLU %LUoRN YDNIQ GHUQHLQ NXUXOPDVQD |QFON HWPL EX GHUQHNOHUGH J|UHY DOPWU
(Kaleailesi 1977: 5).
6RV\DO $PDoO 7HVLVOHU .DOH *UXEXQXQ WHPHOLQGH %RGXU YH \DNQ oDOPD DUNDGDODU \DWPDNWDGU *HOLQHQ QRNWDGD E|OJH KDONQQ NDWNODUQQ DOQ WHULQLQ EXOXQGXXQX %RGXU YH DUNDGDODU KLoELU ]DPDQ XQXWPDPODUGU %XQX
n iin de
HLWLP VDQDW VSRU NOWU YH VDQDWVDO NDWNODUQ \DQQGD VRV\DO DPDoO GHVWHN IDDOL\HWOHUL GH KHU ]DPDQ NXWVDO ELU J|UHY DQOD\\OD \HULQH JHWLUPLOHUGLU .DOH JUXEXQXQDUWNJHOHQHNVHOOHHQYHKHU\O\DSODQdDQE|OJHVLQGHoRFXNODUD\|QHOL
WRSOX VQQHW W|UHQL DVNHUL ELUOLN KDVWDQH RNXO YDNI GHUQHN YH UHVPL NXUXOXODUD ID\DQV YH \HU NDURVX \DUGP N|\ NRQDNODUN|\oDPDUKDQHYHKDPDP NDUD\ROX VW JHoLWOHUL N|SUOHU NDUDNRO ELQDODU VWDG\XPODU 7UNL\HQLQ G|UW ELU \DQQGD oHPHOHU YH KDWUD RUPDQODU EXQODUQ HQ |QHPOL |UQHNOHUL ROPXWXU <HQLFH .DOHDLOHVLg]HOVD\6DU
212
(LWLP %LU ONH\L JHOHFHH WD\DFDN HQ |QHPOL KL]PHWLQ HLWLP ROGXXQX
vurgulayan Bodurun ilkelerini bu alanda da izleyen KDOH *UXEX NXUXOGXX JQGHQ

EX \DQD HLWLPLQ KHU DODQQGD NDWN VDODPDN LoLQ oDED J|VWHUPLWLU gUHQFLOHUH EXUVODU YHUHUHN PHVOHN NXUVODU DoDUDN HLWLP RODQD VXQDQ .DOH *UXEX RNXOODU |UHQFL\XUWODUNWSKDQHOHU\DSWUDUDN\DGD7UNL\HQLQG|UW ELU\DQQGD\DSODQ RNXOODUQ ELQOHUFHVLQH PDO]HPH YHUHUHN GH HLWLPH NDWNGD EXOXQPXWXU
(Kaleailesi
g]HOVD\ .DOH *UXEX HLWLPH \DSW NDWNODU VLVWHPOL ELU ELoLPGH VUGUPHN ]HUH %RGXU .DOHVHUDPLN (LWLP 6DON YH 6RV\DO <DUGP 9DNIQ NXUPXWXU .DOH *UXEX YH NXUXFXVXQXQ WRSOXPD |]HOOLNOH HLWLP VDON YH VRV\DO DODQODUGD \DSW NDWNODU VLVWHPDWLN KDOH JHWLUPHN ]HUH \OQGD .DOHVHUDPLN (LWLP 9DNI DG DOWQGD NXUXODQ YDNI \OQGD DPDF YH NDSVDP JHQLOHWHUHN 'U EUDKLP %RGXU .DOHVHUDPLN (LWLP 6DON YH 6RV\DO <DUGP 9DNI DGQ DOPWU 6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH <O (LWLP DODQQGD JHQL DPDoO KL]PHWYHUPH\LDPDoOD\DQYDNIVHUDPLNNDURXVWDV\HWLWLUPHNXUVODUQGDELQOHUFH LVL] JHQFLQ PHVOHN VDKLEL ROPDVQ VDODPWU $\UFD YDNI dDOPD %DNDQO dRFXN ,VODK (YOHUL YH 6RNDN dRFXNODU 'HUQHNOHUL LOH RUWDN oDOPDODUOD \]OHUFH JHQFLWRSOXPDND]DQGUPYHPHVOHNVDKLELROPDVQVDODPWU<HQLFH *UXEXQ 7UNL\H\H ND]DQGUG HVHUOHU DUDVQGD \XUW G HLWLP EXUVODU oUDNON HLWLP PHUNH]OHUL |UHQFL \XUWODU DQDRNXOX LONRNXO OLVH $QDGROX OLVHOHUL oHLWOL RNXOODUGD ELU oRN ODERUDWXDU YH NWSKDQHOHU oHLWOL QLYHUVLWHOHUGH PRGHUQL]DV\RQ oDOPDODU YH VHUJL VDORQODU EXOXQPDNWDGU .DOHDLOHVL g]HOVD\ 6DU
1999: 184). : nce birey prensibiyle hareket eden Kale Grubu; bireyin
6DON 7HVLVOHUL
\DDPQGDNL HQ |QHPOL ROJXQXQ VDON ROGXXQXQ ELOLQFL LOH EX DODQGD \DSODQ SHN oRN DUDWUPD YH NRQJUH\H GHVWHN YHUPHQLQ \DQVUD VDON DODQQGDNL ELUoRN WHVLVLQ JHUoHNOHWLULOPHVL LoLQ GH oDED J|VWHUPHNWHGLU ZZZNDOHFRPWU %XQODU DUDVQGD GHYOHWKDVWDQHOHULDFLOVHUYLVOHUNDGQVDONPHUNH]OHULELUoRNSROLNOLQLLQ\HQLGHQ LQDODU GL\DOL] PDNLQHVL \DUGPODU PXKWHOLI QLYHUVLWHOHULQ 7S IDNOWHOHULQGH \HQLGHQ\DSODQGUPDODUODERUDWXDUODUNRQIHUDQVVDORQODU\XUWGQDHLWLPHJLGHQ X]PDQ KHNLPOHULQLQ GHVWHNOHQPHVL \HU DOPDNWDGU .DOHDLOHVL g]HOVD\ 6DU<HQLFH
213
Bilim, kltr ve sanat: .DOH*UXEXQXQDQDXUDNRQXVXVDQD\LUHWLPLGLU$QFDN

DUONORODUDNUHWLOHQUQGQ\DQQHQVDQDWVDOHQHVWHWLNUQOHULQGHQELULVLRODQ VHUDPLN VDGHFH \DDP J]HOOHWLUHQ NROD\ODWUDQ ELU XQVXU GHLO ELQOHUFH \OON
birikimi, toSOXPODUQ \DDP ELoLPLQL NOWUQ VDQDWQ \DQVWDQ ELU UQGU.DOH

*UXEX JHoPLL YH EXJQ JHOHFHH WDPDQQ \ROXQXQ VDQDWVDO oDOPDODUD NDWN VDODPDN ROGXX ELOLQFL\OH oDOPDODU \DSPDNWDGU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN 6DQDW *DOHULVL + EUDKLP %RGXU 6HUDPLN 0]HVL dDQ 6HUDPLN 0XVLNL 'HUQHL EX NDWNODUQ |QGH JHOHQ UQOHULGLU %XQXQ \DQQGD 8OXVODUDUDV 8\JXODPDO 6HUDPLN 6HPSR]\XPX 'Q\D 6HUDPLNoLOHUL 'LOL\OH VWDQEXO 6HUJLVL /DOH 9D]RODU 6HUDPLN 6HUJLVL.DOH*UXEXQXQGHVWHLLOHJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU6DU
Kale Grubu
NXUXOGXXJQGHQEX\DQDNHQGL\DSDUDN\DGDVSRQVRURODUDNGHVWHNYHUHUHNELOLP NOWU YH VDQDW DODQODUQGD SHN oRN SURMHQLQ JHUoHNOHPHVLQL VDODPWU <]OHUFH NLWDEQ EDVOPDVQ VDOD\DQ .DOH *UXEX NHQGL EQ\HVLQGH NXUGXX .DOHVHUDPLN <D\QODUQGDQ oNDQ NLWDSODUOD NOWU KD\DWQ ]HQJLQOHWLUPLWLU .DOHDLOHVL g]HO 6D\ .DOHVHUDPLN<D\QODUNLWDSODUQ.DOHVHUDPLN6DQDW<D\QODUYH .DOHVHUDPLN .OWU <D\QODU VHULOHUL DOWQGD \D\QODPDNWDGU
Kale Seramik sanat
\D\QODU VHULVLQGH VHUDPLN VDQDWoODUQQ VDQDW YH \DDPODUQQ NRQX HGLOGLL NLWDSODU QJLOL]FH 7UNoH RODUDN oNDUOP .DOHVHUDPLN .OWU \D\QODU VHULVLQGHQ QJLOL]FH YH 7UNoH RODUDN \D\QODQDQ SHN <ROXQGD 6RQ .HUYDQ NLWDE G GQ\DP]D.DOH*UXEXQXQELUDUPDDQROPXWXU
a kltr
www.kale.com.tr).
'RD .DOH JUXEXQXQ GRD\D DUPDDQODU DUDVQGD 'U EUDKLP %RGXU +HU HKLGH %LU )LGDQ 2UPDQ oHUoHYHVLQGH \OQGD \DQDQ *HOLEROX RUPDQODUQGD EX WRSUDNODUGD \DWDQ HKLWOHULQ D]L] DQVQD ELQ ILGDQ GLNLOPLWLU + )DWPD %RGXU 2UPDQ oL 'LQOHQPH .DPS $WDWUN dHPHVL YH dHYUH ']HQOHPHVL $WDWUNQ GRXP \O DQVQD +DPGL %H\ 'RVWOXN 9H %DU 3DUN dDQ <]\O
Seramik PDUN dDQ $WDWUN SDUN .DOHDLOHVL g]HOVD\ UHWLP \DSOUNHQ
GRDO GHQJHQLQ NRUXQPDV DUWPD WHVLVOHULQLQ LOHWLOPHVL IDDOL\HWOHUL dDQ EUDKLP %RGXU +DWUD 2UPDQ .DOHDLOHVL g]HOVD\ .HQW0H\GDQ']HQOHPHVL\HUDOPDNWDGU
Yenice 1999: 71), anakkale
www.kale.com.tr).
214
Kltr:
6HUDPLN NOWU GHPHNWLU %LQOHUFH \O LQVDQODUQ WRSOXPODUQ \DDP
ELoLPOHUL DONDQONODU HVWHWLN EDNODU VDQDW NOWU KHS VHUDPLNOHUGH KD\DW EXOPXWXU .DOH *UXEXQXQ NXUXOX EXOXQGXX WRSUDNODU GD X\JDUOQ GRGXX VHUDPLNJHOHQHLQLQEDODGWRSUDNODUGU%LQOHUFH\OONLQVDQONPLUDVQQNOWUHO XQVXUODUQQ GQ\D ]HULQGH HQ oRN EXOXQGXX WRSUDNODUGU .DOH *UXEX EX ELOLQoOH NOWUHO oDOPDODUD VW G]H\GH NDWNODU VDODPDNWDGU %X oDOPDODUQ GRUXN QRNWDV WH dLQGHQ EDOD\DQ YH JUXEXQ NXUXOX \O G|QP RODQ 7HPPX]GHdDQGDVRQDHUHQSHN<ROX3URMHVLGLU2QLNLELQNLORPHWUHOLN\ROX GHYHOHUOH DDQ YH EX J]HUJDKWDNL NOWUOHUL DUDWUDQ oDOPD\ .DOH *UXEX DQD VSRQVRU RODUDN GHVWHNOHPLWLU %X SURMH LOHLSHN\ROX ONHOHULDUDVQGDGRVWOXNEDU YH LELUOLLQLQ JoOHQGLULOPHVL EX J]HUJDK ]HULQGH \HU DODQ 7UN GQ\DVQ YH 7UNL\HQLQ |QHPLQLQYXUJXODQPDV DPDoODQPWU dDQDNNDOH%RD] YHoHYUHVLLOH 0DUPDUD 'HQL]LQLQ VX DOWQGDNL WDULKL HVHUOHULQ JQ QD oNDUOS NOWU GQ\DVQD ND]DQGUOPDV oDOPDODUQ VUGUHQ $UNHRORMLN 6XDOW $UDWUPD
*UXEXQXQ GDLPL VSRQVRUOXX GD .DOH *UXEXQFD JHUoHNOHWLULOPHNWHGLU
. Bunun
\DQQGD dDQDNNDOH 6DYDODU YH dDQDNNDOH .DOHOHUL LVLPOL LNL EHOJHVHO ILOP 'RXPXQXQ <OQGD $WDWUN dDQDNNDOH 6DYDODU 7DULKL YH 'RXPXQXQ <]QF <OQGD $WDWUNQ 6LODK $UNDGDODU <DD\DQ dDQDNNDOHOL 0XKDULSOHU
isimli belgesel kitapODU GD .DOH *UXEXQXQ GHVWHL LOH \D\QODQPWU $\UFD .DOH
*UXEX .OWU <D\QODU GD oRN VD\GD DUDWUPD NLWDE \D\QOD\DUDN NOWU GQ\DP]DDUPDDQHWPLWLU6DU
Sponsorluklar:
6SRQVRUOXN NRQXVXQGD X]XQ VROXNOX WRSOXPD GHHU NDWDQSURMHOHUH
destek vermeyi amalayan Kale Grubu, bir ok blgesel kltr ve sanat etkinliklerine
NDWNGD EXOXQXUNHQ XOXVODUDUDV DODQGD GD 7UNL\H\L WDQWDQ ELOLP NOWU YH VDQDW
alDQQGDSHNoRNSURMH\HGHGHVWHNOHPHNWHGLU.DOH*UXEXoDODQODUQGDQYHE|OJH
KDONQGDQ ROXWXUGXX dDQ 0XVLNL 'HUQHL LOH \OGDQ EX \DQD PXVLNL\H NDWNGD EXOXQXUNHQ VWDQEXO )LOP )HVWLYDOL VWDQEXO 0]LN )HVWLYDOL 8OXVODUDUDV 6HUDPLN
Sergileri gLEL HWNLQOLNOHUH GH VSRQVRU RODUDN WRSOXPD NDWNODUQ VUGUPHNWH YH DQD
VSRQVRUOXXQX YH RUJDQL]DV\RQXQX JHUoHNOHWLUGLL SHN <ROX 3URMHVL XOXVODUDUDV DODQGDE\NELUEDDU\DLP]DDWPWUZZZNDOHFRPWU
215
Spor:
.DOH *UXEX VDONO ELUH\OHU \HWLW
irmek, genleri spora zendirmek ve bu
NRQXGD WHYLN HWPHN LoLQ |QFHOLNOH VSRU \DSODFDN RUWDPODU ROXWXUPX \D GD ROXPDV LoLQ GHVWHN YHUPLWLU YH E|OJHGH VSRUXQ \D\JQODWUOPDV LoLQ oHLWOL HWNLQOLNOHU VSRU NDUODPDODU \DUPDODU G]HQOHPHNWHGL
r. an ilesindeki
IDEULNDODUQ VRV\DO WHVLVOHUL LoLQGH \HU DODQ VSRU WHVLVOHULQGH IXWERO YROH\ERO EDVNHWERO WHQLV PLQL JROI KHQWERO VDKDODU DoN KDYD VDWUDQo DODQ YH ROLPSLN \]PHKDYX]XEXOXQPDNWDdDQEUDKLP%RGXU6WDG\XPXWPE|OJHVSRUXQDKL]
met
YHUPHNWHGLU .DOH *UXEX oDODQODUQGDQ ROXDQ )XWERO 9ROH\ERO %DVNHWERO +HQWERO 7HQLV <]PH YH 7UDS WDNPODU EXOXQPDNWD YH 6HUDPLN %D\UDP NXWODPDODU VUDVQGD KHU \O G]HQOHQHQ 6SRU HQOLLQGH WP KDOND DoN +DON .RXVX G]HQOHQPHNWH GHUHFH\H JLUHQOHU |GOOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU .DOHNLP \OGU 6DU\HU6SRU.XOEQQDQDVSRQVRUOXXQXVWOHQPHNWHGLUZZZNDOHFRPWU
Tarih.DOH*UXEXNXUXOGXXJQGHQEX\DQD]HQJLQYHN|NONOWUYDUONODUP]Q
JHOHFHN NXDNODUD DNWDUOPDVQ GD DPDoODPDNWDGU 7RSNDS 6DUD\ 5HYDQ .|N 5HVWRUDV\RQX )DWLK YH .DQXQL 6XOWDQ 6OH\PDQ 7UEHOHUL RQDUP EDNP YH 5HVWRUDV\RQX LOH oHYUH G]HQOHPHVL EX DODQGD JHUoHNOHWLULOHQ |UQHNOHUGLU
(www.kale.com.tr).
EUDKLP%RGXUXQLUNHWOHPHg\NV.DOH*UXEXQD*LGHQ6UHoWHNL %HOLUJLQ$GPODUYH.URQRORMLN6UD\D*|UH.DOH*UXEXLUNHWOHUL
%D]
NDYUDPODU
YDUGU
VDGHFH
KDONQQ
GHLO
ONHOHULQ
WDULKLQGH
L]
EUDNPDNWDGU%D]ELUH\OHUYDUGUVDGHFHNHQGLOHULQLQGHLOWRSOXPODUQJHOHFHLQL \|QOHQGLUPHNWHGLU %D] NXUXPODU YDUGU VDGHFH RUWDNODUQQ GHLO ONHOHULQLQ KDONQQ NDGHULQL GHLWLUPHNWHGLU 2 NXUXPODUQ DG ONHOHUL\OH |]GHOHPHNWHGLU .XUXOGXX JQGHQ EHUL GHLPH\HQ
tek unsur olan kalitesi, yksek teknolojisi,
GHLLPH YH \HQLOLNOHUH DoN PWHUL PHPQXQL\HWLQL WHPHO DODQ IHOVHIHVL\OH .DOH *UXEX ED\UDQ GQ\D SD]DUODUQGD HQ |QH WDPD\ EDDUPWU 6DU \OQGD %RGXU WDUDIQGDQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $ LOH WHPHOOHUL
216
DWODQ .DOH *UXEX 7UNL\HGH VHUDPLN VHNW|UQQ NXUXOXXQD |QFON HWPL EX DODQGDNL \DWUPODU LOH ELU GQ\D GHYL KDOLQH JHOPLWLU =DPDQ LoHULVLQGH PDNLQH YH SDUoDLPDODWVDYXQPDNLP\DHOHNWULN PDO]HPHOHULHQHUMLELOLLPQDNOL\HWXUL]P YH JGD VHNW|UOHULQGH \DWUPODU \DSDUDN E\\HQ .DOH *UXEX *HQHUDO (OHFWULF 6LHPHQV5RFDJLELXOXVODUDUDVLUNHWOHUOHRUWDNONODUNXUDUDNELUGQ\DLUNHWLROPD \ROXQGD|QHPOLDGPODUDWPWU
Tablo 17. Kale Grubu: Misyon, 9L]\RQYH'HHUOHU Misyon

7RSOXP YH L \DSWP] NXUXPODU WDUDIQGDQ WDULI HGLOHQ RUWDN SD\GDGD HQ \NVHN NDOLWHGHVDQD\LYHWHNQRORMLUQOHULUHWHUHNEL]LPOHoDODQKHUNHVLQ\DDPQDGHHU NDWPDNLoLQYDU]
Vizyon
)DDOL\HW J|VWHUGLLPL] KHU DODQGD GQ\DGD |QGH JHOHQ NXUXOXODU LOH \DUPDN WHNQRORMLN JHOLPHOHUGH |QF ROPDN PWHUL EHNOHQWLOHULQL DDQ NDOLWHGH PDO YH KL]PHWUHWPHNYHEXQXQLoLQQLWHOLNOLLJFQEQ\HPL]GH\DDWPDN
'HHUOHU
Drstlk
6D\J
Gven
$oNON
Sosyal Sorumluluk
(NLSdDOPDV
Kalite
6UHNOL*HOLLP
(www.kale.com.tr)
Tablo 18. .DOH*UXEXQXQ.LORPHWUH7DODU 1956 1957

*HQo6DQD\LFL%RGXU7UNL\HGHLONNH]JHUoHNOHHFHNVHUDPLNUHWLP
i iin makine
JHWLUWPHN]HUHdHNRVORYDN7HFKQRHNVSRUWILUPDV\ODDQODPDLP]DODPWU 7UNL\HQLQLONVHUDPLNIDEULNDVRODQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNLQWHPHOLG|QHPLQ%DEDNDQ WDUDIQGDQDWOPWU
Nfusu bini bulmayan anda kurulan anakkale Seramik, $QDGROXGD6DQD\LOHPH

KDPOHVLEDODWPWU6HUPD\HLJFQQD\DQDJ|WUOHUHNE|OJHKDONQQE\N HKLUOHUHJ|o|QOHQPLWLU
dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNLONKDONDDoNLUNHWRODUDNNXUXODUDNEX\DWUPOD7UNL\HGH GHYOHWJLULLPFLYHKDONLONNH]ELUDUD\DJHWLULOPLWLU*LULLPFL%RGXUXQVHUPD\HQLQ ELUNVPQVWOHQPHVLQLQ\DQQGD7UNL\HGHLONNH]NoNWDVDUUXIODUHNRQRPL\H ND]DQGUOPWU
dDQYHE|OJHVLQGHN|\N|\GRODODUDNIDEULNDV|]FQGHQELOHKDEHUGDUROPD\DQODUD
ilk kez hisse senediVDWOPWU
217
1959 1960 1962 1965
7UNLoLVLQLQHOHPHLJ|]QXUXLON\HUOLID\DQVUHWLPLQLJHUoHNOHWLUHQdDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN7UNL\HGH6HUDPLN6HNW|UQQGHWHPHOLQLDWOPWUWRQOXNSUHVOHUGHLON [ID\DQVUHWLOPLWLU (WLEDQNLWLUDNL\OHJLULLPFL
-halk-GHYOHWELUOLLQLVDOD\DQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN
7UNL\HGHLONNH]DOoDNYH\NVHNJHULOLPL]RODW|UOHULQLUHWLOPLWLU ONLKUDFDWQJHUoHNOHWLUHQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN7UNL\HQLQGHLONVHUDPLNLKUDFDWoV ROPXWXU
Btesinden AR-GE iin pay a\UDQLONLUNHWRODQdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNEQ\HVLQGH

\HWLWLUGLLPKHQGLVYHLoLOHULQNDWNODULOHPDNLQHWHoKL]DWYHIUQUHWLPLQLGH NHQGLVL\DSDQLONLUNHWROPXWXU
%RGXUWDUDIQGDQ%DQGUPDGDNXUXODQ.DOHIOHNV*UXEXQGRXPXQXPMGHOHUNHQ
Trki\HQLQLON39&HVDVO\HUG|HPHVLQLUHWHUHNUQHDGQYHUPLWLU 1966 1969

'|QHPLQ%DEDNDQ6OH\PDQ'HPLUHOdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQ.XUXOX \OG|QPQGHLONNH]dDQDJHOPLWLU .DOHSRUVHOHQNXUXOPXYH7UNL\HQLQLONXOXVODUDUDVVWDQG UHWLPLQHEDODQPWU
artlarda elektrik malzemesi
dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNLoLQGH\HUDODQPHNDQLNDW|O\H\OODUGDQVRQUDUWQLVSDWOD\DUDN .DOHNDOSLVPL\OH.DOH*UXEXQXQ\HQL\HVLROPXEXNXUXOXOD7UNL\HGHLON VHUDPLNYHNDOSLPDODWQJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU
1970 1971
7UNL\HGHLONNH]GFHSKHVYDVUHWHQ.DOHWHUDVLWNXUXOPXWXU.DOHWHUDVLWUQH DGQYHUHQGLHUELU.DOH*UXEXPDUNDVROPXWXU .DOH*UXEXQXQLQDDWVHNW|UQGHQLKDLWNHWLFL\HHQWHJUHo|]POHUVXQDQLONLUNHWL
Kaledekor kurXOPXWXU
+HUJHoHQJQE\\HQ.DOH*UXEX\DWUPND\QDNODUQRUJDQL]HHWPHN]HUH+ EUDKLP%RGXU+ROGLQJLNXUXPXWXU
1972
$QDNXUXOXXLoLQdDQDNNDOHDGQYHVLPJHVLQLVHoHQ%RGXUEXNH]GHVR\DGQ.DOH JLELVDODPNDYUDPQDNDWDUDNdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNLQNXUXOX\OG|QPQGH .DOHERGXUXQWHPHOLQLDWPWU7UNL\HQLQLONVHUDPLN\HUNDURVXUHWLFLVLRODQ .DOHERGXU7UNL\HGHUQDGKDOLQHJHOPLWLU
1973 1974 1976 1982 1984 1986 1987
.DOH*UXEXQGDNXUXPVDOODPDQQLONDGPODU.DOH+ROGLQJLQNXUXOPDVLOHDWOPWU 7UNL\HQLQLONVHUDPLN\DSWUFVUHWLPLQLJHUoHNOHWLUHQ.DOHNLPNXUXOPXYH .DOHNLP7UNL\HGHUQHDGYHUHQLUNHWOHUDUDVQDNDWOPWU %XJQGHYDUDoILORVX\ODJUXEXQQDNOL\DWKL]PHWOHULQLJHUoHNOHWLUHQ.DOHQDNOL\DW NXUXOPXWXU %|OJHQLQGRDOND\QDNODUQGHHUOHQGLUHFHNRODQ<RUVDQNXUXOPXWXU dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLNYH.DOHERGXUXQ\XUWVDWKQD\D\OPED\LWHNLODWQDYHULOHQ KL]PHWOHULQHWNLQOLLQLDUWWUPDNYHSD]DUODPDIDDOL\HWOHULQLJHUoHNOHWLUPHN]HUH
Kalepazarlama NXUXOPXWXU
*UXEXQJLGHUHNDUWDQVHUDPLNLKUDFDWQDGDKDL\LKL]PHWYHUPHNYH\HQLSD]DUODUD DoOPDNLoLQ.DOHHNVSRUWNXUXOPXWXU 7UNL\HGHJHOLPH\HDoNVLJRUWDFONDODQQGDKL]PHWYHUHFHN.DOH6LJRUWD.DOH *UXEXQXQ\HQL\HVLROPXWXU
anakkale Seramik izolatrlerinin ve Kaleporselen elektrik malzemelerinin tek elden

SD]DUODPDVQJHUoHNOHWLUPHN]HUH.DOH(OHNWURWHNQLNNXUXOPXWXU
7UNL\HQLQLON\HUOLIULWUHWLPLQLJHUoHNOHWLUHQ.DOHIULWNXUXOPXWXU
6DQD\LNDOSODUYH\DWUPPDOUHWLPLQGHE\NWHFUEHOHUND]DQDQ.DOHNDOS 6DYXQPDYH+DYDFONVDQD\LLQGHGHE\NEDDUODUHOGHHGHUHNXOXVODUDUDVELU NRQVRUVL\XPRODQ0DYHULFNSURMHVLQHDOW\DSPFRODQLON|]HO7UNLUNHWLROPXWXU
1989 1990
.DOHNDOS6DYXQPDYH+DYDFON%|OPQNXUPXWXU .DOH*UXEXQXQVHUDPLNUHWLPLQHYDVIOKDPPDGGHVDODPDN]HUH.DOHPDGHQ NXUXOPXWXU
218
.DOH*UXEXLON\DEDQFRUWDNOQGQ\DGHYOHULQGHQELULRODQ6LHPHQVLOHHOHNWULN PDO]HPHOHULUHWLPLQGH.DOHSRUVHOHQLOHJHUoHNOHWLULOPLW
ir
%XJQIDEULNDODUNXUDQELULUNHWKDOLQHJHOHQ.DOH7HNQLNLQDDWWDDKKWYHNDOS DODQODUQGDIDDOL\HWJ|VWHUPHN]HUHNXUXOPXWXU
1991 1993 1994
.DOHNDOS'RDO*D]%|OPQNXUPXWXU .DOH*UXEX.DOHYLWLQNXUXOPDVLOHVHUDPLNVDONJHUHoOHULDODQQGDGDGQ\DQQHQ JHOLPLWHNQRORMLVLLOHUHWLP\DSPD\DEDODG6HPHGHOLN|\QGHNXUXODQ.DOHYLW $QDGROXN|\OHULQLQVDQD\LOHPH|QFVROPXWXU 6RQUDGDQ.DOH$LOHVLQHNDWODFDNRODQ$OWQD\7UNL\HQLQLONVDQD\LURERWXQX UHWPLWLU
.DOHNDOS'RDO*D]6D\DoODULPDODWQDEDODPWU
1995 1997 1999
+DYDFONVHNW|UQHKL]PHWYHUPHN]HUH.DOH$LUNXUXOPXWXU .DOHPDGHQ7UNL\HGH0DGHQFLOLNVHNW|UQGH62.DOLWH*YHQFH%HOJHVLQLDODQ LONNXUXOXROPXWXU %LUGQ\DLUNHWLROPD\ROXQGD|QHPOLDGPODUDWDQ.DOH*UXEXLNLQFL\DEDQF RUWDNOQVDONJHUHoOHULDODQQGD'Q\DQQHQE\NVDQLWHUUHWLFLOHULQGHQELULRODQ 5RFDLOH.DOHYLWWHJHUoHNOHWLULOPLWLU
.DOH*UXEXELOJLoDQDLOHUOH\HQGQ\DGDV|]VDKLELRODELOPHNLoLQELOLLP KL]PHWYHUHFHNLON\DS\.DOHNDOSEQ\HVLQGH.DOHGDWD\NXUXOPXWXU
sektrnde
2001
*OREDOOHHQGQ\DGD\HULQLDOPDNLVWH\HQ.DOH*UXEX(QHUMLYH(OHNWULNPDO]HPHOHUL VHNW|UQHKL]PHWYHUHQ.DOH3RZHU&RQWUROVX*HQHUDO(OHFWULFOHJHUoHNOHWLUGLL
oUWDNONVRQXFXQGDNXUDUDNoQF\DEDQFRUWDNOQJHUoHNOHWLUPLWLU
7UNL\HQLQLONVQDLURERWXQXUHWHQ$OWQD\.DOH*UXEXQDNDWODUDN.DOH$OWQD\ DGQDOPWU
*HOHFHLQHQVWUDWHMLNVHNW|UKDOLQHJHOHFHNHQHUMLVHNW|UQGHSURMHOHUUHWPHN] .DOHNDOSEQ\HVLQGH.DOHHQHUMLNXUXOPXWXU
ere
2002 2003
.DOH*UXEX.DOHGHNRUPDUNDODNULOLNNYHWSD]DUODPDVQDEDODPWU .DOH*UXEXQXQLNLJoOLUNHWL.DOHNLPYH.DOHWHUDVLWVLQHUMLLoLQWHNoDWDOWQGD ELUOHPLWLU.DOH*UXEX.DOHGHNRUPDUNDOEDQ\RPRELO\DODUSD]DUODPDVQDEDODPWU
(www.kale.com.tr)
%RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN HVHUL .DOH *UXEX WHPHO RODUDN o DOW JUXEDD\UOPWU %XQODU 0WHUHN +L]PHWOHU *UXEX 6HUDPLN *UXEX 7HNQLN YH .LP\D *UXEXGXU 0WHUHN +L]PHWOHU *UXEX %DNDQON
grevini Tayfun Parpucu, Seramik Grubu
%DNDQON J|UHYLQL 7DUN g]oHOLN 7HNQLN YH .LP\D *UXEX %DNDQON J|UHYLQL =H\QHS %RGXU 2N\D\Q HL YH %RGXUXQ GDPDG 2VPDQ 2N\D\ \UWPHNWHGLU
(www.kale.com.tr).
0WHUHN +L]PHWOHU *UXEX 6HUPD\H \DWUP YH KL
zmet holdingleri ile tm Kale
*UXEXQDKL]PHWYHUHQDQDIRQNVL\RQELULPOHULEXJUXSWDWRSODQPWU)RQNVL\RQODU
219
<DWUPODU YH 6DWQDOPD )LQDQVPDQ %WoH YH 'HQHWLP WLUDNOHU +XNXN *HOLWLUPH %LOJL 7HNQRORMLOHUL <|QHWLPL QVDQ .D\QDNODU .XUXPVDO OHWLLP YH $YUXSD %LUOLL .RRUGLQDV\RQ oDOPDODUGU 0WHUHN KL]PHWOHU JUXEXQGD + EUDKLP+ROGLQJ$.DOH+ROGLQJ$YH.DOHVDQ$EXOXQPDNWDGU
Seramik Grubu:
6HUDPLN *UXEX DOWQGD WHPHO RODUDN VHUDPLN YH VHUDPLN
malzemeleri retimi, serDPLN UHWLPL LoLQ KDPPDGGH UHWLPL UHWLP LUNHWOHULQH

ORMLVWLNKL]PHWVDOD\DQYHGHVWHNRODQLUNHWOHUOH.DOHUQOHULQL\XUWLoLQGHYH\XUW GQGD SD]DUODPDVQ JHUoHNOHWLUHQ LUNHWOHU \HU DOPDNWDGU 6HUDPLN JUXEX NHQGL
iinde retim, hizmet, lojisWLN YH GHVWHN LUNHWOHUL RODUDN RUJDQL]H ROPXWXU hUHWLP
LOH LOJLOL LUNHWOHU .DOHVHUDPLN .DOHYLW
-Roca, Kalemaden ve Kalefrittir. Hizmet
J|UHYLQLVWOHQPLLUNHWOHU.DOHSD]DUODPD.DOH(NVSRUWYH.DOHGHNRUGXU/RMLVWLN LUNHWOHUL .DOHQDNOL\DW YH G LUNHWOHULGLU
a Kale Resort Hoteldir. Norsat ve Yorsan destek
Teknik ve Kimya Grubu:
7HNQLN YH .LP\D *UXEXQGD VDYXQPD YH KDYDFON
GRDOJD] VD\DoODU NDOS NLP\D HQHUML URERWLN RWRPDV\RQ YH ELOLLP VHNW|UQGH IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ UHWLP YH KL]PHW LUNHWOHUL \HU DOPDNWDGU hUHWLP NRQXVXQGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ LUNHWOHU .DOHNDOS .DOHNLP .DOHSRUVHOHQ .DOH $OWQD\ .DOH 7HNQLN .DOH (QHUML YH .DOHIOHNVWLU +L]PHW LUNHWOHUL LVH .DOH 3RZHU &RQWUROV
Kale Data, Kaleair ve Kaletrondur (www.kale.com.tr).
3.4.7.1.dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU$
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN \OQGD
GQ\D VHUDPLN JHOHQHLQLQ EDODG
WRSUDNODUGD NXUXOPXWXU .DOH *UXEXQXQ DPLUDO JHPLVL ROPD VIDWQ \OQD NDGDU WDPWU $\Q \O .DOHERGXU $ LOH ELUOHHUHN .DO
e Seramik anakkale
.DOHERGXU 6HUDPLN 6DQD\L $ DGQ DOPWU 6DU )DDOL\HW DODQ YH UQOHUL DUDVQGD VHUDPLN \HU GXYDU YH G FHSKH NDSODPD PDO]HPHVL UHIUDNWHU YH L]RODW|UUHWLPL\HUDOPDNWDGU
(www.kale.com.tr).
220
3.4.7.2. Kaleflex Yer'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$
.DOHIOH[ DVOQGD 7UNL\HGH ELU WDULKLQ DGGU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN 7UN WRSOXPXQX VHUDPLN LOH WDQWUPDVQGDQ ELU NDo \O VRQUD \OQGD GRDQ .DOHIOH[7UNL\H\H39&HVDVO\HUG|HPHVLQLJHWLUPLWLU6DU
Tablo 19. .DOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ 39& HVDVO \HU G|HPHVL 39& HVDVO ERUX YH HN SDUoDODU LOH \DSWUFUHWLPL6DU
rnler Stratejik nemi
.DOHIOH[39&HVDVOKHUoHLWoDSYHHEDWWDVHUWSODVWLNVXERUXODU VXODPDERUXODUEXQODUDDLWHNOHPHSDUoDODU6DU 7UNL\HQLQ LON 39& HVDVO \HU NDSODPD PDO]HPHVL UHWLPLQL JHUoHNOHWLUPLWLUZZZNDOHFRPWU
3.4.7..DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$
*UXEXQ
7UNL\HQLQ
HOHNWULN
DQQ
ROXWXUXOPDVQGD
|QHPOL
J|UHYOHU
VWOHQHQNXUXOXX.DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$\OQGDNXUXOPXWXU .VD]DPDQGDHOHNWULNPDO]HPHOHULUHWLPLQGHX]PDQODDQYHSD]DUGDDUDQDQPDUND RODQ .DOHSRUVHOHQ \OQGD $OPDQ 6LHPHQV ILUPDV\OD RUWDN ROPX
tur (Gner
2002: 14).
Tablo 20. .DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ 0DUNDODU
Elektrik Malzemeleri 6DU Siemens, Kaleporselen

ELQPHWUHNDUHOLNNDSDODODQGD\OONWRQOXNUHWLP
retim Bilgileri
kabiliyeti (Gner 2002: 14)

,KUDFDW<DSWLhONHOHU $OPDQ\D+ROODQGD%HOoLND,WDO\D<XQDQLVWDQ%XOJDULVWDQ0VU
Etiyopya, Suriye, Irak, Lbnan, Suudi Arabistan, Iran, Kazakistan,

0DOH]\D7D\ODQG6DU
Stratejik nemi
Trkiyenin teknoloji ihra eden iON NXUXOXODUQGDQ ELULGLU 6DU 1999: 140).
.DOLWHVLQL GQ\D\D NDQWODP RODQ .DOHSRUVHOHQ UQ
LKUDFDW\DQQGD0VUDNQRZ KRZVDWPDNWDGU*QHU
221
3.4.7.4. .DOHNDOS0DNLQD9H.DOS6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$ Bir lkenin gerek anlamda sanayLOHPHVLQLQ DQFDN \DWUP PDOODU UHWLPL ile
PPNQ RODFD SUHQVLELQGHQ \ROD oNDUDN VHQHVLQGH 7UN VDQD\LQLQ
LKWL\Do GX\GXX oHLWOL PDNLQH YH NDOS LPDODWQ JHUoHNOHWLUPHN ]HUH NXUXOPX RODQ .DOHNDOSEXJQ\]OHUFHoDODQ\XUWLoLYH \XUWGWHVLVOHULLOH7UNL\HQLQ OLGHU VDQD\L NXUXOXODUQGDQ ELUL ROPXWXU *QHU 'Q\DQQ HQ E\N VDYXQPD VDQD\L NXUXOXODUQGD RODQ /RFNKHHG 0DUWLQ LUNHWL LOH ND]DQG
GHQH\LPOHUGHQVRQUD.DOHNDOSDOWQVHYL\HVLQGH|QFHOLNOLWHGDULNoLVHoLOPLWLU DOW\DSPFGDQVDGHFHG|UWWDQHVLEXVHYL\H\HXODDELOPLWLU YH.DOHNDOSEHLQFLYH $PHULNDGQGDQVHoLOHQLONILUPDROPXWXU.DOHPDGHQXEDW
Tablo 21. .DOHNDOS0DNLQDYH.DOS6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ
Savunma vH +DYDFON 6DQD\LQGH LNL WLS RSHUDV\RQ GQ\DQQ HQ

E\N VDYXQPD VDQD\L NXUXOXODUQD |QHPOL VDYXQPD SURMHOHULQGH DOW \DSPFON YH 7UN 6LODKO .XYYHWOHUL YH GRVW ONHOHULQ RUGXODUQQ LKWL\Do GX\GXX oHLWOL VLODK VLVWHPOHULQLQ WDVDUP YH LPDODW
, doDO
JD] HNLSPDQODU LPDODWODU WDDKKW LOHUL NDOS
LPDODWODU6DU 0DUNDODU .DOHNDOS dRN QDPOXOX URNHWDWDUODU YH RWRPDWLN ERPEDDWDUODU oHLWOL WLSWH JD] VD\DoODU JD] UHJODW|UOHUL YH EDVQo GUPH LVWDV\RQODU
rnler
(Gner 2002: 13)

KUDFDW<DSWhONHOHU $%' $OPDQ\D )UDQVD +ROODQGD QJLOWHUH VSDQ\D 8NUD\QD g]EHNLVWDQ)LQODQGL\D6DU
Stratejik nemi
<DWUPPDOODUUHWLPL.DOHDLOHVLg]HO6D\ %Q\HVLQGHQELUoRNLUNHWoNDUPWUZZZNDOHFRPW
r)
3.4.7..DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$
7UNL\H\L LONOHUOH WDQWUDQ ELU NXUXOXWXU 6DU \OQGD KD]UUHQNOLGFHSKHVYDVUHWHUHNIDDOL\HWHEDOD\DQYH7UNL\H\L\HQLELUUQOH WDQWUDQ .DOHWHUDVLW NVD ]DPDQGD SD]DU SD\Q \H oNDUWDUDN UQH DGQ YHUPLWLU *QHU 'Q\DGD JHoHUOL VRQ WHNQRORMLOHUL L]OH\HUHN X\JXOD\DQ
222
.DOHWHUDVLWNXUXOXXVUDVQGDDOGNQRZ KRZGQGDEDNDOLVDQVDOPDGDQNHQGL
Ar-*HoDOPDODULOH7UNL\HNRXOODUQDX\JXQWHNQRORMLOHUJHOLWLUPHNWHGLU*QHU 2002: 14).

.DOHNLP .LP\HYL 0DGGHOHU 6DQD\L $ LOH \OQGD ELUOHHUHN
.DOHNLP$DGQDOPWU
www.kale.com.tr).
Tablo 22. .DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ +D]U UHQNOL VYDODU 'XYDU ER\DODU $VWDUODU 0DFXQODU 6X L]RODV\RQ PDO]HPHOHUL.DSODPDVLVWHPOHUL6DU 0DUNDODU
Kaleterasit
.DOHWHUDVLW +D]U 5HQNOL 6YDODU Lo YH ' &HSKH %R\DODU 6X L]RODV\RQ 0DO]HPHOHUL<]H\+D]UODPD
retim Bilgileri
Malzemeleri ve Dekoratif Sistemler olmak
]HUH EHDQD JUXSWD UHWLP \DSPDNWDGU .DOHWHUDVLW \OGD WRQVYD WRQ ER\D WRQ SLJPHQW UHWLPL \DSPDNWDGU *QHU
13- 14).
KUDFDW<DSWhONHOHU
Rusya,
Ukrayna,
Bulgaristan,
Roman\D
.D]DNLVWDQ
.UJ]LVWDQ
7UNPHQLVWDQ7DFLNLVWDQ$]HUED\FDQ6DU
Stratejik nemi
.DOHWHUDVLW KD]U UHQNOL VYD EDWD ROPDN ]HUH 7UNL\HGH WDP DGHW UQLONGHIDUHWPLYHUQHDGQYHUPLWLU6DU
3.4.7.6. H. EUDKLP%RGXU+ROGLQJ$
+ EUDKLP %RGXU +ROGLQJ $ NHQGL RODQDNODUQ LWLUDNL RODQ LUNHWOHUOH ELUOHWLUPHN\DGDLWLUDNLRODQLUNHWOHULQRODQDNODUQELUDUD\DJHWLUHUHN.DOH*UXEX EQ\HVLQGH \HQL LUNHWOHU \HQL WHVLVOHU \DUDWPDN E|\OHFH ONH NDONQPDVQD NDWNGD EXOXQPDNDPDF\OD\OQGDNXUXOPXWXUZZZNDOHFRPWU
3.4.7..DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$
.DOH *UXEX UQOHULQL WNHWLFL\OH ELUHELU EXOXWXUPDN DPDF\OD \OQGD
kurulan Kaledekor, Trkiye genelinde 6 show room ile hizmet vermektedir.

.DOHGHNRUXQ SD]DUODPD YH VDW VWUDWHMLVLQLQ WHPHOLQGH PXWIDN YH EDQ\R \HQLOHPH IDDOL\HWOHULQGH SDNHW o|]POHU VXQPDN ELU o|]P PHUNH]L ROPDN \DWPDNWDGU %X KHGHI GRUXOWXVXQGD .DOHGHNRU .DOH *UXEX NRQVHSWLQH X\JXQ R
larak grup
UQOHULQLQ |]HQGLULFL ELoLPGH WHKLU WDQWP YH GDQPDQOQ J|UHYL LOH ELUOLNWH
223
VODN PHNDQODUGD NXOODQODQ UQOHULQL SDNHW RODUDN VXQPDNWDGU 'HQH\LPOL PLPDU YH Lo PLPDU NDGURVX LOH PWHULOHULQH KL]PHW HGHQ .DOHGHNRU o|]P PHUNH]L
kimlLLQLJHOLWLUHUHNGHYDPHWWLUPH\LKHGHIOHPHNWHGLU (Gner 2002: 15).

Tablo 23. .DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$
)DDOL\HW$ODQ 0XWIDN EDQ\R PRELO\DODU UHWLPL YH DNVHVXDUODU LOH VX
DUPDWUOHULYLWULIL\HPDO]HPHOHULVDW6DU 0DUNDODU
9: 166)
.DOH*UXEXQXQ PDUNDODUQQ \DQ VUD 5RFD &DOOLJDULV 6RQLD
Gedy, Frankie, Geberit, Siemens, Faber, Schlter, Koza gibi yerli

YH \DEDQF QO PDUNDODU WNHWLFLOHUH VXQPDNWDGU *QHU
15) Stratejik nemi Grubu konseptine uygun olarak grup rnlerinin zendirici biimde
WHKLUWDQWPYHGDQPDQOQJ|UHYLLOHELUOLNWHVODNPHNDQODUGD NXOODQODQ UQOHULQL SDNHW RODUDN VXQPDNWDGU 'HQH\LPOL PLPDU YH Lo PLPDU NDGURVX LOH PWHULOHULQH KL]PHW HGHQ .DOHGHNRU
zm
merkezi
kiPOLLQL
JHOLWLUHUHN
GHYDP
HWWLUPH\L
hedeflemektedir (www.kale.com.tr)
3.4.7.8. .DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$
7UNL\HQLQ LON \HU NDURVXQX .DOHERGXU UHWPL YH DGQ YHUPLWLU 6HUDPLN \HU GXYDU YH G FHSKH NDSODPD PDO]HPHOHUL UHWLPLQGH EXOXQDQ .
alebodurdan
VRQUD \HU NDURVX UQ RQXQ DG\OD DQOPWU .DOHERGXU 6HUDPLN 6DQD\L $ \OQGD NXUXOPXWXU 0RGHUQ WHNQLN YH WHNQRORMLN RODQDNODU \RXQ LVWLNUDUO \DWUP YH LOHWPH IDDOL\HWOHUL\OH KHP .DOH *UXEXQXQ KHP GH 7UNL\H VHUDPLN
sHNW|UQQ HQK]OE\\HQILUPDVROPXWXU 6DU dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN

)DEULNDODU $ LOH \OQGD ELUOHHUHN .DOH 6HUDPLN 6HUDPLN6DQD\L$DGQDOPWUZZZNDOHFRPWU
anakkale Kalebodur
3.4.7..DOH+ROGLQJ$
\OQGD NXUXODQ .DOH +ROGLQJ $ .DOH *UXEX LUNHWOHUL DUDVQGD ILQDQVPDQ YH WLFDUL IDDOL\HWOHU LOH LOJLOL NRRUGLQDV\RQX VDODPDQQ \DQQGD ONHGH
224
WDVDUUXIODUQ JHOLWLULOPHVL
ELUOHWLULOPHVL YH .DOH
YH
\DWUPD
G|QWUOPHVL EDDUODUQ
VHUPD\H
SL\DVDVQQ \|QHOLN
*UXEX
LUNHWOHULQLQ
DUWWUPD\D
GDQPDQONKL]PHWOHULQLGH\|QHWPHNWHGLU
www.kale.com.tr).
3.4.7.10. .DOHNLP.LP\HYL0DGGHOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
<DS NLP\DVDOODU NRQXVXQGD KL]PHW YHUPHN ]HUH \OQGD NXUXODQ .DOHNLP 6HUDPLN \DSWUFV UHWHQ 7UNL\HQLQ LON NXUXOXX ROPXWXU ON
]DPDQODU WHN WLS VHUDPLN \DSWUPD UHWHQ YH UQH DGQ YHUHQ .DOHNLP ]DPDQOD LQDDWVHNW|UQGHYHVHUDPLNUHWLPLQGHNLWHNQRORMLOHUHSDUDOHORODUDNoHLWOLW
ip ve
|]HOOLNWH VHUDPLN \DSWUPD KDUoODU YH GHU] GROJX PDO]HPHOHUL UHWLPLQH JHoPLWLU
(Gner 2002: 15). .DOHWHUDVLW 6YD 6DQD\L $LOH \OQGD ELUOHHUHN .DOHNLP
$DGQDOPWUZZZNDOHFRPWU
Tablo 24. Kalekim Kimyevi Maddeler Sanayi vH7LFDUHW$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ <DS NLP\DVDOODU VHUDPLN \DSWUF GHU] GROJX PDO]HPHOHUL UHWLPL6DU 0DUNDODU
Kalekim
$YFODUGDP
retim Bilgileri
alanda kurulu fabrikadan sonra artan talebi en
L\L HNLOGH NDUOD\DELOPHN LoLQ \OQGD ,VSDUWD 2UJDQL]H
Sanayi Blgesinde 20.000 m2OLN
DODQGD LNLQFL IDEULND\
\OQGD LVH |]HOOLNOH LKUDFDW DPDoO 0HUVLQ 6HUEHVW %|OJH GH POLN DODQGD NXUXOX oQF IDEULND\ KL]PHWH DoPWU <OGD
500.000 ton retim kapasitesine sahiptir (Gner 2002: 15) rnler

.DOHNLP \]GHQ ID]OD oHLWWH UQ UHWPHNWHGLU *QHU
16)
KUDFDW<DSWhONHOHU <LUPLGHQID]ODONH\HLKUDFDW\DSPDNWDGU6DU
Stratejik nemi
Ar-JH sayede
oDOPDODUQD E\N PLNWDUGD ND\QDN D\UDQ .DOHN
im, bu
NDOLWHOL UQ \HOSD]HVLQH VUHNOL JHOLWLUPHNWH YH VLVWHPDWLN
oDOPDODU VRQXFX \DS IL]LL NLP\DVDOODU NRQXVXQGD 7UNL\HQLQ OLGHU NXUXOXXGXU .DOHNLP NDOLWH\H YHUGLL |QHP QHGHQL\OH
7UNL\HGH EX NRQXGD LON 7UN 6WDQGDUWODU (QVWLWV EH
lgesi alan
NXUXOXWXU .DOHNLP 7UNL\H SD]DUQGD KHP UHWLP NDSDVLWHVL KHPGHVDWLWLEDUL\OHVHNW|UQQOLGHULNRQXPXQGDGU RUDQQGDSD]DUSD\\ODOLGHUGLU*QHU
Sektrnde
-16).
225
3.4.7..DOHQDNOL\DW9H7LFDUHW$. Kale Grubunun hDPPDGGH YH PDPXO QDNOL\HVLQL JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ
\OQGD NXUXODQ .DOHQDNOL\DW KHGHILQL JYHQOL HNRQRPLN YH NVD VUHGH KL]PHW YHUPH RODUDN EHOLUOHPLWLU %X KHGHIL JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ NDUD\ROX WDPDFOQQ \DQQGD DOWHUQDWLI QDNOL\H \ROODU RODUDN GHPLU\ROX YH GHQL] \ROODUQ GD GHYUH\H VRNDQ.DOHQDNOL\DWJHQLELUPDNLQHSDUN\ODKL]PHWYHUPHNWHGLU*QHU
Tablo 25..DOHQDNOL\DWYH7LFDUHW$.
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLNLQ NXUXOXXQGDQ NVD ELU VUH VRQUD 7
rkiyenin en
.XUXOX+LND\HVLYH
E\NOHUL DUDVQD JLUHQ .DOH *UXEXQXQ JHOLHQ YH oHLWOHQHQ UQ SRUWI|\ RODDQVW E\\HQ UHWLP YH VDW KDFPL UQOHULQ WDQPDV NRQXVXQGDELURUJDQL]DV\RQXJQGHPHJHWLUPLWLU
Gerekeleri
)DDOL\HW$ODQ
1DNOL\H6LJRUWDFON7XUL]P.DP\RQ/DVWLNYH$N%D\LOLL6DU
152) Nakliye Filosu

DGHW WU DGHW NDP\RQ DGHW YLQo DGHW JHPL RWRPRELO YH PXNDYHOHOLRODUDNoDODQNDVDOYHGDPSHUOLNDP\RQELUDGHW6NRUVN\
helikopteri, 1.500 tonluk yk gemisi (Gner 2002: 16). Stratejik nemi

.DOH*UXEXQXQDQDORMLVWLNLUNHWLGLUZZZNDOHFRPWU
1RUVDW$YH<RUVDQ$
1RUVDW 1HYUX] 2UPDQ hUQOHUL 6DQD\L YH 7LFDUHW $ KHU WUO RUPDQ UQOHULQLQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHVL DPDF\OD NRQWUDSODN VXQWD IRUPLND YH EHQ]HUL PDO]HPHOHULQLPDOLLoLQJHUHNOLWHVLVOHUROXWXUPDN]HUH\OQGDNXUXOPXWXU
<RUVDQ <HQLFH 6XQWD YH 2UPDQ hUQOHULQL 'HHUOHQGLUPH 6DQD\L $ NXUXOXXQD E|OJH KDONQGDQ ELQ NLL GDKLO HGLOHUHN oRN RUWDNO KDOND DoN ELU LUNHW RODUDN \OQGD IDDOL\HWH JHoPLWLU <RUVDQ E|OJHVHO RUPDQ UQOHULQL YH DUWNODUQLOH\HUHNVXQWDNDSODPDIUQODPDGRUDPDYHVWDQGDUW\DSYHPRELO\D JUXSODU VQDL WHVLVOHUL NXUPDN EXQODUOD LOJLOL RUPDQ UQOHUL YH GLHU PDPXOOHULQ
ithalat, ihracat ve ticDUHWLQL\DSPDNWDGUZZZNDOHFRPWU
226
3.4.7..DOHVDQ6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
6DQLWHU VHUDPLN VKKL WHVLVDW PDO]HPHOHUL LPDO GDKLOL VDW LKUDo YH LWKDO HWPHN JHQHO DPDF LOH \OQGD NXUXODQ .DOHVDQ KDOHQ .DOHYLW 5RFD 6DQLWHU
SeUDPLN
6DQD\L
$QLQ
LWLUDNoLVL
QLWHOLLQGH
IDDOL\HWOHULQL
VUGUPHNWHGLU
(www.kale.com.tr). 3.4.7..DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$
.DOH *UXEXQXQ LQDDW VHNW|UQH \|QHOLN UQOHULQLQ Lo SD]DUGD WHN HOGHQ SD]DUODPDV YH VDWQ \DSPDN ]HUH \OQG
a kurulan Kalepazarlama, yurt
oDSQD \D\OP E|OJH PGUONOHUL YHED\LOHULLOHKL]PHWYHUPHNWHGLU*QHU
16).
Tablo 26..DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$
)DDOL\HW$ODQ .DOH JUXEX LUNHWOHULQLQ UQOHULQLQ SD]DUODPD YH VDW IDDOL\HWOHUL 6DU %D\L$
<XUW LoLQGH VWDQEXO $QNDUD ]PLU 6DPVXQ $GDQD $QWDO\D %|OJH0GUONOHUL%XUVDYH'L\DUEDNU%|OJHHIOLNOHULLOHKL]PHW YHUHQ.DOHSD]DUODPDQQ\XUWJHQHOLQH\D\OPDNQED\LVL EXOXQPDNWDGU
Stratejik nemi
Kalepazarlama gHQL UQ \HOSD]HVLQLQ WDNLEL YH ED\LOHU NDQDO LOH

WNHWLFL\H DQQGD XODWUOPDV NRQXVXQGD WP GHSR E|OJH YH ED\LOHUL\OHELUDVLVWHPLLoLQGHoDOPDNWDUQELOJLOHULQLQWDNLELQL YH JQFHOOHQPHVLH]DPDQOJHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU*QHU
17)
3.4.7..DOH(NVSRUW'7LFDUHW$
\OQGDNXUXODQ.DOH([SRUW.DOH*UXEXVHUDPLNUQOHULQL\XUWGQGD VDWQ YH SD]DUODPDVQ \DSPDN ]HUH NXUXOPXWXU
Kaleeksport katlanarak artan
227
LKUDFDWQGDQ GROD\ %DEDNDQON ' 7LFDUHW 0VWHDUO YH VWDQEXO 7LFDUHW 2GDV WDUDIQGDQ YHULOHQ 6HNW|UHO LKUDFDW %DDU |GOQ KHU \O DOPDNWDGU *QHU
17).
Tablo 27..DOH(NVSRUW'7LFDUHW$
)DDOL\HW$ODQ .DOH JUXEX LUNHWOHULQLQ LKUDFDW IDDOL\HWOHULQL WHN HOGHQ \UWPHN 6DU KUDFDW%LOJLOHUL GHQ ID]OD ONH\H LKUDFDW \DSDQ .DOHH[SRUW \XUWGQD \OGD
20.000.000 Stratejik nemi
m2
NDSODPDON
VHUDPLN
PDO]HPH
LKUDFDW
JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU
Kale Grubunun seramik retiminin %50sini ihra etmektedir (Gner 2002: 17).
3.4.7..DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
.DOHIULWLQ N|NOHUL .DOH *UXEXQXQ LON DGPODUQQ DWOG dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLNLQ NXUXOGXX \OODUQD GD\DQPDNWDGU .DOH *UXEXQXQ \HU YH GXYDU NDSODPD PDO]HPHOHUL UHWHQ LUNHWOHULQH \OODUGDQ LWLEDUHQ IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ
, yan mamul olan friti temin etmek iin o

+D]UON hQLWHVL
)ULW
anakkale Seramik (1987), Kalefrit
)DEULNDODU EQ\HVLQGH DGHWD ELU WHNQRORML RNXOX ROPXWXU 6DU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $QLQ NXUXOXXQXQ \OQGD
6LOLNDW0DPXOOHUL6UYH%R\D6DQ7LF$LVPLLOH LUNHWOHWLULOPLWLU*QHU
17).
Tablo 28. .DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
)DDOL\HW$ODQ )ULWUHWLPL6DU
retim Bilgileri rnler Stratejik nemi
Kalefrit toSODPPOLNDODQGD\OGD WRQIULW UHWLPL

\DSPDNWDGU*QHU .DOHIULWHIIDIRSDNPDWYH|]HOIULWOHUUHWPHNWHGLU
(Gner 2002:
18)
VWHQLOHQ NDOLWH GN PDOL\HW YH ]DPDQQGD WHVOLP IHOVHIHVL LOH
KaOH*UXEX LUNHWOHULQLQ VHUDPLNER\DVLKWL\DFQNDUODPDNWDGU

\OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ LKUDFDW \DSPDNWDGU .DOH *UXEX \O
1992: 102)
228
3.4.7..DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$ ek zere
\OQGD .DOH *UXEXQXQ WHNQLN KL]PHWOHULQL JHUoHNOHWLUP
NXUXODQ .DOHWHNQLN NVD VUHGH X]PDQODDUDN \XUW LoLQGH YH \XUW GQGD GLHU LUNHWOHUHGHKL]PHWYHULUKDOHJHOPLWLU*QHU
-19, www.kale.com.tr)
Tablo 29.
.DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$
)DDOL\HW$ODQ
Her trl makine reWLPL PRQWDM WHVLV NXUXOPDV LQDDW IDDOL\HWOHUL YH
DKDSLOHUL6DU
Hizmetleri
+HU WUO \HGHN SDUoD LPDODW YH WHPLQL PDNLQH EDNP LPDODW PRQWDM RQDUP EDNP YH UHYL]\RQODU\OD KHU WUO LQDDW YH LQDDW EDNP KL]PHWL
KaletekniN
UHWPLWLU
EXJQH NDGDU JUXEX \H \DNQ \HQL PDNLQH YH VLVWHP
Stratejik nemi
Kaleteknik; teknoloji retmektedir. Bugne kadar Kale Grubuna ait 21

WHVLVLQNXUXOXXQXJHUoHNOHWLUPLWLU*QHU
3.4.7.18. Kalemaden Endstriyel Hammaddeler6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
.DOH *UXEXQXQ WHPHOLQL ROXWXUDQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLNWH KDPPDGGHOHU ELULPL RODUDN IDDOL\HWH JHoHQ .DOHPDGHQ \OON GHQH\LPOH \OQGD LUNHWOHWLULOPLWLU VWDQEXO 6|W dDQDNNDOH %XUVD %DONHVLU .WDK\D $\GQ 0XOD
ve Mersin tesislerinde retim yapan Kalemadenin, Semedeli hammadde Trkiyenin madencilik .
KD]UODPD WHVLVOHUL ELU NRPSOHNV RODUDN GQ\DGD WHNWLU
VHNW|UQGHNDOLWHEHOJHVLDODQLONNXUXOXX.DOHPDGHQGLU*QHU
Tablo 30. Kalemaden EndstriyeO+DPPDGGHOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ (QGVWUL\HO+DPPDGGHhUHWLPLYH7LFDUHWL6DU
rnler
Kil, kaolen, potasyum feldspat, sodyum ve flote feldspat, kuvars, kuvarsit, dolomit, pegmatit, kalker, mermer, kalsit, talk, manyezit,fliQW WD VLOHNV
GHLUPHQWD*QHU
KUDFDW<DSW
WDO\D QJLOWHUH 6XUL\H VSDQ\D 9LHWQDP %LUOHLN $UDS (PLUOLNOHUL 6XXGL $UDELVWDQ 0VU hUGQ /EQDQ 7XQXV (QGRQH]\D 9HQH]XHOOD *QH\ .RUHYHVUDLO6DU
lkeler Stratejik nemi
.DOHPDGHQ\OONWRQNDSDVLWHVL\OH7UNL\HQLQYH$YUXSDQQHQ
byk seramik hammadde reticisidir (www.kale.com.tr)
229
3.4.7..DOH$LU+DYDFON6DQD\L9H7LFDUHW$
.DOH *UXEXQXQ KDYD WDPDFO LKWL\DFQ NDUODPDN ]HUH \OQGD NXUXOPXWXU .DOHDLU .DOH *UXEXQD VDODG KL]PHWOHULQ \DQQGD JUXS GQD GD \ROFXWDPDNXU\HNDUJRPDO]HPHWDQPDVKDYD\HUEDODQWODPEXODQVKL]PHWL 9,3 KL]PHWL HKLU VW WXULVWLN JH]LOHU YH KDYDGDQ ILOP oHNLPL JLEL XoX KL]
metleri
vermektedir (Gner 2002: 21).
3.4.7.20. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$
.DOH *UXEXQXQ HQWHJUDV\RQ DQOD\OD \HU YH GXYDU NDURVX UQOHUL\OH X\XPOXEDQ\RWDNPODUUHWPHN]HUH\OQGDNXUXODQ.DOHYLW6DQLWHU6HUDPLN 6DQ$ \OQGD GQ\DQQ HQ E\N VDQLWHU UHWLFLOHULQGHQ ELUL RODQ VSDQ\RO 5RFD *UXEX LOH RUWDNON NXUPX YH .DOHYLW 5RFD 6DQLWHU 6HUDPLN 6DQD\L $ DGQ DOPWU*QHU
Tablo 31. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ
Seramik saON JHUHoOHUL UHWLPL EDQ\R DNVHVXDU YH PDO]HPHOHUL

6DU
6HUPD\H<DSV 0DUNDODU
%50 Kale Grubu, %50 Roca Grubu

5RFD.DOH\XUWGQGD <OGD
Kalevit, Roca 6DU
retim Bilgileri
ELQ E\N SDUoD PLO\RQ NoN SDUoD UHWLP
kapasitesine sahip Kalevit-Roca, 100.000m2DoNP2NDSDO alanda faaliyet gstermektedir gstermektedir (Gner 2002: 19).
KUDFDW<DSWhONHOHU 5XV\D.X]H\.EUV7UN&XPKXUL\HWL6DU %DVQoOSUHVUHoLQHNDOSYHURERWWHNQRORMLVLNXOODQOGGQ\DQQ LNL NXUXOXXQGDQ ELUL RODQ .DOHYLW 5RFD WHUPDO RND YH NLP\DVDO PDGGHOHUH GD\DQP NRQXODUQGD XOXVODUDUDV VWDQGDUWODUQ ]HULQGH KLM\HQ YH GD\DQNOON QRUPODUQD
Stratejik nemi
sahip rnler retmektedir
(Gner 2002: 19)
230
3.4.7.21. Kaledata Kaledata,

.XUXPVDO .D\QDN 3ODQODPDV YH 2WRPDV\RQ \D]OPODU
JHOLWLUPHNWHGLU .DOHGDWD .XUXPVDO .D\QDN 3ODQODPDV \D]OPODUQ HLWLP YH GDQPDQON KL]PHWOHUL LOH GHVWHNOH\HQ D\Q ]DPDQGD RWRPDV\RQ LOH EWQOHLN
anahtar teslim |]POHU VXQDQ WHN 7UN LUNHWLGLU *QHU \OQGD
NXUXOPXWXU.DOHPDGHQ7HPPX]
3.4.7..DOHVHUDPLNdDQDNNDOH.DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$
7UNL\HQLQ LON VHUDPLN NDUR UHWLFLVL RODQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $ \OQGD LON \HU NDURVX UHWLFLVL RODQ .DOHERGXU 6HUDPLN 6DQD\L $ LVH \OQGD NXUXOPXWXU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN GXYDU NDURVXQGD NDOLWHQLQ DG ROXUNHQ.DOHERGXULVHUQHDGQYHUPLWLU$\QDODQGDUHWLP\DSDQEXLUNHWOHU \OQGD ELUOHHUHN .DOHVHUDPLN dDQDNNDOH .DOHERGXU 6HUDPLN 6DQD\L $ DGQDOPODUGU*QHU
Tablo 32. .DOHVHUDPLNdDQDNNDOH.DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$

)DDOL\HW$ODQ 6HUDPLN <HU 'XYDU YH ' &HSKH .DSODPD0DO]HPHVL 5HIUDNWHU YH]RODW|UhUHWLPL6DU 0DUNDODU
999: 130).
anakkale Seramik, Kalebodur Toplam 1.200.000 m2DoNDODQYHP2NDSDODODQGDNXUXOX 45 fabrikada retimini srdren Kaleseramik, 25 milyon m2\O duvar karosu ve 30 milyon m2 yer karosu ve 5 milyon m2 granitin
\DQ VUD WRQ L]RODW|U WRQ UHIUDNWHU UHWLPL
retim Bilgileri
kapasitesine sahiptir rnleri

GHLLN HEDWWD oHLW \HU NRUXVX YH GHLLN HEDWWD oHLW GXYDU NDURVX UHWHQ .DOHVHUDPLN KHU \O \DNODN oHLW
yeni rn tketicilerin bHHQLVLQHVXQPDNWDGU*QHU

KUDFDW<DSWhONHOHU %HNWDGDDOWPQ]HULQGHONH6DU 'Q\DQQ HQ PRGHUQ WHNQRORMLVLQH VDKLS RODQ .DOHVHUDPLN GQ\D QRUP YH VWDQGDUWODUQGD UHWLP \DSPDNWDGU $QODQ NDSDVLWHVL 7UN VHUDPLN UHWLPLQLQ Q GD NDUOD\DQ Q
Stratejik nemi
ile,
.DOHVHUDPLN WHN EDQD
7UNL\HQLQ
VHUDPLN
LKUDFDWQQ
JHUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU*QHU
231
3.4.7..DOH$OWQD\5RERWLNYH2WRPDV\RQ6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$
$OWQD\ 5RERWLN 2WRPDV\RQ 7UNL\HQLQ LON LOHUL WHNQRORML UHWHQ ILUPDVGU $OWQD\ \OQGD .DOH *UXEXQD NDWODUDN .DOH $OWQD\ 5RERWLN YH 2WRPDV\RQ $ DGQ DOPWU *QHU 6DQD\L\H \|QHOLN URERW YH RWRPDV\RQ VLVWHPOHUL JHOLWLUHQ .DOH $OWQD\ PHNDQL]PD WDVDUP
malzeme denetleyiciler ve -
NRQWURO\D]OPNRQXODUQGDPKHQGLVOLNNDELOL\HWLQLGHJHOLWLUPLWLU*HE]H6DQD\L %|OJHVLQGH POLN DODQGD KL]PHW YHUHQ .DOH $OWQD\Q 5HQDXOW 0HUFHGHV %HQ] )RUG JLEL E\N LUNHWOHULQ URERW YH RWRPDV\RQ
SURMHOHULQL
geUoHNOHWLUPHNWHGLU*QHU
3.4.7.24. Kaleenerji
<HQL WHNQRORMLOHUL ONH JHOLLPLQH VXQPDNWD |QF RODQ .DOH *UXEX EX SUHQVLSLOH\OQGD.DOHHQHUML\LNXUPXWXU$QDIDDOL\HWDODQNRMHQHUDV\RQGXU
Enerjinin ekonomik, kaliteli ve evreci

NRMHQHUDV\RQ SURMHOHULQGH GDQPDQON
ELU VDW
HNLOGH YH
UHWLOPHVLQL VRQUDV
VDOD\DQ KL]PHWOHU
VDW
stlenmektedir (Gner 2002: 21). Kale Enerji 30 Kilowattan 1800 Kilowata kadar
GHLLNJoWHQLWHUHWHELOPHNDELOL\HWLQHVDKLSWLU
3.4.7.25. Kalepower Controls Elektrik 6LVWHPOHUL$
.DOH
3RZHU
&RQWUROV
(OHNWULN
6LVWHPOHUL
$
7UNL\HQLQ
GHLLN
VHNW|UOHUGHNL OLGHU NXUXOXODUD VDKLS .DOH *UXEX LOH HOHNWULN VHNW|UQGH GQ\D GHYL *HQHUDO (OHFWULFLQ RUWDNO LOH \OQGD NXUXOPXWXU
Gner 2002: 20). Kale
3RZHU&RQWUROVDOoDNRUWDYH\NVHNJHULOLPHOHNWULNHNLSPDQODULOHJoHOHNWURQLL YH RWRPDV\RQ UQOHULQGHNL E\N ELOJL YH UHWLP ELULNLPLQL EX VHNW|UGHNL \O DNQ GHQH\LP YH 7UNL\HQLQ WP LOOHULQL NDSVD\DQ oRN \D\JQ YH HWNLQ ELU GDWP
232
DLOHONHPL]SD]DUQDVXQPDNWDD\UFDX]PDQNDGURVXLOHDQDKWDUWHVOLPSURMHOHU
iin en uygun zmleri retmektedir (www.kale.com.tr). 3.4.7.26 .DOHNLP$ er
7UNL\HGH \DS NLP\DVDOODU DODQQGD \OQGDQ EX \DQD |QF YH OLG
NRQXPXQGD RODQ .DOHNLP .LP\HYL 0DGGHOHU 6DQD\L $ LOH \OQGD 7UNL\HGH LON NH] ' &HSKH 6YDV YH %R\D UHWLPLQH EDOD\DQ YH UQH DGQ YHUHQ .DOHWHUDVLW 6YD YH %R\D 6DQD\L $ \OQGD ELUOHHUHN .DOHNLP $ DGQDOPWU
(www.kale.com.tr).
3.4.7..DOHWURQ$
.DOHWURQ .DVP WH .DOH *UXEXQD NDWOPWU .DOHGDWD LOH ELUOLNWH \D]OP JHOLWLUPH NRQXVXQGD IDDOL\HW J|VWHUHQ LNLQFL LUNHW ROPXWXU .DOHDLOHVL *OREDO RODUDN 6LPODV\RQ YH 'LMLWDO 0HG\D DODQODUQGD
hizmet
YHUPHNWHGLU .DOHWURQ 6LPODV\RQ VDYXQPD VDQD\L YH |]HO VHNW|UQ LKWL\DoODUQD \|QHOLN RODUDN \D]OP JHOLWLUPH *|UVHO YH $VNHUL 6LPODV\RQ 2WRPRWLY YH +DYDFON 6LPODW|U 6LVWHPOHUL 0LPDUL *|UVHOOHWLUPH YH .HQWVHO 6LPODV\RQ YH
sistem entegraV\RQODUNRQXODUQGDKL]PHWVXQPDNWDGU
%5$+0%2'8581./9(*50&/ .218681'$<$.,1d(95(6</(<$3,/$1
MLAKATIN SONULARI
7H]LQ EX NVPQGD %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLL YH NLLOLL NRQXVXQGD \DNQ oHYUHVL\OHGHULQOHPHVLQH\DSODQPODNDWVRQXoODUVXQXODFDNWU+HUVRUXD\UELUDOW EDON ELoLPLQGH HOH DOQPWU 0ODNDWODUGD DOQDQ FHYDSODU DQD KDWODU\OD LoHULN DQDOL]LQLQVRQXoODUQDJ|UHDNWDUOGNWDQVRQUDLOJLOLLoHULNDQDOL]LQH\HUYHULOHFHNWLU
233
EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU
%RGXUWDKVLOOL\HWHQHNOLoDONDQYHPHPOHNHWLQLoRNVHYHQELUELUH\ROGXX LoLQ LQDDWODUGD NXOODQODQ ELU PDO]HPH UHWPH\L SL\DVD DUDWUPDV QHWLFHVLQGH X\JXQ J|UP YH DLOHFH EX LL KDPPDGGH YH N|PU EDNPQGDQ HOYHULOL RODQ dDQGD\DSPD\DNDUDUYHUPLOHUGLU$LOHGHLL\UWPHJ|UHYLQL%RGXUVWOHQPLWLU
+DVDQ %RGXUXQ DUNDGD )HUUXK %H\
Almanya tahsilli bir mhendisti ve o
\OODUGD%DONHVLUdDQDNNDOH\ROXLQDDWQGDoDOPDNWD\G%XELUH\+DVDQ%RGXUD ID\DQV UHWLPLQLQ LOJLQo ELU NRQX ROGXXQX 7UNL\H\H dHNRVORYDN\D YH
$OPDQ\DGDQ EX UQQ LWKDO HGLOGLLQL ONHGH ID\DQV VHNW|UQQ EXOXQPDGQ HKLUOHUGH|QFHOLNOHID\DQVDLKWL\DoROGXXQXEHOLUWPLWLU
%X EDODPGD ID\DQV UHWLPL ILNULQLQ EX ND\QDNWDQ HGLQLOGLL V|\OHQHELOLU $QFDN EX L ILNULQLQ L\L ELU IUVDW ROGXXQX GHHUOHQGLUHQ EX NRQXGD ROXPOX J|U RUWD\DNR\DQJHUHNOLoDOPDODUYHDUDWUPDODU\DSDQWPLPNDQV]ONODUDUDPHQ JHUHNOL ND\QDNODU ELUDUD\D JHWLUHQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU NXUXODQD YH IDDOL\HWH JHoHQH NDGDU PRWLYDV\RQXQX ND\EHWPH\HQ JLULLPFL ELUH\ LVH %RGXUGXU %RGXUIUVDWODUWDQPODPDYHHQJHOOHULDPDNRQXVXQGDE\NELU\HWHQHHVDKLSWLU %LUH\OHULQJ|UHPHGLLIUVDWODUR\DNDODPDNWDGUYHKDODEX|QFJLULLPOHULGHYDP
etmektedir.
%RGXU dDQ \|UHVLQL WDQPDNWD YH EX \|UHGH DUDWUPDODU \DSPDNWD\G 2 \OODUGD E|OJHGH $OPDQODUQ LOHWWLL NDROHQ PDGHQ RFD YDUG 6HUPD\H VDODPD ELULNLP YH ILQDQVPDQ LPNDQODUQQ oRN D] ROGXX ELU G|QHPGH
anakkale Seramik
)DEULNDODUQQ NXUXOXPXQD WHHEEV HWPHN E\N ELU FHVDUHWWL .XUXOXP VUHFLQH \|UHGH \DD\DQ KDON GD NDWPDN LoLQ RQODUD KLVVH VHQHWOHUL VDWOPWU \OQGD ID\DQVUHWLPLELUILNLUYHIUVDWRODUDNRUWD\DNRQPXWXU7HPPX]GHLVHWHPHO
aWOPWU LUNHWLQ NXUXOPDV LVH GDKD |QFHGLU 2 \OODUGD dDQ \RO KDPPDGGH
HQHUML LJF ORMLVWLN LPNDQODUQQ HQ NW ROGXX ELU \HU ROVD GD LOoH\L GRUX \HU
234
\DSDQ GHLLN SRWDQVL\HOOHU EXOXQPDNWD\G ON RODUDN HQHUML DoVQGDQ \|UHGH JHQL
kmr
PDGHQOHUL YDUG YH N|PU R \OODU LoLQ GRUX ELU HQHUML ND\QD\G NLQFL
RODUDN dDQ E\N ELU LJF SRWDQVL\HOLQH VDKLSWL %DONDQODUGDQ JHOHQ DLOHOHU dDQ FLYDUQD \HUOHPLOHUGL $QFDN EX \HUOHLP LOoH PHUNH]LQH E\N ELU \DNQON DU]
etmekteydi. KyleU dDQ HWUDIQD \DNQ YH VN RODUDN ROXWXUXOPXWX $UD]L WDUPD
oRNHOYHULOLROPDGQGDQEXUDGDNXUXODFDNELUIDEULNDLKWL\DFRODQLQVDQND\QDQ NROD\ONOD VDODPDVQQ \DQQGD EX LoLOHUL L\HULQH JHWLULS J|WUPH GH NROD\ONOD \DSODELOHFHNWL (Y YH L\HUL PHVDIHVL NVD RODFDNW 'LHU WDUDIWDQ \|UHGH \RXQ PLNWDUGD EH\D] WRSUDN \DQL .DROHQ EXOXQPDNWD\G dDQ KDPPDGGH\H GH \DNQON DU]HGL\RUGX2JQNDUWODU LoLQ\DWUPQdDQGD\DSOPDVoRNGRUXELUNDUDUG %|\OHFH \DWUP HNRQRPLN RODFDNW (N RODUDN IDEULND LoLOHULQLQ JHOLULQLQ D\ON YH G]HQOL ELU ELoLPGH |GHQL\RU ROPDV N|\GH \DD\DQ KDONQ G]HQOL ELU JHOLU HOGH HWPHLKWL\DFQGDNDUOD\DFDNW
%RGXU WLFDUHWH LOJL GX\PXWX %DEDV +DVDQ %RGXU WWQ WLFDUHWL LOH XUDPDNWD\G YH RQXQ WP JD\UL PVDLW DUWODUD UDPHQ \DSW LKUDFDW LOHUL RQD \|Q YHUPLWLU .D\QSHGHUL HUHI (LQOLROX LVH WFFDU YH VDQD\LFL LGL $LOHGH \HU DODQEXUROPRGHOOHULRQXQNDUL\HUVHoLPLQLHWNLOHPLWLU
%RGXUXQ ID\DQVWDQ |QFH LON L GHQH\LPL
tekstil zerinedir. Hasan Bodur ve
HUHI (LQOLROXQXQ RUWDNODD NXUGXNODU 7UDN\D SOLN )DEULNDVQQ NXUXOX YH UHWLPH JHoL VUHFLQGH \HU DOPWU %X JLULLPGH \|QHWLFL RODUDN J|UHY \DSPWU %RGXUXQ 5REHUW .ROHMLQGH 7LFDUHW %|OPQ WHUFLK HWPHVLQH VWD
nbul
QLYHUVLWHVLQLQNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVLQGHRNX\DQDELVL0HKPHW%RGXUX |UQHNDOPDVPKHQGLVOHULQQHUGH\VHWDPDPQQNDPXVHNW|UQGHLVWLKGDPHGLOPHVL JLEL IDNW|UOHU QHGHQ ROPXWXU %X HLWLPLQ DUGQGDQ $%'GH GDUHVL YH
Pazarlama DODQQGD \NVHN OLVDQV \DSPWU 7UDN\D SOLN )DEULNDVQGD \|QHWLFLOLN

\DSW G|QHPGH EDEDV YH ND\QSHGHUL DUDVQGD NDODQ ELU NRQXPGD EXOXQPDV QHGHQL\OHEXJLULLPGHQD\UOPWU
Onun; sabah ilk kim erken gelirse patron oydu
szleriyle fabrikada LIWEDOONROGXXUDKDWONODDQODODELOLU<|QHWLOPHNWHQ]L\DGH
235
\|QHWPH\L
VHYPHNWHGLU
YH
EX
QHGHQOH
EDEDV
YH
ND\QSHGHULQH
WDKDPPO
HGHPHPLWLU
dDQDNNDOH 7UNL\HVLQGH
6HUDPLN
)DEULNDODUQQ WHYLN
WHPHOOHULQLQ YH LWKDO
DWOG LNDPHVL
G|QHPLQ SROLWLNDODU
VDQD\LOHPH
HGLOPHNWH\GL
X\JXODQPDNWD\G%XHNRQRPLNRUWDPWHNHOFLELUUHNDEHWDYDQWDMVDODPWU'LHU WDUDIWDQ %RGXU GRXWDQ ELU OLGHU NDUL]PD YH YL]\RQ VDKLELGLU %X QLWHOLNOHUL RQX VUDGDQ ELUH\OHUGHQ IDUNO NOPDNWDGU 1H\LQ L \DSDFDQ QH\LQ NDU VDOD\DFDQ NDYUD\DELOHQ ELU ELUH\GLU YH JLULLPFL ELU UXKD VDKLSWLU L L\L WDNLS HWPH VUDUFON NDUDUOON 9DWDQ YH 0LOOHW VHYJLVL LVWLKGDP \DUDWPD LVWHL WHNLODWODQGUPD YH RUJDQL]H HWPH QLWHOLL YH KDONQ GDKD L\L LPNDQODUGD \DDPDODUQD]HPLQKD]UODPD LVWHLRQXJLULLPFLROPD\DLWHQGLHUIDNW|UOHURODUDNPODNDWODUGDEHOLUWLOPLWLU
Tablo 33.EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU Vurgulanan Boyut

)UVDWQWDQPODQPDVYHLILNULQLQRUWD\DoN
6NO
Aile ve rol modelleri Deneyim

'RXWDQJLULLPFLGLU (LWLP %DPV]ONYHRWRQRPL WKDOLNDPHVL 'RXWDQOLGHUGLU 'RXWDQELUNDUL]PD\DVDKLSWLU
Ynetilmekten ziyade ynetmeyi sevmektedir
Vizyon sahibidir *LULLPci bir ruha sahiptir

LL\LWDNLSHWPHVUDUFONNDUDUOON
Vatan ve millet sevgisi, istihdam yaratma

7HNLODWODQGUPDYHRUJDQL]HHWPH|]HOOLLYDUGU +DONQGDKDL\LLPNDQODUGD\DDPDODUQD]HPLQKD]UODPDLVWHL
9 9 7 5 5 4 4 5 3 2 2 2 2 1 1
3.5.2. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN.DUL\HULQH%DODUNHQ'D\DQGYH
*YHQGLL%LUH\VHOYHdHYUHVHO)DNW|UOHU
%RGXUXQLOHWLLPKLWDEHWYHLNQDNDELOL\HWLoRN\NVHNWLU'DYUDQODU\ODYH WDYUODU\OD HQ EDVLWLQGHQ HQ NRPSOLNH ELUH\OHUH NDGDU KHUNHVOH LOHWLLP
kurabilmektedir. Kylyle kyl, kentliyle kentli, siyaseti ile siyaseti, mhendisle

PKHQGLVROXUdRNUDKDWJoOYHHWNLOH\LFLELULOHWLLPHVDKLSWLU%LUH\OHUOHLOHWLLP
kurma kabiliyetine gvenmektedir.
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU JLULLPL LoLQ
gerekli olan sermayeyi bu kabiliyetlerini kullanarak sermaye sahiplerini ikna etme 236
\ROX\ODELUDUD\DJHWLUPLWLU<|UHKDONDLOH\DNQODUYHHQLWHVL6OH\PDQDKLQLQ LQDDWODUGD YH \HQL RUWDN WHPLQLQGH HPHL oRNWXU +DVDQ %RGXU6OH\PDQ DKLQYH
Mustafa%RGXULVLPOHULVD\HVLQGH<HQLFHYHdDQ\|UHVLQGHNLSHNoRNN|\OLQHLQL
WDUODVQVDWSJLULLPHRUWDNROPXWXU%RGXUDLOHVLYHND\QSHGHULJLULLPLEDODWPD DDPDVQGD|QHPOLNDWNODUGDEXOXQPXODUGU
.HQGLQL DGDPD YH NDWOP %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN QLWHOLNOHULQGHQ ELULGLU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN
kariyerinde en nemli
JLULLPLQLQ VIUGDQ
)DEULNDODU
EDODWOPDV G|QHPLQGH JQQ VDDWL ER\XQFD VDGHFH EX JLULLPL GQPWU .HQGLVLQL NXUEDQ JLEL EX JLULLPH DGDPWU GH K]O ELU ELoLPGH JHOLPLWL
r.
%RGXUXQ |]HO KD\DW\OD L KD\DW Lo LoHGLU %X QHGHQOH KHU RUWDPGD LLQL GQPHNWHGLU %X VD\HGH LLQ DNVD\DQ \|QOHUL UDKDWONOD J|UHELOPHNWHGLU 7DWLO NDYUDP \RNWXU 7DWLOH oNPDPDN RQX UDKDWV] HWPHPHNWHGLU %X QLWHOLNOHUL EDDUO ROPDVQVDODPDNWDGU
%RGXUXQ oRN EHOLUJLQ ELU OLGHUOLN YDVI YDUGU +DQJL WRSOXOXD JLUVH VD\J J|UPHNWH YH NVD VUHGH R WRSOXOXNWD |Q VUDODUGD \HULQL DOPDNWDGU +HUNDGHPH LOH GL\DORXQGD VDPLPL ELU \DNODP VHUJLOHPHNWHGLU %LUH\OHULQ JYHQL ND]DQPDVQ
bilmekWHGLU $\UFDJ|QODGDPROGXXQXKHUNHVHKLVVHWWLUPHNWHGLU/LGHUOLNOHLNQD
\HWHQHL VD\HVLQGH oHYUHVLQGHNLOHUL SHLQGHQ VUNOHPHNWHGLU %LUH\OHU HWUDIQGD WRSODQPDNWDYHRQXL]OHPHNWHGLUOHU%XKHURUWDPGDEDDUVDODPDNWDGU
+DVDQ%RGXUYH.D\QSHGHULRQDEHOOLELU\HUHNDGDUGHVWHNROPXODUGU$LOH \DNQ oHYUHVL YH GRVWODU RQXQ EX LL EDDUDELOHFHLQH LQDQGNODU LoLQ RQD GHVWHN YHUPLOHUGLU dHYUHVLQGHNL %RGXUXQ ELUH\OHULQ |] HWNLQOLL LQDQPDG
YH
NHQGLQH YH
RODQ
JYHQL HHU
oRN
\NVHNWLU \DWW\VD R
IUVDW
LOHUH
DNOQD
LQDQPDNWDGU 7XWWXXQX NRSDUDQ ELU |]HOOLL YDUGU %LU LL EHQ \DSDELOLULP ELoLPLQGH GQGQGH R LL PXWODND EDDUPDNWDGU (WUDIQGDNL ELUH\OHUL GH SHLQGHQ VUNOHPHNWHGLU %RGXU ELU NRQX\X HOH DOG ]DPDQ VRQXQD ND
dar
J|WUPHNWH YH EDDUPDNWDGU +DQJL SUREOHP ROXUVD ROVXQ HHU o|]OHELOHFHN ELU QRNWDV YDUVD RQX EXOPDNWD YH PXWODND o|]PHNWHGLU %HQ EX LL \DSDELOLULP ELoLPLQGH GQGNWHQ VRQUD ]LKQLQGHNL SURMH\L JHUoHNOHWLUPHN ]HUH KDUHNHWH
237
JHoPHNWH YH EDDUO ROPDNWDGU .DUDUOON VDEU VHEDW YH GH D]LP RQXQ VDKLS ROGXX |QHPOL NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULGLU =LKQLQGH NXUJXODG LL JHUoHNOHWLUPHN LoLQ DOG NDUDUODU YH LQDQG NRQXODU LoLQ D\ODUFD \OODUFD XUDPDNWDGU dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU JLULLPL
srecinde
IDEULND\
NXUDFDN
VHUPD\HVL
\RNWX
%LUH\OHUGHQ YH GHYOHWWHQ VHUPD\H WRSODPDN NROD\ ELU L GHLOGL +HOH RUWDGD KLoELU H\ \RNNHQ GHYOHWL LNQD HGHELOPHN VDQD\L\L ELOPH\HQ KDONWDQ SDUD WRSODPDN DQFDN RQXQEXQLWHOLNOHULLOHDoNODQDELOLU
BoduroRNoDONDQGUYHoDOPDNWDQ]HYNDOPDNWDGU+HP]HNDKHPGHDNO
NDSDVLWHVL oRN \NVHNWLU dRN L\L ELU DUDWUPDFGU $UDWUU DQFDN NLPVH EXQX
hissetmez.
*|]OHP \HWHQHL PWKLWLU IXDUODUGD NLPVHQLQ GLNNDW HWPHGLL D\UQWODU QLWHOLL RQX \DQO \DSPDNWDQ NRUXPXWXU $\UQWODUQD
gzlemlemektedir. Bu
LQLQFH\H NDGDU NRQXODU DQDOL] HWPHNWHGLU 6RQXFXQX EXOPDNWD YH |\OH NDUDU YHUPHNWHGLU 6H]PH \HWHQHL YH DOWQF KLVVL oRN NXYYHWOLGLU (HU ELU NRQXGD ULVN VWOHQL\RUVD PXWODND D] GD ROVD JYHQGLL ED] QRNWDODU YH JDUDQWLVL EXOXQPDNWDGU %XQLWHOLNOHULJLULLPFLOLNNDUL\HULQGHEDDUOROPDVQQNLOLWQHGHQOHULGLU
Tablo 34.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN.DUL\HULQH%DODUNHQ'D\DQGYH*YHQGLL Bireysel ve evresel Faktrler Vurgulanan Boyut 6NO 6RV\DOLOLNLOHULOHWLLPYHLNQDNDSDVLWHVLoRN\NVHNWLU 7 .HQGLQLDGDPDYHNDWOP 5 Liderlik 5 6UHNOLOLNDU]HGHQ|UHQPHKHYHVLQHVDKLSWLU%LOJLYHWHFUEHVLGHYDPODUWDU 5 z-etkinlik 4 .DUDUOONVDEUYHVHEDt, azim 4 =HNDYHDNO 4 dDONDQON 3 Aile 3 $UDWUPDFOND\UQWOLQFHOHPHYHJ|]OHP\HWHQHL 3 <DEDQFILUPDODU 2 2UWDNODUYHLGDUHKH\HWLoRNNXYYHWOLGLU 2 nsezgileri ok kuvvetlidir 2 Garanticidir 2 Karizma 1 %DDUPDKUV 1 2OD\ODU]LKQLQGHFDQODQGUPD 1 zveri 1 .LLOLN 1 Kendine gven 1 Bankalar 1 .D\QDNODUYHLPNDQODUELUDUD\DJHWLUPH 1
238
3.5.3.
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFLOLN9H*LULLPFLOLN .RQXODU
%RGXUXQ HQ oRN |QHP YHUGLL NRQX
yenilik ve teknolojidir. Yeniliki bir
NLLOLL YDUGU 6DGHFH LLQGH GHLO JL\LPLQGH NXDPQGD D\DNNDEVQGD NVDFD KD\DWQGDEX|]HOOLLJ|]OHPOHQHELOPHNWHGLU7HNQRORML\LWDNLSHGHUWDO\DGDKHU\O WHNUDUODQDQ VHUDPLN IXDU YDUGU 7P UHWLFLOHU
her yeni teknolojiyi ona Mevcut teknolojiyi
gstermektedirler.
' ONHOHUGH VUHNOL YH NDOF LOLNLVL YDUGU
VN VN $YUXSD WHNQRORMLVL\OH \HQLOHPHNWHGLU $QFDN \HQLOLN NRQXVXQGD LKWL\DWOGU (HU LQDQ\RUVD \HQLOLN \DSPDNWDGU $\UFD \HQL WHNQRORMLQLQ PHYFXW LOHWPH\L DNVDWPD\DFDN ELoLPGH ROPDVQD GLNNDW HWPHNWHGLU $NOQGD VUHNOL \DWUP
ve
\HQLOLN YDUGU +HU \O \DWUP \DSPD\ VHYPHNWHGLU %\PH \|QHOLPOL ELU JLULLPFLGLU
<DSW LWH LON YH |QF ROPD\ LONH HGLQPLWLU +HUNHVLQ \DSW LL GHLO NHQGLELOGLLLL\DSPDNWDDPDRLWHGH\DSOPDVJHUHNHQQHLVHGDLPD|QFROPD\ WHNQRORMLN ELU \HQLOLN \DSODFDNVD HQ VRQ WHNQRORML\L \DWUP LVH \DWUPQ HQ E\Q \DSPD\ WHUFLK HWPHNWHGLU LQ JHUHL QH LVH ]DPDQ YH DUWODUD J|UH RQX
mutlDND \HULQH JHWLUPHNWHGLU %DNDODUQD J|UH |QF ROPDV RQXQ NLLOLLQLQ YH
JLULLPFLOLLQLQ|]JQELUER\XWXGXU%XIDUNOON\DUDWPDNWDGU
6RV\DO
LOLNLOHU
\|Q
JoOGU
dDOPD
RUWDPQGD
\DUDWW
DWPRVIHU
oDODQODUOD NHQGLVL DUDVQGD DUNDGDON VDODPDNWDGU %XOXQGXX YH oDOW RUWDPODUGD VRV\DO LOLNLOHU ]HULQH NXUXOX RODQ ELU IDUNOOD VDKLSWLU 0LOOL
%D\UDPODUGD \DSW PONL YH LGDUL DPLU ]L\DUHWOHUL KDON LOH Lo LoH ROPDV RQXQ oDODQODUD YH SD\GDODUD YHUGLL |QHPLQ J|VWHUJHVLGLU &HPL\HWH X]DN GHLOGLU <DOQ]O VHYPHPHNWH YH ELUH\OHUL ELU DUD\D JHWLUPHN LoLQ GDLPD ELU QHGHQ EXOPDNWDGU
239
%RGXU oRN \|QO ELU ELUH\GLU .DOH *UXEX ILUPDODUQQ WP IDDOL\HWOHUL LOH LOJLOHQPHNWHGLUOHULEL]]DWNHQGLVLHQLQFHD\UQWVQDNDGDUWDNLS
etmektedir.
Tablo 35.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFLOLN9H*LULLPFLOLN.RQXODU Vurgulanan Boyut 6NO Yenilik 7 Teknoloji 7 <DWUPYHE\PH 6 %DNDODUQDJ|UH|QFROPDVIDUNOON\DUDWPDNWDGU 4 dDODQODUODYHSD\GDODUODOLNLOHU 3 LUNHWLQ KHU H\LQL ELOLU YH LUNHWOH LOJLOHQLU 7P LL EL]]DW NHQGLVL HQ LQFH 3
D\UQWVQDNDGDUWDNLSHGHU %DDUOYHNDUOROGXXQDHPLQROPDGLHJLULPH]
Evrensel standartlara uygun kalitede retim Rekabet edebilirlik: fiyat-PDOL\HWX\JXQOXX

3D\ODPFONGHYOHWHYHUJLKLVVHGDUODUDNDWNoDODQDFUHW
1 1 1 1
3.5.4.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(OHPDQYH<|QHWLFL6HoLPLQGHgQHP9HUGLL Kriterler
%RGXU LoLQ JYHQ |Q SODQGDGU %X QHGHQOH |]HOOLNOH VW G]H\ J|UHYOHU LoLQ
aiOHGHQ RODQ \D GD RQXQ HLWLP \OODUQGD DUNDGDON YH GRVWOXN JHOLWLUGLL ELUH\OHU
X]XQ \OODU NLOLW PHYNLOHUGH J|UHY \DSPODU YH \DSPDNWDGUODU 'RUX LH GRUX ELUH\L \HUOHWLUHELOPH \HWHQHLQH VDKLSWLU %HOOL ELU SR]LV\RQD HQ GRUX NLL\L \HUOHWLUHEL
lmektedir.
%RGXU oDODQODUQQ NDSDVLWH YH NDELOL\HWOHULQL JHQHOGH L\L
ELOPHNWHYHJ|UHYOHULPHYFXWODUDUDVQGDHQOD\NRODQDYHUPHNWHGLU
%RGXU
LOLNL
\D
GD
WHPDV
VDODG
ELUH\OHULQ
KDQJL
QLWHOLNOHULQGHQ
ID\GDODQDELOLULPELoLPLQGHGQPHNWHELUH\L
n pozitif ynlerini hemen kavrama ve
LUNHW LoLQ ID\GDO RODFDN ELU ELoLPGH NDQDOL]H HGHELOPH \HWHQHLQH VDKLSWLU dDODQODUDUDVQGDGHQJHNXUXSRQODUELUELULQHH]GLUPHPHNWHGLU
*HUHNWLLQGH PHVDL VDDWOHUL GQGD J|UPH WRSODQW JLEL NRQXODUD ]DPD
D\UDELOPH WDWLO ]DPDQODUQGD GD oDODELOPH JLEL NULWHUOHU RQXQ LoLQ |QHPOLGLU $NOQGD VUHNOL \DWUP YH \HQLOLN ROGXX LoLQ oDODQODUQ GD VDDW LOHULQH EDO NDOPDODUQLVWHPHNWHGLU
240
Tablo 36.EUDKLP%RGXUXQEleman ve Ynetici Seiminde gQHP9HUGLL.ULWHUOHU Vurgulanan Boyut Aileden olma

*YHQGLLOLVHYHQLYHUVLWHDUNDGDODU %HOOLELUSR]LV\RQDHQGRUXELUH\L\HUOHWLULU \HULYHLVHYJLVLLHEDOON
6NO
anakkale yresinden olma

ELOJLVL 'RUXOXN
Gven
$QODDELOHFHLoDODELOHFHLELUH\OHU
Kendine gven Burs verilerek okutulanlar

(LWLP 3D\ODPFON HNLS oDOPDV YH VDKLS ROGXX ELOJLOHUL X\JXODQDELOLU HNLOGH LOJLOLOHUH DNWDUPDV QVDQLGHHUOHUDKODNLYHPLOOLGHHUO
4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
er onun iin nemlidir
0LVDILUHVD\JYHKUPHWHWPHNWHYHEXQXVWG]H\\|QHWLFLOHUGHQGHEHNOHPHNWHGLU HDOGLLHOHPDQQVDGHFHLGHLOELUH\VHOLOLNLGHGHNXOODQU %LUH\OHULQSR]LWLI\|QOHULQLKHPHQNDYUDUYHEXGRUXOWXGDRQODULVWLKGD
m eder
3.5.5.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ0WHULOHUH.DU7XWXPX
%RGXU \DS RODUDN VFDN FDQD \DNQ ELU ELUH\GLU OLNLGH ROGXNODU LOH ]DWHQ GRVWOXNNXUPDNWDGU%D\LYHE\NPWHULOHUOHLLOLNLVLQLQGQGDRQODUODGRVWOXN GD ROXWXUPXWXU %LUH\OHU RQD VDGHFH L LOLNLOHULQGHQ GROD\ EDO GHLOOHUGLU GQGD GD |UQHN RODUDN ED\UDPODUGD NDUONO LOHWLLP KDOLQGHGLUOHU $UDODUQGD L G ELU ED YDUGU %D\LOHUOH oRN VN ELU LOLNL JHOLWLULOPLWLU <OGD ELU NH] WRSODQW \DSOPDNWDGU$Y
rupa seyahatleri gibi dller verilmektedir.
0WHULOHUOH LOLNLOHUL VDPLPL YH JYHQ YHULFLGLU \XUW LoLQGH YH GQGD YHUGLL V|] \DUP DVUGU WXWWXXQGDQ VDWF YH DOFODU WDUDIQGDQ JYHQLOLU ELUL RODUDNWDQQPDNWDGU9HUGLLV|]WXWPD\DD]DPLJ
ayret sarf etmektedir.
%RGXU
.DOH
$LOHVLQLQ
HQ
E\GU
+HUNHVH
ELU
EDED
HINDWL\OH
\DNODPDNWDGU %D\LOHUH .DOH $LOHVLQLQ ELU IHUGL JLEL GDYUDQPDNWDGU 2QODU DLOHVLQGHQ NDEXO HWPHNWHGLU .DOH $LOHVLQLQ ELU \HVL ROPDODUQ EHNOHPHNWHGLU
241
OLNLOHU EDOON YH VDPLPL\HW EDODPQGDGU %L]]DW NHQGLVL EXQX \UWPHNWHGLU
Bodur, mWHUL JLEL \DDPDNWD RQODUOD VDGHFH WLFDUL GHLO VRV\DO LOLNLOHUGH GH
EXOXQPDNWD GQ GHUQHN VQQHW JLEL FHPL\HWOHUH NDWOPDNWDGU %X ELUH\OHU E|\OHFHED]NRQXODUGDRQXQWDUDIQGDQGDKDNROD\\|QOHQGLULOPHNWHGLUOHU
Tablo 37.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ0WHULOHUH.DU7XWXPX Vurgulanan Boyut %D\LOHUYHE\NPWHULOHULOH\XUWLoL-\XUWGJoOEDODUDVDKLSWLU

9HUGLLV|]WXWPD\DD]DPLJD\UHWVDUIHGHU*YHQLQDHWPLWLU 0WHUL\LDLOHVLQGHQNDEXOHGHU
6NO
Msteri gibi yasar. Onlarla sadece ticari degil sosyal iliskilerde de bulunur
0WHULYHOLQLPHWWLU 0WHULOHUGHQJHOHQKHUWUONULWLLPXWODNDLOHWPH\HDNVHWWLULU
9 3 4 3 2 1
3.5.6. EUDKLP%odurun
%\PHYH<HQL*LULLP,ONHOHUL
6HNW|UGH|QFONYHEX|QFOVUGUOHELOLUNOPD%RGXUXQHQoRN|QHP YHUGLLLONHGLU<DSODQ\DWUPODUQNDUOQQDOQPDVVUHNOLELUE\PH\HQLOLN YH WHNQRORML\DWUPODUQEHUDEHULQGHJHWLUPLWLU0HYFXWLOHWPH\LKHPE\WPHNWH KHP GH WHNQRORML LOH \HQLOHPHNWHGLU $QFDN \HQLOLN YH WHNQRORML X\JXODPDODUQGD LKWL\DWOGU
%RGXUGDLPDVDQD\LGHGRXPNRQWURO\RNWXULONHVLQHLQDQPWU6UHNOLELU JLULLPFLOLN \DSV DU] HWPHNWHGLU *UXS LUNHWOHUL LKWL\Do YH ]RUXQOXOXNWDQ GROD\ LOHUL\H YH JHUL\H GRUX \DWD\ HQWHJUDV\RQD JLGLOHUHN NXUXOPXWXU +DPPDGGH QDNOL\HJLEL\DWUPODUNDOLWHQLQVDODQPDVLoLQGH|QHPOLGLUEXVD\HGHIL]LELOLWHYH YHULPOLOLN DUW GD VDODQPWU )LUPDODU NHQGL EQ\HO \DSPDNWDGUODU
erinde modernizasyon da
Eskiden Kaleteknik Hizmetler, Kalemaden birer departman olarak rini
IDDOL\HW J|VWHUPHNWH\GL %RGXU EX GHSDUWPDQODU D\U ILUPDODU ELoLPLQGH NXUDUDN GDU\D GD KL]PHW YHUPHOHULQL YH EX VD\HGH LUNHWOHULQ JHOLLS E\PHOH
VDODPWU%XUDGDHGLQLOHQYHND]DQODQWHFUEH\LGDUGDGDNXOODQDUDNNDUOONYH \DWUPDUWPWU.DUQ\DQVUD.DOH*UXEXRODUDNLKDFPLGHDUWPWU
242
Tablo 38.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%\PHYH<HQL*LULLP,ONHOHUL Vurgulanan Boyut nclk ve faaliyette bulunulan sektrde ilk olma
<HQLOLNYHWHNQRORMLLOHVUGUOHELOLUE\PHYH\HQL\DWUP <HQLOLNOHUGHLKWL\DWOGU
6NO
Global lekte bir marka olma Entegrasyon

<DWUPOD EHUDEHU \DDU YH WHSHGHQ LL \|QHWPH] <DWUP PDPXOQoNQDNDGDUVUHFL\DNQGDWDNLSHGHU (QL\LVLROPDPNHPPHOOLL\DNDODPD <HQL \DWUP LoLQ $YUXSDGD RODELOLU' ILUPDODUOD LoLoHGLU<XUWGQGDE\N ELUPHYNLYH\HULYDUGU H EDODPDGDQ UHWLPH JHoLQFH\H NDGDUNL \DWUPODUQ KHU VDIKDVQQ ELU SODQ YH
n temelinden nihai
5 5 4 3 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
proje iinde gitmesini ister

$NVD\DQNRQXODUQWHGELULQLDOUYHYDNWLQGHJHUHNOLNDUDUYHWDOLPDWODUYHULU *HQHOGH \DWUPQ ILOHQ EDODPDVQGDQ LWLEDUHQ ELU \OGD WDPDPODQDUDN UHWLPH EDODPDVQWHU
cih eder
OHWPHOHULQNDUQWHNUDU\DWUPDVDUIHGHUHNSURMHQLQE\PHVLQLYHNDUOOQ DUWUPDVQWHUFLKHGHU<DQLNDUQWHPHWWRODUDNKLVVHGDUDGDWPD]\DWUPD KDUFDULLQHPLQYHNDUOELUELoLPGHE\PHVLQHKHU]DPDQ|QFHOLNYHULU
BaDUOYHNDUOROGXXQDHPLQROPDGLHJLULPHPHNWHGLU%RGXUXQKD\DWQGD
KD\DO YH PDFHUD\D \HU \RNWXU LQ IL]LELOLWHOHULQL EL]]DW WHWNLN HGHU VDODP YH NDUOELULRODFDQDLQDQPDVKDOLQGHHOHDOU 1H]DPDQ\DWUPQH]DPDQPRGHUQL]DV\RQ\DSODFDQGHQJHOHU 'DLPDVDQD\LGHGRXPNRQWURO\RNWXUSUHQVLELQHLQDQPWU
3.5.7. EUDKLP%RGXUXQdDODQODU,OH'L\DORX Bodur, an ilesinde Kale Ailesinin en
LoL EDEDV RODUDN WDQQPDNWDGU
E\ RODUDN oDODQODUD NDU JD\HW VHYHFHQ YH KRJ|UO GDYUDQPDNWD RQODUOD LOLNLOHULQGHWHYD]XVDKLELNRONDQDWJHUHQYHVRUXQODUQo|]HQELU\DS\DVDKLSWLU
dDODQODUOD VUHNOL Lo LoHGLU YH RQODUOD VRKEHWL VHYPHNWHGLU dDODQODUOD GL\DORJX PWHYD] YH VDPLPLGLU
Alt kademeden st kademeye kadar tm
oDODQODUOD GL\DORJ KDOLQGHGLU 7|UHQOHU NXWODPDODU \HPHNOHU G]HQOHPHNWHGLU dDOPD RUWDPQGD ELU DLOHKDYDV\DUDWPWU+HU NDGHPHGHNL ELUH\OHGLUHNWWHPDV YDUGU <DOQ] \HPHN \HPHPHNWH \DQQD PXWODND oDODQODUQGDQ ELU JUXEX
almDNWDGU 3DWURQ JLEL GHLOGLUdDODQODUODoRN\DNQGU oDODQODUQDLOHQLQIHUGL

JLELJ|UPHNWHoDODQODUQQVNQWODULOHLOJLOHQPHNWHGLU
243
7P oDODQODUQ LOHULQL JHUHNWLL JLEL YH HNVLNVL] \HULQH JHWLUPHOHULQL LVWHPHNWHGLU 6RV\DO LOLNLOHULQGH \DSF ELU ELUH\GLU JHUHL oDODQQQ NDOELQL NUDUVDoRNJHoPHGHQJ|QOQDOPDNWDGU
Tablo 39.EUDKLP%RGXUXQdDODQODU,OH'L\DORX Vurgulanan Boyut

'L\DORJYHWHPDVODLOLNLOHULQLGHYDPHWWLULU+HUNDGHPHGHNLoDODQLOHGLUHNWWHPDVYH ELUHELUGL\DORXYDUGU dDODQODUDoRN|QHPYHUPHNWHRQODUODLoLoH\DDPDNWDGU
6NO
7 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
Alakgnlldr
dDOPDRUWDPQGDDLOHKDYDV\DUDWU <DUGPVHYHUGLU 6RV\DOLOLNLOHUHoRN|QHPYHULU <DOQ]\HPHN\HUNHQKLoJ|UPHGLPoDODQODUGD\DQQDDOU +DI]DVoRNJoOGU $oNNDSSROLWLNDVYHXODODELOLUOLN
Sizinle siz olur

hVWNDGHPHLOHoRNSD\ODPFGU(GLQGLLWPELOJLOHULDQODWUELOJLVDNODPD] .UFELUELUH\GHLOGLUJHUHLNDOSNUDUVDoRNJHoPHGHQJ|QOQDOU
Amir-PHPXUJHUHNWLLQGHEDED-RXO
7XWWXXYHJYHQGLLELUoDODQNHVLQOLNOHEUDNPD] dDODQODURUWDON\HUGHUHQFLGHHWPH] dDODQODUDUDVQGDGHQJHNXUDUDYHRQODUELUELULQHH]GLUPH]
3.5.8.
EUDKLP% OLNLOHUL
odurun
'HYOHWYH3ROLWLND\OD'Q\DVYHg]HO6HNW|UOH
%RGXUXQ HQ E\N VD\JV GHYOHWHGLU KD\DWQGD GHYOHWOH DKVHQ KLo VUWPHVL ROPDPWU 'HYOHWH oRN |QHP YHUPHNWH YH GHYOHWLQ oRN JoO ROPDVQ
istemektedir. 1957lerden berLJHOPLJHoPLWPKNPHWOHUOHKLoWHUVGPHPLWLU

+NPHWOHUOH KHS Lo LoHGLU (Q VW NDGHPHOHUGHNLOHUOH EDODQW KDOLQGHGLU 6L\DVHWH RODQ LOJLVL L KD\DWQGD EXOXQPDVQGDQ GROD\GU 6L\DVHWOH LL ELUELULQH NDUWUPD\
sevmemektedir.
)LUPDODUQ
VUHNOL
RODUDN
SDUWLOHU
VW
WXWPXWXU
6L\DVHWL
ILUPDODUQD VRNPDPWU dDODQODUQ VL\DVHWOH ILLOHQ PHJXO ROPDVQD PVDDGH HWPHPHNWHGLU 6L\DVHWWH WDPDPHQ WDUDIV]GU NWLGDU YH PXKDOHIHW SDUWLOHULQH GDLPD D\QX]DNONWDROPXWXU+LoELU]DPDQ SDUWLWXWPDPWU'HYOHWYHRQXQWHPVLOFLOHUL RODQ KHU NDGHPHGHQ ELUH\OHUH |QHP YHUPHNWHGLU 5HVPL YH ELUH\VHO LOLNLOHULQGH J|UHYOLOHUH LFDS HGHQ VD\J\ J|VWHUPHNWH YH oDODQODUQGD E|\OH KDUHNHWHWPHOHULQL
244
istemektedir. 7LFDUHWYHVL\DVHWWDPDPOD\FROGXXQGDQGROD\VL\DVHWLVHYPHNWHGLU
+HU J|UWHQ VL\DVLOHUOH GL\DORX YDUGU 0HQIDDWOHUGH LOLNLVL \RNWXU
Devlete vergi
YHUHQ ELU JLULLPFLGLU 9HUJLVLQL WDP |GHPHNWHGLU 0DOL\HQLQ GDLPD WDNGLULQL ND]DQPWU 6L\DVHWoLOHU WDUDIQGDQ GDLPD LWLEDU J|UPWU RQODUQ J|]QGH
VD\JQON VDKLEL ELU L DGDPGU (NRQRPLN NDONQPDQQ |]HO VHNW|U HOL\OH RODFDQD LQDQP ELU JLULLPFL RODUDN ]DPDQ ]DPDQ KNPHWOHULQ ED] SROLWLNDODUQ HOHWLUHQ ED]HQ \|QOHQGLUHQ ELU \DS\D VDKLS ROPXWXU 'RUX ELOGLLQL NLP ROXUVD R DNWDUDELOHQELU\DS\DVDKLSWLU
lsun
%RGXUXQ ELUH\OHUOH DKVL LOLNLOHUL oRN NXYYHWOL YH VDPLPLGLU 7P L DGDPODU\OD Lo LoHGLU +HSVL\OH EDYDUGU'Q\DVYH |]HOVHNW|UOHLOLNLOHULoRN JoOGU 3HN oRN PHVOHNL GHUQHNWH J|UHY DOP YH X]XQ \OODU EDNDQON \DSPWU 6DQD\LQLQ GXD\HQOHULQGHQGLU YH 7UN VDQD\LVLQLQ WP NDGHPHOHULQGH E\N VD\J
grmektedir.
Tablo 40.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HYOHWYH3ROLWLND\OD,'Q\DVYHg]HO6HNW|UOH,OLNLOHUL Vurgulanan Boyut Mesleki rgtlerde \OODUFDVHoLPOHEDNDQON\DSPWU

%LUoRNILUPDQQSDWURQX\ODJoOLOLNLVDKLELGLU 'HYOHWHoRN|QHPYHULU'HYOHWLQoRNJoOROPDVLQLLVWHUYHGHYOHWHVD\JGX\DU GHQ EHUL JHOPL JHoPL WP KNPHWOHUOH KLo WHUV GPHPLWLU +NPHW LoHGLU6L\DVHWoLOHUOHoRN\DNQGU )LUPDODUQ VUHNOL SDUWLOHU VW WXWPXWXU 6L\DVHWL ILUPDODUQD VRNPDPWU dDODQODUQ VL\DVHWOHILLOHQPHJXOROPDVQDPVDDGHHWPH] 6L\DVHWWHWDPDPHQWDUDIV]GUNWLGDUYHPXKDOHIHWSDUWLOHULQHGDLPDD\QX]DNONWDROXU +LoELU]DPDQEHQDSDUWLVLQLQWDUDIWDU\PGHPHPLWLU 5HVPLYHELUH\VHOLOLNLOHULQGHJ|UHYOLOHUHLFDSHGHQVD\J\J|VWHULUYHoDODQODUQGDE|\OH
6NO
lerle hep i
9 8 8 6 5 5 4 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
hareket etmesini ister

7LFDUHWYHVL\DVHWWDPDPOD\FROGXXQGDQGROD\VL\DVHWLVHYHU +HUJ|UWHQVL\DVLOHUOHGL\DORXYDUGU GQ\DVSDWURQODURQXNUPD]2GDGLHUSDWURQODUNUPD] 6DQD\LQLQGXD\HQOHULQGHQGLU7UNVDQD\LVHNW|UQQWPNDGHPHOHULQGHQE\NVD\JJ|UU 0HQIDDWOHUGHLOLNLVL\RNW
ur
0DOL\HQLQGDLPDWDNGLULQLND]DQPWU9HUJLVLQLWDP|GHU 6L\DVHWoLOHUWDUDIQGDQGDLPDLWLEDUJ|UPWU6D\JQONVDKLELELULDGDPGU 7UNL\HQLQNDONLQPDVLQLQ|]HOVHNW|UHOL\OHJHUoHNOHHELOHFHLQH\UHNWHQLQDQPWU
Zaman zaman hkPHWOHULQED]SROLWLNDODUQHOHWLUHQED]HQ\|QOHQGLUHQELU\DS\DVDKLSWLU

'RUXELOGLLQLNLPROXUVDROVXQDNWDUDELOHQELU\DS\DVDKLSWLU
245
3.5.9. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6LYLO7RSOXP.XUXOXODUQD%DN
%RGXU PHVOHNL YH VDQD\L VLYLO WRSOXP NXUXOXODUQGD X]XQ \OODU \|QHWLFLOLN \DSPWU YH ELU oRXQXQ GD NXUXOXPXQGD |QFON \DSDUDN J|UHY DOPWU <DUGP YH KD\U NLLOLLQLQ ELU SDUoDVGU &|PHUWWLU YH HLWLPH |QHP YHUPHNWHGLU +D\U ED\DUGPODUQJL]OLYHJ|VWHULVL]ELUELoLPGH\DSPDNWDGU
. Pek ok sivil toplum
NXUXOXXQGD J|UHY DOPWU 2NXOODUD FDPLOHUH DVNHUL ELUOLNOHUH oRN E\N GHVWHL YDUGU9DNIVDKLELGLU%XYDNIVD\HVLQGHELUoRN|UHQFL\HEXUVYHUPHNWHGLU
$QFDN 6LYLO 7RSOXP .XUXOXX NXUXOX DPDFQD X\JXQ RODUDN KDUHNHW
eWPHOLGLU
hONH
PHQIDDWLQH
oDOPDO
YH
SROLWLN
ROPDPDOGU
Sivil toplum
NXUXOXODUQQ KHSVLQH VFDN EDNPDPDNWDGU dQN DPDoODUQQ DUNDVQGD EDND
gayeler olabilmektedir.
%X DUWODUOD VLYLO WRSOXP NXUXOXODUQD
hem kurucu yelik
KHP GH \DDPDV LoLQ GHVWHN ROPDNWDGU +D\U NXUXPODU YH PHVOHNL |UJWOHULQ JHOLPHOHULQL oRN LVWHPHNWH RQODUD ]DPDQ D\UPDNWD YH |]YHULOL GDYUDQPDNWDGU
Bodurun, NDUDPDoOYHNDUDPDoV]NXUGXXRUJDQL]DV\RQODUDUDVQGDELUSDUDOHOOLN
YDUGU g]HOOLNOH VDQD\L RGDODUQQ oRN HWNLQ ROPDODUQ LVWHPHNWHGLU dQN VDQD\L NDWPD GHHUL HQ \NVHN VHNW|UGU 6DQD\L RGDODUQQ YH RGDODU ELUOLLQLQ HWNLQOLL LoLQPFDGHOHHWPHNWHGLUYHVLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXODUQQ|QHPLQLELOPHNWHGLU
Tablo 41.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6LYLO7RSOXP.XUXOXODUQD%DN Vurgulanan Boyut

0HVOHNL RUJDQL]DV\RQODUGD X]XQ \OODU \|QHWLFLOLN \DSP ELU oRN PHVOHNL VLYLO WRSOXP NXUXOXXQXQNXUXOXPXQD|QFONHWPLWLU +D\UVHYHUGLUYHF|PHUWWLU 6LYLO 7RSOXP .XUXOXX DPDFQD X\JXQ RODUDN KDUHNHW HWPHOLGLU hONH PHQIDDWLQH oDOPDO YHSROLWLNROPDPDOGU +D\U NXUXPODU YH PHVOHNL |UJWOHULQ JHOLPHOHULQL oRN LVWHU ]DPDQ D\UU YH |]YHULOL GDYUDQU .DUDPDoOYHNDUDPDoV]NXUGXXRUJDQL]DV\RQODUDUDVQGDELUSDUDOHOOLNYDUGU
6NO
9 4 3 2 2 1
zelliklHVDQD\LRGDODUQQoRNHWNLQROPDODUQLVWHPHNWHGLU
246
3.5.10. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%DDU\gGOOHQGLUPH7DU]
Bodur, szle dllendirmeyi sevmekte motivasyon iin ncelikle manevi dller vermektedir. nk maddi dller srelidir. Etkileri zamanla gemektedir.
dDODQODUQ EDDUO IDDOL\HWOHULQL WRSODQWODUGD EHOLUWPHNWH WDNWLU HWWLLQL
KLVVHWWLUPHNWHGLU %DDUO oDODQQD KHUNHVLQ LoLQGH WHHNNU HWPHNWH YH RQX RQXUODQGUPDNWDGU %LU LNL GHID PDQHYL |GOOHQGLUPH \DSWQGD NDUVQGDNL ELUH\ EXQX oRN VHYPHNWH YH RQD DU ELU ELoLPGH EDODQPDNWDGU =DWHQ EHOOL ELU \DWDQ VRQUDRQGDQNRSDQoRND]ELUH\YDUGU%LUH\OHULNHQGLVLQH\DNQKDOHJHWLUPHNWHGLU %|\OHFH|UJWVHOYDWDQGDONVDODPDNWDGU
QVDQ ND\QDNODU \|QHWLPL GHSDUWPDQ \O VRQX SHUIRUPDQV GHHUOHQGLUPH VLVWHPL\OH oDODQODU|GOOHQGLUPHNWHGLU NUDPL\HSULPYHWHUILGH%RGXUXQPDGGL |GOOHQGLUPHWDU]GU
%RGXU gGO YHUPH\L VHYPHNWHGLU YH PXWODND \DSODQ LLQ NDUOQ YHUPHNWHGLU+HGHIOHUHX\JXQDGPYHKUVODNRDFDNELUPRWLYDV\RQVDODPDNWDGU
Hem maddi hem de manevi trden dllendirmeleri L\L\DSPDNWDGU<DSOPELULH

KHS SR]LWLI ELU \|QGH NDWNGD EXOXQDUDN DPD L\L ROPDV LoLQGH GHYDPO X\DUODUGD EXOXQDUDNEDDU\|GOOHQGLUPHNWHGLU
Tablo 42.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%DDU\gGOOHQGLUPH7DU] Vurgulanan Boyut

2QXUODQGUPD NUDPL\HYH
6NO
prim
Terfi Szle dllendirmeyi sever Manevi olarak dllendirir Maddi ve manevi dllendirmelerin ikisini de iyi yapar
+HGHIOHUHX\JXQDGPYHKUVODNRDFDNELUPRWLYDV\RQVDODU 0XWODND\DSODQLLQNDUOQYHULUgGOYHUPH\LVHYHU
En iyi dllendirme biimi manevi ynden olandir Genellikle maddi dller verir
%LUH\OHULNHQGLVLQH\DNQKDOHJHWLULU%|\OHFH|UJWVHOYDWDQGDONVDODU <DSOPELULHKHSSR]LWLIELU\|QGHNDWNGDEXOXQDUDNDPDL\LROPDVLoLQGHGHYDPO X\DUODUGDEXOXQDUDNEDDU\|GOOHQGLULU
5 5 4 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1
247
3.5.11. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6HNW|U7HUFLKL.ULWHUOHUL
%RGXUXQ LON JLULLPL LWKDO LNDPHVL LONHVLQH X\JXQ RODUDN LQDDW YH \DS VHNW|UQH \|QHOLN dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU ROPXWXU
Seramik kaplama
PDO]HPHVL R G|QHPLQ HQ \D\JQ VHNW|U RODQ LQDDW YH \DS VHNW|UQH KLWDS HWPHNWH\GL %X UQH JLGHUHN DUWDQ ELU ELoLPGH WDOHS RODFDQ IDUN HWPL YH EX LH
giriPLWL %X VHEHSOH \DUP DVUON PHVDLVLQGHNL JLULLPOHULQLQ E\N ELU NVP EX
VHNW|UHKL]PHWYHUHQLOHWPHOHUROPXWXU
%RGXUXQELUGLHUVHNW|UWHUFLKNULWHULNDUOONWU\DWUPQNDUOQQDOQS DOQDPD\DFDYHUQQSD]DUQQROXSROPDGGU
dDQ YH oHYUHVLQLQ PDGHQ DoVQGDQ E\N ELU SRWDQVL\HOH VDKLS ROPDV .DOH 0DGHQLQ NXUXOXPXQD QHGHQ ROPXWXU QDDW VHNW|U YH
seramik retimini
WDPDPOD\F VHNW|UOHU GH \DWUP LoLQ WHUFLK QHGHQLGLU .HQGL LKWL\DFQ NHQGL EQ\HVLQGHNXUDFDELUILUPDYDVWDV\ODWHPLQHWPHRQXQLoLQ|QHPOLELUNULWHUGLU
*HQHOOLNOH ONHGH EXOXQPD\DQ NXUXOPDP SD]DUODUD \|QHOPLWLU .DOH *UXEX ILUPDODUQQ KHSVLQLQ NHQGLQH KDV |QFO YH |]HOOLL EXOXQPDNWDGU
Sektrde ilk olma ve liderlik nemlidir.
Bodur ELOGLL VHNW|UOHUH \DWUP \DSPDNWDGU hVWOHQHFHL ULVN EHQ]HU ELU

ULVNWLUYH\DWUP7UNL\HGHGDKD|QFH\DSOPDPRODQ\HQLOLNLoHUHQELU\DWUPGU )DUNOE|OJHOHUGHGDKLD\Q\DWUP\DSPD\VHYPHPHNWHGLU%LOPHGLLLDODQODUQD
kesinlikle girmemektedir.
9DWDQYHPLOOHWVHYJLVLGDU\DRODQEDPOOD]DOWDFDN
RODQ .DOHNDOS YH 5RNHWVDQ NXUPDVQD QHGHQ ROPXWXU 0LOOL VDYXQPD\D YH PLOOL GHHUOHUH |QHP YHUGLL LoLQ VDYXQPD VDQD\L VHNW|UQGH \DWUP \DSPWU %LU LWHQ EDDU\OD oNDELOHFHLQH NDQDDW JHWLUPLVH R LL NXUPDNWDGU $PDF
fazla kardan
]L\DGHLDODQDoPDNYH\DUDWPDNWU.XUGXXLOHUGHNDULNLQFLSODQGDGUONSODQGD \DWUP \DSPDN YDUGU VWLKGDP \DUDWPDN LoLQ HPHN \RXQ oDODQ VHNW|UOHUL WHUFLK
etmektedir. 248
Tablo 43.EUDhim Bodurun Sektr Tercihi Kriterleri

Vurgulanan Boyut
7DYHWRSUDDGD\DOVHNW|UOHUQDDWYH\DSVHNW|U .DUOONYHSL\DVDGDLKWL\DoROXSROPDG (QWHJUDV\RQVHUDPLNVHNW|UQEHVOH\HQHQWHJUH\DWUPODU
6NO
nclk EmLQ ROGXX \HUOHU 5LVN EHQ]HU ELU ULVNWLU )DUNO E|OJHOHUGH ELOH D\Q \DWUP \DSPD\ VHYPH]
+DPPDGGHDONDQON|QHPOLNULWHUOHUGLU%LOGLLLL\DSPD\VHYPHNWHGLU
6 5 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 1
Savunma sanayi
%HQEXLWHQEDDU\ODoNDUPNDUDUDOGDQGDLHJLULLU )D]OD NDUGDQ ]L\DGH L DODQ DoPDN YH \DUDWPDNWU .XUGXX LOHUGH NDU LNLQFL SODQGDGU ON SODQGD \DWUP\DSPDNYDUGU *GDWHNVWLOELQDYHLQDDWHLWLPVDONELOLP LOHWLLP VWLKGDP\DUDWPDNLoLQHPHN\RXQoDODQVHNW|UO
-teknoloji
er
3.5.12. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HYDPO*|UWYH,VWLDUH(WWLL,QIRUPDO
'DQPD.XUXOXQXQ9DUO
*LULLPFLOHU ILUPDODUQ ROXWXUXUNHQ QH ]DPDQ YH QDVO Lo YH G \DUGP DODFDNODUQ ELOPHNWHGLUOHU %DDUO JLULLPFLOHU DPDoODUQD XODPDN LoLQ ELOJLVLQGHQYH\DUGPQGDQID\GDODQPDNWDGUODU7LPPRQV
uzman
%RGXUXQ VUHNOL J|UW YH LVWLDUH HWWLL LQIRUPDO ELU GDQPD NXUXOX
yoktur. Ancak NRQXQXQ|QHPLQHJ|UHED]HQWHFUEHYHELOJLVLQHJYHQGLLELUH\OHULQ

ILNLUOHULQH EDYXUPDNWD YH NDUDUODUQ \HQLGHQ HNLOOHQGLUHUHN X\JXODPD\D
NR\PDNWDGU .RQX JHUHL \XUW LoL YH \XUW GQGDQ KHU KDQJL ELU ELUH\OH WHPDV HGHELOLU %X ELUH\OHU L GQ\DV GQGDQ GD RODELOLU $ODQODUQGD V|] VDKLEL \D GD
uzman olan bireylerle de temas kurmaktDGU .DOH JUXEXQX XOXVODUDUDV DUHQD\D

WD\DFDN KHU ELUH\LQ ILNLUOHUL RQXQ LoLQ |QHPOLGLU <DEDQF GDQPDQODUOD
J|UPHNWHGLU )XDUODUGD \D GD GLHU ]DPDQODUGD ELOJL DOPDNWDGU 'DUGD GRVW YH DKEDSODUYDUGU2QODUODWHNQRORML\LYHWUHQGLNRQXPDNWDGU
*HQHOOLNOH NHQGLVL NDUDU DOPDNWD LGDUH KH\HWLQLQ RQD\Q VDODPDNWDGU 1RUPDOGH DOW NDGHPHGHQ VW NDGHPH\H GRUX UDSRUODU NVDOWOS |]HWOHQPHNWHGLU 2\VD RQD YHULOHQ UDSRUX WP D\UQWODU LOH LQFHOHPHNWH YH JHQHOGH RQD XODDQ
raporlar hacim olaraN DUWPDNWDGU (OH DOG NRQXODUOD HQ LQFH D\UQWVQD YDUDQD
NDGDU XUDPDNWDGU %X QHGHQOH NRQX JHUHL ILNLUOHULQH EDYXUGXX ELUH\OHUL X]XQ
249
ELU VRKEHW EHNOHPHNWHGLU %RGXU R NDGDU WLWL] YH D\UQWODUD GNQGU NL ]HULQH DOGLLNONUN\DUDUFDVQDLQFHOHPHNWHYHGHHUOHQGLUPHNWHGLU
3.5.13.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$VOD'HLWLUHPHGLL<|QHWLPYHdDOPD Prensipleri
%RGXU oRN oDONDQ ROGXX YH oDOPD\ oRN VHYGLL LoLQ \RUXOPDN ELOPHNVL]LQLL\OHPHJXOROPDNWDYHLKD\DW\ODLoLoH\DDPDNWDGULQGHQEDND KRELVL \RNWXU \HPHNWH VH\DKDWWH KHS L GQPHNWH YH L NRQXPDNWDGU
Saat bi
NDYUDP \RNWXU VDO L\L\VH QHUHGH\VH VDDW oDOPDNWDGU <DNQ PHVDL DUNDGDODUQGDNHQGLVLJLEL]DQQHGHUHNRQODUPDNLQHJLELJ|UPHNWHGLU.HQGLVLJL
VUHNOLoDOPDODUQEHNOHPHNWHGLU'LHUWDUDIWDQHLYHoHNLUGHNDLOHVLQLGHNHQGLVL JLELJ|UGQGHQRQODUQGDNHQGLOHULQHD\UDFDNODU]DPDQODUEXOXQPDPDNWDGU
%RGXUHOHDOGNRQXODUWPD\UQWODULOHLQFHOH\HQELU\DS\DVDKLSWLU$QL
kaUDUODU
DOPDPDNWDGU <DWUPODU YH WP L KD\DW\OD LOJLOL UDSRUODU LVWHPHNWH
EXQODU LOJLOL NXUXOODUOD WDUWPDNWD DQFDN VRQ V|] R V|\OHPHNWHGLU .DUOON NHQGL DNOQD \DWPVD NDUDU DOQP GHPHNWLU OHULQ GQFHVLQH J|UH \DSOPDVQ
istemektedir.
3URWRNRO YH VRV\DO DNWLYLWHOHULQ GH NHQGL J|UQH J|UH \DSOPDVQ
WHUFLK HWPHNWHGLU %D]ODUQD J|UH GHWD\ODUD LQPHVL GRUX J|UOPHVH GH EX LOHUGH ELOKDVVD |]HO ELU \HWHQHL ROGXXQGDQ LLQ VRQXQGD \DSW VRV\DO HWNLQOLNOHU KHU ]DPDQ WDNGLUOH NDUODQPDNWDGU %X JQH NDGDU .DOH *UXEXQXQ <|QHWLPVLVWHPLQL \HUOLYHHFQHELX]PDQODUDWHWNLNHWWLUPLYHUDSRUODUDOPWU)DNDWNHQGLQHKDVRODQ \|QHWLP VLVWHPLQL GHLWLUPHPL IDNDW JHUHNHQ HOHPDQ YH WHoKL]DWOD GDKD HWNLQ KDOH JHWLUPLWLU LQL oRN L\L WDNLS HGHQ ELU ELUH\GLU 6N VN IDEULND\D JHOPHNWH GHYDPO NHQGLVLLLQEDQGDROPD\VHYPHNWHGLU
%RGXU DOG NDUDUODU SD\ODPDNWDGU +DWWD NDUVQGDNL ELUH\OHUL GH EX \|QGH LNQD HWPHNWHGLU )LNLUOHUL WRSODPDNWD YH HOH\LS WHNUDU VXQPDNWDGU
250
evresiQGHNLELUH\OHUGHQ GHLLN ILNLUOHULDOPDNWDEXILNLUOHUL]LKQLQGHLOHPHNWHYH bir araya getirmektedir. Sonuta bu fikirleri mkemmel hale getirip bireylere
VXQPDNWD KHUNHVLQ ILNULQGHQ ELU SDUoD WDG LoLQ GH EX GXUXP X\JXODPDGD GD NROD\ON VDODPDNWDGU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ DOG NDUDUODU X\JXOD\DFDN RODQ ELUH\OHUOH J|U ELUOLL VDOD\DQD GHN WDUWPDNWDGU %LUH\OHUL LNQD HGHUHN LVWHGLL \|QGH NDUDUQ X\JXODQPDVQ VDODPDNWDGU 7P SD\GDODUOD DQODDELOPH \HWHQHLQH
sahiptir. Ancak kendisine zaman a\UDPDPDV
HQ E\N HNVLNOLLGLU $U ELU
oDOPD WHPSRVX YDUGU %X QHGHQOH oDODQODU RQD X\XP VDODPDGD ]RUOXN \DD\DELOPHNWHGLU 6RQXoWD YHULPOLOLN GPHNWH YH NRQVDQWUDV\RQ ND\EROPDNWDGU (HUJ|UHYLQ\HULQHJHWLULOPHVLPHVDL\LD\RUVDoDOPDGHYDPHWPHNWHGLU9HD\Q ELoLPGHPHVDLGHGHYDPHGHUOHUPHVDLGQGDoDOODUDNELWLULOPHOLGLU
%D] NRQXODU ]RU GD ROVD PFDGHOHFL \|Q\OH R LOHUL EDDUPDNWD \DSODPD] GHQHQLKD\DWDJHoLUHELOPHNWHGLU5LVNLVHYPHPHNWHGLUDQFDNLHLQDQPVDLDNOQD \DWPVD LH JLUHU )DNDW JHQHOGH WHPNLQOLGLU .DUDU DOUNHQ PXWODND GD\DQDN QRNWDODU YDUGU %LU LL WDUWPDGDQ \DSPDPDNWD DUDWUPDODUQ ]DPDQD \D\DUDN R LL WDNLSHWPHNWH\DSODELOLUROGXXNRQXVXQGDNHQGLQLLNQDHGHFHNNDQWODUDUDPDNWDGU
BoduUWXWWXXYHJYHQGLLELUoDODQQNHVLQOLNOHEUDNPD]<OODQPoDODQODUQ
WHFUEHOHULQLQ GHHUOL ROGXXQX YH EX WHFUEH\L ND]DQPDN LoLQ LOHWPH\H \OODUFD ]DUDU YHULOGLLQL GQPHNWHGLU $OW NDGHPHOHUGH LVWLKGDP HGLOHQ ELU oDODQ GDKL
olsa kendiVLQGHQKDEHUVL]LLQHVRQYHULOLUVHPGDKDOHHWPHNWHGLU
Tablo 44.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$VOD'HLWLUHPHGLL<|QHWLPYHdDOPD3UHQVLSOHUL Vurgulanan Boyut
6DOQKLoHVD\DUDNoDOUYHoRNoDONDQGULKD\DW\ODLoLoHGLU <DNQ PHVDL DUNDGDODUQ GD NHQGLVL JLEL ]DQQHGHUHN RQODU PDNLQH JLEL J|UU .HQGLVL JLEL
6NO
7 5 4 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
sreNOL oDOPDODUQ EHNOHU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ HL YH oHNLUGHN DLOHVLQL NHQGLVL JLEL J|UGQGHQ
RQODUQGDNHQGLOHULQHD\UDFDNODU]DPDQODUEXOXQPDPDNWDGU $\UQWODUQDYDUQFD\DNDGDULLLQFHOHULVWLDUHHGHUYHWDNLSHGHU OHULQLQGQFHVLQHJ|UH\DSOPDVQLVWHU'HYDPONHQGLVLLLQEDQGDROPD\VHYHU $OGNDUDUODUSD\ODUYHELUH\OHULEX\|QGHLNQDHGHU 7PSD\GDODUODDQODDELOPH $UELUoDOPDWHPSRVXYDUGU%XQHGHQOHYHULPOLOLNGHUYHNRQVDQWUDV\RQND\EROXU (HUJ|UHYLQ\HULQHJHWLULOPHVLPHVDL\LD\RUVDoDOPDGHYDPHGHU <DWUPODU YH WP L KD\DW\OD LOJLOL UDSRUODU LVWHU EXQODU LOJLOL NXUXOODUOD WDUWU DQFDN VRQ V|]RV|\OHU.DUOONDNOQD\DWPVDNDUDUDOQPLGHPHNWLU
Kendisine zaman ayiramamDVHQE\NHNVLNOLLGLU

%D]NRQXODU]RUGDROVDPFDGHOHFL\|Q\OHRLOHUL\DSDU\DSODPD]GHQHQLKD\DWDJHoLULU 5LVNLVHYPH]DPDLQDQL\RUVDLHJLUHU)DNDWJHQHOGHWHPNLQOLGLU.DUDUDOUNHQPXWODND GD\DQDNQRNWDODUYDUGU%LULLWDUWPDGDQ dDODQODUQDVDKLSoNPDNWDGU
yapmaz
251
3.5.14.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOHOLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH%XOLNLOHUGHQ
6DODG'HVWHN
Bodur, ailesinden byk destek grmWU%XGHVWHNJLULLPFLOLNNDUL\HULQLQ

EDODUQGDPDGGL LNHQ]DPDQODPDQHYLELU GHVWHH G|QPWU(Q E\NNDWNHL 6HYLP %RGXUXQ NDWNVGU 2QXQ DOoDN J|QOOO VDEU oRN E\NWU (L WFFDU YH VDQD\LFL ELU DLOHGHQ JHOGLLQGHQ GROD\WLFDULQLWHOLNOHUHVDKLSWLU(L%DONHVLULQ VD\JQ ELUDLOHVLQLQN]GU$LOH(U]LQFDQN|NHQOLGLU/LVH KD\DWODUQGD%DONHVLUGH EDOD\DQDUNDGDONODUHYOLOLNOHQHWLFHOHQPLWLU
ON RODUDN ND\QSHGHUL YH EDEDVQQ NXUGXX IDEULNDGD J|UHY DOPWU $LOH
orWDPQGDQ GHVWHN DOPWU %RGXU EHOOLELU QRNWDGDQVRQUDVLYULOPH\HEDOD\QFDEX

VHIHU DLOHVLQL R WDPD\D EDODPWU dHNLUGHN DLOHQLQ \DQ VUD JHQL DLOH GH GDLPL RODUDN RQX GHVWHNOHPLWLU 2 GD VRQXoWD DLOH\L EUDNPDPWU .DOH *UXEXQXQ
bytlmesi LVH ELUD] DLOH YH oHYUH VRQUD GD (WLEDQN WDUDIQGDQ GDKD VRQUDODU LVH
NHQGLVL WDUDIQGDQ GHYDP HWWLULOPLWLU 0KLP RODQ R EDODQJoWDNL GHVWHNWHQ VRQUD ELUH\LQ NHQGL NHQGLQH \HWHU KDOH JHOLS oHYUHQLQ GHVWHLQL DOS E\PHVL YH EXQX VUGUOHELOLU NOPDVGU %RGXU DLOH LOH VUHNOL Lo LoHGLU $LOHVLQH EDOGU YH GNQGU $LOH\H oRN |QHP YHUPHNWHGLU $LOH IHUWOHULQLQ KHSVL\OH DUDV L\LGLU $LOH LOLNLOHULQH VRQ GHUHFH |QHP YHUPHNWHGLU $LOH GH DVOD RQX \DOQ] EUDNPDPWU $LOHQLQ GHVWHLQL GH VUHNOL RODUDN DOPWU 6DGHFH NHQGL DLOHVL GHLO .DOH $LOHVL LoLQGHE|\OHGLU$LOHIHUWOHULoDODQODUQWPGU
Tablo 45EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOH,OLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH%X,OLNLOHUGHQ6DODG'HVWHN Vurgulanan Boyut 6NO Aileden byk destek grmWU %X GHVWHN EDODUGD PDGGL ELU GHVWHNNHQ PDQHYL GHVWHH 6
G|QPWU (QE\NNDWNHL6HYLP%RGXUXQNDWNVGU $LOHIHUWOHUL.DOH*UXEXoDODQODUQQWPGU $LOHLOHVUHNOLLoLoHGLU$LOHVLQHEDOGUYHGNQGU $LOHLOLNLOHUL
ne son derece nem vermektedir
(LQHoRNEDOGU$QDPQGXDVHLPLQVDEU\ODEXJQOHUHJHOGLPGHU $LOHQLQVNQWODUQGLQOHU
Aile fertleri firmada bulunmaktadir

)HUWOHULQKHSVL\OHDUDVL\LGLU dRNNXYYHWOLELUDLOH\DSVYDUGU
Ailesiyle seyahat eder

$LOHN|NQHYHVR\DDFQDGNQGU7PDLOH\HVDKLSoNDU
4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
252
3.6.
%5$+0%2'8581*50&/.)(/6()(611
$1$/=
%LU |QFHNL NVPGD \DSODQ GHULQOHPHVLQH PODNDWODUQ VRQXoODU LoHULN
analizi uygulanarak sunuOPXWX %X VXQXPGD VRUXODUD YHULOHQ FHYDSODU YH IUHNDQV
EHOLUWLOPLWL %X NVPGDLVHGHULQOHPHVLQHPODNDWODUGDELUH\OHUHVRUXODQVRUXODUo WHPHO JUXED D\UODUDN IUHNDQVODU GLNNDWH DOQPDGDQ VXQXODFDNWU ON JUXS%RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLNNDUL\HULQLWHUFLKHWPHVLQHQHGHQRODQGLQDPLNOHUEDODOWQGD
Boduru
JLULLPFL ROPD\D \|QOHQGLUHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH RQXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQH EDODUNHQ GD\DQG YH JYHQGLL ELUH\VHO YH oHYUHVHO IDNW|UOHU DLOH LOLNLOHULQLQ \DSV YH EX LOLNLOHUGHQ VDODG GHVWH
VRUXODUQ
NDSVDPDNWDGU
NLQFL
JUXS
%RGXUXQ
JLULLPFLOLN IHOVHIHVLQL RUWD\D NR\PDN LoLQ HQ oRN |QHP YHUGLL LOHWPHFLOLN YH JLULLPFLOLN NRQXODU E\PH YH \HQL JLULLP LONHOHUL VLYLO WRSOXP NXUXOXODUQD EDN YH VHNW|U WHUFLK NULWHUOHUL VRUXODUQ NDSVDPDNWDGU 6RQ JUXS LVH LOHWPHFLOLN IHOVHIHVLQL RUWD\D NR\PDN LoLQ
Bodurun
eleman ve ynetici seiminde nem , devlet ve , , asla
YHUGLL NULWHUOHU PWHULOHUH NDU WXWXPX oDODQODU LOH GL\DORX
SROLWLND\OD L GQ\DV YH |]HO VHNW|UOH LOLNLOHUL EDDU\ |GOOHQGLUPH WDU] GHYDPO J|UW YH LVWLDUH HWWLL LQIRUPDO GDQPD NXUXOXQXQ YDUO GHLWLUHPHGLL\|QHWLPYHoDOPDSUHQVLSOHUL VRUXODUQNDSVDPDNWDGU
EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU
Boduru giULLPFL
ROPD\D \|QOHQGLUHQ GLQDPLNOHU LOH RQXQ JLULLPFLOLN
NDUL\HULQH EDODUNHQ GD\DQG YH JYHQGLL ELUH\VHO YH oHYUHVHO IDNW|UOHU
aile
LOLNLOHULQLQ \DSV YH EX LOLNLOHUGHQ VDODG GHVWHN VRUXODUQD YHULOHQ FHYDSODU LoHULN DQDOL]L X\JXODQDUDN GHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU oHULN DQDOL]L VRQXoODUQD J|UH %RGXUX JLULLPFL ROPD\D \|QOHQGLUHQ GLQDPLNOHU %RGXUXQ %LUH\VHO g]JHoPLL YH .LLOLN g]HOOLNOHUL %LOLVHO 1LWHOLNOHUL YH %DODPVDO NRXOODU EDONODU\OD
LQFHOHQPLWLU %LUH\VHO |] JHoPL NDSVDPQGD DL
lenin, rol modellerinin, deneyimin,
HLWLPLQ RQXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQGH HWNLOL ROGXNODU WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU .LLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL EDO DOWQGD\VD EDPV]ON YH RWRQRPL OLGHUOLN NDUL]PD LL L\L WDNLS HWPH YH VUDUFON WHNLODWODQGUPD YH RUJDQL]H HWPH |]HOOLL
253
NHQGLQL DGDPD YH NDWOP VUHNOLOLN DU]HGHQ |UHQPH KHYHVL NDUDUOON VDEU YH
sebat, azim, oDONDQON DUDWUPDFOND\UQWOLQFHOHPHYHJ|]OHP\HWHQHLEDDU

LKWL\DF|]YHULND\QDNODUYHLPNDQODUELUDUD\DJHWLUPHLOHWLLPYHLNQDNDSDVLWHVL WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU %XQODUD HN RODUDN VRV\DO LOLNL DODU GD EX oHUoHYHGH
GHHUOHQGLULOPLWLU %LOLVHO QLWHOLNOHU EDO DOWQGD LVH IUVDWQ WDQPODQPDV YH L ILNULQLQ RUWD\D oN
vizyon, z-etkinlik, kendine gven,
]HND YH DNO
nsezi,
garanticilik, ROD\ODU]LKLQGHFDQODQGUPDWHVSLWHGLOPLWLU%DODPVDONRXOODUEDO
DOWQGD EDQNDODU RUWDNODU YH LGDUH KH\HWL LWKDO LNDPHVL YH \DEDQF ILUPDODU WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU
Tablo 46EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D Ynlendiren Dinamikler

EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%LUH\VHOg]JHoPLLYH .LLOLNg]HOOLNOHUL 6RV\DOLOLNLDODU
Aile ve Rol Modelleri Deneyim

(LWLP
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ%LOLVHO1LWHOLNOHUL )UVDWQ7DQPODQPDVYH)LNULQLQ2UWD\D dN
%DPV]ONYH2WRQRP
Liderlik Karizma
LL\LWDNLSHWPH,VUDUFON 7HNLODWODQGUPDYH2UJDQL]H(WPH g]HOOLL .HQGLQL$GDPDYH.DWOP 6UHNOLOLNDU]HGHQ|UHQPHKHYHVL
Vizyon z-etkinlik Kendine Gven

=HNDYH$NO
nsezi Garanticilik
2OD\ODU]LKLQGHFDQODQGUPD
KaUDUOON6DEUYH6HEDW$]LP
dDONDQON $UDWUPDFON$\UQWOQFHOHPHYH *|]OHP<HWHQHL %DDUKWL\DF .D\QDNODUYHPNDQODU%LUDUD\D*HWLUPH OHWLLPYHNQD.DSDVLWHVL <DEDQF)LUPDODU7HNQRORML %DODPVDO.RXOODU
-Know-How)
2UWDNODUYHGDUH+H\HWL WKDONDPHVL
zveri
Bankalar
ON G|QHP JLULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDODU LOHWPH NXUPD HLOLPL NRQXVXQGD ELUH\VHO |]JHoPL YH VRV\DO NRXOODUQ HWNLVLQL HOH DOPWU 5RO PRGHOOHUL YH JLULLPFLOLLQ RUWD\D oNPDV DUDVQGD ELU EDODQW NXUXOPX ELUH\LQ L GHQH\LPL GH JLULLPFLOLH RODQ LOJL\L HWNLOH\HQ ELU IDNW|U RODUDN EHOLUWLOPLWLU gQFHNL JLULLPVHO GHQH\LPOHUOH JLULLPVHO GDYUDQ DUDVQGD SR]LWLI ELU ED ROGXXQD GDLU J|VWHUJHOHU WHVSLWHGLOPLWLU.ROYHUHLG
254
Bir girLLPFLQLQ NDUL\HU GLQDPLNOHULQL LQFHOH\HQ ELU SHUVSHNWLI EHQLPVHQGLL

WDNGLUGH EX JLULLPFLQLQ DLOH ELUH\OHUL YH DLOHYL LOLNLOHULQLQ RQXQ NDUL\HU \ROXQX HWNLOHGLLQH GDLU SHN oRN QRNWD\OD NDUODOPDNWDGU *LULLPFL NLLOLNOH LOJLOL JHOHFHNWHNL JHOLPHOHUH WHPHO ROXWXUDFDN ED] oDOPDODU JLULLPFLQLQ DLOHVLQLQ EHOLUOL JLULLPVHO NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHULQLQ JHOLLPLQGH R\QDG |QHPOL URO RUWD\D NR\PXWXU *LULLPFLOHU oRX ]DPDQ DQQH \D GD EDEDQQ NHQGL LLQGH oDOW ELU DLOHGHQ JHOPHNWH ROGXNODUQ EHOLUWPLOHUGLU %|\OHFH J|UOPHNWHGLU NL DLOHYL URO PRGHOOHUL LOHUL\H \|QHOLN JLULLPVHO GDYUDQODU WHYLN HWPHNWHGLU %XQD HN RODUDN JLULLPFLOHULQ SHN oRX JHQo \DWD DLOHYL VRUXPOXOXNODU \NOHQPHNWH YH JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUH DWOPD NRQXVXQGD DLOHOHULQGHQ IUVDW YH GHVWHN J|UPHNWHGLUOHU %D] GXUXPODUGD DLOH\L ILQDQVDO RODUDN GHVWHNOHPH JHUHNOLOLL EXOXQPDNWDGU GLHU GXUXPODUGD LVH HEHYH\QOHU oRFXNODUQQ \HWHQHNOHULQLQ JHOLPHVL YH VRUXPOXOXN DOPD\ |UHQPHOHULQH \DUGPF ROPDN LoLQ RQODUD IUVDWODU VXQPDNWDGUODU %X WLS GDYUDQODU oRFXNODUGD JLULLPVHO \HWHQHNOHULQ GHHUOHULQ YH NDUL\HUH EDODUNHQ JHUHNOLRODQNHQGLQHJYHQLQJHOLPHVLQLVDODPDNWDGU'\HUYH+DQGOHU 0F&OHOODQG oRFXNODUQ GHVWHNOH\LFL YH FHVDUHWOHQGLULFL ELU HY RUWDPQGD \HWLWLUHQ DLOHOHULQ RQODUD \NVHN ELU EDDU LKWL\DFQ QDVO ND]DQGUGNODU ]HULQGH GXUPXWXU 0F&OHOODQG LOHULGH RUWD\D oNDFDN ELU JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HW LoLQ E|\OH ELU LKWL\DFQQHNDGDUJHUHNOLROGXXQXYXUJXODPWU
*LULLPFLQLQ DLOHVLQLQ \HQL JLULLPOH RODQ LOLNLOHUL LOHWPHQLQ EDDU \D GD EDDUV]OQ WD\LQ HGHQ |QHPOL ELUIDNW|UGU%X JLULLPLILQDQVHHGHFHNEDODQJo VHUPD\HVLJHQHOOLNOHELUH\VHO\D GDDLOHYLYDUONODUGDQJHOPHNWHGLU%D]|UQHNOHUGH LVH JLULLPFLQLQ DLOHVLQLQ \D GD JHQL DLOHVLQLQ VDGHFH JHUHNOL VHUPD\H GHVWHLQL VDODPDNOD NDOPDPDV D\Q ]DPDQGD SD]DUODUD HULLP DU] ND\QDNODU WHNQRORML YH KDWWD \HQL ILNLUOHU JLEL GLHU ND\QDNODUGD GD \DUGPF ROGXNODU J|UOPHNWHGLU %D] SRWDQVL\HO JLULLPFLOHU DLOHGHQ GHVWHN DODPDGNODU LoLQ JLULLP EDODWPDNWDQ oHNLQPHNWHGLUOHU $LOH GDKD JHOHQHNVHO ELU PHVOHH VDKLS ROPDN VXUHWL\OH VDELW ELU JHOLU LVWHPHNWHGLU %LU DLOH \HVL EDODQJo HYUHVLQGH ELU RUWDN \D GD JLULLPVHO WDNPQ ELU \HVL RODUDN GD URO DODELOPHNWHGLU %X GXUXPXQ VDOD\DFD DYDQWDMODU
255
EDODQJoJLGHUOHULYHHUNHQND\SODUGDKDNROD\SD\ODODELOLUVRQUDGDQ\DNDODQDFDN EDDU WP DLOHQLQ \DUDUQD RODFDNWU DLOH KHS ELUOLNWH RODFDNWU YH JYHQ SUREOHPL \DDQPD\DFDNWU'\HUYH+DQGOHU
1994: 72-74).
Gl aileleri meydana getiren 5 ekirdek boyut: aileye yksek seviyede

EDOON DLOH LoHULVLQGH WDNGLU J|UPH HWNLOL LOHWLLP PDQHYL L\LOLN GX\JXVX DLOH LoHULVLQGH E\N DPDoODU EDDU\OD JHUoHNOHWLUPH\H RODQ EDOON YH NDWOP
kri]OHUOH
EDD oNDELOPH \HWHQHLGLU '\HU YH +DQGOHU %LUoRN DLOH
JUXEXQXQ GRDVQGD EXOXQDQ JoO EDODU \HQLOLNOHULQ JHWLUHFHL VRUXPOXOXNODUQ VWHVLQGHQJHOPHNLoLQ|QHPOLELUND\QDWHPVLOHWPHNWHGLUgUQHLQEXND\QDNODU VRV\DOLOLNLDODULJFILQDQVLOHWPHUXWLQYHVUHoOHULLoLQJHUHNOLRODQELOJLVHO YHGX\JXVDOGHVWHNJLEL|UQHNOHULoHUHELOPHNWHGLU&KULVPDQYHGLHUOHUL
3DUD WHPDVODU LJF YH GLHU ND\QDNODU VDODPDN VXUHWL\OH DLOH JLULLPFL
iin destekleyicLELUUROR\QD\DELOLU$LOHD\Q]DPDQGDJLULLPVHOoDEDODUNRQXVXQGD
GHVWHNOH\LFLRODUDNYHJLULLPEDODWPDQQ\DUDWDFDGDUEHOHUGHQVQODFDNJYHQOL ELUOLPDQVDOD\DUDNGDGHVWHNYHUHELOLU'LHUWDUDIWDQDLOHD]VD\GDPDGGLND\QDN VDOD\DUDN YH D\UFD oRN D] \D GD KLo VRV\DO GHVWHN VDODPD\DUDN JLULLP EDODWPD NRQXVXQGDELUHQJHORODUDNGDRUWD\DoNDELOLU'\HUYH+DQGOHU
$LOH YH DUNDGD oHYUHVL JLULLPFL ROPDN LVWH\HQ ELUH\OHU LoLQ URO PRGHOOHUL
olarak nemli bir konuma sahiptir
*LULLPGH EXOXQPDNWDQ YD]JHoHQ ELUH\OHULQ
JLULLPFLHEHYH\QOHULYH oHYUHOHULQGHRQODUD|UQHNRODFDNUROPRGHOOHUL\RNGHQHFHN NDGDU D]GU HLWLPOHUL GN VHYL\HGHGLU YH EX IDNW|UOHUH EDO RODUDN oRN D] L GHQH\LPOHUL YDUG %X EXOJXODU ELUH\OHULQ EDNDODUQQ EDDUODUQ J|]OHPOHPHVLQLQ RQODUQ ULVN VWOHQPH NRQXVXQGD FHVDUHWOHQGLUGLL ILNULQL GHVWHNOHU QLWHOLNWHGLU %DDUOELUUROPRGHOLQLQYDUOJLULLPVHOoDEDODUWHYLNHWPHNWHGLU%XPRGHOOHUL oHYUHVLQGHVNVNEXOXQPDNWDGUYHELUH\OHUL|]HOOLNOHPHYFXWELULoHYUHVLoDODQD \DUDWFON LoLQ DODQ EUDNPDGQGD \HQL DWOPODUGD EXOXQPD\D WHYLN HWPHNWHGLU
(Brockhaus ve Horwitz 1986: 35-36).
256
gQFHNL L GHQH\LPLQGH EXOXQDQ ROXPVX] NRXOODU ELUH\LQ JLULLPFLOLN
kariyerini semesini etkileyen nemli bir faktrdr (Brockhaus ve Nord 1979: 364).
.DUDUODU VDGHFH NLLOLLQ WHPHOLQH EDO RODUDN GHLO ELU ELUH\LQ |QFHNL
GHQH\LPOHULQHEDORODUDNGDDOQPDNWDGU%LUH\LQJLULLPFLROPDNDUDURNDUDUGDQ
nce meydana gelen olaylardan etkilenPHNWHGLU %URFNKDXVJLULLPFLOHULQ|QFHNLL

WDWPLQG]H\OHULQLLQFHOHPLWLU6RQXoWDHQE\NWDWPLQVL]OLLQYHKD\DONUNOQQ LLQ NHQGLVL LOH LOJLOL ROGXX RUWD\DoNPWU7DWPLQVL]OLN ELUELUH\LLLQGHQVRXWDQ
en nemli faktr olarak grnmekteGLU gQFHNL L GHQH\LPLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ LOHUL

GHUHFHGHNL WDWPLQVL]OLN JLULLPFL\L VDGHFH LLQGHQ HWPHNOH NDOPDPDNWD RQX WDWPLQ HGHFHNELUVHoHQHNROPDGQGD LQDQGUPDNWDGU6RQXoWD WHNo|]P ELUH\LQNHQGL LLQL NXUPDV ROPDNWDGU (VNL L LOH LOJLOL RODQ PHPQXQL\HWVL]OLN YH KD\DO NUNO \HQL JLULLPOHULQ EDDUVQD GROD\O GD ROVD HWNL HGHELOPHNWHGLU %URFNKDXV EDDUO YHEDDUV]JLULLPFLOHULNDUODWUPYHEDDUORODQODUQ\HQLELULOHWPHNXUPD\D NDUDU YHUGLNOHUL ]DPDQGDNL |QFHNL LOHULQGHQ PHPQXQ ROPDGNODUQ WHVSLW HWPLWLU %X JLULLPFLOHU |QFHNL NDUL\HUOHULQH G|QPH ILNUL KLo GH KR ROPDG LoLQ EDDU\D GDKD ID]OD PRWLYH ROPDNWDGUODU %URFNKDXV YH +RUZLW]
-35). Cooper ve
'XQNHOEHUJ PHUFHN DOWQD DOGNODU JLULLPFLOHULQ LQLQ ILNLUOHULQGHQ GROD\ |QFHNL L\HUOHULQL \HQL ELU JLULLP \DUDWPD DGQD WHUN HWWLNOHULQL WHVSLW HWPLWLU 1DII]LJHUYHGLHUOHUL
%URFNKDXV YH 1RUG JLULLPFLOHULQ YH \|QHWLFLOHULQ HLWLP G]H\OHULQL NDUODWUGNODUQGD JLULLPFLOHU LoLQ HLWLP VHYL\HVLQLQ \|QHWLFLOHUH ROGXXQGDQ GDKD D] |QHPH VDKLS ROGXXQX EXOPXODUGU <|QHWLFLOHULQ RUWDODPD HLWLP VUHVL \O LNHQ EX RUDQ JLULLPFLOHUGH \OGU <|QHWLFLOHU GDKD \NVHN HLWLP
seviyeleri sayesinde daha tatmin edici L HOGH HGHELOLUOHU (HU LOHUL EHNOHGLNOHUL
G]H\GHROPD]VD\LQHHLWLPG]H\OHULVD\HVLQGHEDNDELU\HUGHGDKDPDNXOELULH JLUHELOPHNWHGLUOHU 9HVSHU GHQH\LPOL IDNDW HLWLPVL] JLULLPFLOHULQ ELU oRXQXQ EDDUV] RODFDQ LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ HLWLPOL DPD GHQH\LPVL] JLULLPFLOHULQEDDUV]RODELOHFHLQLGHLIDGHHWPLWLU$NVLQHKHPGHQH\LPKHPGH HLWLP VDKLEL RODQ JLULLPFLOHU oRN EDDUO ROPDNWDGUODU *LULLPLQ EDDUVQGD
257
GHQH\LP NULWLN ELU IDNW|U RODUDN DOJODQUNHQ JLULLPFL
ler hem uygun deneyimden -38).
KHPGHHLWLPGHQID\GDODQPDNWDGUODU%URFNKDXV+RUZLW]
'HPRJUDILN PRGHOOHU DLOH |]JHoPLLQLQ YH VRV\DO DUWODUQ ELUH\LQ NDUDU VUHFLQLQDVOHWNLOHGLLQHGDLUoRND]YHULVDODPDNWDGUODU.ROYHUHLG
-48).
5RELQVRQ YH GLHUOHUL GHPRJUDILNGHLNHQOHUOHJLULLPVHOGDYUDQ DUDVQGD GRUXGDQ ELU EDODQW ROPDGQ VDYXQPXODUGU .UXHJHU D\UFD URO PRGHOOHULQLQ DQFDN WXWXPODU HWNLOH\HELOGLNOHUL |OoGH JLULLPVHO QL\HWOHUL GH
etkileyebildikleriQL YXUJXODPWU .ROYHUHLG GHPRJUDILN |]HOOLNOHULQ GROD\O \ROGDQ

ELUH\OHULQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHOHULQL WXWXPODU QRUPODU YH |]
-etkinlik
]HULQGHNL HWNLOHUL YDVWDV\OD HWNLOHGLLQL RUWD\D NR\PXWXU 6KRRN YH GLHUOHUL
2003: 385).
*LULLPFLOHULQ VDKLS ROGXNODU NLLOLN |]HOOLNOHUL OLWHUDWU X]XQ ELU G|QHP LJDO HWPLWLU $QFDN EXOJXODUQ WXWDUV] ROPDV PHWRGRORMLQLQ HOHWLULOPHVL YH *DUWQHU Q GLNNDWLQ JLULLPFL NLLOLNWHQ JLULLPFLOLN GDYUDQQD ND\PDV JHUHNWLL \|QQGHNL PDNDOHVL\OH ELUOLNWH JQGHPGHQ GPWU $DGD LoHULN DQDOL]LVRQXFXRUWD\DNRQDQ%RGXUXQNLLOLN|]HOOLNOHULLQFHOHQHFHNWLU
%DPV]ON
YH RWRQRPL LKWL\DF
JLULLPVHO
ELU
PRWLYDV\RQ JHQH
ELoLPLQGH
GHHUOHQGLULOPHNWHGLU 9HFFKLR
*LULLPFLOHU
llikle
kurallar,
SURVHGUOHUVRV\DOQRUPODUWDUDIQGDQELUH\OHUH\NOHQHQVQUODPDODUGDQNDoQPD\ WHUFLK HWPHNWHGLUOHU &URPLH %DPV]ON ELUH\VHO NDUDUODUQ DOQPDVQGD
zgr olma, faaliyetleri bireysel tarza uygun bir biimde yrtme olarak
WDQPODQPDNWDGU /LW]LQJHU %X GXUXP JLULLPFLOHULQ EWQ NDUDUODU DOG DQODPQD JHOPHPHNWHGLU DQFDN RQODU |QHPOL NDUDUODUQ DOQPDVQGD \HWNLOL ROPD\LVWHPHNWHGLUOHU.XUDWNRYH+RGJHWWV
.DUL]PD oHNLFLOLL LIDGH HWPHNWHGLU %LU ELUH\LQ VDKLS ROGXX NDUL]PD EDNDODUQ HWNLOHPHGH |QHPOL ELU URO R\QDPDNWDGU .DUL]PDWLN OLGHU VDKLS ROGXX NDUL]PD \DUDWDQ |]HOOLNOHUL LOH EDNDODUQ NHQGL LVWHGLL \|QGH GDYUDQPD\D VHYN
258
HGHELOPHNWHGLU .DUL]PD OLGHUOLN LOH ELUOHWLLQGH L]
leyicileri stn performans
sergilemeye ynlendirmektedir (Koel 2003: 605).
%DDUO ROXXPODU \DUDWDQ JLULLPFLOHU \RXQ ELU HNLOGH NDUDUOON HQJHOOHUL DS SUREOHPOHULQL o|]PH YH LL WDPDPODPD \HWLVL VHUJLOHPHNWHGLUOHU =RU GXUXPODU NDUVQGD NRU
kmamakta, hatta kendilerine olan gvenleri ve iyimserlikleri
LPNDQV]Q VDGHFH ELUD] GDKD X]XQ VUHELOHFHLQL GQPHOHULQL VDODPDNWDGU 7LPPRQV*LULLPFLOHUQHDPDoV]GUODUQHGHIDDOL\HWOHULQLHQJHOOH\HQELU GXUXPD \D GD VRUXQD DPDQV]FD VDOGUDQ ELUH\OHUGLU *LULLPFLOHU D]LPOL ROPDODUQD UDPHQ \DSDELOHFHNOHUL YH \DSDPD\DFDNODU IDDOL\HWOHUL YH ]RU DPD NDoQOPD] J|UHYOHUL o|]PHGH \DUGP DODELOHFHNOHUL \HUOHUH EDYXUPDGD JHUoHNoL
GDYUDQPDNWDGUODU .XUDWNR YH +RGJHWWV (HU WHNUDU HGLOHQ EDDUV] JLULLPOHULQ GX\JXVDO VRQXoODUQQ GHQHPH\L D]DOWPDQQ GX\JXVDO VRQXoODUQGDQ GDKD D] ROGXXQD LQDQOUVD NXUXFXODUQ EDDUV]ONWDQ VRQUD ELOH VUDU HWPHVL EHNOHQHELOPHNWHGLU 6KDYHU YH 6FRWW %LU L\HUL NXUPDN YH E\WP
ek
\DU]DPDQO YHULOPL ELU V|] GHLOGLU <NVHN SRWDQVL\HOOL ELUL\HULNXUPDNWDPELU NDWOP YH R DPDFD \|QHOLN WDDKKW JHUHNWLUPHNWHGLU <|QHWLFLOLN URO GHYUHGLOHELOLU DQFDN JLULLPVHO URO GHYUHGLOHPH] 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHULQ
EDDUV]ONODUQYHHQJHOOHULQVWHVLQGHQJHOPHOHULQGHNLHQ|QHPOLHWNHQNHQGLOHULQL DGDPDODUGU .DUDUOON YH JoO ELU NDWOP VD\HVLQGH JLULLPFLOHU ELUoRN ELUH\LQ VWHVLQGHQ JHOLQHPH] ELoLPLQGH GQG NRXOODU NDUVQGD JDOLS JHOPHNWHGLU .DWOP JLULLPFLOHULQ HYOHULQL LSRWHN HWWLUPH GDKD D] ND]DQPD \DDP
VWDQGDUWODUQ GUPH YH DLOH\H KDUFDQDQ ]DPDQ D]DOWPD JLEL IHGDNDUONODUGD EXOXQPDODUQVDODPDNWDGU.XUDWNRYH+RGJHWWV%|\OHFHJLULLPFLOHU
uzun vadeli projelere imza atmakta ve
LOHUL ELU WDULKWH JHUoHNOHHFHN KHGHIOHULQH
XODDELOPHN LoLQ oDOPDNWDGUODU 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHU |]HOOLNOH LON \OODUGD|]YHULOLGDYUDQDUDNLOHWPHQLQNXUXOXXQDKHUH\OHULQLYHUPH\HKD]UROPDN ]RUXQGDGUODU 7LPPRQV *LULLPFLOHULQNDUODWVWUHVOL NRXOODU YHVUD GL\RXQOXNODUHQHUMLQLQRQODULoLQVDKLSROGXX|QHPLJ|VWHUPHNWHGLU.XUDWNR YH +RGJHWWV *LULLPFLOHULQ oRN \NVHN PLNWDUGD ELUH\VHO HQHUMLOHUL
259
YDUGU *QOHU ER\XQFD JHUHLQGHQ D] X\NX\OD VDDWOHUFH oDOPD NDSDVLWHOHUL EXOXQPDNWDGU
/LWHUDWUGH D\UW HGLFL ND\QDN ELoLPLQGH EHOLUWLOHQ LNL WU JLULLPVHO VRV\DO LOLNLDEXOXQPDNWDGULQIRUPDOYHIRUPDODODUQIRUPDOJLULLPVHODODUELUH\VHO DUNDGDODU DLOH YH L WHPDVODUQGDQ ROXXUNHQ IRUPDO DODU LVH EDQNDODU
PXKDVHEHFLOHUDYXNDWODUNUHGLYHUHQOHUYHWLFDUL|UJWOHUGHQROXPDNWDGUQIRUPDO DODU ELUH\VHO LOLNLOHUH GD\DQPDNWD YH JYHQ WHPHOOL NXUXOXS VUGUOUNHQ IRUPDO DODU L V|]OHPHOHUL YH DQODPDODUQD GD\DO ROPDNWD YH WDUDIODU NDUONO KDN YH ]RUXQOXOXNODUD VDKLS ROPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOHU |QFHOLNOH LQIRUPDO DODU NXOODQPDNWD ILUPDQQ NXUXOXPXQGDQ VRQUD LVH IRUPDO DODUD G|QPHNWHGLUOHU 'DV YH 7HQJ %LUH\OHU GHLLN J|UHYOHU LoLQ GHLLN VRV\DO DODU NXUPDNWDGUODU <DNQ EDODQWODUQGDQ VDOD\DPD\DFDNODU ELOJLOHU LoLQ ]D\I RODQ EDODUQ ND\QDN \D GD GHVWHN VDODPDN LoLQ DLOH \D GD GLHU JoO EDODU NXOODQPDNWDGUODU *LULLPFLOHU DNUDEDODU YH GLHU ELUH\OHUOH GHLLN VHYL\HOHUGH EHUDEHU ROXUODU *LULLPFLOHULQ DLOHOHUL GLHU RUWDODPD QIXVD N\DVOD D\Q ]DPDQGD NHQGL XIDN LOHULQH GH VDKLS ELUH\OHUGHQROXPDNWDGU<HQLJLULLPFLOHUNHQGLLUNHWOHULQLNXUDUNHQEXJHQLELOJL KDYX]XQGDQGDKDoRN\DUDUODQUODU*LULLPNXUXOXUNHQDLOH\HOHULEHOLUOL
noktalarda
|]HOOLNOH ID\GDO ROPDNWDGU gUQHLQ JLULLPFLOHU NHQGL DNUDEDODUQ LON JHUL ELOGLULPLQ VDODQPDV YH LOH LOJLOL ELU ILNLU JLUGLVL JLEL NRQXODUGD UDKDWONOD NXOODQDELOLUOHU $\Q ]DPDQGD DLOH \HOHULQH EDPOON JLULLPFLQLQ SODQODPD
kuUXOXP
YH WHPLQDW JLEL NRQXODUGD DUDG JHQL oDSO WDPDPOD\F ND\QDNODU
NRQXVXQGD VQUODPDODUD \RO DoDELOLU $UDWUPDFODU JHQL oDSO ELOJLQLQ HOGH HGLOPHVL NRQXVXQGD ]D\I EDODUQ |QHPLQLQ DOWQ oL]PLOHUGLU oQN |QFHOLNOL
olarak aile yelerine
EDPO NDOPD\D GHYDP HGHQ JLULLPFLOHU NHQGL DODUQQ
JHQLOLLQLDUGHUHFHGHVQUODUODU%LUEDQNDFELUSD]DUODPDX]PDQYHELUUHWLP PKHQGLVLQL D\Q DLOHGH J|UPHN oRN ]RUGXU %X VHEHSWHQ |WU ELOJL EHFHUL YH DQOD\D VDKLS VHUEHVW YH \DNQ ELUH\OHUGHQ ROXDQ ELU D \DSV DLOH \HOHULQLQ |QHPLQLD]DOWDFDNWU
(Greve ve Salaff 2003: 6). *LULLPFLOHULOHWPHOHULQL\DDGNODU bileceklerdir (Hansen ve Wortman 1989:
\HUGH NXUPD\D NDUDU YHUPHNWHGLUOHU E|\OHFH NROD\ONOD VRV\DO LOLNL DODUQ NXOODQDELOHFHN YH EX DODUGDQ ID\GDODQD
70). 260
%LU L ILNULQH VDKLS ROPDGDQ KLoELU ELUH\ LOHWPH NXUPDPDNWDGU $QFDN ED] ILNLUOHUEDDUOJLULLPOHULRUWD\DoNDUUNHQELUoRNILNLUKLoELU]DPDQJLULLP\DUDWPD VDIKDVQD XODDPDPDNWDGU *LULLPFL DOJODG IUVDWODU GHHUOHQGLUHUHN \HQL ELU LOHWPHNXUPDNLoLQNDUDUDOPDNWDGU1DII]LJHUYHGLHUOHUL0LWWRQ JLULLPFLOHULQ HVL] IUVDWODU DOJOD\DELOGLNOHULQL EHOLUWPLWLU 2OVRQ
JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQLQ LON VDIKDVQQ ELU IUVDW DOJODPD \D GD IDUNQD YDUPD\ LoHUGLLQL EHOLUPLWLU %LUH\OHU IUVDWODU DOJODPD YH RQODUGDQ \DUDUODQPD NRQXVXQGD IDUNO \HWHQHNOHUH VDKLSWLUOHU $OGULFK YH =LPPHU %LOLVHO \DSODU YH VUHoOHU IUVDWODUQ DOJODQPDVQGD YH DOJODQDQ IUVDW LOJLOL GHHUOHQGLUPH \DSODUDN LOHWPH NXUPD NDUDUQQ DOQPDVQGD HWNLOL ROPDNWDGU *HOHFHH JLWPHN JHOHFHL |QJ|UPHNJHOHFHLEXJQHWDPDNKHSKD\DOJF\OHLOJLOLGLU+D\DOJFKD\DOOHU \DUDWPD GQFH\L J|UPH YH SODQODUOD KHGHIOHULQ VRQXoODUQ FDQODQGUDELOPH \HWHQHLGLU 7P E\N YL]\RQFXODU KD\DO JoOHULQL NXOODQDUDN YL]\RQ \DUDWPODU YH WP KD\DWODUQ JHULGH VDGHFH YL]\RQ NDODQD GHN YL]\RQD DLW ROPD\DQODU D\NODPDNOD JHoLUPLOHULGLU $NGHPLU
%LU ELUH\LQ JHOHFHL EXJQN
HLOLPOHUGHQJHOHFHLQQDVOELoLPOHQHFHLQL|QFHGHQJ|UHELOPHVLYL]\RQNDYUDPLOH LIDGH HGLOHELOPHNWHGLU $NGHPLU *LULLPFLOHU JLWPHN LVWHGLNOHUL \HUL ELOLUOHU YH NXUGXNODU LOHWPHQLQ QH RODELOHFHL NRQXVXQGD ELU YL]\RQD VDKLSWLUOHU %WQ JLULLPFLOHU |QFHGHQ EHOLUOHQPL ELU YL]\RQD VDKLS GHLOGLUOHU %LUoRN GXUXPGDELUH\LOHWPHQLQQHROGXXQXYHROPDVJHUHNWLLQLDQODPD\DEDODGQGD YL]\RQ ]DPDQOD JHOLPHNWHGLU .XUDWNR YH +RGJHWWV
-104). Greenberger
YH 6H[WRQ YL]\RQX JLULLPFLOHULQ GDYUDQODUQQ ELU UHKEHUL \DUDWPD\ WDVDUODGNODULWUQQVR\XWJ|UQWVELoLPLQGHWDQPODPODUGU
<NVHN GHUHFHGH EHOLUVL]OLN YH NDUPDD WD\DQ NDUDU DOPD NRXOODUQGD
(Busenitz ve
Barney 1997: 13)
ELUH\OHU ELOLVHO NDSDVLWHOHULQLQ VQUO ROPDV
nedeniyle .HKYHGLHUOHULDOQDFDNNDUDUODLOJLOLHQIRUPDV\RQXLNWLVDGL

YDUVD\PODUQEHOLUWWLLJLELUDV\RQHOELUELoLPGHELOJLLOHPGHQJHoLUHPHPHNWHGLUOHU %|\OH NRXOODUGD ELUH\OHU NDUDU DOPDN LoLQ NVD\ROODUD EDYXUPDNWD Y
e bu da
HLOLPOHU LOH QHWLFHOHQPHNWHGLU 6LPRQ YH GLHUOHUL %XoHUoHYHGH%RGXU LOHLOJLOLWHVSLWHGLOHQNVD\ROODUDUJYHQYH|]
-etkinliktir.
261
.HQGLQHJYHQL\NVHNRODQELUH\OHULQNDUDUVUHoOHULHNHQIRUPDV\RQDUD\
yerine mevcut bilgilHULQH GD\DO ROPDNWDGU =DFKDUDNLV YH 6KHSKHUG
%LUH\LQ NROD\ONOD JYHQPHN LoLQ QHGHQOHU WHVSLW HGHELOGLL EXOXQDELOLUOLN NVD\ROX .HK YH GLHUOHUL YH ELUH\OHULQ \HQL HQIRUPDV\RQD UDPHQ EDODQJoWDNL ILNLUOHULQLGHLWLUPHGLNOHULUHIHUDQVQRNWDVNVD\ROX6LPRQYHGLHUOHUL DU JYHQLQ ROXPDVQD QHGHQ ROPDNWDGU $OJODQDQ |] HWNLQOLN KHGHIOHQHQ ELU GDYUDQJHUoHNOHWLUPHNLoLQELUH\LQNHQGLVLQGHVH]GLLNDELOL\HWLLIDGHHWPHNWHGLU
Yksek dzeydeki z etkinlik alQDQ N|W VRQXoODU ELUH\VHO EDDUV]ONWDQ ]L\DGH deneyim kazanma olarak nitelendirecektir (Krueger ve Brazeal 1994: 94). Krueger ve
'LFNVRQ ELUH\LQ DOJODG |] HWNLQOLN DUWQQ IUVDWODUQ DOJODPDVQ \NVHOWWLLQL WHKGLWOHULQ DOJODQPDVQ LVH D]DOWWQ YH EX IUVDW WHKGLW DOJVQGDNL GHLLPLQDUWDQULVNVWOHQPHGDYUDQ\ODQHWLFHEXODFDQEHOLUWPLOHUGLU
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN)HOVHIHVL
%XEDONDOWQGD%RGXUXQJLULLPFLOLNIHOVHIHVLQLRUWD\DNR\PDNLoLQHQoRN
QHP YHUGLL LOHWPHFLOLN YH JLULLPFLOLN NRQXODU E\PH YH \HQL JLULLP LONHOHUL
VLYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXODUQDEDN
, sektr tercihi kriterleriVRUXODUQDYHULOHQ\DQWODUQ r.
LoHULNDQDOL]LQGHQHOGHHGLOHQVRQXoODUEWQOHLNELUWDEORELoLPLQGHVXQXOPXWX
%DDUO E\PH GQFHVLQH VDKLS JLULLPFLOHULQ |QHPOL ELU |]HOOLL RQODUQ ND\QDNODU \DS \D GD VWUDWHMLGHQ ]L\DGH IUVDWODU ]HULQH RGDNODQPDODUGU %X JLULLPFLOHU IUVDWOD EDODPDNWD YH IUVDW DQOD\ODUQ GLHU |QHPOL NRQXODUGD UHKEHU
olaraN
NXOODQPDNWDGUODU 2QODUQ DPDF EX IUVDWODU DUDWUPDNWU *LULLPFLOHU
\NVHN IDNDW XODODELOLU DPDoODU EHOLUOHPHNWHGLUOHU YH EX GD RQODUQ HQHUMLOHULQL RGDNODPDODUQ VHoLFL RODUDN IUVDWODU GHHUOHQGLUPHOHULQL YH KD\U GL\HFHNOHUL ]DPDQ ELOPHOHULQL VDODPDNWDGU )UVDW \|QHOLPOLOLN |QFHOLNOHULQL WDQPODPDODUQD YH SHUIRUPDQV GHHUOHQGLUPHVL \DSPDODUQD \DUGPF ROPDNWDGU .XUDWNR YH
Hodgetts 1998: 102).
0DFPLOODQ JLULLPFLOLNOH LOJLOL JHUoHNWHQ ELU H\OHU |UHQPHN LoLQ ELU oRN LOHWPH EDODWPDGD GHQH\LPL RODQ YH H ]DPDQO RODUDN HQ D] LNL LOHWPHQLQ
262
NXUXOXPXQGD
\HU
DOP
RODQ
ELUH\
ELoLPLQGH
WDQPODG
PXWDW
\LQHOHQHQ
JLULLPFLOHUL LQFHOHPH |QHULVLQGH EXOXQPXWXU 5RVD
Alsos ve Kolvereid
1998: 101).
%LUGHQ ID]OD LOHWPH EDODWDQ JLULLPFLOHULQ LON JLULLPOHULQL NXUGXNWDQ
VRQUD EDND LOHWPH \D GD LOHWPHOHU NXUDQ \D GD EXQODUQ NXUXOXPXQGD \HU DODQ JLULLPFLOHUROGXXQXLGGLDHGLOPHNWHGLU<LQHOHQHQLOHWPHNXUXFXODUPHYFXW\HQL JLULLPLQEDODWOPDVQGDQ|QFHHQD]ELUWDQHEDNDELULOHWPHNXUDQJLULLPFLOHUGLU :ULJKW YH GLHUOHUL :HVWKHDG YH :ULJKW D \LQHOHQHQ JLULLPFLOHULQ ELUGHQ ID]OD LOHWPH NXUDUNHQ PLUDV RODUDN HGLQLUNHQ \D GD VDWQ DOUNHQ VHUL JLULLPFLOHULQDVOLOHWPHOHULQLVDWDQ\DGDNDSDWDQIDNDWLOHULNL]DPDQODUGDEDNDELU LL PLUDV RODUDN HGLQHQ NXUDQ \D GD VDWQ DODQ NLLOHU ROGXXQX LGGLD HWPLOHUGLU /LWHUDWU JHQHO RODUDN \LQHOHQHQ JLULLPFLOHUL VHUL YH SDUDOHO ELoLPLQGH LNL DOW WUH D\UPWU5RVD6HULJLULLPFLOHUELUELULQLL]OH\HQELUELoLPGHLOHWPHOHUH VDKLS RODQ DPD ELU VHIHUGH HWNLQ ELU HNLOGH VDGHFH WHN ELU LOHWPH\H VDKLS RODQ ELUH\OHU ELoLPLQGH WDQPODQPWU 3DUDOHO JLULLPFLOHU LVH D\Q DQGD ELUGHQ ID]OD LOHWPH\HVDKLSROPDNWDGUODU:ULJKWYHGLHUOHUL6HULNXUXFXODUNHQGLDVO LOHULQL GHYUHWWLNWHQ VRQUD GDKD VRQUDNL ELU WDULKWH EDND ELU L NXUDQ \D GD GHYUDODQ VDWQDODQELUH\OHUGLU%LUSDUDOHO NXUXFXVXLVHNHQGLNXUGXXDVOLLHOLQGHWXWDUDN GDKD VRQUDNL ELU WDULKWH \HQL ELU L NXUDQ \D GD GHYUDODQ VDWQ DODQ ELUH\GLU
(Westhead ve Wright 1998b: 65). Hem seri hem de paralel kurucular, daha nceleri
PXWODNDHQD]ELULOHWPHNXUPXODUGUIDNDWEX|QFHNLLOHULQLQVDWOP\DGDWDVIL\H HGLOPL VHUL NXUXFXQXQ VDKLS ROGXX LOHWPH ROXS ROPDG \D GD KDOD VDKLS ROXS ROPDGNODU SDUDOHO NXUXFXQXQ VDKLS ROGXX LOHWPH KXVXVXQGD IDUNOON
gstermektedirler.
.XOODQODQ WDQPODPDODU ELU oRN DoODUGDQ IDUNOON DU] HWPHVLQH
UDPHQEXQODUQoRXQXQLoLQGH\HQLELULUNHWNXUDQJLULLPFLQL
n deneyimlerinin de
EXOXQPDV JHUHNOLGLU dRNOX NXUXFXODU oRX ]DPDQ \HQL ELU LOHWPH EDODWWNWDQ VRQUD EDND ELU \D GD ELUNDo LOHWPHQLQ GDKD NXUXOPDVQGD URO R\QD\DQ NXUXFXODU ELoLPLQGHWDQPODQPWU
(Alsos ve Kolvereid 1998: 102).
MacMillan, her yinHOHQHQ NXUXFXQXQ ELU GHQH\LP HULVLQH VDKLS ROGXXQX

VDYXQPXWXU %X NXUXFXODU GDKD |QFHNL NXUX GHQHPHOHULQGHQ GHUV DOPDNWD QH\LQ \DQO YH QH\LQ GRUX JLWWLLQH GDLU DQDOL]OHU \DSPD IUVDW \DNDODPDNWD YH VRQXo RODUDN JLULLPFLOLLQ WHNQRORMLVLQL EHQLP
semektedirler (Alsos ve Kolvereid 1998:
263
103). 9DND oDOPDODUEDPV]ONYHRWRQRPLDU]XVXKL]PHWVRUXPOXOXNYH J|UHY

ELOLQFL ILQDQVDO ND]DQo JLEL WHWLNOH\LFL IDNW|UOHULQ ELUH\OHULQ \LQHOHQHQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQLVHoPHOHULQLVDODGQEHOLUWPHNWHGLU:ULJKWYHGLHUOHUL
%X WLSRORML\H %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQH X\JXQ ELU ELoLPGH |QFON ER\XWODU HNOHQHUHN IDUNO ELU WLSRORML\H JLGLOHELOLU %XUDGD |QFON VHNW|UGH LON JLULLPL \DSPD RODUDN GHHUOHQGLULOGLLQGH dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ NXUXOGXX G|QHPGH 7UNL\HGH X\JXODQPDNWD RODQ LWKDO LNDPHVL SROLWLNDODU LOH GH ELU X\XP VDODQP ROXQPDNWDGU %RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HUL KHP |QF KHP GH SDUDOHO ELU JLULLPFL ROGXXQGDQ GROD\ gQF 3DUDOHO *LULLPFL ER\XWXQGD \HU
almakWDGU (LWLP JHOHQHNVHO ROPD\DQ ILUPDODUQ EDODWOPDVQGD |QHPOL ELU URO

R\QDPDNWDGU *HOHQHNVHO ROPD\DQ ILUPDODU NXUDQ JLULLPFLOHU JHOHQHNVHO ILUPD NXUDQODUDJ|UHGDKDLOHULVHYL\HGHHLWLPJ|UPOHUGLU%LUOH\YHGLHUOHUL
Bodurun 1950lL\OODUGDKHP5REHUW.ROHMLQGHNLKHPGH$%'QGHNL\NVHNOLVDQV
HLWLPL RQXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQGHNL |QHPOL DOW\DSODU VDODPDQQ \DQ VUD EX HLWLPLQ D\Q ]DPDQGD |QF ELU JLULLP YH JLULLPOHULQ NXUXOXPXQGD GD |QHPOL ELU HWNHQ ROGXX WHVSLW HGLOHELOPHNWHGLU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ 6LPRQ YH +RXJKWRQ SL\DVD\D |QF UQ VXQDQ JLULLPFLOHULQ ELOLVHO NVD\ROODUQ DOGNODU |QFON NDUDUODUQGD GDKD \RXQ ELU ELoLPGH NXOODQGNODUQ EHOLUWPLOHUGLU %RGXUXQ |QF ELU JLULLPFL ROGXX YDUVD\PQGDQ KDUHNHWOH ELOLVHO NVD\ROODU KHP JLULLPFLOLN KHPGH|QFONNDUDUODUQGDNXOODQGLGGLDHGLOHELOPHNWHGLU
Tablo 47.*LULLPFL7LSRORMLVLgQFYH0XWDW*LULLPFLOHU
$\Q =DPDQ .HVLWLQGH 7HN %LU $\Q =DPDQ .HVLWLQGH %LUGHQ
gQF%LU*LULLPGH
Firmaya Sahip Olma nc-6HUL*LULLPFL Takipi-6HUL*LULLPFL
ok Firmaya Sahip Olma nc-3DUDOHO*LULLPFL Takipi-3DUDOHO*LULLPFL
Bulunma
7DNLSoL%LU*LULLPGH
Bulunma
6PLWK LVH WFFDU JLULLPFLOHU YH IUVDWo JLULLPFLOHU ELoLPLQGH ELU D\UP \DSP YH EX D\UP EXOJXODUQ NHVLQ ROPDNWDQ X]DN ROPDVQD UDPHQ DPSLULN GHVWHN J|UHQ \HJDQH WLSRORMLOHUGHQ ELUL ROPXWXU 6PLWKH J|UH ELU WFFDU JLULLPFL HLWLPYH|UHWLPDODQODUQGD\HWHUVL]GLUYHVRV\DOKD\DWODDUDVSHN\RNWXU$VOQGD WFFDUJLULLPFLOHUDLOHQLQ\|QHWWLLNoNWLFDUHWKDQHOHUDoDQJLULLPFLOHUGLU%XQODU WDP DQODP\OD \HQLOLNoL UQ YH KL]PHWOHU VXQPD]ODU EXQXQ \HULQH JHQHOOLNOH DU]Q
264
D]ROGXXDODQODUGDJHOHQHNVHOUQYHKL]PHWOHUVXQPDNWDGUODU7FFDUJLULLPFLOHU \HQL ELU SD]DU WDEDQQD JHOHQHNVHO UQ YH KL]PHW VDODPD LOH XUDUNHQ IUVDWo JLULLPFLOHU LVH \HQL YH \HQLOLNoL UQ YH KL]PHWOHUL NHIHWPH\H RGDNODQPDNWDGUODU 'DV YH 7HQJ 7FFDU JLULLPFL HLWLP VHYL\HVL GN VRV\DO IDUNQGDON YH VRV\DO LOLNL EDNPQGDQ ]D\I VRV\DO oHYUH\OH HWNLOHLPGH \HWHUVL] YH VQUO ]DPDQ RU\DQWDV\RQX RODQ ELU ELUH\NHQ IUVDWo JLULLPFL HLWLP VHYL\HVL \NVHN VRV\DO IDUNQGDON YH VRV\DO LOLNL EDNPQGDQ L\L VRV\DO oHYUH\OH HWNLOHLPGH NHQGLQH oRN JYHQHQ JHOHFHLQ ELOLQFL
nde olan bir bireydir (Kets De Vries 1972:
8]XQ YDGHOL LOJL JLULLPFL\L LL NXUDQ YH E\WHQ SD]DUOD\DQ YH NVD \ROGDQ ]HQJLQ RODQ ELUH\GHQ D\UDQ HQ |QHPOL |]HOOLNWLU <NVHN SRWDQVL\HOOL ROXXPODU \DUDWDQ JLULLPFLOHU EDNDVQQ SDUDV\OD ELU DQGD ELU LH JLULS oNPDNWDQVD ELU LL E\WPH\H HLOLPOLGLUOHU 8]XQ VUHOL SURMHOHUH LP]D DWDUODU YH LOHUL ELU WDULKWH JHUoHNOHHFHN KHGHIOHULQH XODDELOPHN LoLQ oDOPDNWDGUODU 7LPPRQV 7FFDUJLULLPFLOHUNVDYDGHOLULVNDOPD\DGDKDoRN \DWNQGUODU oQNNVDYDGHOL ELU]DPDQRU\DQWDV\RQXQDVDKLSWLUOHU7FFDUONXDQGDQH\DSOPDNLVWHQL\RUVDRQX \DSPDNOD LOJLOLGLU EDDUO ELU RUJDQL]DV\RQ NXUPDN E\PH RU\DQWDV\RQX JLEL X]XQ YDGHOL SODQODU \DSOPDPDNWDGU 3ODQODPD WFFDU JLULLPFLOH
rin karakteristik
|]HOOLNOHULQGHQ GHLOGLU RQODU LPGLNL ]DPDQ GLOLPLQHRGDNODQPDNWD YHNVD YDGHGH FLGGL ULVN DOPDN LVWHPHNWHGLUOHU *HQHOOLNOH SRWDQVL\HOOHULQLQ YH ID\GDODUQQ RUWD\D oNPDV X]XQ ]DPDQ DODQ \HQLOLNoL UQOHUOH LOJLOL GHLOGLUOHU )UVDWo JLULLPFLOHU X]XQ YDGHOL SODQODU JHOLWLUPHNWHGLUOHU *HOHFHH GDLU EDNDODUQQ J|UHPHGLL YH SHLQGHQ NRPD\D FUHW HGHPHGLL IUVDWODU WDQPODPDN YH L]OHPHNOH ]LKLQOHUL PHJXOGU 'XQNHOEHUJ YH &RRSHUD J|UH ED] JLULLPFLOHU VUGUOHELOLU E\P
\|QHOLPOLGLUOHU EXQGDQ |WU LOHULQLQ E\N |OoGH E\PHVLQL LVWHPHNWH YH UDKDW ELU \DDPQ \HWHUOL RODFD GQFHVLQL NDEXO HWPH]OHU %X JLULLPFLOHU GH WLSLN IUVDWo JLULLPFL WUQH JLUPHNWH YH ELULQFLO RODUDN X]XQ YDGHGH ELUH\VHO
EDDUODUQGDRUWD\DoNDELOHFHNELUVDSPDGDQ\DQLEDDUV]ONLKWLPDOLQGHQNDoQPD LKWL\DF LOH PRWLYH ROPDNWDGUODU %|\OHFH IUVDWo JLULLPFLOHU WFFDU JLULLPFLOHUOH NDUODWUOGQGD ELOLQoOL RODUDN GDKD LOHUL ELU JHOHFHN LoLQ SODQODU \DSDQ
JLULLPFLOHUGLU 'HQHPHGLLQ LoLQ GDKD VRQUD SLPDQ ROPD EX JLULLPFLOHULQ VORJDQGU'DVYH7HQJ
-76).
265
Tablo 48.EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLPFLOLN)HOVHIHVL
(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFLOLN9H *LULLPFLOLN.RQXODU 6LYLO7RSOXP.XUXOXODUQD%DN
*nclk, yenilik, teknoloji, byme
\DWUPYH
.DUDPDoOYHNDUDPDoV]NXUGXX RUJDQL]DV\RQODUDUDVQGDELUSDUDOHOOLNYDUGU 0HVOHNLRUJDQL]DV\RQODUGDX]XQ\
dDODQODUODYHSD\GDODUODLOLNLOHU LUNHWLQKHUH\LQLELOLUYHLUNHWOHLOJLOHQLU 7PLLEL]]DWNHQGLVLHQLQFHD\UQWVQDNDGDU
llar
\|QHWLFLOLN\DSPELUoRNPHVOHNLVLYLOWRSOXP NXUXOXXQXQNXUXOXPXQD|QFONHWPLWLU
takip eder
%DDUOYHNDUOROGXXQDHPLQROPDGLH JLULPH]
*g]HOOLNOH6DQD\L2GDODUQQoRNHWNLQ
ROPDODUQLVWHPHNWHGLU 6LYLOWRSOXPNXUXOXXNXUXOXDPDFQDX\JXQ
*Evrensel standartlara uygun kalitede retim, rekabet edebilirlik: fiyat-PDOL\HWX\JXQOXX

3D\ODPFONGHYOHWHYHUJLKLVVHGDUODUDNDWN oDODQDFUHW
olarak hareket etmelidir. lke menfaatine

oDOPDOYHSROLWLNROPDPDOGU +D\UNXUXPODUYHPHVOHNL|UJWOHULQ JHOLPHOHULQLoRNLVWHU]DPDQD\UUYH|]YHULOL GDYUDQUKD\UVHYHUYHF|PHUWWLU
%\PHYH<HQL*LULLP,ONHOHUL
Sektr Tercihi Kriterleri

7DYHWRSUDDGD\DOVHNW|UOHUQDDWYH\DS
*nclk *Yenilik ve teknoloji ile srdrlebilir byme

YH\HQL\DWUP <HQLOLNOHUGHLKWL\DWOGU
sektr *Entegrasyon; seramik sektrn besleyen

HQWHJUH\DWUPODU
*nclk
(PLQROGXX\HUOHU5LVNEHQ]HUELU
*Global lekte bir marka olma *Entegrasyon

<DWUPODEHUDEHU\DDUYHWHSHGHQLL
risktir.
*Savunma Sanayi
%HQEXLWHQEDDU\ODoNDUPNDUDUDOGDQGD LHJLULLU )D]ODNDUGDQ]L\DGHLDODQDoPDNYH \DUDWPDNWU.XUGXXLOHUGHNDULNLQFL SODQGDGUONSODQGD\DWUP\DSPDNYDUGU
ynetmez.
(QL\LVLROPDPNHPPHOOLL\DNDODPD
<HQL\DWUPLoLQ$YUXSDGDRODELOLU' ILUPDODUODLoLoHGLU<XUWGQGDE\NELU PHYNLYH\HULYDUGU HEDO
*GDWHNVWLOELQDYHLQDDWHLWLPVDON
bilim-LOHWLLP-teknoloji
VWLKGDP\DUDWPDNLoLQHPHN\RXQoDODQ
amadan retime geinceye kadarki
\DWUPODUQKHUVDIKDVQQELUSODQYHSURMH
sektrler
iinde gitmesini ister

$NVD\DQNRQXODUQWHGELULQLDOUYHYDNWLQGH JHUHNOLNDUDUYHWDOLPDWODUYHULU *HQHOGH\DWUPQILOHQEDODPDVQGDQLWLEDUHQ ELU\OGDWDPDPODQDUDNUHWLPHEDODPDVQ
tercih eder
OHWPHOHULQNDUQWHNUDU\DWUPDVDUIHGHUHN SURMHQLQE\PHVLQLYHNDUOOQDUWUPDVQ WHUFLKHGHU<DQLNDUQWHPHWWRODUDNKLVVHGDUD GDWPD]\DWUPDKDUFDULLQHPLQYHNDUO HNLOGHE\PHVLQHKHU]DPDQ|QFHOLNYHULU %DDUOYHNDUOROGXXQDHPLQROPDGLH JLULPH]%RGXUXQKD\DWQGDKD\DOYH PDFHUD\D\HU\RNWXULQIL]LELOLWHOHULQLEL]]DW WHWNLNHGHUVDODPYHNDUOELULRODFDQD LQDQPDVKDOLQGHHOHDOU 1H]DPDQ\DWUPQH]DPDQPRGHUQL]DV\RQ \DSODFDQGHQJHOHU 'DLPDVDQD\LGHGRXPNRQWURO\RNWXU SUHQVLELQHLQDQPWU
266
EUDKLP%RGXUXQOHWPHFLOLN)HOVHIHVL
%XEDONDOWQGD%RGXUXQLOHWPHFLOLNIHOVHIHVLQLRUWD\D
koymak iin eleman
YH\|QHWLFLVHoLPLQGH|QHPYHUGLLNULWHUOHUPWHULOHUHNDUWXWXPXoDODQODULOH GL\DORX
GHYOHW YH SROLWLND\OD L GQ\DV YH |]HO VHNW|UOH LOLNLOHUL EDDU\
|GOOHQGLUPH WDU] YDUO
GHYDPO J|UW YH LVWLDUH HWWLL LQIRUPDO GDQPD NXUXOXQXQ
DVOD GHLWLUHPHGLL \|QHWLP YH oDOPD SUHQVLSOHUL VRUXODUQD YHULOHQ
\DQWODUQ LoHULN DQDOL]LQGHQ HOGH HGLOHQ VRQXoODU EWQOHLN ELU WDEOR ELoLPLQGH VXQXOPXWXU
Tablo 49.EUDKLP%RGXUXQOHWPHFLOLN)HOVHIHVL Eleman ve Ynetici Seim Kriterleri *Aileden olma

*YHQGLLOLVHYHQLYHUVLWHDUNDGDVODU %HOOLELUSR]LV\RQDHQGRUXELUH\L\HUOHWLULU \HULYHLVHYJLVLLHEDOON 'HYOHW3ROLWLNDYH'Q\DVOHOLNLOHUL 'HYOHWH oRN |QHP YHULU GHYOHWLQ oRN JoO ROPDVQ LVWHU YH GHYOHWH VD\J GX\DU 5HVPL YH DKVL
LOLNLOHULQGH J|UHYOLOHUH LFDS HGHQ VD\J\ J|VWHULU YH oDODQODUQGDE|\OHKDUHNHWHWPHVLQ
i ister
*anakkale yresinden olma

%LOJLVLGRUXOXNJYHQ $QODDELOHFHLoDODELOHFHLELUH\OHU 7LFDUHW YH VL\DVHW WDPDPOD\F ROGXXQGDQ GROD\
siyaseti sever hkmetlerle hep i iedir. siyasetilerle

oRN \DNQGU +HU J|UWHQ VL\DVLOHUOH GL\DORX YDUGU )LUPDODUQ VUHNOL SDUWLOHU VW WXWPXWXU 6L\DVHWL ILUPDODUQD VRNPDPWU
*Kendine gven *Burs verilerek okutulanlar

(LWLP 3D\ODPFONYHHNLSoDOPDV QVDQLGHHUOHUDKODNLYHPLOOLGHHUOHU 0LVDILUHVD\JYHKUPHW %LUH\VHOLOLNLOHU
aODQODUQ VL\DVHWOH ILLOHQ

WDUDILQGDQ GDLPD LWLEDU
PHJXO ROPDVQD PVDDGH HWPH] 6L\DVHWWH WDPDPHQ WDUDIV]GU J|UPVWU VL\DVHWoLOHU PDOL\HQLQ
GDLPD
WDNGLULQL
ND]DQPWU
PHQIDDWOHUGH LOLNLVL\RNWXUGRUXELOGLLQLNLPROXUVD
*Bireylerin Pozitif ynlerini hemen kavrar ve bu

GRUXOWXGDRQODULLVWLKGDPHGHU
olsun aktarabilen bir \DS\DVDKLSWLU

7UNL\HQLQ NDONQPDVQQ \UHNWHQ |]HO VHNW|U HOL\OH
JHUoHNOHHELOHFHLQH
LQDQPWU
VDQD\LQLQ
GXD\HQOHULQGHQGLU PHVOHNL |UJWOHUGH \OODUFD VHoLPOH EDNDQON\DSPWUELUoRNILUPDQQSDWURQX\ODJoO LOLNLVDKLELGLU 0WHULOHUH.DU7XWXPX 0WHULYHOLQLPHWWLUED\LOHUYHE\NPWHULOHULOH %DDU\gGOOHQGLUPH7DU] 2QXUODQGUPD LNUDPL\H YH prim, terfi, szle dllendirme, manevi dllendirme, maddi ve manevi dllendirmelerin ikisini de iyi yapar, hedeflere uygun DGP YH KUVOD NRDFDN ELU PRWLYDV\RQ VDODU PXWODND \DSLODQLLQNDUOQYHULU|GOYHUPH\LVHYHUHQL\L |GOOHQGLUPHELoLPLPDQHYL\|QGHQRODQGUJHQHOOLNOH PDGGL |GOOHU YHULU ELUH\OHUL NHQGLVLQH \DNQ KDOH
(yurtii-\XUWGJoOEDODUDVDKLSWLU
0VWHULJLEL\DDU0WHUL\LDLOHVLQGHQNDEXOHGHU RQODUODVDGHFHWLFDULGHLOVRV\DOLOLVNLOHUGHGHEXOXQXU
*VHUGLLV|]WXWPD\DD]DPLJD\UHWVDUIHGHU*YHQ
LQDHWPLWLU 0WHULOHUGHQJHOHQKHUWUONULWLLPXWODND LOHWPH\HDNVHWWLULU
getirLUE|\OHFH|UJWVHOYDWDQGDONVDODU\DSOPELU
LH KHS SR]LWLI ELU \|QGH NDWNGD EXOXQDUDN DPD L\L ROPDV LoLQGH GHYDPO X\DUODUGD EXOXQDUDN EDDU\
dllendirir
dDODQODUOH'L\DORX $VOD'HLWLUHPHGLL<|QHWLP9HdDOPDONHOHUL dRN oDONDQGU DU ELU oDOPD WHPSRVX YDUGU \DNQ PHVDL DUNDGDODUQQ YH DLOHVLQLQ GH VUHNOL
*Her kadHPHGHNLoDODQLOHGLUHNWWHPDVELUHELU
GL\DORXYDUGU
* 6RV\DOLOLNLOHUHoRN|QHPYHULU *dDODQODUDoRN|QHPYHUPHNWHRQODUODLoLoH
\DDPDNWDGUoDOPDRUWDPQGDDLOHKDYDV\DUDWU DOoDNJ|QOOGU\DUGPVHYHUGLU
alPDODULQL EHNOHU HHU J|UHYLQ

D\UDPDPDVLHQE\NHNVLNOLLGLU
\HULQH JHWLULOPHVL
PHVDL\LD\RUVDoDOPDGHYDPHGHUNHQGLVLQH]DPDQ
OHULQLQ GQFHVLQH J|UH \DSOPDVLQL LVWHU GHYDPO NHQGLVL LLQ EDQGD ROPD\ VHYHU D\UQWODUQD
YDUQFD\D NDGDU LL LQFHOHU \DWUPODU YH WP L KD\DW\OD LOJLOL UDSRUODU LVWHU EXQODU LOJLOL NXUXOODUOD WDUWUDQFDNVRQV|]RV|\OHU
267
+DI]DVoRNJoOGU $oNNDSSROLWLNDVYHXODODELOLUOLN
NHQGLVL
LLQ
EDQGD
ROPD\
VHYHU
D\UQWODUQD
YDUQFD\D NDGDU LL LQFHOHU \DWUPODU YH WP L KD\DW\OD LOJLOL UDSRUODU LVWHU EXQODU LOJLOL NXUXOODUOD WDUWUDQFDNVRQV|]RV|\OHU
*Sizinle siz olur

hVWNDGHPHLOHoRNSD\ODPFGU(GLQGLLWP
bilgileri anlatir bilgi saklamaz

.UFELUELUH\GHLOGLU,JHUHLNDOSNUDUVDoRN JHoPHGHQJ|QOQDOU 7XWWXXYHJYHQGLLELUoDODQNHVLQOLNOHEUDNPD] dDODQODULRUWDON\HUGHUHQFLGHHWPH] dDODQODULDUDVQGDGHQJHNXUXSRQODUELUELULQH
*$OG NDUDUODU SD\ODU YH ELUH\OHUL EX \|QGH LNQD eder

7PSD\GDODUODDQODDELOPH dDODQODUQDVDKLSoNPDNWDGU
*Bazi koQXODU ]RU GD ROVD PFDGHOHFL \|Q\OH EDDU

VDODUYH\DSODPD]GHQHQLKD\DWDJHoLULU 5LVNL VHYPH] DPD LQDQ\RUVD LH JLUHU IDNDW JHQHOGH WHPNLQOLGLU NDUDU DOUNHQ PXWODND GD\DQDN QRNWDODU YDUGUELULLWDUWPDGDQ\DSPD]
ezdirmez *Amir-PHPXUJHUHNWLLQGHEDED-RXO
dRFXNOXXQGDQLWLEDUHQDLOHYH\DNQ oHYUHVLQGHQHGLQGLL GHHUOHULEDDUO ELUHLWLPKD\DWONHYHKDONVHYJLVLLOHELUOHWLUHQ%RGXUKHP\DUDWWJLULLPOHUOH KHP GH JHUoHNOHWLUGLL \HQLOLN YH \DUDWFON KDPOHOHUL\OH |UQHN ELU VDQD\LFL |UQHN ELU JLULLPFL YH |UQHN ELU L DGDPGU %RGXUXQ GHHUOHU VLVWHPLQLQ HNLOOHQLLQGH DLOHVLQLQ \DQVUD +RFD 'HGHVLQGHQ HGLQGLL NDYUDP YH ELOJLOHULQ UROQQ oRN |QHPOL ROGXX YH JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HUL ER\XQFD GDNULVWDOL]HHWWLLEXGHHUOHULKHP NRUXGXXQXKHPGHX\JXODPDGDRUWD\DNR\GXXNROD\ONODWHVSLWHGLOHELOPHNWHGLU
2QD J|UH EWQ ROXXPODUQ PD\DV LQDQoWU QDQF NDUDUOONOD NDUDUOO PFDGHOH\OHEWQOHWLUHQELUH\OHULQXODDPD\DFDKLoELUKHGHI\RNWXU%XJQ7UN YH 'Q\D 6HUDPLN 'HYOHULQLQ HQ JoO NXUXOXODUQGDQ ELULVL KDOLQH JHOHQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU GD EX LQDQo YH D]LPOH EDDU\D XODPWU .HQGLQH WRSOXPD YH WRSUDQD LQDQDQ %RGXUXQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ WHPHOLQL E\NHKLUOHUYHDOW\DSVKD]UDODQODU\HULQH\ROHQHUMLHLWLOPLLJFROPD\DQ dDQD DWPDV WRSOXPXQ EWQ GLQDPLNOHULQL KDUHNHWH JHoLUHUHN ELU IDEULND
EDFDVQGDQ ELU GQ\D VHUDPLN GHYL RUWD\D oNDUPDV LQDQF NDUDUOOD NDUDUOO YDWDQ VHYJLVL LOH PFDGHOH\H G|QWUS ]DIHU ND]DQPDV\OD QHWLFHOHQPLWLU QDQo ELU DQODPGD ]RU RODQ VHoPHNWLU %RGXU GD LQDQG \ROGD GDLPD ]RUX HQ X]DN KHGHIOHUL VHoHQ YH ]RU RODQ ONH KL]PHWOHULQH DUPDDQ HWWLL HVHUOHUL\OH EDDU\D oHYLUHQ KD\DW IHOVHIHVL\OH |UQHN RODQ oRN |QHPOL ELU JLULLPFLGLU *HOLPH
izgisindekL
dDQQ KHU WDQGD KHU HVHULQGH %RGXUXQ HPHL YH L]L YDUGU
dDQDNNDOH\H YH 7UNL\H\H PDKDOOL GHHUOHUGHQ PLOOL GHHUOHUH YH HYUHQVHO GHHUOHUH LQDQoOD XODODELOHFHLQL LVSDWOD\DQ %RGXU E|\OHOLNOH LQDQo YH KHGHIOHULQ
268
bireye byk bir sorumluluk ykOHGLLQL GH J|]OHU |QQH VHUPLWLU %RGXU ONH\H
\DSODQKL]PHWLYLFGDQERUFXELoLPLQGHJ|UPHNWHGLU<O
Tablo 50.
EUDKLP%RGXUXQ'HHUOHU6LVWHPL
* Vatan ve millet sevgisi * rf ve adetlere ve inanca samimi olarak

EDOON
*nclk *Ar-Ge faaliyetleri ve mevcut teknolojinin srekli yenilenmesi

6DQD\LOHPHLoLQJLULLPYHVHUPD\HQLQ LJFLOHPLOOLND\QDNODUQEXOXQGXX\HUH JLWPHVLJHUHNWLLGQFHVL
* ToSOXPDID\GDVDODPDKDONQGDKDL\L
LPNDQODUGD\DDPDODUQD]HPLQKD]UODPDYH LVWLKGDP\DUDWPDLVWHL 6RV\RORMLNN|NHQHEDOONYHGRGXX WRSUDNODUQSRWDQVL\HOLQLLJFQ GHHUOHQGLUPHNRE|OJH\LYHKDONQ NDONQGUDELOPHN $LOH\HEDOON
* Sermayenin halNDYHoDODQODUD\D\OPDV
<DWUPODUGD|]ND\QDNNXOODQPD
* Evrensel standartlara uygun kalitede retim

LUNHWOHULVUHNOLSDUWLOHUVWWXWPDN
*'RVWOXD|QHPYHUPH
QDQo NDUDUOON
dDONDQON
-mcadele-VDEU-azim;
7PSD\GDODUODDQODDELOPH
NXUXODFDNRODQLHLQDQPDYHJYHQPH
dDODQODUDVDKLSoNPD
* Gven tesis etme, vicdan sahibi olup adaletli davranma

7RSOXPLoLQGHVUDGDROPDNWDQVDNoN\D GDE\NELUVUDQQPXWODNDEDROPDDGQD oRNoDOPD +D\UVHYHUOLNYHF|PHUWOLN 0WHULYHOLQLPHWWLU
* Mkemmellik
3D\ODPFONGHYOHWHYHUJLKLVVHGDUODUD NDWNLoL\HFUHW
6218d9(g1(5/(5
7P\HQLGLVLSOLQOHUJLELJLULLPFLOLNGHGLHUELOLPOHULQ\|QWHPYHWHRULOHULQL NXOODQODUDN RUWD\D oNPWU )DNDW JLULLPFLOLN D\U ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN JHOLHFHNVH
kendinH DLW D\U \|QWHP YH WHRULOHUH LKWL\DF YDUGU (Bygrave ve Churchill 1989: 7).
*LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD RUWD\D NRQDQ \NVHN \D\Q PLNWDUQD UDPHQ KHQ] NDEXO HGLOPLJHQHO ELUJLULLPFLOLN WHRULVL%XOO YH:LOODUG*DUWQHUYH DUDWUPDFODUDUDVQGDIHQRPHQLQGRDVKDNNQGDELUJ|UELUOLLEXOXQPDPDNWDGU +R\YH9HUVHUONWHRULHYUHVLQGHNLGLVLSOLQOHULQoRXSDUoDVHNVLNRODQ
269
ELU EXOPDFD\D EHQ]HPHNWHGLU <HWHULQFH SDUoD\D VDKLS ROGXNWDQ VRQUD \DSODUQ RUWD\D oNW J|UOPH\H EDODQDFDNWU =DPDQOD EX \DSODU NVPL WHRULOHUL RQODU GD E\NELUJLULLPFLOLNWHRULVLROXWXUDELOLU
*LULLPFLOLN JHOLPHNWH RODQ ELU GLVLSOLQ RODUDN |Q WHRUL DDPDVQGDGU %X EDVDPDNWD WHRULN \DSODUGDQ ]L\DGH
gzlemlere zen gsterilmelidir. Ampirik
oDOPDODU \DSOPDOGU OHUL LVWDWLVWLNVHO DQDOL]OHUOH GDKD D] EDODQWO ROXQPDOGU %LU JLULLPFLQLQ EHQ]HUVL] ELU ELoLPGH JLULLP EDODWW DVOD XQXWXOPDPDOGU *LULLPFLOLN DUDWUPDVQQ HQ E\N DPDoODUQGDQ ELUL HL EHQ]HUL J|UOPHPL EX VUHFL DQOD\DELOPHN ROGXXQD LQDQOGQGD NDUN LVWDWLVWLN SDNHW SURJUDPODUQQ KLo ELULQLQ ]DKPHWOL DODQ oDOPDVQQ \HULQL WXWDPD\DFD NDEXO HWPHN ]RUXQGD NDOQPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN VDELW GXUXP IHQRPHQL GHLOGL
r. Dzgn bir biimde
GHLPHPHNWH|QHPOLDWOPODUODNXDQWXPVoUDPDVGHLPHNWHGLUgQHPOLDWOP QH\LQWHWLNOHGLLQLQ\DGD|QHPOLDWOPVUDVQGDQHROGXXQXQDQODOPDVQD\DUGP HGHFHN KLoELU UHJUHV\RQ DQDOL]L \RNWXU %DODQJo VUHFLQLQ ROXXP
unu
J|]OHPOHPHGLNoH EDODQJo VUHFLQLQ PHUNH]LQH LQLOHPHPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOLN JLULLPFLOLN VUHFLQLQ DQODOPDVQD \DUGP HGHFHN D\UQWO \DSODQ |UQHN ROD\ oDOPDODUQD LKWL\Do GX\PDNWDGU 'HWD\O DODQ oDOPDODU oRN ]DPDQ DOPDNWD YH PDVUDIO ROPDNWDGU IDNDW HNRQRPL YH VRQXoWD WP WRSOXP LoLQ |QHPL
GQOGQGH JLULLPFLOHULQ GHWD\O RODUDN DUDWUOPDV GHVWHNOHQPHOLGLU 6RQ RODUDN JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQL NHQGLQL EX IHQRPHQLQ D\GQODWOPDVQD DGD\DFDN DUDWUPDFODUDLKWL\DoGX\PDNWDGU
(Bygrave ve Churchill 1989: 21-22).
%XUD 7UNL\HGHNL JLULLPFLOLN RUWDPQ VDQD\LOHPHQLQ WDULKVHO NRXOODU JLULLPFLOHULQ ]LKQL\HW YH GDYUDQODUQ ELoLPOHQGLUHQ ELU XQVXU RODUDN LNWLVDW SROLWLNDODUQQ ROXXP YH X\JXODQPD VUHFL WRSOXPVDO ELU N
urum olarak
KROGLQJOHUYHJLULLPFLGHUQHNOHULQLQVHUJLOHGLLIDDOL\HWOHUROPDN]HUHG|UWG]H\GH GHHUOHQGLUPLWLU &XPKXUL\HWLQ LON \OODUQGD 7UN JLULLPFL VQI \RN GHQHFHN NDGDUD]QONWD\GYHEXVQIQJHOLLPLLQFHOHQGLLQGHWRSUDNVDKLSOLLYHGRUXGDQ \DEDQF\DWUPODUJLELSROLWLNIDNW|UOHUGHQGHPDKUXPROGXXJ|UOPHNWH\GLNWLVDW SROLWLND YH X\JXODPDODUQD EDNOGQGD LVH ONHGH EXOXQDQ JLULLPFLOHUL UDQW DUD\QD YH VSHNODWLI IDDOL\HWOHUH \|QHOWHQ GHYOHW PGDKDOHVLQGHQ ND\QDNODQDQ LN
270
WU EHOLUVL]OLN RUWDP ROGXX J|UOPHNWHGLU %X EHOLUVL]OLNOHUGHQ LONL JLULLPFLOHULQ WRSOXP LoLQGH VDKLS ROGXNODU NRQXPXQ NHVLQ NRRUGLQDWODUQQ EHOLUOHQHPHPHVLGLU GLHUL LVH KNPHWOHU DUDVQGD KDWWD D\Q KNPHWLQ G|QHPLQGH SROLWLNDODU DUDVQGD
ortD\D oNDQ WXWDUV]ONWU 'LHU WDUDIWDQ LUNHW \|QHWLPLQGH DLOH KDNLPL\HWLQLQ

|QHPL GHYOHWOH LUNHW DUDVQGDNL LOLNLQLQ DUDFV] YH oRN |QHPOL ROPDV LUNHW IDDOL\HWOHULQLQ oHLWOHQPHVL VRQXFX RUWD\D oNDQ KROGLQJ WLSL |UJWOHQPH DQOD\QQ \D\JQO J|]OHQPHNWHGLU $LOH NRQWUROQGH RODQ EX KROGLQJOHUGH NDUDU DOPD YH X\JXODPD HVQHNOLL EHOLUVL]OLLQ \NVHN ROGXX JLULLPFLOLN RUWDPQGD E\N ELU |QHP DU]HWPHNWHGLU (N RODUDN GHYOHWOH LOLNLOHULQ SURIHV\RQHO \|QHWLFLOHUH
EUDNODPD\DFDN NDGDU NULWLN ROGXX ONHOHUGH DLOH LUNHWOHUL |QHP ND]DQPDNWDGU %XUD
-55).
6DODG YHUJL DYDQWDMODU DLOH LVPLQLQ YH JLULLPLQLQ GHYDPQ VDODPD DPDF |]HOOLNOH GHYOHWOH LOLNLOHUGH SUHVWLM ND]DQPD LVWHL GHYOHWLQ \DUDWW
belirsizlik arz eden ekonoPLN

EHOLUVL]OLLQ \DQ VUD GHYOHWLQ
RUWDP YH EX RUWDPGD ULVNWHQ NDoPD HLOLPL \DUDWW IUVDWODU GHHUOHQGLUPH LVWHL 7UN
JLULLPFLOHULQLQ KROGLQJ ELoLPLQGH |UJWOHQPHOHUL VRQXFXQX JHWLUPLWLU 'HYOHW LVWHNOL JLULLPFLOHUH NHQGLVLQLQ EHOLUOHGLL DODQODUGD \DWUP \DSPD J|UHYL YHUHUHN ILUPDODUQ JHOLPHVLQGH |QHPOL UROOHU VWOHQPLWLU <HQL ELU IDDOL\HW DODQQD JLUPH NDUDU oRX NH] SL\DVD VLQ\DOOHULQLQ GHHUOHQGLULOPHVL\OH GHLO GHYOHW \HWNLOLOHULQLQ |QHULYHWDYVL\HOHULQGDDOQPWU%XUD
005: 259-265). Trkiyenin ilk yaprak ttn
Robert
Kolejdeki
tahsili
sresince,
LKUDFDWoODUQGDQ RODQ EDEDV +DVDQ %RGXUXQ WWQ LOHWPHOHULQGH \D] WDWLOOHULQGH oDODQ %RGXU L YH LOHWPH NRQXVXQGD WHFUEH YH ELOJL VDKLEL ROPXWXU %DONHVLU /LVHVL \OODU %RGXU LoLQ ELU G|QP QRNWDVGU *LULLPOHULQL \DUDWDFD YH
\|QHWLPOHULQLWHVOLPHGHFHLJLULLPWDNPQQ\HOHULLOHEXUDGDWDQPYHGRVWOXN JHOLWLUPLKD\DWDUNDGD6HYLP%RGXUXGDEXUDGDWDQPWU*LULLPFLOLNNDUL\HUL
boyunca onunla biUOLNWHoDODQYHHPHNYHUHQELUoRNVWG]H\\|QHWLFLVL%DONHVLU

/LVHVL YH 5REHUW .ROHMLQGHNL HLWLP \OODUQGDQ WDQG YH GRVWOXN NXUGXX ELUH\OHUGLU%RGXU\OQQVRQXQGD%DONHVLU/LVHVLQGHDUNDGDONODUEDOD\DQ 6HYLP+DQPLOHHYOHQPLW
ir. 271
%RGXU\OQGDEDEDVLKUDFDWo+DVDQ%RGXULOHND\QSHGHUL%DONHVLUOL VDQD\LFLHUHI(LQOLROXQXQRUWDNJLULLPLYH7UNL\HQLQLONSHQ\HYHSDPXNLSOLN IDEULNDODUQGDQ RODQ (GLUQHNDS 3DPXN YH SOLN )DEULNDV .ROHNWLI LUNHWLQLQ NXUXOXYH\|QHWLPLQGHEXOXQPXWXU<HQLFH 6DQD\LFLOLH\OQGDEX IDEULND LOH EDOD\DQ %RGXU .DOHDLOHVL |]HOVD\ \OQGD
\DQGD\NHQEDDU\ODLOHWWLLEXJLULLPGHQLOHWPH\LoRNRUWDNOVHUPD\HLUNHWLQH G|QWUPHNWH EDEDVQ YH ND\QSHGHULQL LNQD HGHPHGLL LoLQ J|U IDUN QHGHQL\OH D\UOPWU .DOHDLOHVL )DEULNDGD \|QHWLFLOLN \DSW G|QHPGH EDEDV YH ND\QSHGHUL DUDVQGD NDODQ ELU NRQXPGD EXOXQPDV QHGHQL\OH EX JLULLPGHQ D\UOPWU
Onun; sabah ilk kim erken gelirse patron oydu szleriyle fabrikada ift
EDOONROGXXUDKDWONODDQODODELOLU<|QHWLOPHNWHQ]L\DGH\|QHWPH\LVHYPHNWHGLU YHEXQHGHQOHEDEDVYHND\QSHGHULQHWDKDPPOHGHPHPLWLU
Trkiyede 1950lerdeki sanayi hareketi ile blgelerin ve illerin kaynakODU

]HULQH GHYOHW DUDWUPDODU \DSPDNWD\G dDQDN
kale blgesinde de ekoslovak
X]PDQODU VWDQEXO 7HNQLN hQLYHUVLWHVL YH dDQDNNDOH g]HO GDUHVL\OH EX oDOPDODU
srGUOPHNWH\GL $\UFD WDUPD HOYHULOL ROPD\DQ EX WRSUDNODUGD \DD\DQ KDON L

EXODELOPHN LoLQ N D\ODUQGD ]H\WLQ WRSODPD\D (GUHPLW $\YDON \D GD KDVDW LoLQ oHOWLN WRSODPD\D 7UDN\D\D JLGL\RUODUG VL]OLN R NDGDU ID]OD\G NL ED]HQ D\ODUFD \OODUFD L LoLQ VUD EHNOL\RUODUG 'LHU WDUDIWDQ ELU \HUOHLP \HUL ROD N|\OHUH \DNQO LOH ELU EDODQW QRNWDV\G %RGXUGD dD
rak an, evre
nakkale Blgesinde daha
WHNVWLO LLQGH\NHQ DUDWUPDODU \DSWUPD\D EDODP ]HQJLQ NDROHQ NLO \DWDNODU YH E\N HQHUML\H JHUHNVLQLP GX\DQ VHUDPLN VHNW|U LoLQ KD]U N|PU RFDNODU LOH
blgenLQVHUDPLNVHNW|ULoLQHQLGHDO\HUROGXXQXWHVSLWHWPLWLU\O
%RGXU \OQGD 7UNL\HQLQ NDONQPDV YH EX NDONQPD\D NDWPD GHHUL YH LVWLKGDP \NVHN GD EDPOO D] QH WU ELU IDDOL\HWOH NDWNGD YHULOHELOLU GQFHVL\OH PHJXONHQ dDQDNNDOHQLQ YDOLVL KVDQ 6DEUL dDOD\DQJLOLQ \DSWUG dDQDNNDOH E|OJHVLQLQ LNWLVDGL YDUONODUQQ QH RODELOHFHLQL DUDWUDQ YH VRQXoODUQ GHHUOHQGLUHQ ELU HWG GLNNDWLQL oHNPLWLU 2 GD EX HWGWHQ \DUDUODQDUDN HN oDOPDODUGD EXOXQPX E|\OHFH VHUDPLN VHNW|U ELU L ILNUL YH IUVDW RODUDN ]LKQLQGHHNLOOHQPLWLU<OdDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU
ndan nce 272
7UNL\H VHUDPLN LKWL\DFQ WP\OH LWKDODWWDQ NDUO\RUGX %RGXU \OQGDQ LWLEDUHQ EX \HUHO DUDWUPDODU SURMHOHQGLUPH oDOPDODUQ EDODPW \O
24). %RGXUXQ dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODUQQ NXUXOPDV LOH LOJLOL GQFHOHUL

\OQGD EDODP EX GQFHOHULQ UHDOL]H HGLOPHVL LOH LOJLOL SURMH LVH \OQGD RQXQ WDUDIQGDQ ROXWXUXOPXWXU \O %X SURMH\L \OQGD dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU/LPLWHGLUNHWLQL7/VHUPD\HYHRUWDNOD NXUDUDN JHUoHNOHWLUPL YH D\Q \O VHUDPLN VDQD\L LoLQ JHUHNOL HWGYHDUDWUPDODUD EDODPWU ZZZNDOHFRPWU \O 0D\V D\
nda ekoslovak Technoexport
ILUPDVQD PDNLQH YH WHoKL]DW VLSDULLQGH EXOXQXOPX ILUPD\OD WHNQLN YH WHNQRORMLN DQODPDODU \DSOPWU 7HPPX] \OQGD LVH G|QHPLQ %DEDNDQ YH 'HYOHW \HWNLOLOHULQLQ KX]XUXQGD JLULLPLQ WHPHOL DWOPWU \OQGD
ise anakkale
6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU /LPLWHG LUNHWLQLQ WU 0LO\RQ 7/ VHUPD\HOL $QH G|QWUOPWU \O dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $QLQ
VHUPD\HVLQH (WLEDQN RUDQQGD LWLUDN HWPLWLU *QHU dDQDNNDOH
Seramik FabrikaODU $L \OQGDIDDOL\HWHJHoPLWLU\O %RGXU

EX JLULLPOHUL\OH YH dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU $ LOH KDOND DoN oRN RUWDNO
ve sanayinin Anadoluya ynelmesine nclk eden, Trkiyenin ilk fayans ve izolatr reten seramik IDEULNDODUQNXUPXWXU 6DQD\LGH6HUDPLNWH\O 9).
%RGXUXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQL WHUFLK HWPHVLQGH URO R\QD\DQ K]ODQGUF IDNW|UOHU DLOHQLQ VDKLS ROGXX JLULLPFLOLN NOWU %DONHVLU /LVHVL HLWLPL 5REHUW .ROHML HLWLPL YH 1RUWK &DUROLQH hQLYHUVLWHVLQGH GDUHVL YH 3D]DUODPD <NVHN /LVDQV ELoLPLQGH WHVSLW HGLOPLWLU 7HWLNOH\LFL ROD\ LVH EDEDV YH ND\QSHGHULQLQ RUWDN JLULLPL RODQ IDEULNDGD \DDG L GHQH\LPLGLU %X L GHQH\LPLQGH ]LKQLQGH NXUJXODGNODUQ JHUoHNOHWLUHPHPHVL YH \DDG L WDWPLQVL]OLL RQXQ JLULLPFLOLN NDUL\HULQLWHUFLKHWPHVLQLWHWLNOHPLWLU
273
*LULLPFLOLN.DYUDP
2UJDQL]DV\RQOHWPH)LUPD<DUDWPD%DODWPD.XUPD
(Bird; Jelinek:1988), (Gartner: 1989a), (Gartner: 1989), (Aldrich: 1990), (Bygrave; Hofer: 1991), (Gartner; Bird: 1992), (Hills; Laforge: 1992), (Sandberg: 1992), (Miller; Simmons: 1992), (Learned: 1992), (Herron; Sapienza: 1992), (Krueger: 1993), (Hansen: 1995), (Busenitz; Lau: 1996), (Carrier: 1996), (Lado; Vozikis: 1996), (Das; Bing-Sheng: 1997), (Deeds ve
GLHUOHUL&KULVPDQYHGLHUOHUL'RGG6HDPDQ6KDUPD&KULVPDQ5XVVHOO'HVVYH GLHUOHUL.RXULORII
(Low:2000), (Gartner: 200),8FEDVDUDQYHGLHUOHUL (Bird; Brush: 2002), (Mitchell
YHGLHUOHULD+D\WRQYHGLHUOHUL7DQ$UWKXUV%XVHQLW]3DUNHU*DUWQHU$XGUHWVFK
(OGHNL.D\QDNODU'LNNDWH$OPDGDQ )UVDWODU.RYDODPD
)UVDWODU$OJODPD
Keilbach: 2004) (Aldrich: 1990), (Bygrave; Hofer: 1991), (DeanYHGLHUOHUL+XHIQHU+XQW), (Krueger; Brazeal: 1994)*, (Ropo; +XQW .UDFNKDUGW )LRO 9R]LNLV YH GLHUOHUL .UXHJHU: 2000)*, (Davidsson ve GLHUOHUL8FEDVDUDQYHGLHUOHUL (George; Zahra: 0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE (Hofer; Bygrave: 1992), (Huefner; Hunt: 1994), (Lado; Vozikis: 1996),'DYLGVVRQYHGLHUOHUL 8FEDVDUDQYH
GLHUOHUL.HKYHGLHUOHUL*DJOLR
)UVDW\DUDWPD
Teyakkuz
6DKLSdDODQ
(MitchHOOYHGLHUOHULEArthurs; Busenitz; 2003) (Minniti; Bygrave: 2001), (Gaglio:2004)

5RSR+XQW.UDFNKDUGW9R]LNLVYHGLHUOHUL
Risk Belirsiz kazan/Belirsizlik

(Hills; Laforge: 1992), (Katz: 1994), (Lado; Vozikis: 1996), 'HHGVYHGLHUOHUL

6KDUPD&KULVPDQ'HHGVYHGLHUOHUL
(Bird; Jelinek:1988), (Aldrich: 1990), (Hills; Laforge: 1992), (Huefner; Hunt: 1994), (Fiol: 1995), (Bird; Brush: 2002)
+LOOV/DIRUJH'HHGVYHGLHUOHUL6KDUPD&KULVPDQ0RUFN<HXQJ
Yenilik
<HQL%LOHLPOHU0H\GDQD*HWLUPH
(Kirchoff; 1991), (Campbell: 1992), (Eisenhauer:1995), (Lado; Vozikis: 1996), (Barrett; Weinstein: 1998), (Sharma; Chrisman: 1999)
'HDQYHGLHUOHUL+D\WRQYHGLHUOHUL6KDUPD&KULVPDQ
<HQLILUPDNXUPD0HYFXW2UJDQL]DV\RQGD*HUoHNOHWLULOHQ *LULLPVHO)DDOL\HWOHU 'HHU<DUDWP
Byme
6HUEHVWdDOPD2WRQRPLg]HUNOLN%DPV]ON 'HLLP <DUDWFON
(Bird; Jelinek:1988) ,(Fiol: 1995) (DeedVYHGLHUOHUL (Sharma; Chrisman: 1999), (Singh; DeNoble: 2003), (Parker; Gartner: 2004) (Minniti; Bygrave:1999) (Hills; Laforge: 1992, 34), (Katz: 199)
274
*LULLPFL.DYUDP
2UJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWP
(OGHNL.D\QDNODU'LNNDWH$OPDGDQ )UVDW.RYDODPD
)UVDW\DUDWDQ
Yeni istihdam Yaratan Risk stlenme

Yenilik Byme
)UVDWODU$OJODPD
Teyakkuz
<HQL%LOHLPOHU0H\GDQD*HWLUPH
Belirsizlik
<DUDWFON %DPV]2OPD 'HHU<DUDWP
(Gartner: 1989), (Gartner: 1989), (Johnson; 1990), (Bygrave; Hofer: 1991), (Campbell: 1992), (Learned: 1992), (Herron; Sapienza: 1992), (Busenitz; Lau: 1996), (Tan: 1996), (Das; Bing-6KHQJ&KULVPDQYHGLHUOHUL (Dodd; Seaman: 1998), (Sharma; Chrisman: 1999), (Russell: 1999), (Tan: 2002), (Arthurs; Busenitz: 2003) (Bygrave; Hofer: 1991), (Krueger; Brazeal: 1994)*, (Tan: 1996), (Minniti; Bygrave: 1999), (MitchelO YH GLHUOHUL E (Bygrave; Minniti: 2000) (Bygrave; Minniti: 2000), 0LWFKHOOYHGLHUOHULE (Box; White: 1993) (Box; White: 1993)*, (Eisenhauer:1995), (Tan: 1996), (Das; Bing-Sheng: 1997) (Gartner: 1989) (Star; Fondas: 1992), (Baron, Ward: 2004) (Johnson: 1990), (Campbell: 1992), (Dodd; Seaman: 1998) (Bygrave, Hofer: 1991), (Eisenhauer:1995), (Minniti; Bygrave: 1999), (Baron, Ward: 2004), (Gaglio:2004) (Eisenhauer:1995), (Minniti; Bygrave: 1999), (Gaglio:2004) (Kirchoff: 1991), (Campbell: 1992), (Box; White: 1993), (Eisenhauer:1995) (Barrett, Weinstein: 1998), (ShDUPD&KULVPDQ9R]LNLVYHGLHUOHUL (Eisenhauer:1995), (Sharma; Chrisman: 1999), (Minniti; Bygrave: 2001) (Tan: 1996), (Douglas; Shepherd: 2002) (Campbell: 1992) (Dodd; Seaman: 1998)
275
0h/$.$7<$3,/$1%5(</(51/67(6
Mehmet Ali BODUR:\OQGDQLWLEDUHQJLULLPHGDKLOROPXYHEUDKLP%RGXUXQ|]HO

KHVDSODUYHNDVDLOHLOJLOLJ|UHYOHULQHHPHNOLRODQDNDGDUGHYDPHWPLWLU
Sleyman BODUR:FUD.RPLWHVLh\HVLJ|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
+XOXVL'$0*$&,2/8EUDKLP%RGXUXQYH.DOH*UXEXQXQ%D'DQPDQJ|UHYLQGH EXOXQPDNWDGU
Remzi GULA: .DOHVHUDPLNdDQDNNDOH.DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$*HQHO0GUO

J|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
Cihat KARPUZ: Seramik GrubunXQ0DOL.RRUGLQDW|UJ|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
6HGDWg='/\OQGDJLULLPHGDKLOROPXWXUXDQGD.DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU$ *HQHO0GUOJ|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
Hasan SAZCI:\OQGDJLULLPHGDKLOROPXWXU6HUDPLN*UXEX%DNDQ<DUGPFV
J|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
Hseyin ST:\OQGD(WLEDQNQVHUPD\HSD\QWHPVLOHQJLULLPHGDKLOROPXWXUX
DQGD.DOHSRUVHOHQ$<|QHWLP.XUXOXh\HOLLYHdDQDNNDOH.DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L $'HQHWoLOLLJ|UHYOHULQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
+LOPL$+1\OQGDJLULLPHGDKLOROPXWXUXDQGD6HUDPLN*UXEX0XUDNE .DOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$0XUDNEJ|UHYOHULQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
<OPD]=(</$1.UN\OGUJLULLPGHoHLWOLPHYNLOHUGHEXOXQPXWXUXDQGD .DOHVHUDPLNYH.DOH*UXEXLUNHWOHUL*HQHO6HNUHWHULJ|UHYLQGHEXOXQPDNWDGU
276
KAYNAKA ADAMAN, Fikret ve Pat DEVINE 2002 A Reconsideration Of The Theory Of Entrepreneurship: A Participatory Approach, Review Of Poilitical Economy. Vol:14, No. 3, 329-355 AITKEN; Hugh, G., J. 1963 The Future Of Entrepreneurial Research, Explorations In Entrepreneurial History. Vol:2, No:1, 3-9 AJZEN, Icek 1991 The Theory of Planned Behavior, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Vol:50, 179-211
$.'$0XVWDID
1999a 1999b
7UNL\HQLQNWLVDGL9HoWLPDL7DULKL&LOW,$QNDUD%DU<D\QHYL 7UNL\HQLQNWLVDGL9HoWLPDL7DULKL&LOW,,$QNDUD%DU<D\QHYL
$.'(05$OL
2003 1998
'QFHGHQ8\JXODPD\D7HPHOOHWPHFLOLN%LOJLOHULVWDQEXO
Trkmen Kitapevi, YD\Q1R(LWLP'L]LVL Vizyon Ynetimi. VWDQEXO$YUXSD,QVDQ+DNODU0HUNH]L 1996 *LULLPFLOLN.OWUKtahya
$.'(05$OLYH0XUDW.$6,02/8 /LGHUOLN$UDWUPDODUh]HULQGH<DSODQdDOPDODUQQFHOHQPHVL
Ynetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Journal of Administrative Sciences. Cilt:2, No:1, 15-20 AKG, ztin 1981
$WDWUN'|QHPLQGH%DQNDFON
Atatrk Dneminde Trkiye
Ekonomisi Semineri, 8-9 Haziran, 148-185, Istanbul
277
ALA&$./,2/86XKD$ 1974
&XPKXUL\HWLPL]LQ<OON(NRQRPLN.DONQPDVQGDg]HO
7HHEEVQ<HUL9H5ROVWDQEXO
ALDRICH, Howard E. 1990 Using An Ecological Perspective To Study Organizational Founding Rates, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Vol:14, No.3, 7-21 ALDRICH, Howard ve Catherine ZIMMER 1986 Entrepreneurship Through Social Networks. The Art and The Science of Entrepreneurship, SEXTON; Donald, L, SMILOR; Raymond, W. (Eds.), Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge Massachusetts, 3-23
$/.,1(UGRDQ
1981
Atatrk Dneminde Devletilik, Atatrk Dneminde Trkiye Ekonomisi Semineri, 8-9 Haziran, 114-VWDQEXO
ALSOS, Gry Agnete ve Lars KOLVEREID 1998 The Business Gestation Process of Novice, Serial, and Paralel Business Founders, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:4, 101-114 ALTIPARMAK, Aytekin 1998
7UNL\HGH&XPKXUL\HWLQON<OODUQGD0WHHEELV6QIQQ*HOLLPL %DONHVLUhQLYHUVLWHVL6RV\DO%LOLPOHU(QVWLWV'HUJLVL&LOW6D\
65-80
$/781,,.
5HP]L
5HFDL
&2.81
(QJLQ
<,/',5,0
YH
6HUNDQ
%$<5$.7$52/8
2002
6RV\DO%LOLPOHUGH$UDWUPD<|QWHPOHUL %DV
Sakarya: Sakarya Kitabevi, 2.
278
ANDA, Faruk 1994

2VPDQO'|QHPLQGH$KLOLN7HNLODW(UFL\HVhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYH
GDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL 6D\
-14
ANDERSEN, Ebsen Sloth 2002 Railroadization As Schumpeters Standard Case: An EvolutionaryEcological Account Industry And Innovation. Vol:9, No. , 41-78 ARDICHVILI, Alexander, R. CARDOZO, S. RAY 2002 A Theory of Entrepreneurial Opportunity Identification and Development, Journal of Business Venturing. Vol:18, No:1,105-123 ARI, Kemal 2003 Byk Mbadele Trkiyeye Zorunlu G (1923-1925). VWDQEXO
7DULK9DNI<XUW<D\QODU
ARTHURS, Jonathan, D. BUSENITZ, W. Lowell 2004 The Boundaries and Limitations of Agency Theory and Stewardship Theory in the Venture Capitalist/Entrepreneur Relationship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Vol:28, No:2, 145-162 ATKINSON, W. John ve F. Bert HOSELITZ, 1958 Entrepreneurship and Personality, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, Volume:10, Number:3/4, 107-112 AUDRETSCH, B. David ve Max KEILBACH 2004 Does Entrepreneurship Capital Matter?, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:5, 419-430
$9&,2/8'RDQ
1969
Trkiyenin Dzeni. $QNDUD%LOJL<D\QHYL,NLQFL%DVP
279
$<'2$10HWLQ
2005 $QWLNdDGDQ.UHVHOOHPH\H<|QHWLP*HOHQHNOHUL9H7UNOHU,, Cilt. ]PLU8PD\<D\QODU AYDZ, Davut

2VPDQO
-Devletinde NDUK8\JXODPDVYeni Trkiye Dergisi. 6D\
Mart-Nisan, 74-81
%$,$OL 2VPDQOGDQ&XPKXUL\HWH7UN 0VOPDQ%XUMXYD]LVL2OXWXUPD dDEDODU
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. 6D\0DUW-Nisan, 266-271
BARNES, James H. Jr. 1984 Cognitive Biases and Their Impact on Strategic Planning, Strategic Management Journal. Volume:5, Number:2, 129-137 BARON, Robert A. 1998 Cognitive Mechanisms In Entrepreneurship: Why and When Entrepreneurs Think Differently Than Other People, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:13, Number:4, 275-294 2000 Psychological Perspectives On Entrepreneurship: Cognitive And Social Factors in Entrepreneurs Success,, American Psychological Society. Volume:9, Number:1 February, 15-18 2004 The Cognitive Perspective: A Valuable Tool For Answering Entrepreneurships Basic Why Question, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:19, Number:2, 221-239 BARON, Robert A.ve Thomas B. WARD 2004 Expanding Entrepreneurial Cognitions Toolbox: Potential Contributions from the Field of Cognitive Science, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:6,.553-573
280
%$55(77+LOWRQYH$UW:(,167(1
1998
The Effect Of Market Orientation And Organizational Flexibility On Corporate Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Vol. 23, No. 1, 57-70
%$$5$KPHW+DPGL
1997
Devletilik ve Devlet Mdahalesi. $QNDUD6HUPD\H3L\DVDV.XUXOX

<D\Q1RNLQFL%DVN
-54
%$70$=(IWDO OWL]DP6LVWHPLQLQ;9,,,<]\OGDNL%R\XWODU 6D\0DUW
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi.
-Nisan, 160-167
BATSTONE, Stephen ve John PHEBY 1996 Entrepreneurship And Decision Making: The Contribution Of G.L.S. Shackle, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research. Volume:2, Number:2, 34-51 BAUMOL, William J. 1968 Entrepreneurship In Economic Theory, American Economic Review. Volume:58, Number:2, 64-71 BELL, Peter F. 1967 The Direction Of Entrepreneurial Explorations. A Review Article, Explorations In Entrepreneurial History. Volume:2, Number:5, 4-11 BIONDO, John ve A. P. MACDONALD JR. 1971 Internal-External Locus of Control and Response to Influence Attempts, Journal of Personality. Volume:39, Number:3, 407-419
281
BIRD, Barbara J. 1992 The Operation Intentions In Time: The Emergence Of The New Venture Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 11-20 BIRD, Barbara ve Candida BRUSH 2002 A Gendered Perspective on Organizational Creation, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:3, 41-65 BIRD, Barbara ve Mariann JELINEK 1988 The Operation of Entrepreneurial Intentions, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:13, Number:2, 21-29 BIRD, Barbara 1988 Implementing Entrepreneurial Ideas: The Case for Intention, Academy of Management Review. Volume:13, Number:3, 442-453
%5*/&HQDS
1973
PODQO'|QHPGH7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLQLQ*HOLPHVLQL(WNLOH\HQ%DOFD Faktrler, $QNDUDNWLVDGLYH7LFDULOLPOHU$NDGHPLVL'HUJLVL6D\ 5, 1-19
BIRLEY, Sue, Caroline MOSS ve Peter SOUNDERS 1987 Do Women Entrepreneurs Require Different Training?, American Journal of Small Business. Volume:12, Number:1, 27-35
BOYD, Nancy, G. VOZIKIS ve S. GEORGE 1994 The Influence of Self-Efficacy on the Development of Entrepreneurial Intentions and Actions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:4, 63-77
282
BOONE, Christophe ve Bert De BRABANDER 1997 Self Reports and CEO Locus of Control Research: A Note, Organization Studies. Volume:18, Number:6, 949-971 BOONE, Christophe, Bert De BRABANDER ve WITTELOOSTUIJN 1996 CEO Locus of Control and Small Firm Performance: An Integrative Framework and Empirical Test, Journal of Management Studies. Volume: 33, Number:5, 667-699 BORATAV, Korkut 2002 2003 1998
7UNL\H7DULKL,9&LOWdDGD7UNL\H(GLW|U6LQD$.1&HP <D\QHYLEDVNVWDQEXO 7UNL\HNWLVDW7DULKL
-2002. $QNDUDPJH.LWDEHYL -1985. VWDQEXO*HUoHN<D\QHYL%DVN -76
7UNL\HNWLVDW7DULKL
.RUXPDF'HYOHWoL6DQD\LOHPH<OGDdDUNODUGDQ&KLSOHUH VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU
BORDEN, Richard ve Clyde HENDRICK 1973 Internal-External Locus of Control and Self-Perception Theory, Journal of Personality. Volume:41,Number:1, 32-41 BOX, Thomas, M., Margaret A. WHITE ve Steve, H. BARR 1993 A Contingency Model Of New Manufacturing Firm Performance, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:2, 31-45 BROCKHAUS, Robert H. 1980a 1980b Risk Taking Propensity of Entrepreneurs, Academy of Management Journal. Volume:23, Number:3, 509-520 Psychological and Environmental Factors Which Distinguish the Successful from the Unsuccessful Entrepreneur: A Longitudinal Study, Academy of Management Proceedings. 368-372 1975 I-E Locus of Control Scores as Predictors of Entrepreneurial Intentions, Academy of Management Proceedings. 433-435
283
BROCKHAUS, Robert H., Walter R. NORD 1979 An Exploration of Factors Affecting the Entrepreneurial Decision: Personal Characteristic vs. Environmental Conditions, Academy of Management Proceedings. 364-368 BROCKHAUS, Robert H. ve Pamela S. HORWITZ 1986 Psychology of The Entrepreneur. The Art and The Science of Entrepreneurship, Ballinger Publishing Company, Massachusetts, 25-48 BROCKNER, Joel ve Tory E. HIGGINS 2001 Regulatory Focus Theory: Implications for the Study of Emotions at Work, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Volume:86, Number:1, 35-66 BROCKNER, Joel, Srikanth PARUCHURI, Chen Lorraine IDSON ve E. Tory HIGGINS 2002 Regulatory Focus and the Probability Estimates of Conjunctive and Disjunctive Events, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Volume:87, Number:1, 5-24 BROCKNER, Joel, Tory E. HIGGINS ve Murray B. LOW 2004 Regulatory Focus Theory And The Entrepreneurial Process, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:19, Number:2, 203-220
%85$$\H
2005
'HYOHWYHDGDPODU,VWDQEXOOHWLLP<D\QODUdHYLUHQ)LNUHW
ADAMAN BUEHLER, Roger, Dale GRIFFIN ve Michael ROSS 1994 Exploring The Planning Fallacy: Why People Underestimate Their Task Completion Times, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume:67, Number:3, 366-381 284
BULL, Ivan ve Gary WILLARD 1995 Towards A Theory of Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Perspectives On Theory Building, Bull;Ivan, Thomas; Howard, Willard; Gary (Eds.), Technology, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Competitive Strategy Series, Elsevier Science Ltd., England BUSENITZ, Lowell W. ve Chung-Ming LAU 1996 A Cross-Cultural Cognitive Model Of New Venture Creation, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:20, Number:4, 25-39 BUSENITZ, Lowell W. ve Jay B. BARNEY 1997 Differences Between Entrepreneurs And Managers In Large Organizations: Biases And Heuristics In Strategic Decision-Making, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:12, Number:1,9-30 BYGRAVE, William D. ve Neil CHURCHILL 1989 The Entrepreneurship Paradigm (I): A Philosophical Look at Its Research Methodoligies, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:14, Number:1, 7-26 BYGRAVE, William D. ve Charles W. HOFER 1991 Theorizing About Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:2, 13-22 BYGRAVE, William D. ve Maria MINNITI 2000 The Social Dynamics of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:24, Number:3, 25-36 CAMPBELL, Charles A. 1992 A Decision Theory Model For Entrepreneurial Acts, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 21-27
285
CANTILLON, Richard 1931 [1755] Essay on the Nature of Trade [Essai sur la nature du commerce en gnral] Translated By: HIGGS; Henry, Macmillan, London CARLAND, James W., Frank HOY, William R. BOULTON, Jo Ann C. CARLAND 1984 Differentiating Entrepreneurs From Small Business Owners: A Conceptualization, Academy of Management Review. Volume:9, Number:2, 354-359 CARLAND Jo Ann C., Frank HOY, James W. CARLAND 1988 Who is an Entrepreneur? Is a Question Worth Asking, American Journal of Small Business. Volume:12, Number:4, 33-39 CARRIER, Camile 1996 Intrapreneurship In Small Businesses: An Exploratory Study, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:21, Number:1, 5-20
&(%(&6XDW
2002
%LOLPVHO$UDWUPDYH<D]PD7HNQLNOHUL,VWDQEXO$OID<D\QODU %DVP
CERVONE, Daniel 2000 Thinking About Self Efficacy, Behavior Modification. Volume:24, Number:1, 30-56 CHAPMAN, Margaret 2000 When The Entrepreneur Sneezes, The Organization Catches A Cold: A Practitioners Perspective On The State Of The Art In Research On The Entrepreneurial Personality And The Entrepreneurial Process, European Journal Of Work And Organizational Psychology. Volume:9, Number:1, 97-101 286
CHRISMAN, James J., Alan BAUERSCHMIDT ve Charles W. HOFER 1998 The Determinants Of New Venture Performance: An Extended Model, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:23, Number:1, 5-29 CHRISMAN, James J., CHUA, Jess H. ve Lloyd P. STEIER 2002 The Influence of National Culture and Family Involvement on Entrepreneurial Perceptions and Performance at the State Level, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:4, 113130 CIAVARELLA, Mark A., Ann K. BUCHHOLTZ, Christine M. RIORDAN Robert D. GATEWOOD, Gartnett S. STOKES 2004 The Big Five and Venture Survival: Is There a Linkage?, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:19, Number:4, 465-483 COLLINS, Christopher J., Paul J. HANGES ve A. Edwin LOCKE 2004 The Relation of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis, Human Performance. Volume:17, Number:1, 95-117
&2$51HYLQ 9DUON9HUJLVL.RQXVXQGDNL<ROVX]OXN6|\OHQWLOHUL
SBF Dergisi.
Cilt:58, 6D\
&2.81$OL &XPKXUL\HWLQON<OODUQGD7UNL\H(NRQRPLVL$WDWUNo'QFH
Dergisi6D\ 4, 72-77 CRADIT, Dennis J., Armen TASHCHIAN, Charles F. HOFACKER 1994 Signal Detection Theory and Single Observation Designs: Methods and Indices for Advertising Recognition Testing, Journal of Marketing Research. Volume:XXXI, February,117-127
287
CROMIE, Stanley 2000 Assessing Entrepreneurial Inclinations: Some Approaches and Empirical Evidence, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Volume:9, Number:1, 7-30 CROWE, Ellen ve Tory E. HIGGINS 1997 Regulatory Focus and Strategic Inclinations: Promotion and Prevention in Decision Making, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Volume:69, Number:2, 117-132 CUNNINGHAM, Barton J. ve Joe LISCHERON 1991 Defining Entrepreneurship, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:29, Number:1, 45-61 AHA, mer
2VPDQOGD6LYLO7RSOXP
Ankara niversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler
Fakltesi Dergisi. Cilt: 49, No: 3-4, 79-99 AVDAR, Tevfik 1992 2003 Trkiyede Liberalizm (1860-1990). $QNDUDPJH.LWDEHYL<D\QODU 41 Trkiye Ekonomisinin Tarihi 1900-1960. Ankara: PJH.LWDEHYL
<D\QODU
d(/.$GQDQYH7DKLU$.*(0&
1998
*LULLPFLOLN.OWUYH.RELOHU$QNDUD1REHO<D\Q'DWP<D\Q
No: 45
d(71'$0$5'LOHN
2002
7UNL\HGH*LULLPFLOLNVWDQEXO/HELE<DONQ<D\PODUYH%DVP
OHUL$7h6$'
288
dd(.5DKPL WWLKDW9H7HUDNNLQLQ0LOOL6HUPD\H2OXWXUPD*LULLPLQGH7DUD gUQHL
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi, Mart-1LVDQ6D\-313
d=$.d$0XUDW 2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQGDo%RUoODQPDQQ(YULPL;9<]\OGDQ ;,;<]\OD
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-159
DAFT, Richard L. ve Karl E. WEICK 1984 Toward a Model of Organizations as Interpretation Systems, Academy of Management Review. Volume:9, Number:2, 284-295
'$'(05g]FDQ 7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLQGH<RNVXOOXN6RUXQXYH<RNVXOOXXQ$QDOL]L
1994, +DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGari Bilimler Fakltesi Dergisi. &LOW6D\-40 DAS, T. K. ve Bing-Sheng TENG 1997 1999 Time and Entrepreneurial Risk Behavior, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22 Number:2, 69-88 Cognitive Biases and Strategic Decision Process: An Integrative Perspective, Journal of Management Studies. Volume:36, Number:6, 757-774 DAVIDSSON, Per, Murray B. LOW ve Mike WRIGHT 2001 Editors Introduction: Low and MacMillian Ten Years On: Achievements and Future Directions For Entrepreneurship Research, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:25, Number: 4, 5-15 DEAN, Thomas J., Dale G. MEYER ve Julio DECASTRO 1993 Determinants Of New-Firm Formations In Manufacturing Industries: Industry Dynamics, Entry Barriers and Organizational Inertia, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:2, 49-59 289
DECARLO, James F. ve Paul R. LYONS 1979 A Comparasion of Selected Personal Characteristics of Minority and Non-minority Female Entrepreneurs, Academy of Management Proceedings. 369-373 1980 Toward A Contingency Theory Of Entrepreneurship Journal Of Small Business Management. Volume:18, Number:3, 37-42 DECARLO, Lawrence T. 2002 A Latent Class Extension of Signal Detection Theory, with Applications, Multivarite Behavioral Research. Volume:37, Number:4, 423-451 DEEDS, David L., Dona DECAROLIS ve Joseph E. COOMBS 1998 Firm-Specific Resources and Wealth Creation in High-Technology Ventures: Evidence from Newly Public Biotechnology Firms, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:3, 55-73 DESS, Gregory G., G.T. LUMPKIN ve Jeffrey E. MCGEE 1999 Linking Corporate Entrepreneurship To Strategy, Structure, And Process: Suggested Research Directions, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:23, Number:3, 85
'HYOHWVWDWLVWLN(QVWLWV
2004
7UNL\HVWDWLVWLN<OO
'HYOHW3ODQODPD7HNLODW
1964 1967 1973 1979
%LULQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ NLQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
-1967). Ankara
-1972). Ankara
nc Be<OON.DONQPD3ODQ-1977). $QNDUD<D\Q No: 1272

'|UGQF%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
-1983). Ankara
290
1984 1989 1990 1991 2000 2003
%HLQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ $OWQF%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
-1989). Ankara -2000). Ankara
-1994). Ankara
<HGLQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ
Trkiyede Planlama Ve Serbest Piyasa Ekonomisi. $QNDUD'373% Uzun Vadeli Strateji vH6HNL]LQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ2005). Ankara
7UNL\H6DQD\L3ROLWLNDV$%h\HOLLQH'RUX$XVWRV
<D\QODU(GLV\RQ(</h/
'1d(/*OD\ ]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLQGH6DQD\L.HVLPL<OGDdDUNODUGDQ
Chiplere. VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU-29
'97d2/86HQFHU
1967
$V\DhUHWLP7DU]9H2VPDQO7RSOXPX.DQGLOOL.|]<D\QODU
DODD, Sarah Drakopoulo ve Paul Timothy SEAMAN 1998 Religion And Enterprise: An Introductory Exploration, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:23, Number:1, 71-86 DOUGLAS, Evan J. ve Dean A. SHEPHERD 2002 Self-Employment as a Career Choice: Attitudes, Entrepreneurial Intentions, and Utility Maximization, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:3, 81-90 DUHAIME, Irene M. ve Charles R. SCHWENK 1985 Conjectures on Cognitive Simplification in Acquisition and Divestment Decision Making, Academy of Management Review. Volume:10, Number:2, 287-295
291
DUMAN, Mehmet
.UHVHOOHPHdDQGD7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLQGH%DPOONYH%\PH
Bilgi 6D\1R-44 DURA, Cihan 1995 $WDWUNQ7UNL\HQLQNWLVDGL.DONQPDVKDNNQGDNL)LNLU6LVWHPL zerine Bir Deneme, Erciyes niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi. 6D\-331 DURUSOY, Serap 2000 ok Partili Dneme.DGDU7UNL\HQLQNWLVDGL<DSODPDVQGD'HYOHWoL
3ROLWLND\DOLNLQ<DNODPYH7DUWPDODU$EDQW]]HW%D\VDO
niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstits Dergisi. 6D\-183 DYER, Gibb W. ve Wendy HANDLER 1994 Entrepreneurship and Family Business: Exploring the Connections, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:1, 71-83 EDEN, Dov ve Arie AVIRAM 1993 Self Efficacy Training to Speed Reemployment: Helping People to Help Themselves, Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume:78, Number:3, 352-360 EISENHAUER, Joseph G. 1995 The Entrepreneurial Decision: Economic Theory and Empirical Evidence, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:4, 67-79 ELIASSON, Gunnar ve Magnus HENREKSON 2004 William J. Baumol:An Entrepreneurial Economist On The Economics Of Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics. Volume:23, Number:1, 1-7
292
(1*1$\GQ
1999
'HPLU$ODUODgUGN$QD\XUGX'|UW%DWDQ<OGDdDUNODUGDQ
Chiplere. VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU-36
%LUHNHU+LND\HVL$OSXOXHNHU)DEULNDV<OGDdDUNODUGDQ
Chiplere. VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU-42 ENTRIALGO, Montserrat, Esteban FERNANDEZ ve Camilo J. VAZQUEZ 2000 Characteristics of Managers as Determinants of Entrepreneurial Orientation: Some Spanish Evidence, Enterprise, Innovation Management Studies. Volume:1, Number:2, 187-205 EMSEN, Seluk . 2002 Trkiyede 1994-'|QHPLQGH8\JXODQDQ,VWLNUDU3ROLWLNDODU -Trkiye Manas niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. -108
.UJ]LVWDQ 6D\
(5'2081LKDW
2004
$LOHOHWPHOHULNLQFL.XDQ<HWLWLULOPHVLVWDQEXO*$'
<D\QODU*LULLP.LWDSODU 2WREL\RJUDILOHULQ$QDOL]L<ROX\OD*LULLPFLDGDPODUQQ.DUL\HU *HOLLPL+DNNQGD%LUQFHOHPH
Erciyes niversitesi 8. Ulusal
Ynetim ve Organizasyon Kongresi, 25-0D\V
(5*h1VPDW 'QGHQ%XJQH7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLYHNLELQOL<OODUD%LU%DN +DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL &LOW6D\
-75
ERIKSON, Truls 2003 Towards A Taxonomy Of Entrepreneurial Learning Experiences Among Potential Entrepreneurs, Journal Of Small Business And Enterprise Development. Volume:10, Number:1, 106-112 293
ETE, Muhlis 1997

7UNL\HGH'HYOHWOHWPHFLOLL$QNDUD6HUPD\H3L\DVDV.XUXOX
NLQFL%DVN<D\Q1
o: 93, 60-76
)$'$+816,$NQ
2000
Researching Informal Entrepreneurship in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Note on Field Methodology, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Volume:5, Number:3,249-260
FARADAY, Annabel ve Kenneth PLUMMER 1979 Doing Life Histories, Sociological Review. Volume:27, Number:4, 773- 798 FAROQHI, Suraiya 2004
2VPDQO'Q\DVQGDhUHWPHN3D]DUODPDN<DDPDNVWDQEXO<DS
.UHGL<D\QODU
-1904, Tarih-7RSOXPVDO7DULK$UDWUPDODU'L]LVL
dHYLUHQOHU*OdDDO*YHQg]JU7UHVD\
FINEMAN, Stephan 1977 The Achievement Motive Construct and its Measurement: Where are we now?, British Journal of Psychology. Volume:68, Number:1 , 1-22 FIOL, Marlene C. 1995 Thought Worlds Colliding: The Role Of Contradiction In Corporate Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:3, 71-90 FONTAINE, Philippe 1999 Classical Political Economy Between Two Fires: Jean-Baptiste Say And Frank h. Knight on the enterprise economy, History Of Political Economy. Volume:31, Number:1, 1-28
QQRYDWLRQ3URFHVVHV
294
FORGAS, Joseph P. 1994 The Role of Emotion in Social Judgments: an introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM), European Journal of Social Psychology. Volume:24,Number:1,1-24 1995 Mood and Judgment: The Affect Infusion Model (AIM), Psychological Bulletin. Volume:117, Number:1, 39-66 FORGAS, Joseph P. ve Klaus FIEDLER 1996 Us and Them: Mood Effects on Intergroup Discrimination, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume:70, Number:1, 28-40 FORGAS, Joseph P. ve Patrick VARGAS 1998 Affect and Behavior Inhibition: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Processing Strategies, Psychological Inquiry. Volume:9, Number:3, 205-236 FORGAS, Joseph P. 2002a 2002b Feelings and Doing: Affective Influences on Interpersonal Behavior, Psychological Inquiry. Volume:13, Number:1, 1-28 Toward Understanding the Role of Affect in Social Thinking and Behavior, Psychological Inquiry. Volume:13, Number:1, 90-102 GAGLIO, Connie Marie 2004 The Role of Mental Simulations and Conterfactual Thinking in the Opportunity Identification Process, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:6, 533-552 GAGLIO, Connie Marie ve Jerome A. KATZ 2001 The psychological basis of opportunity identification: Entrepreneurial alertnes, Small Business Economics. Volume:16, Number:2, 95-111
295
GARTNER, William B. 2001 Is There an Elephant in Entrepreneurship? Blind Assumptions in Theory Development, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:25, Number:4, 27-39 1989a 1989b Who is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 13, No:4, 47-68 Some Suggestions for Research on Entrepreneurial Traits and Characteristics, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:14, Number:1, 27-37 1988 1985 Who is an Entrepreneur? Is the Wrong Question, American Journal of Small Business. Volume:12, Number:4, 11-32 A Conceptual Framework for Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation, Academy of Management Review. Volume:10, Number:4, 696-706 GARTNER, William B. ve Barbara J. BIRD 1992 Acting as if: Differentiating Entrepreneurial From Organizational Behavior, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:3, 13-31
*('./)HWKL
1998
2VPDQOLUNHW.OWUVWDQEXO]\D\QFONQFHOHPH
$UDWUPD'L]LVL 2VPDQOLUNHWOHUL
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-94
GEN, Mehmet 2000

2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQGD'HYOHW9H(NRQRPLVWDQEXOgWNHQ
<D\QODU<D\Q1R.OWU6HULVL
GEORGE, Gerard ve Shaker A. ZAHRA 2002 Culture and Its Consequences for Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:4, 5-8 296
GILMOR, Timothy M. ve Henry L. MINTON 1974 Internal Versus External Attribution of Task Performance as a Function of Locus of Control, Initial Confidence and Success-Failure Outcome,
Journal of Personality. Volume:42, Number:1, 159-174
GOSS, David 2005 Schumpeters Legacy? Interaction And Emotions In The Sociology Of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:29, Number:2, 205- 218 GKE, Birsen 2004
7RSOXPVDO%LOLPOHUGH$UDWUPD$QNDUD6DYD<D\QODU%DVP
*g.'(052NWD\ ;,;<]\OGD2VPDQO%RUoODU9H0DOLIODV
Mart-1LVDQ6D\- 265 GRANOVETTER, Marks S. 1973 The Strength of Weak Ties, American Journal of Sociology. Volume:78, Number:6, 1360-1380 GRANT, Heidi ve Tory E. HIGGINS 2003 Optimism,Promotion Pride, and Prevention Pride as Predictors of Quality of Life, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Volume:29, Number:12,1521-1532 GREENBERGER, David B. ve Donald L. SEXTON 1988 An Interactive Model of New Venture Initiation, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:26, Number:3, 1-7
297
GREVE, Arent ve Janet W. SALAFF 2003 Social Networks and Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:1, 1-22 GNER, Recep 2002
.DOHVHUDPLNdDQDNNDOH.DOHERGXU6HUDPLN$3HUVRQHO
5RWDV\RQX(O.LWDE
an
GVEL, Enver Alper

7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLQLQ.VD'|QHP$QDOL]L
-1997): Makro
Politikalar ve Ekonomik Dalgalanmalar zerine Ekonometrik Bir

QFHOHPHdXNXURYDhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL
Dergisi. &LOW6D\17-41 HALEY, Usha C.V. ve Stephen A. STUMPF 1989 Cognitive Trails In Strategic Decision-Making: Linking Theories of Personalities And Cognitions, Journal of Management Studies. Volume:26, Number:5, 477-497 HANSEN, Eric L. 1995 Entrepreneurial Networks And New Organization Growth, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:4, 7-19 HANSEN, Eric L.ve Max S. WORTMAN 1989 Entrepreneurial Networks: The Organization in Vitro, Academy of Management Proceedings. 69-73 HANSEMARK, Ove C. 1998 The Effects of an Entrepreneurship Programme on Need for Achievement and Locus of Control of Reinforcement, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. Volume:4, Number:1, 28-50 298
2003
Need For Achievement, Locus of Control and the Prediction of Business Start-ups: A Longitudinal Study, Journal of Economic Psychology. Volume:24, Number:3, 301-319
HAYTON, James C., Gerard GEORGE ve Shaker A. ZAHRA 2002 National Culture and Entrepreneurship: A Review of Behavioral Research, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:4, 33-52 HERRON, Lanny ve Harry J. SAPIENZA 1992 The Entrepreneur And The Initiation Of New Venture Launch Activities, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 49-55 HIGGINS, Tory E. 1997 Beyond pleasure and Pain, American Psychologist. Volume:52, 12801300. HIGGINS, Tory E., Ronald S. FRIEDMAN, Robert E. HARLOW, Lorraine Chen IDSON, zlem N. AYDUK ve Amy LAYLOR 2001 Achievement Orientations From Subjective Histories of Success: Promotion Pride Versus Prevention Pride, European Journal of Social Psychology. Volume:31,Number:1,3-23 HILLS, Gerald E. ve Raymond W. LAFORGE
5HVHDUFKDW7KH0DUNHWLQJQWHUIDFH7R$GYDQFH(QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS
Theory, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:3, 33-59 HISRICH, Robert D. 2000 Can Psychological Approaches Be Used Effectively: An Overview, European Journal Of Work And Organizational Psychology. Volume:9, Number:1, 93-96
299
HMIELESKI, Keith M. ve Andrew C. CORBETT 2006 Proclivity for Improvisation as a Predictor of Entrepreneurial Intentions, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:44, Number:1, 45-63 HOFER, Charles W. ve William D. BYGRAVE 1992 Researching Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:3, 91-100 HORNADAY, John A. ve John ABOUD 1971 Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs, Personnel Psychology. Volume:24, Number:2, 141-153 HORNADAY, Robert W. 1992 Thinking About Entrepreneurship: A Fuzzy Set Approach, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:30, Number:4, 12-23 HOSELITZ, Bert F. 1951a 1951b The Early History of Entrepreneurial Theory, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History. Volume:3, Number:4, 193-220 Entrepreneurship And Economic Growth, The American Journal Of Economics And Sociology. Volume:12, Number:1 , 98-110 HOY, Frank ve Trudy G. VERSER 1994 Emerging Business, Emerging Fiekd: Entrepreneurship and the Family Firm, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:1, 9-23 HUEFNER, Jonathan C. ve Keith H. HUNT 1994 Broadening The Concept Of Entrepreneurship: Comparing Business And Consumer Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:3, 61-75 300
HUUL, David L., John J. BOSLEY ve Gerald G. UDELL 1980 Renewing The HuQW)RU7KH+HIIDOXPSGHQWLI\LQJ3RWHQWLDO Entrepreneurs By Personality Characteristics, Journal Of Small Business Management, Volume:18, Number:1, 11-18 IDSON, Lorraine Chen, Nira LIBERMAN ve Tory E. HIGGINS 2004 Imagining How Youd Feel: The Role of Motivational Experiences From Regulatory Fit, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Volume:30, Number:7, 926-937
/.1$NQ
1981
Atatrk Dneminde Sana\L3ROLWLNDVAtatrk Dneminde Trkiye Ekonomisi Semineri. VWDQEXO-9 Haziran, 88-113
1$1$IHW
1972 1989
'HYOHWoLOLNONHVL9H7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLQLQ%LULQFL6DQD\L3ODQ
1933. Ankara: Trk Tarih Kurumu <D\QODU;,96HUL-Sa. 14

]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLXEDW
-4 Mart 1923. Ankara: Atatrk
.OWU'LO9H7DULK<NVHN.XUXPX7UN7DULK.XUXPX<D\QODU
XVI. Dizi-Sa. 46
1$16OH\PDQ
2002
9DUON9HUJLVLOHOJLOL'HHUOHQGLUPHOHUH7UN(NRQRPLVL$oVQGDQ Trk Yurdu Dergisi. &LOW6D\-38.
.VD%LU%DN
5(1&LKDW
1997
Devletilik. $QNDUD6HUPD\H3L\DVDV.XUXOX<D\Q1R-NLQFL
%DVN
JENKS, Leland H. 1950 Approachs to Entrepreneurial Personality, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History. Volume:2, Number:2, 91-99 301
JENNINGS, Daniel F. ve Carl P. ZEITHAMI 1983 Locus Of Control: A Review and Directions for Entrepreneurial Research, Academy of Management Proceedings. 417-421 JENSSEN, Jan Inge ve Harold F. KOENNIG 2002 The Effect of Social Networks on Resource Allocation and Business Start- ups European Planning Studies. Volume:10, Number:8, 10391046 JENSSEN, Jan Inge ve Arent GREVE 2002 Does The Degree of Redundancy in Social Networks Influence the Success of Business start-ups?, International Entrepreneurial BehaviorandResearch. Volume:8, Number:5, 254-267 JOHNSON, Bradley R. 1990 Toward A Multidimensional Model Of Entrepreneurship: The Case Of Achievement Motivation And The Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:14, Number:3, 39-54 KAHNEMAN, Daniel ve Dan LOVALLO 1993 Timid Choices And Bold Forecasts: A Cocnitive Perspective On The Risk Taking, Management Science. Volume:39, Number:1, 17-31 KANSU, Gnal 2004
3ODQO<OODU$QODUOD'37QLQg\NVVDQEXO7UNL\H%DQNDV
.OWU<D\QODU*HQHO<D\Q(NRQRPL'L]LVL%DVP
.$5$%(.5.D]P
2001
[1923] +DWUDYH=DEWODU\OD]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVLNWLVDW
(VDVODUP]<D\QD+D]UOD\DQODU2UKDQ+h/$*hgPHU+DNDQ g=$/3(PUH<D\QODUVWDQEXO
302
.$5$.2<81/8<OPD]
1997
7UN(NRQRPLVLQGHdDGDODPD6UHFLVWDQEXO'L\DORJ<D\QODU
.$6$%$5HDW
1993
2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXX9H'Q\D(NRQRPLVLVWDQEXO%HOJH
<D\QODU
KASIMOGLU, Murat 2006 An Investigation into the Death of Organizations from old Age in Turkey, European Business Review. Volume:18, Number:1, 14-32 KATZ, Jerome A. 1992 1994 A Psychological Cognitive Model of Employment Status Choice, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 29-37 Modelling Entrepreneurial Career Progressions: Concepts And Considerations, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:2, 23-39 KAUFMANN, Patrick J., Dianne H.B. WELSH ve Nicholas V. BUSHMARIN 1995 Locus Of Control And Entrepreneurship in The Russian Republic, Entrepreneurship Theory And Practice. Volume:20, Number:1, 43-56
.$='$/,+DVDQ 7&0HUNH]%DQNDVQQ.XUXOX7DULKoHVLYH 3DUD3ROLWLNDVQQ9DU<|QWHPLOH$QDOL]L
-1938 Dnemindeki -53
Hacettepe niversitesi
NWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL&LOW6D\
KEH, Hean Tat, Maw Der FOO ve Boon Chong LIM 2002 Opportunity Evaluation under Risky Conditions: The Cognitive Processes of Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Vol. 27, No. 2, 125-148
303
KEMELGOR, Bruce H. 1985 A Longitudinal Analysis of the Transition from Organization Man to Entrepreneur, Academy of Management Proceedings. 67-70 KEPENEK, Yakup 1999 Trkiyenin 1980 SonUDV6DQD\LOHPH6UHFL<OGDdDUNODUGDQ Chiplere. VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU-240 KETS DE VRIES, M.F.R. 1977 The Entrepreneurial Personality: A Person at the Crossroads, Journal of Management Studies. Volume:14, Number:1, 34-57
.(<'(5dDODU
1993
'Q\D(NRQRPLVLoLQGH7UNL\H
-1929). VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI
<XUW<D\QODU7UNL\H$UDWUPDODU
.,/,d'$52/8.HPDO
1997
7UNL\HNWLVDW.RQJUHV
i. $QNDUD6HUPD\H3L\DVDV.XUXOX
<D\Q1RNLQFL%DVN
KIRCHOFF, Bruce A. 1991 Entrepreneurship's Contribution To Economics, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:2, 93-112
.3$/8ODYHg]JU8<$1,.
20017UNL\H0LOOLNWLVDW7DULKL'HYOHWoLOLN%H\ROX-VWDQEXO.D\QDN

<D\QODU
KNOWLES, Patricia A., Stephen J. GROVE ve Kay KECK 1994 Signal Detection Theory and Sales Effectiveness, Journal of Personal SellingandSales Management. Volume:XIV, Number:2 Spring, 1-14
304
KLUGER, Avraham N., Elena STEPHAN, Yoav GANZACH ve Meirav HERSHKOVITZ 2004 The Effect of Regulatory Focus on the Shape of Probability-Weighting Function: Evidence from a Cross-Modality Matching Method, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. Volume:95, Number:1, 20-39 KNIGHT, Frank H. 1921 Risk Uncertanity and Profit. Boston: MA: Hart, Schaffner and Marx; Houghton Mifflin Company KOEL, Tamer 2003
OHWPH<|QHWLFLOLLVWDQEXO%HWD<D\QHYL
.GHPOLOHWPHOHU,$LOHOHWPHOHUL.RQJUHVL%LOGLULOHU.LWDE VWDQEXO
-18 Nisan, 808- 851, Istanbul Kltr niversitesi, Editr:
Tamer KOEL KOH, Hian Chye 1996 Testing Hypotheses of Entrepreneurial Characteristics A Study of Hong Kong MBA Students, Journal of Managerial Psychology. Volume:11, Number:3, 12-22 KOLVEREID, Lars 1996 Prediction of Employment Status Choice Intentions, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:21 Number:1, 47 KONGAR, Emre 2002
<]\OGD7UNL\HVWDQEXO5HP]L.LWDSHYL%\N)LNLU.LWDSODU
Dizisi
305
KORALTRK, Murat
'HYOHWoL6DQD\L3ROLWLNDODUYH$OLNWLVDW0HFOLVL<OGD
arklardan Chiplere. 7DULK9DNI<D\QODUVWDQEXO-69 KORUNKA, Christian, Hermann FRANK, Manfred LUEGER ve Josef MUGLER 2003 The Entrepreneurial Personality in the Context of Resources, Environment and the Startup Process- A Configurational Approach, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:1, 23-42 KOURILOFF; Michail 2000 Exploring Perceptions of A Priori Barriers to Entrepreneurship: A Multidisciplinary Approach, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:25, Number:2, 59-79 KRACKHARDT, David 1995 Entrepreneurial Opportunities In An Entrepreneurial Firm: A Structural Approach, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:3, 53-69
KROVETZ, Martin L. 1974 Eplaining Success or Failure as a Function of ones Locus of Control, Journal of Personality. Volume:42, Number:2, 175-189 KRUEGER, Norris 1993 The Impact of Prior Entrepreneurial Exposure on Perceptions of New Venture Feasibility and Desirability, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:1, 5-21 KRUEGER, Norris F.Jr. ve Deborah V. BRAZEAL 1994 Entrepreneurial Potential And Potential Entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:3, 91104 306
KRUEGER, Norris F.Jr. ve Peter R. DICKSON 1994 How Believing in Ourselves increases Risk Taking: Perceived Self Efficacy And Opportunity Recognition. Decision Sciences. Volume:25, Number:3, 385-400 KRUEGER, Norris F. Jr. 2000 The Cognitive Infrastructure of Opportunity Emergence, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:24, Number:3, 5-23 KRUEGER, Norris F. Jr., Michael D. REILLY ve Alan CARSRUD 2000 Competing Models of Entrepreneurial Intentions, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:15, Number:5, 411-432 KRUEGER, Justin ve Matt EVANS 2004 If You Dont Want To Be Late,Enumerate: Unpacking Reduces the Planning Fallacy, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Volume:40, Number:5, 586-598 KURAN, Timur 202VPDQO/RQFD7HNLODWh]HULQGHVODPL(WNLOHUYeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-62 KURATKO, Donald F. ve Richard M. HODGETTS 1998 Entrepreneurship A Contemporary Approach. United States of America: The Dryden Pres, Fourth Edition KURU, Bilsay 1987 Mustafa Kemal Dneminde Ekonomi. <HQLHKLU-Ankara: Bilgi
<D\QODU%LOJL'L]LVL ODUQ6DQD\L+DUHNHWLQGH8QXWXODQODUYH$]%LOLQHQOHU <OGD
arklardan Chiplere. VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU-106
307
KKKALAY, Abdullah M.
2VPDQO7RSUDN6LVWHPL
-Miri Rejim, Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-
Nisan, 6D\-46 LADO, Augustine A., George S. VOZIKIS 1996 Transfer Of Technology to Promote Entrepreneurship In Developing Countries: An Integration and Proposed Framework, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:21, Number:2, 55-75 LARSON, Andrea ve Jennifer A. STARR 1993 A Network Model of Organization Formation, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:2, 5-15 LAU, Chung-Ming ve Lowell, W. BUSENITZ 2001 Growth Intentions of Entrepreneurs in a Transitional Economy: The Peoples Republic of China, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:1, 5-20 LEARNED, Kevin E. 1992 What Happened Before the Organization? A Model of Organization Formation, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 39-48 LIBERMAN, Nira, Lorraine Chen IDSON, Christopher J. CAMACHO, Tory E. HIGGINS 1999 Promotion and Prevention Choices Between Stability and Change, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume:77, Number:6, 1135-1145
308
LIEBENSTEIN, Harvey 1968 1977 Entrepreneurship and Development, American Economic Review. Volume:58, Number:2, 72-83 X-Efficiency Theory, Conventional Entrepreneurship, And Excess Capacity Creation In LDCs, Economic Development And Cultural Change. Volume:25, 288-299 LITTUNEN, Hannu 2000 Entrepreneurship and The Characteristics Of The Entrepreneurial Personality, International Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research. Volume:6, Number:6, 295-309 LITTUNEN, Hannu ve Esa STORHAMMAR 2000 The Indicators Of Locus Of Control in The Small Business Context, Journal Of Entreprising Culture. Volume:8, Number:4, 343-360 LITZINGER, William D. 1963 Entrepreneurial Prototype in Bank Management: A Comparative Study Of Branch Bank Managers, Academy of Management Journal. Volume:6, Number:1, 36-45 1965 The Motel Entrepreneur And The Motel Manager, Academy of Management Journal. Volume:8, Number: 4, 268-281 LONG, Wayne 1983 The Meaning of Entrepreneurship, American Journal of Small Business. Volume:8, Number: 2, 47-56 LONGENECKER, Justin G. ve John E. SCHOEN 1975 The Essence Of Entrepreneurship, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:13, Number:3, 26-32
309
LOUW L., Van S.M. EEDEN, J.K BOSCH ve D.J.L. VENTER 2003 Entrepreneurial Traits of Undergraduate Students At Selected South African Tertiary Institutions, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research. Volume:9, Number:1, 5-26 LOW, Murray B. ve Ian C. MACMILLAN 1988 Entrepreneurship: Past Research and Future Challenges, Journal of Management. Volume:14, Number:2, 139-161 LOW, Murray B. 2001 The Adolescence of Entrepreneurship Research: Specification of Purpose, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, Volume:25, Number:4, 17-25 MAKAL, Ahmet 1997
2VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQGDdDOPDOLNLOHUL
-1920. Ankara:
PJH.LWDSHYL<D\QODU%DVN
MARKMAN, Gideon D., David B. BALKIN ve Robert A. BARON 2002 Inventors and New Venture Formation: the Effects of General Self Efficacy and Regretful Thinking, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:2, 149-165 MARSH, Herbert W. ve Garry E. RICHARDS 1987 The Multidimensionality of the Rotter I-E Scale its Higher-Order Structure: An Application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Multivarite Behavioral Research. Volume:22, Number:1 ,39-69 MARSHALL, Alfred 1964 [1890] Principles of Economics: An Introductory Volume Macmillan, 8th Edition, London
310
MARTAL, Abdullah
2VPDQO6DQD\LOHPHdDEDODU;,;<]\O
Mart-1LVDQ6D\-221 MARTIN, Wade W. ve Marta ROVIRA 1981 Signal Detection Theory: its implications for Social Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Volume:7, Number:2, 232239 MESCON, Timothy ve John N. MONTANARI 1981 The Personalities of Independent and Franchise Entrepreneurs, An Empirical Analysis of Concepts, Journal of Enterprise Management. Volume:3, Number:2, 413-417 MCCLELLAND, David C., John W. ATKINSON, Russell A. CLARK ve Edgar L. LOWELL 1953 The Achievement Motive. New York, USA: Appleton-Century-Crofts
MCCLELLAND, David C. 1965 1962 1961 Achievement Motivation Can Be Developed, Harvard Business Review. Volume:43, Number:6, 6-24,178 Business Drive and National Achievement, Harvard Business Review. Volume:40, Number:4, 99-112 The Achieving Society. New Jersey, USA: D. Van Nostrand Company, Princeton MCCLELLAND, David C. ve David G. WINTER 1971 Motivating Economic Achievement. New York, USA: The Free Press
MCCLELLAND, David C. ve David H. BURNHAM 1976 Power is the Great Motivator, Harvard Business Review.Volume:54, Number:2, 100-110 311
1977 1995 2004
Power is the Great Motivator, The Mckinsey Ouarterly. Summer, Number:2, 27-45 Power is the Great Motivator, Harvard Business Review.Volume:73, Number:1, 126-139 Power is the Great Motivator, Harvard Business Review.Volume:81, Number:1, 117-126
MCGRATH, Rita Gunther 1999 Falling Forward: Real Options Reosining And Entrepreneurial Failure, The Academy of Management Review. Volume:24, Number:1 MILLER, Lynn E. ve Karen A. SIMMONS 1992 Differences in Management Practices Of Founding And Nonfounding Chief Executives of Human Service Organizations, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number: 4, 31-40 MINER, John B. ve Nambury S. RAJU 2004 Risk Propensity Differences Between Managers and Entrepreneurs and Between Low- and High-Growth Entrepreneurs: A Reply in a More Conservative Vein, Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume:89, Number:1, 3-13 MINNITI, Maria ve William BYGRAVE 1999 2001 The Microfoundations of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:23, Number:4, 41-52 A Dynamic Model of Entrepreneurial Learning, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:25, Number:3, 5-16 MIRON, David ve David C. MCCLELLAND 1979 The Impact of Achievement Motivation Training on Small Businesses, California Management Review. Volume:21, Number:4, 13-28
312
MITCHELL, Ronald K., Brock J. SMITH, Eric A. MORSE, Kristie W. SEAWRIGHT, Ana Maria PEREDO VE Brian MCKENZIE 2002a Are Entrepreneurial Cognitions Universal? Assessing Entrepreneurial Cognitions Across Cultures, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:4, 9-32
MITCHELL, Ronald K., Lowell BUSENITZ, Theresa LANT, Patricia P. MCDOUGALL, Eric A. MORSE ve Brock J. SMITH 2002b Toward a Theory of Entrepreneurial Cognition: Rethinking the People Side of Entrepreneurship Research, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:2, 93-104
MITCHELL, Terence R., Charles M. SMYSER ve Stan E. WEED 1975 Locus Of Control: Supervision And Work Satisfaction, Academy of Management Journal. Volume:18, Number:3, 623-631
MITTON, Darly G. 1989 The Compleat Entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice.Volume:13, Number:3, 9-19
MORCK, Randall ve Bernard YEUNG 2003 Agency Problems in Large Family Business Groups, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:4, 367 382
025*/2UKDQ
1999
7UN(NRQRPLVLQLQ<DSVYHOL<OODUGD8\JXODQDFDN
%\PH3ROLWLNDODU(UFL\HVhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU
Fakltesi Dergisi. ISSN: 1301-6D\-25
313
MORRIS, Michael H., Leyland F. PITT ve Pierre BERTHON 1996 Entrepreneurial Activity In The Third World Informal Sector, Internetional Journal Of Entrepreneurial Behavior and Research Volume:2, Number:1, 59-76 MORRIS, Michael H., LEWIS, Pamela S. ve Donald L. SEXTON 1994 Reconceptualizing Entrepreneurship: An Input-Output Perspective, S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal. Volume:59, Number:1 MORRIS, Michael H. 2001 Entrepreneurship Is Economic Development Is Entrepreneurship, Journal Of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Volume:6, Number:3, 56 2002 Revisiting Who Is The Entrepreneur, Journal Of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Volume:7, Number:1, 5-7 MOURA, Mario Da Graa 2003 Schumpeter On The Integration Of Theory And History Europen Journal History Of Economic Thought. Volume:10, Number:2, 279301
0h)7h2/87DPHU
1996
*LULLPFLOLN(VNLHKLU$QDGROXhQLYHUVLWHVL<D\QODU1R
$oN|UHWLP)DNOWHVL<D\QODU1R
0h)7h2/87DPHUYH7OLQ'858.$1
2004
*LULLPFLOLNYH.RELOHU
Ankara: Gazi Kitapevi
0h)7h2/8 726812/8
7DPHU
<OPD]
h53(5
0HKPHW
%$$5
YH
7XEHUN
%
2004
*LULLPFLOLN(VNLHKLU$QDGROXhQLYHUVLWHVL<D\Q1R
$oN|UHWLP)DNOWHVL<D\Q1R
314
NAFFZIGER, Douglas W., Jeffrey S. HORNSBY ve Donald F. KURATKO 1994 A Proposed Research Model of Entrepreneurial Motivation, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:18, Number:3, 29-41
1$1&,NU
2002
15-<]\OODUGD2VPDQONWLVDW=LKQL\HWLVWDQEXO2NXPX$GDP
<D\QODU7DULK'L]LVL
OKTAR, Suat
&XPKXUL\HWLQ%DQGD3DUDVDO6RUXQODUYH0HUNH]%DQNDVQQ .XUXOPDV0DUPDUDhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL
Dergisi. &LOW;,96D\-254
OLSON, Philip D.
(QWUHSUHQHXUVKLS3URFHVVDQG$DEH\OLWLHV
American Journal of
Small Business. Volume:10, Number:125-31
KN, A. Gndz 19977UNL\HNWLVDW.RQJUHVi 1923-]PLU6HUPD\H3L\DVDV.XUXOX<D\Q

1R%DVN$QNDUD
ZBEY, Funda R.
7UN6DQD\LOHPH6UHFLQGH%WQOHWLULOPL6WUDWHML hQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL
Afyon Kocatepe
Dergisi. &LOW,,6D\
75-92
g='(056DGL
2005$QDGROXGDQ=RUX%DDUDQ&HVXU*LULLPFLOHUVWDQEXO+D\DW
<D\QODU<|QHWLP'L]LVL
315
ZGEN, Ferhat B.
2VPDQO'HYOHWLQLQ'LHU'HYOHWOHUOHNWLVDGLOLNLOHUL
Yeni Trkiye
Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-111
3$.'(05/(NUHP
2002
Cumhuriyet Dneminin Ekonomik Byklkleri. Trkiye Odalar ve

%RUVDODU%LUOLL
PALMER, Michael 1971 The Application of Psychological Testing to Entrepreneurial Potential California Management Review. Volume:13, Number:3, 32-38
3$08.HYNHW
20002VPDQOPSDUDWRUOXXQGD3DUDQQ7DULKLVWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<XUW
<D\QODU
PANDEY, Janak ve N. B. TEWARY 1979 Locus of Control and Achievement Values of Entrepreneurs, Journal of Occupational Psychology. Volume:52, Number:2 ,107-111 PARKER, Simon C. ve William B. GARTNER 2004 Introduction, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number: 5, 413-417 PEARSON, Cecil A.L. ve Samir R. CHATTERJEE 2001 Differences And Similarities Of Entrepreneurial Characteristics in A Diverse Social Setting-Evidence From Australian And Singaporen Managers, Journal Of Entreprising Culture. Volume:9, Number:3, 273-289 PERRY, Chad 1990 After Further Insigtings of the Heffalump, Journal of Managerial Psychology. Volume:5, Number:2, 22-31
316
PERRY, Chad, G. MEREDITH ve J. H. CUNNINGTON 1988 Relationship Between Small Business Growth and Personal Characteristics of Owner/Managers in Australia, Journal of Small Business Management. Volume:26, Number:2, 76-79 PETERMAN, Nicole E. ve Jessica KENNEDY 2003 Enterprise Education: Influencing Students' Perceptions of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:28, Number:2, 129-144 PEUKERT, Helge 2002 Schumpeters Lost Seventh Chapter: A Critical Overview, Industry and Innovation. Volume:9, Number:, 79-89 PINES, Harvey A. ve James W. JULIAN 1972 Effects of Task and Social Demands on Locus of Control Differencies in Information Processing, Journal of Personality. Volume:40, Number:3, 407-416 PITT, Leyland F. ve Rushieda KANNEMEYER 2000 The Role of Adaptation in Microenterprise Development: A Marketing Perspective, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Volume:5, Number:2, 137-155 POWELL, James Donald ve Charles F. BIMMERLE 1980 A Model Of Entrepreneurship: Moving Toward Precision And Complexity, Journal Of Small Business Management. Volume:18, Number:1, 33-36
317
PYCHLY, Timothy A., Richard W. MORIN ve Brian R. SALMON 2000 Procrestination and the Planning Fallacy: An Examination of the Study Habits of University Students, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality. Volume:15, Number:5, 135-150 QUATAERT, Donald 1999
6DQD\L'HYULPLdDQGD2VPDQOPDODW6HNW|UOHWLLP<D\QODU
QFHOHPH $UDWUPD'L]LVLdHYLUHQ7DQVHO*QH\
REDLICH, Fritz 1949 The Origins of The Concepts of Entrepreneur and Creative Entrepreneur, Explorations in Entrepreneurial History. Volume:1, Number:2, 1-7 RENZULLI, Linda A., ALDRICH, Howard ve James MOODY 2000 Family Matters:Gender, Networks and Entrepreneurial Outcomes Social Forces. Volume:79, Number:2, 523-546 REYNOLDS, Paul D. 1991 Sociology and Entrepreneurship: Concepts and Contributions, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:2, 47-70 ROBINSON, Peter B., David V. STIMPSON, Jonathan C. HUEFNER ve Keith H. HUNT 1991 An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:15, Number:4, 13-31 ROESE, Neal J., Taekyun HUR ve Ginger L. PENNINGTON 1999 Counterfactual Thinking and Regulatory Focus: Implications for Action Versusu Inaction and Suffecient Versus Necessity, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Volume:77, Number:6, 1109-1120
318
ROPO; Arja ve James G. HUNT 1995 Entrepreneurial Processes As Virtuous And Vicious Spirals In A Changing Opportunity Structure: A Paradoxical Perspective, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:19, Number:3, 91111 ROSA, Peter 1998 Entrepreneurial Processes of Business Cluster Formation and Growth by 'Habitual' Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:4, 43-61 RUSSELL, Robert D. 1999 Developing A Process Model Of Intrapreneurial Systems: A Cognitive Mapping Approach, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume: 23, Number:3, 65-84 RUSSO, Edward J. ve J.H. Paul SCHOEMAKER 1992 Managing Overconfidence, Sloan Management Review. Volume:33, Number:2, 7-17 SARI, Mehmet 1999 Seramik Vadisi. VWDQEXO6WLO0DWEDDV
SATIR, Kemal 1981 Atatrk Dneminde Trkiye Ekonomisi Semineri, 8-9 Haziran, 88-113
VWDQEXO
SAY, Jean Baptiste 2001 [1880] A Treatise on Political Economy; or the Production, Distribution, and Consumption of Wealth. [Translated from the fourth edition of the French by C. R. Prinsep, M.A., Philadelphia], Batoche Boks, Kitchener, Kanada 319
SANDBERG, William R. 1992 Strategic Management's Potential Contributions To A Theory Of Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:3, 73-90 SCHAVER, Kelly G. ve Linda R. SCOTT 1991 Person, Process, Choice: The Psychology of New Venture Creation, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:16, Number:2, 23-45 SCHILLING, Jan 2006 On The Pragmatics Of Qualitative Assessment, European Journal Of Psychological Assessment. Volume:22, Number:1, 28-37 SHAH, Saeeda 2004 The Researcher/Interviewer in Intercultural Context: A Social Intruder!, British Educational Research Journal. Volume:30, Number:4, 549-575 SHEPHERD, Dean A. Norris F. KRUEGER 2002 An Intention-Based Model of Entrepreneurial Teams Social Cognition, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:27,Number:2,167-185 SCHERE, Jean L. 1982 Tolerance of Ambiguity as a Discriminating Variable Between Entrepreneurs and Managers, Academy of Management Proceedings 404-408 SCHNEIDER, Susan C. ve Reinhard ANGELMAR 1993 Cognition in Organizational Analysis: Whos Minding the Store, Organization Studies. Volume:14, Number:3, 347-374
320
SCHRAGE, Harry 1965 The RandD Entrepreneur: Profile of Success, Harvard Business Review. Volume:43, Number:6, November December, 56-69 SCHUMPETER, Joseph A. 1942 1978 Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: HarperandRow, Third Edition The Theory of Economic Development. New York: Oxford University Press SCHWENK, Charles R. 1984 Cognitive Simplification Process in Strategic Decision-Making, Strategic Management Journal. Volume:5, Number:2, 111-128 SEXTON, Donald L. ve Nancy BOWMAN 1983 Determining Entrerpreneurial Potantial of Students, Academy of Management Proceedings. 408-412 SHARMA, Pramodita ve James J. CHRISMAN 1999 Toward A Reconciliation Of The Definitional Issues In The Field Of Corporate Entrepreneurship, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:23, Number: 3, 11-27 SHANE, Scott, Edvin, A. LOCKE ve Christopher J. COLLINS 2003 Entrepreneurial Motivation, Human Resource Management Review. Volume:13, Number: 2, 257-279 SHEPHERD, Dean A. ve Norris F. KRUEGER 2002 An Intention-Based Model of Entrepreneurial Teams Social Cognition, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:2, 167-185
321
SHOOK, Christopher L., Richard L. PRIEM ve Jeffery E. MCGEE 2003 Venture Creation and The Enterprising Indivudual: A Review And Synthesis, Journal Of Management. Volume:26, Number:3, 379-399
SIMON, Mark, Susan M. HOUGHTON ve Karl AQUINO 1999 Cognitive Biases, Risk Perception, and Venture Formation: How Individuals Decide to Start Companies, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:15, Number:2, 113-134 SIMON, Mark ve Susan M. HOUGHTON 2002 The Relationship Among Biases, Misperceptions, and the Introduction of Pioneering Products: Examining Differences in Venture Decision Contexts, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:2, 105-125 SINGH, Gangaram ve Alex DENOBLE 2003 Early Retirees As the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:27, Number:3, 207226
SOYAK, Alkan
3ODQO'|QHPGH6DQD\LOHPH<OGDdDUNODUGDQ&KLSOHUH 9DNI<D\QODUVWDQEXO
Tarih
-181
7UNL\HGHNWLVDGL3ODQODPD'37\HKWL\Do9DU0"'RX
niversitesi Dergisi. Cilt:4,6D\7HPPX]-182.
SNMEZ, Mustafa
<OQ6DQD\LOHPH3ROLWLNDODU<OGDdDUNODUGDQ&KLSOHUH VWDQEXO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU
-19
322
SPICER, Andrew, Gerald A. MCDERNOTT ve Bruce KOGUT 2000 Entrepreneurship And Privatization In Central Europe: The Tenuous Balance Between Destruction And Creation, Academy Of Management Review. Volume:25, Number: 2, 630-649
STAR, Jennifer A. ve Nanette FONDAS 1992 A Model Of Entrepreneurial Socialization And Organization Formation, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:17, Number:1, 67-76 STAUM, Martin S. 1999 French Lectures In Political Economy, 1815-1848: Variables Of Liberalism, History Of Political Economy. Volume:30, Number:1, 95120 STEWART, Alex 1991 A Prospectus on the Anthropology of Entreprenurship, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practise. Volume:16, Number:2, 71-91 STEWART, Wayne H. ve Philip L. ROTH 2001 Risk Propensity Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Managers: A Meta Analytic Review, Journal of Applied Psychology. Volume:86, Number:1, 145-153
(1(5$EGOODWLI
1990
7DQ]LPDWYH2VPDQO0DOL\HVL+DFHWWHSHhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYH GDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHVL'HUJLVL&LOW6D\
-75 Yeni Trkiye
7DQ]LPDW9H0HUXWL\HWWHNWLVDGL9H0DOL3ROLWLNDODU
Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-288
323
7$%$.2/8$KPHW
20037UNNWLVDW7DULKLVWDQEXO'HUJDK<D\QODUNWLVDW'L]LVL
D2VPDQONWLVDGL<DSVQQ$QD+DWODU 1LVDQ6D\
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-
2, 11-26 Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-138
E2VPDQO0DOL<DSVQQ$QD+DWODU 1LVDQ6D\
TAN, Justin 1996 Regulatory Environment And Strategic Orientations In A Transitional Economy: A Study Of Chinese, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume 21, Number: 1, 31-46 2002 Culture, Nation, and Entrepreneurial Strategic Orientations: Implications for an Emerging Economy, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:26, Number:4, 95-111 TYLER, Forrest B., GATZ, Margaret ve Kevin KEENAN 1979 A Constructive Analysis of the Rotter I-E Scale, Journal of Personality. Volume:47, Number:1, 11-35
7(.(/OKDQYH6HOLP/.1
19746DYD6RQUDV2UWDPQGD7UNL\HNWLVDGL.DONQPD3ODQ
$QNDUD2UWD'RX7HNQLNhQLYHUVLWHVL7UNL\H%HOJHVHONWLVDW7DULKL
7(.1$KPHW 2VPDQO'HYOHWL'%RUoODQPDV
54-1874), Yeni Trkiye Dergisi.
Mart-1LVDQ6D\-261
7(0(/$GLO(UFDQ%2<$5YHHUHI6$<*,/, 7UNL\H(NRQRPLVLQGH<DSVDO'HLLP
-1999), Planlama
'HUJLVLg]HO6D\'37QLQNXUXOXXQXQ<O
324
TEPEKAYA, Muzaffer
6DQD\L'HYULPL'|QHPLQGH2VPDQONWLVDGL<DSV
Yeni Trkiye
Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-214 TEZEL, Yahya Sezai 1994

&XPKXUL\HW'|QHPLQLQNWLVDGL7DULKLVWDQEXO7UNL\H(NRQRPLNYH 7RSOXPVDO7DULK9DNI<D\QODU
THOMPSON, Suzanne C. 1978 Detection Of Social Cues: a Signal Detection Theory Analysis, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Volume: 4, Number: 3, 452-455 THORNTON, Patricia H. 1999 The Sociology Of Entrepreneurship, Annual Review Of Sociology. Volume 25, Number:1, 19-46 TIMMONS, Jeffry A. 1978 Characteristics And Role Demands Of Entrepreneurship, American Journal of Small Business. Volume:3, Number:1, 5-17 TOKGZ, Erdin 2001
7UNL\HQLQNWLVDGL*HOLPH7DULKL
-2001). $QNDUDPDM
<D\QHYL
TOPRAK, Zafer
,,0HUXWL\HWWH7RSOXPVDO3URMH7HVDQW0HVOHN9H0LOOLNWLVDW
Yeni Trkiye Dergisi. Mart-1LVDQ6D\-304 TOSUN, Kemal 1997

7UNL\HGH'HYOHWLQNWLVDGD0GDKDOHVLQH'DLU
Ankara: Sermaye
3L\DVDV.XUXOX<D\Q1R NLQFL%DVN
325
72681(UGRDQ*OJQ
2001
'HPRNUDWLNOHPH3HUVSHNWLILQGHQ'HYOHW 6LYLO7RSOXPOLNLVL VWDQEXO$OID<D\QODU'L]L1R
TOUGAARD, Jakob 2002 Signal Detection Theory, Detectability and Stochastic Resonance Effects, Biological Cybernetics. Volume:87, Number:2, 79-90 TZN, Grel 1999 1950-'|QHPLQGH6DQD\LOHPH<OGDdDUNODUGDQ&KLSOHUH
7DULK9DNI<D\QODUVWDQEXO
-166
UCBASARAN, Deniz, Paul WESTHEAD ve Mike WRIGHT 2001 The Focus of Entrepreneurial Research: Contextual and Process Issues, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:25, Number:4,57- 80 UZAY, Nisfet
(QIODV\RQXQNWLVDGL%\PHh]HULQGHNL(WNLOHUL7HRULYH7UNL\H 8\JXODPDV(UFL\HVhQLYHUVLWHVLNWLVDGLYHGDUL%LOLPOHU)DNOWHV
Dergisi.6D\-44 XU, Hongwei ve Martin RUEF 2004 The Myth of The Risk-Tolerant Entrepreneur, Strategic Organization. Volume:2, Number:4, 331355 VECCHIO, Robert P. 2003 Entrepreneurship And Leadership: Common Trends and Common Threads, Human Resource Management Review. Volume:13, 303-327
326
VESPER, Karl H. 1974 Entrepreneurship, A Fast Emerging Area In Management Studies, Journal Of Small Business Management. Volume:12, Number:4, 8-14
VOZIKIS, George S., Garry D. BRUTON, Dev PRASAD ve A. A. MERIKAS 1999 Linking Corporate Entrepreneurship To Financial Theory Through Additional Value Creation, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:24, Number:2, 33-43 WARD, Edward A. 1997 Multidimensionality of Achievement Motivation Among Employed Adults, The Journal of Social Psychology. Volume:137, Number:4, 542-544 WERNET, Lois Foreman ve Brenda DERVIN 2005 Comparing Arts and Popular Culture Experiences: Applying a Common Methodological Framework, Journal of Arts Management. Volume:35, Number:3, 169-187 West III, Page,G. ve Dale G. MEYER 1997 Temporal Dimensions of Opportunistic Change in Technology-Based Ventures, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:2, 31-52 WESTHEAD, Paul ve Mike WRIGHT 1998a 1998b Novice Serial and Portfolio Founders: Are They Different?, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:13, Number:3, 173-204 Novice, Portfolio, and Serial Founders in Rural and Urban Areas, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:4, 63100
327
WITT, Ulrich 2002 How Evolutionary is Schumpeters Theory of Economic Development, Industry And Innovation. Volume:9, Number: , 7-22 WRIGHT, Mike, WESTHEAD; Paul; Sohl,Jeff 1998 Habitual Entrepreneurs and Angel Investors, Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Volume:22, Number:4, 5-21 YAVUZ, Haluk K. 2000
7UNL\HGH6L\DVDO6LVWHP$UD\9H<UWPHQLQ*oOHQGLULOPHVL
$QNDUD6HoNLQ<D\QFON
YELDAN, Erin 2003

.UHVHOOHPH6UHFLQGH7UNL\H(NRQRPLVL%|OP%LULNLP9H
Byme. VWDQEXOOHWLLP<D\QODU$UDWUPD-QFHOHPH'L]LVL YENAL, Oktay 2003

&XPKXUL\HWLQNWLVDW7DULKLVWDQEXO+RPHU.LWDSHYLYH<D\QFON
/WGWL%DVP
<,/',5,0$OLYH+DVDQ0(.
2004
6RV\DO%LOLPOHUGH1LWHO$UDWUPD<|QW
emleri. Ankara:Sekin
<D\QHYL%DVP
YILMAZ, Faruk 1995

2VPDQO'%RUoODQPDVQQON<LUPL<OYH6RQXoODU1LGH
niversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. <O6D\-35 ZACHARAKIS, Andrew L. ve Dean A. SHEPHERD 2001 The Nature of Information and Overconfidence on Venture Capitalists Decision Making, Journal of Business Venturing. Volume:16, Number:4, 311-332 328
ZAFIROVSKI, Milan 1999 Probing Into The Social Layers Of Entrepreneurship: Outlines Of The Sociology Of Enterprise, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development. Volume:11, Number:4, 351-371 ZUCKERMAN, Miron ve Katlian, C. GERBASI 1977 Belief in Internal Control or Belief in a Just World: The Use and Missue of the I-E Scale in Prediction of Attitudes and Behavior, Journal of Psychology. Volume:45, Number:3, 356-378
17(51(7.$<1$./$5,
http://www.gelirler.gov.tr/gelir2.nsf/d3bcbfabb69b239780256f98004c2 13a/6dba35e70f08c8e680256f980050b629?OpenDocument (13.02.2006) http://www.tpe.gov.tr/tpe/index.jsp?sayfa=701 (13.02.2006) www.kale.com.tr (21.08.2005) http://www.bilesim-int.com.tr/kalitatif.php (17.10.2005)
'(5.$<1$./$5
&XPKXUL\HW VWDWLVWLNOHUL (QVWLWV&DSLWDO.DVP
-2003. 7& %DEDNDQON 'HYOHW VWDWLVWLN
-2003 -2001. 7& %DEDNDQON 7UNL\H VWDWLstik
VWDWLVWLN *|VWHUJHOHU
.XUXPX<D\Q1R$QNDUD
6HNW|UHO$UDWUPD.|NOLUNHWOHU
, Dnya gazetesi ekleri, 26.02.2004
6HNW|UHO$UDWUPD.|NOLUNHWOHU
, Dnya gazetesi ekleri, 06.01.2003 Yenice. (1999) Yenice
7DULKWHQ %XJQH .D]GDODUQQ (WHLQGH .D\PDNDPO(PUH0DWEDDFONVWDQEXO
329
(NRQRPL'Q\D%LUOLN%DVQ+DEHUOHU$MDQV+D]LUDQ<OVWDQEXO
2OD\$NWLI0DUW6D\DQ2IVHWVWDQEXO
&DSLWDO0DUW<O6D\$VU0DWEDDFONVWDQEXO
Power, Haziran 20031XPDUD+HDUVW<D\QFON$VWDQEXO

dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU<O.DOH*UXEX
dDQDNNDOH 6HUDPLN )DEULNDODU <O .DOH *UXEX $MDQV 72 5HNODP +L]PHWOHULVWDQEXO
<O'Q\DYH7UNL\H%DVQQGD6HUDPLN%D\UDP
41.<O'Q\DYH7UNL\H%DVQQGD6HUDPLN%D\UDP
<O'Q\DYH7UNL\H%DVQQGD6HUDPLN%D\UDP$NJQ2IVHWdDQ
<O'Q\DYH7UNL\H%DVQQGD6HUDPLN%D\UDP$NJQ2IVHWdDQ
6DQD\LGH 6HUDPLNWH \O 7UNL\H %DVQQGD 6HUDPLN %D\UDP $NJQ
Ofset, an
.DOH$LOHVL7HPPX]6D\WD5HNODP6WG\RVXVWDQEXO
.DOHDLOHVLg]HO6D\
.DOHDLOHVLg]HO6D\<O
Kalemaden, 2003, Temmuz, Olay Gazetesi, anakkale

.DOHPDGHQXEDW2O
ay Gazetesi, anakkale
Kalemaden, 2004, Temmuz, Olay Gazetesi, anakkale
330

187307

Cargado por

Información del documento

Descripción original:

Derechos de autor

Formatos disponibles

Compartir este documento

Compartir o incrustar documentos

Opciones para compartir

¿Le pareció útil este documento?

¿Este contenido es inapropiado?

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

187307

Cargado por

Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

T.C.

d$1$..$/(216(.=0$57h19(567(6 626<$/%/0/(5(1677h6h /(70($1$%/0'$/,

desteklemekte ve bireylerin bu kariyeri semelerini tetikleyen faktrlerden birisi

............................................................................................ iii ...................................................................... ix .......................................................... xi

%51&%g/h0 *50&*50&/..$95$0/$5,9(*50&/. <$./$,0/$5,

16 1.1.3.1. NWLVDWYH*LULLPFLOLN 18 1.1.3.2. 3VLNRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 20 1.1.3.3. 6RV\RORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 22 1.1.3.4. $QWURSRORMLYH*LULLPFLOLN 23 ... 24

1.2.2.1.2. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi... 57 1.2.2.2. *LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO6UHoOHU 60

.1&%g/h0 260$1/,'$1*h1h0h=(7h5.<('(*50&/.9( *50&/..h/7h5h1h1*(/0

2.1.1. Klasik Dnem.. 95

2.1.1.4. Ekonominin Gerilemesi ve Klasik Dnemin Sonu.. 111

2&80+85<(7'g1(01'(*50&/.9(*50&/. KLTR. 126 2.2.1. .XUXOXXQGDQ*QP]H7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLQGH

-1930. 130 131 140 141 147 167 182

'HYOHWoLOLLQ .XUXPVDOODPDV YH %LULQFL %H \OON 6DQD\L 3ODQ

NLQFL'Q\D6DYDYH6RQUDVQGD<DDQDQ(NRQRPLN *HOLPHOHU 3ODQO'|QHPYHWKDONDPHVL6WUDWHMLVL

3.2. 3.3. 3.4.

$5$7,50$1,19$56$<,0/$5,9(6,1,5/,/,./$5, $5$7,50$1,1<g17(0 %5$+0%2'8581%<2*5$)69(<$5$77,,

*50&/.(6(5.$/(*58%8 EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\RORMLN0HQVXEL\HWL EUDKLP%RGXUXQ7DKVLO+D\DWYH(YOLOL

Ynelik Deneyimleri. 3.4dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQ.XUXOPDV

EUDKLP%RGXUXQ.OWU6DQDW(LWLP6DON+L]PHWOHUL 6DKDVQGDNL.DWNODUYH6RV\DO6RUXPOXOXN$QOD\\OD *HUoHNOHWLUGLL6RV\DO*LULLPOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQLUNHWOHPHg\NV.DOH*UXEXQD*LGHQ 6UHoWHNL%HOLUJLQ$GPODUYH

3.4.7.1.dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU$ 3.4.7.2..DOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.3..DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.4..DOHNDOS0DNLQD.DOS6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.5..DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.6. H. EUDKLP%RGXU+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.7..DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\LYH

3.4.7.8. .DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.9..DOH+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.10. Kalekim Kimyevi Maddeler Sanayi ve

3.4.7.13. Kalesan Saniter Seramik Sanayi ve

3.4.7.14..DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.15. Kale Eksport '7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.16..DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D

3.4.7.17..DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.18. Kalemaden Endstriyel Hammaddeler Sanayi ve

3.4.7.19..DOH$LU+DYDFON6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.20. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$

3.4.7.21. Kaledata........ 3.4.7.22. Kaleseramik anakkale Kalebodur Seramik

231 231 232 232 232 233 233

3.4.7.26. .DOHNLP$ 3.4.7.27..DOHWURQ$

aya Ynlendiren Dinamikler

3.5.4.EUDKLP%RGXUXQEleman ve Ynetici Seiminde nem

EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOHOLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH %XOLNLOHUGHQ6DODG'HVWHN %5$+0%2'8581*50&/.)(/6()(611 $1$/= EUDKLP%RGXUX*LULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLP

252 253 253 262 267 269 274 277

: %LULQFL%H<OON6DQD\L3ODQ : Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi : Cesarec-0DUNH.LLOLNdL]HOJHVL

: Demokrat Parti : Devlet PODQODPD7HNLODW : Devlet Sanayi Ofisi : Dyun-u Umumiye

-3,-DFNVRQ.LLOLN(QYDQWHUL .7 .2% .DPXNWLVDGL7HHEEVOHUL .oNYH2UWD%R\OHWPHOHU 3ODQODQP'DYUDQ7HRULVL

PDT SBYKP SMB SSCI STT TAT

PRF-(.LLOLN$UDWUPD)RUPX-E : SekiziQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ : 6DQD\LYH0DDGLQ%DQNDV : 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU$WIQGHNVL : Sinyal Tespit Teorisi : 7HPDWLN'HHUOHQGLUPH7HVWL ix

TSK TSKB BYKP YBYKP

: 7HYLN-i Sanayi Kanunu : 7UNL\H6DQD\L.DONQPD%DQNDV : nc%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ

Tablo 35. EUDKLP%RGXUXQ(QdRNgQHP9HUGLLOHWPHFLOLN9H

Sinyal Tespit Teorisi.. 56 - Heuristics

and Recognition of Opportunities (HERO).. 94

*LULLPFLOLN HNRQRPLN NDONQPD\ VDOD\DQ NULWLN ELU IDNW|UGU (OLDVVRQ YH

Henrekson 2004: 3).

*LULLPFLOLN VHYL\HVLQLQ \NVHN ROGXX WRSOXPODUGD HNRQRPLN

NDONQPD GD \NVHN ROPDNWDGU 0RUULV  

(Bygrave ve Churchill 1989: 7).

sergilemektedir (GartQHU    +HU GLVLSOLQ JLULLPFLOLL DoNODPDGD NHQGLQH

DUDWUPDODUQQEDDUV]OJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODULoLQGHGROGXUXOPD\EHNOH\HQ ELUEROXDVHEHSROPXWXU6RQ]DPDQODUGDELOLVHOELOLPGHQHOGHHGLOHQILNLUOHULQYH NDYUDPODUQX\JXODQPDVJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODUQGDKDNLPL\HWND]DQPWU

roOQ VWOHQHUHN ONH VDQD\LOHPHVLQH NDWN YHUPH\H EDODPWU 'DKD VRQUDNL

itibaren planl NDONQPD G|QHPL EDODP DQFDN NDONQPDQQ GLQDPLNOHULQGH KHS

HGLOPLWLU &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPL LVH   \OODUQ HOH DODQ

(NRQRPLQLQ .XUXOXXYH]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVL \OODUQ

ele alan Devlet

kavramlarla ilgili ierik anaOL]L VRQXoODUQD \HU YHULOHFHN JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQLQ

Geerli bir bLOLP L\L ELU WDQPOD EDODPDOGU $UDWUPDFODU J|]OHPOHGLNOHUL

NDVWHWWLNOHULQL DoNoD EHOLUWPHOHUL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %\JUDYH YH +RIHU    *LULLPFLOLLQHYUHQVHOWDQPLKWLODIOGU

(Gartner 1989b: 31; Hornaday 1992: 12) ve Sharma ve

entreprendre fiili onikinci

\]\O EDODUQGD NXOODQOPD\D EDODQGQGDQ LWLEDUHQ

rke fiiller grlmektedir (Long

*LULLPFLOLNNDYUDPQQWHRULNRODUDNLONUHVPLNXOODQPQ5LFKDUG&DQWLOORQ  FLYDU \DSPWU /RQJ  

Sharma ve Chrisman 1999: 12). Cantillon,

%51&%g/h0 50&50&/..$95$0/$5,9(*50&/. <$./$,0/$5,

16 1.1.3.1. NWLVDWYHLULLPFLOLN 18 1.1.3.2. 3VLNRORMLYHLULLPFLOLN 20 1.1.3.3. 6RV\RORMLYHLULLPFLOLN 22 1.1.3.4. $QWURSRORMLYHLULLPFLOLN 23 ... 24

1.2.2.1.2. Dzenleyici Odak Teorisi... 57 1.2.2.2. *LULLPFLOLN'LVLSOLQL\OHOJLOL%LOLVHO6UHoOHU 60

.1&%g/h0 260$1/,'$1h1h0h=(7h5.<('(50&/.9( 50&/..h/7h5h1h1(/0

2&80+85<(7'g1(01'(50&/.9(50&/. KLTR. 126 2.2.1. .XUXOXXQGDQ*QP]H7UNL\H&XPKXUL\HWLQGH

NLQFL'Q\D6DYDYH6RQUDVQGD<DDQDQ(NRQRPLN *HOLPHOHU 3ODQO'|QHPYHWKDONDPHVL6WUDWHMLVL

$5$7,50$1,19$56$<,0/$5,9(6,1,5/,/,./$5, $5$7,50$1,1<g17(0 %5$+0%2'8581%<2*5$)69(<$5$77,,

50&/.(6(5.$/(58%8 EUDKLP%RGXUXQ6RV\RORMLN0HQVXEL\HWL EUDKLP%RGXUXQ7DKVLO+D\DWYH(YOLOL

Ynelik Deneyimleri. 3.4dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODUQQ.XUXOPDV

EUDKLP%RGXUXQ.OWU6DQDW(LWLP6DON+L]PHWOHUL 6DKDVQGDNL.DWNODUYH6RV\DO6RUXPOXOXN$QOD\\OD HUoHNOHWLUGLL6RV\DOLULLPOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQLUNHWOHPHg\NV.DOHUXEXQDLGHQ 6UHoWHNL%HOLUJLQ$GPODUYH

3.4.7.1.dDQDNNDOH6HUDPLN)DEULNDODU$ 3.4.7.2..DOHIOH[<HU'|HPHOHUL6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.3..DOHSRUVHOHQ(OHNWURWHNQLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.4..DOHNDOS0DNLQD.DOS6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.5..DOHWHUDVLW6YD6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.6. H. EUDKLP%RGXU+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.7..DOH'HNRU<DS0DO]HPHOHUL6DQD\LYH

3.4.7.8. .DOHERGXU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$ 3.4.7.9..DOH+ROGLQJ$ 3.4.7.10. Kalekim Kimyevi Maddeler Sanayi ve

3.4.7.14..DOH3D]DUODPD7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.15. Kale Eksport '7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.16..DOHIULW6LOLNDW0DPOOHUL6UYH%R\D

3.4.7.17..DOHWHNQLN+L]PHWOHU6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.18. Kalemaden Endstriyel Hammaddeler Sanayi ve

3.4.7.19..DOH$LU+DYDFON6DQD\LYH7LFDUHW$ 3.4.7.20. Kalevit-5RFD6DQLWHU6HUDPLN6DQD\L$

3.4.7.26. .DOHNLP$ 3.4.7.27..DOHWURQ$

EUDKLP%RGXUXQ$LOHOLNLOHULQLQ<DSVYH %XOLNLOHUGHQ6DODG'HVWHN %5$+0%2'858150&/.)(/6()(611 $1$/= EUDKLP%RGXUXLULLPFL2OPD\D<|QOHQGLUHQ'LQDPLNOHU EUDKLP%RGXUXQ*LULLP

-3,-DFNVRQ.LLOLN(QYDQWHUL .7 .2% .DPXNWLVDGL7HHEEVOHUL .oNYH2UWD%R\OHWPHOHU 3ODQODQP'DYUDQ7HRULVL

PRF-(.LLOLN$UDWUPD)RUPX-E : SekiziQFL%H<OON.DONQPD3ODQ : 6DQD\LYH0DDGLQ%DQNDV : 6RV\DO%LOLPOHU$WIQGHNVL : Sinyal Tespit Teorisi : 7HPDWLN'HHUOHQGLUPH7HVWL ix

NDONQPD GD \NVHN ROPDNWDGU 0RUULV

sergilemektedir (GartQHU +HU GLVLSOLQ JLULLPFLOLL DoNODPDGD NHQGLQH

DUDWUPDODUQQEDDUV]OJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODULoLQGHGROGXUXOPD\EHNOH\HQ ELUEROXDVHEHSROPXWXU6RQ]DPDQODUGDELOLVHOELOLPGHQHOGHHGLOHQILNLUOHULQYH NDYUDPODUQX\JXODQPDVJLULLPFLOLNDUDWUPDODUQGDKDNLPL\HWND]DQPWU

roOQ VWOHQHUHN ONH VDQD\LOHPHVLQH NDWN YHUPH\H EDODPWU 'DKD VRQUDNL

HGLOPLWLU &XPKXUL\HW G|QHPL LVH \OODUQ HOH DODQ

(NRQRPLQLQ .XUXOXXYH]PLUNWLVDW.RQJUHVL \OODUQ

kavramlarla ilgili ierik anaOL]L VRQXoODUQD \HU YHULOHFHN JLULLPFLOLN GLVLSOLQLQLQ

Geerli bir bLOLP L\L ELU WDQPOD EDODPDOGU $UDWUPDFODU J|]OHPOHGLNOHUL

NDVWHWWLNOHULQL DoNoD EHOLUWPHOHUL JHUHNPHNWHGLU %\JUDYH YH +RIHU *LULLPFLOLLQHYUHQVHOWDQPLKWLODIOGU

*LULLPFLOLNNDYUDPQQWHRULNRODUDNLONUHVPLNXOODQPQ5LFKDUG&DQWLOORQ FLYDU \DSPWU /RQJ

EXOXQPDNWDGU%XJHUHNOLQLWHOLNOHUHVDKLSROPD\DQELUH\OHUJLULLPOHULQGHEDDUV] RODFDNODUGU6D\>@

JHUHNHQLJFQELUDUD\DJHWLUPHNWHJHQHOIDDOL\HWSODQQG]HQO GHWD\ODU\|QHWPHNWHGLU0DUVKDOO

(Schumpeter 1978: 74- 6FKXPSHWHU JLULLPVHO IDDOL\HWOHUL EDODWDQ RODV

(Mcgrath 1999:*LULLPFLOHULQLOHYLGDKD|QFHGHQNXOODQOPDPELUEXOXX\D

6FKXPSHWHUEXOXODUNXOODQOKDOHJHWLUHFHNND\QDNODUHGLQHQ\HQL

bytmHN 6FKXPSHWHU \HQLOLLQ NDSLWDOL]PLQ WHPHO JF ROGXXQD LQDQPWU 2QD

D J|UH JLULLPFL |]HO ELU VRV\DO VQIWDQ JHOHQ LNWLVDGL

KLU]QHUH J|UH JLULLPFL WHPHOGH JHQHO HNRQRPLN GHQJH\L VDOD\DQ ELUH\GLU

bunu glgedHEUDNPDGDQJLULLPFLOLLQULVNLoHUGLLV|\OHQHELOPHNWHGLU$GDPDQYH Devine 2002: 337).

ELOJLVLQH QDVO XODDELOHFHLQL ELOPH RODUDN WDQPODPDNWDGU *LULLPVHO ELOJL

NRQXODQGUODFDQELOPHNWLU %XWUGH ELUELOJLIUVDWODUQNHIHGLOPHVLQLVDOD\DQ

teyakkuzdur (Minniti ve Bygrave 2001: 5- $QFDN IUVDWODU NHIHGLOGLNWHQ VRQUD

NDYUDPODUGU.LU]QHULVHSL\DVDGDNLDUELWUDMIDDOL\HWOHULLoLQIUVDWODUDNDUWH\DNNX] KDOLQGHROPD\\DUDWFJLULLPFLNDYUDPQDDGDSWHHWPLWLU/RQJ

LoLQ NXOODQODQ PDNDOHOHU EHOLUWLOPLWLU

2UJDQL]DV\RQOHWPH)LUPD<DUDWDQ%DODWDQ.XUDQ <HQL%LOHLPOHULQ0H\GDQD*HWLULOPHVL (OGHNL.D\QDNODU'LNNDWH$OPDGDQ)UVDWODU.RYDODPD7DNLS$UDPD3HLQH 'PH )UVDWODU$OJODPD

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice dergisinde 1988- \OODU DUDVQGD

RUJDQL]DV\RQODUQ NXUXOPDVQGD \DDQDFDN VSHVLILN VUHoOHUH GHLQPHPLWLU 2QD

<HQL ELOHLPOHULQPH\GDQDJHWLULOPHVL\HQLELURUJDQL]DV\RQ\DUDWPLOH VRQXoODQDELOLUDQFDNKHU]DPDQEXHNLOGHVRQXoODQPDVEHNOHQPHPHOLGLUYHEHQ]HU

LULLPFLOLN DODQQGD\DSODQDUDWUPDODUROGXNoD]RUGXUDODQ\DUDGOQGD YDURODQELUNDUPDNODVDKLSWLUYHGLVLSOLQOHUDUDVGUDUWQHUE

EHOLUWPHNWHGLU *LULLPFLOHULQ DU]Q EHOLUOH\HQ NRQXODU VRV\DO

G]HQGH YH NOWUHO JHOLPHOHUGH \HU DOPDNWDGU *LULLPFLOLN WHRULVLQH NDWNODUQ

WDQPODQPWU .HWV'H9ULHV YH JLULLPFLOLN IHQRPHQL GLVLSOLQOHUDUDVGU

*HQHO GHQJH WHRULVLQGH JLULLPFL UDV\RQHO RODQ YH ND\QDN RSWLPL]DV\RQX

bireyin kaderleri a\UODPD] ELU ELoLPGH ELUELULQH EDOGU &KDSPDQ

*DUWQHU Q JLULLPFL NLPGLU DUDWUPDODUQQ ELU NHQDUD EUDNODUDN

(Shaver ve Scott 1991: 25-3VLNRORMLDODQQGD\DDQDQJHOLPHOHUHSDUDOHORODUDN