Dental Mneumonic

Edited by Foxit Reader Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009 For Evaluation Only.
(ERRN 7LWOH
Subtitle
By Author Name
Mnemonics in Dentistry
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All rights reserved, no part of this book may be
retrieval system or transmission in any form or any recording without the prior permission of the author. means, photocopying, electronic, mechanical or
published, duplicated, reproduced, stored in any
DISCLAIMER information in its most accurate form from reliable damage or injury caused to any persons acting on the information provided or refraining from it. sources, we accept no responsibility for loss, Whilst the author has ensured to provide
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C o n te n t s P a g e
Acknowledgments Introduction 3 4
1 . Medicine and Surgery relevant to dentistry 2. Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 3. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology 4. Therapeutics and Anaesthesia 5. Head and Neck Anatomy & Embryology 6. Syndromes of the Head & Neck 7. Orthodontics and Paediatric dentistry 8. Periodontics, Restorative dentistry & Prosthodontics 9. Dental Materials 10. Dental Law
11 81 115 139 151 181 195
212 246 252
A c k now le d g e m e n t s
I would like to express my immense gratitude to my dear mother who has been a source of writing of this book. inspiration and continuous support during the
I would also like to thank my other family
members who have also encouraged me to to all the mnemonics produced and their invaluable feedback.
produce this book and who patiently listened
My heartfelt thanks also goes out to all my
friends, colleagues and nurses who have given this book.
me their feedback during the course of writing
Introdu c tion
as an undergraduate student but later progressed and now has reached this phase and materialized as a revision text book. Mnemonics in Dentistry was first conceptualized
On looking for a revision text there are a number of books in the market which are either encyclopedic reference books or books which test the existing knowledge by using questions in the form of matching questions (EMQs).
multiple choice questions (MCQs) or extended
All of these books are valuable in terms of the as for the purpose of revision. Mnemonics in Dentistry allows the individual student to
information provided as a reference book as well
Systemize the information that they have learnt or of information by using memory aids.
need to learn so that it eases the approach of recall
The use of mnemonics and chunking information that is, arranging a long list in smaller units or recall off your credit card number or your categories that are easier to remember. If you can telephone numbers without looking at it, thats and 4 digits.
probably because its arranged in groups of 2, 3
This book uses the concept of mnemonics, clusters and grouping to help individuals memorise and recall information in a clear and concise manner. The overload of information can lead to
information being jumbled and therefore recall much more difficult. However, if the information is stored in a systematic order, a
simple analogy is like a filing cabinet then
whenever you require a particular file it is easily
retrieved. Whereas, if everything is disorganized
then retrieving a file becomes much more difficult. Recall of information learnt can also work in this manner and the aim of this book is to make learning and recall more effective and enjoyable. A number of tools can be used on memory and learning, and this book also utilizes these well the field of dentistry.
known concepts tailored to enhance learning in
Occasionally, the studious and most hard working candidates may perform poorly in examinations due to a poor revision technique. The fact is they ability to recall information under pressure in a
may have known the subject material well but their systematic way usually fails them. The information
is probably all muddled up and the process of recall becomes all that difficult.
Imagine learning mnemonics relevant in dentistry and surprising them by the factual information
and impressing your tutors with your level of recall retained. A simple example is: What would you
answer if your tutor asked you or were presented with a question in a viva examination about the complications of a blood transfusion?
Youre probably thinking that I have done that particular module but cannot recall what I have been taught. But if you remembered the
this mnemonic you will be able to relate to the example:
mnemonic INCOMPATIBLE then for each letter in
complications of a blood transfusion. So in this
IN = Incompatibility reaction
O = Overload
C = Citrate Toxicity
M = Myocardial distress P = Potassium levels A = Abnormal clotting, Acidosis and Alkalosis
T = Temperature(fever) B = Bleeding tendency
I = Infection transmission L = Levels of Albumin drop
due to abnormal potassium levels
E = ECG changes because of massive transfusions
From the above example we can see the function of the mnemonic as an initiator and hence once the mnemonic is recalled you can easily list the
complications associated with a blood transfusion and therefore you can further elaborate on each point.
Of course in a book of this nature it cannot
extensively provide you with a mnemonic for every information and situation but within the book would assist you with your level of revision. there are over 300 mnemonics and clusters which
Furthermore, learning new information in a more stepping stone to create new mnemonics and improve your own revision techniques.
systemised and organised format can be used as a
This book is useful for anyone within the dental knowledge as well as for undergraduate dental MFDS and overseas registration examinations(ORE).
profession who wishes to consolidate their existing students, students wishing to undertake the MJDF,
We would welcome further mnemonics from our
readers that they may have created and find useful

and we will certainly consider including it in our further editions.

Chapter 1
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DISORDERS OF COAGULATION AND HAEMOSTASIS The disorder of haemostasis and coagulation for simplicity can be divided into three categories:
9
VESSEL
VESSEL WALL DISORDER
V = Vasculitis S = Scurvy
E = HEreditary Haemorrhagic Telengectasia S = Steroids
E = Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
L = Long Age ( Senile Purpura)
)DFWV
The Prothrombin time(INR), Activated Partial Thromboplastin time(APTT) and platelet count are all usually normal in vessel wall disorders. Rarely causes serious bleeding and may present as bleeding into mucous membranes or skin starts immediately following trauma but stops after 24-48 hours .

9 PLATELET DISORDER(Platelet count < 140*10 /l)
VIRALS
V = Viral Infections, Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency I = Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP) R= TRansfusion
A = Aspirin, Aplastic anaemias, Antihistamines L = Leukaemias S = Splenomegaly

)DFWV
Deficiency of platelets is the most common coagulation disorder and can be caused by many disease and drugs. Thrombocytopenia exists when the platelet count falls below < 140*109/l. It can present as petechiae and haemorrhages into the skin. The Prothrombin time(INR) and APTT are normal. The bleeding time is usually abnormal.

HAEMOSTASIS
COAGULATION PATHWAY DISORDERS
A = Alcoholism
H = Haemophilia A & B, Heparin
E = Extensive tissue damage can lead to
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(DIC) M=Metastatic Cancers e.g. liver metastasis
O= VOn Willebrands Disease(lack of Von Willebrand factor) S = Systemic drugs e.g. Warfarin
T = Trauma/Surgery can cause DIC
A =Abnormal Liver Function Test(Liver disease) (SPCA) deficiency Factor VII deficiency deficiency)
S = Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator I = Inflammation and Inadequate diet(Vitamin K S = Seek Specialist advice
)DFWV
Disorders affecting the coagulation cascade of clotting can be classified as acquired or congenital. From the above list, all are acquired conditions except for haemophilia A&B, Von Willebrand factor deficiency, Factor IX and Factor VII deficiencies.

PROTHROMBIN TIME (INTERNATIONAL PATHWAY
NORMALISED RATIO) IS A TEST OF EXTRINSIC
The INR is usually prolonged in the following situations:
Remember! WE LOSE VOLUMES of DRUGS W= Warfarin L = Liver Disease V = Vitamin K Deficiency D = Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
7LSV
It is absolutely vital that you know what affects the Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade. These questions are key examination or viva questions.

9 BLEEDING TIME
)DFWV
The bleeding time is abnormal in platelet disorders and vessel wall disorders
9 ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT)
IS A TEST OF THE INTRINSIC PATHWAY
The APTT is usually prolonged in the following situations:
Remember! HUNGRY HORSES DABBLING LITTERING LAWNS
Heparin Haemophilia DIC

Lupus Erythematosis Liver disease

MEDICAL EMERGENCIES Medical Emergencies will occur and it is absolutely crucial that you can elicit the signs and symptoms of a emergency. This will allow you to take appropriate actions to intervene and manage the emergency.
9 CAUSES OF SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
MEDICAL SYNCOPE M =Metabolic complications e.g. Addisons disease E =Epilepsy
D = Diabetics e.g. hypoglycaemia C =Cardiac Arrest I = Ischaemic Heart Disease
A =Anaphylaxis, Asthma Attack L =Local Anaesthetics

S = Steroid insufficiency Y = hYperventilation N = Nervous patients(Vaso-Vagal) C = Cerebrovascular accidents O = Oral Airway obstruction E = Etiology unknown P = Postural Hypotension
7LSV
All members of the dental team must be well trained in Basic life support and should be competent in the management of a collapsed patient. Administration of emergency drugs and their dosages should be reinforced and consolidated. (See BNF and Resuscitation council UK for updated advice)
9
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Definition A potentially life threatening immune reaction to foreign material. ALLERGIC


A = Ashen grey appearance, Abnormal breathing, Angioedema L = Loss of consciousness, Low Blood Pressure
L = Laryngeal swelling E= Extensive rash
R = Respiratory depression G = Generalised flushing C = Cramps I = Itch, Inflammatory exudate

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FEATURES OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
LOW SUGAR EPISODE L = Low BM (<3.9mmol/l) This value is debatable and varies from one patient to another O = On insulin Patients on insulin who have missed a meal or breakfast are prone to hypoglycaemia. W = Warmth
S = Sweaty skin
U = Unconscious A = Aggression R = Rage
G = Generalised seizures
E = Epileptic fits I = Irritability
P = Paresthesia, Pallor

S = Shakiness
O = Oral Hypoglycaemics D = Death, Delirium E = Emotional patient W d

)DFWV
DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
DIABETIC D = Dental (Periodontal disease) abscess
I= Infections e.g. Oral Candidiosis, periodontal
A = Abnormal sensation (Peripheral neuropathy)

coma)
B = Blood Sugar (Low blood sugar can lead to
T = Traumatic ulcers (Diabetic foot due to
E = Erectile dysfunction, Eyes (Retinopathy)
neuropathy and peripheral Vascular disease) (Nephropathy)
I = Increased chances of renal complications
C = Cardiac complications(Ischaemic Heart disease), CVA (Cerebrovascular accidents) FEATURES OF EPILEPSY
CONVULSIONS
C = Clonic seizures (Jerky movement) O = tOnic seizures (rigidity) N = Nausea
V = Viral Infections (Febrile convulsions), Vomiting U = Unprovoked emotion e.g. fear, pleasure, Unconsciousness L = Loss of memory

S = Spasms
O =Odours and Taste (Aura)
I = Incontinence
N= Noises e.g. hissing, buzzing (Aura)
S = Silent Fits (Petite mal), Sweating, Speech arrest CAUSES OF SHOCK
HAVANA H = Hypovolaemia A = Adrenal crisis V = Vascular stasis (Cardiogenic) N = Neurogenic A = Anaphylaxis

9
A = Acute respiratory obstruction
IV FLUID EXPANDERS
B & S CC B = Blood

S = Saline
C = Crystalloid C = Colloid ANAEMIA 'HILQLWLRQ $ /RZ +DHPRJORELQ+E GXH WR D ORZ UHG FHOO PDVV ,I LW LV GXH WR D LQFUHDVHG SODVPD YROXPH HJ LQ 3UHJQDQF\ WKH DQDHPLD LV FDOOHG SK\VLRORJLFDO $ ORZ +E LQ PDOHV JGO DQG LQ )HPDOHV JGO CAUSES OF MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV< 80FL)
SITA
S = Sideroblastic anaemia I = Iron Deficiency T = Thalasasaemia

A = Anaemia of chronic inflammation

9
CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY
THE DIET T = MalabsorpTion syndromes
H = Hookworm, Haemorrhoids
E = Excessive menstrual bleeding D = Dietary deficiency
E = UlcErs(Gastrointestinal)
I = Increased requirement, Iron loss
T = Treatment medication(Suppress bone marrow) CAUSES OF INCREASED IRON REQUIREMENTS
MALT P M = Menstruation

T = Time of rapid growth P = Pregnancy

9
L = Lactation
A = Age
CAUSES OF MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV>96FL)
MC LARD M =Megloblastic Anaemia C = Cytotoxic Drugs L = Liver Disease
R = Reticulocytosis
A = Alcohol
D= Deficiencies Vitamin B12 and Folate

9
CAUSES OF VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE DEFICIENCY
BIG DIP

B = Bacterial overgrowth in small intestines I = Intrinsic factor deficiency G = Gastrectomy D = Dietary
I = Ileal Resection
P = Pernicious Anaemia CAUSES OF NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA ( MCV 8096FL) SHARP
S = Some haemolytic anaemias A = Acute Blood loss H = Hypothyroidism
R = Renal failure P = Pregnancy

CAUSES OF HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
HAEMOLYTIC
M =Malaria
E = Elliptocytosis and enzyme deficiency(G6PD) O = Old age
A = Autoimmune e.g. SLE
H = Hereditary spherocytoiss
L = Lymphoma, Leukaemia T= Thalassaemia
Y = pYruvate Kinase deficiency I = Infectious mononucleosis(EBV)
C =Common in black people( Sickle cell anaemia)

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ANAEMIAS
PAINSTAKING
P = Pharyngeal Web, Palpitations, Pale Mucous membranes(including sclera) A = Atrophic Glossitis
I = Infections ??, Impaired healing N = Neuropathy S = Sterility
T = Taste Disturbance K = Koilonychias
A = Apthous ulcerations I = Increased fatigue N = Nail beds pale G = Gastric Mucosal Atrophy

Mnemonics in Dentistry )DFWV
There a number of oral and systemic manifestations of anaemias and these should be known and recognised well! There are numerous dental manifestations of anaemias and these include the above as well as the following: Sore or Burning tongue Atrophic Glossitis Patterson Kelly Syndrome Candidiosis Angular Stomatitis Aphthous ulcers

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Dental Mneumonic

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Copyright:

Formatos disponibles

Edited by Foxit Reader Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009 For Evaluation Only.

published, duplicated, reproduced, stored in any

11 81 115 139 151 181 195

212 246 252

I would also like to thank my other family

produce this book and who patiently listened

My heartfelt thanks also goes out to all my

friends, colleagues and nurses who have given this book.

me their feedback during the course of writing

multiple choice questions (MCQs) or extended

information provided as a reference book as well

need to learn so that it eases the approach of recall

probably because its arranged in groups of 2, 3

simple analogy is like a filing cabinet then

whenever you require a particular file it is easily

retrieved. Whereas, if everything is disorganized

known concepts tailored to enhance learning in

this mnemonic you will be able to relate to the example:

mnemonic INCOMPATIBLE then for each letter in

complications of a blood transfusion. So in this

M = Myocardial distress P = Potassium levels A = Abnormal clotting, Acidosis and Alkalosis

T = Temperature(fever) B = Bleeding tendency

I = Infection transmission L = Levels of Albumin drop

due to abnormal potassium levels

E = ECG changes because of massive transfusions

Of course in a book of this nature it cannot

systemised and organised format can be used as a

We would welcome further mnemonics from our

readers that they may have created and find useful

and we will certainly consider including it in our further editions.

VESSEL WALL DISORDER

E = HEreditary Haemorrhagic Telengectasia S = Steroids

L = Long Age ( Senile Purpura)

9 PLATELET DISORDER(Platelet count < 140*10 /l)

V = Viral Infections, Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency I = Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP) R= TRansfusion

A = Aspirin, Aplastic anaemias, Antihistamines L = Leukaemias S = Splenomegaly

COAGULATION PATHWAY DISORDERS

H = Haemophilia A & B, Heparin

E = Extensive tissue damage can lead to

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(DIC) M=Metastatic Cancers e.g. liver metastasis

T = Trauma/Surgery can cause DIC

PROTHROMBIN TIME (INTERNATIONAL PATHWAY

NORMALISED RATIO) IS A TEST OF EXTRINSIC

The INR is usually prolonged in the following situations:

9 ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT)

IS A TEST OF THE INTRINSIC PATHWAY

The APTT is usually prolonged in the following situations:

Remember! HUNGRY HORSES DABBLING LITTERING LAWNS

Heparin Haemophilia DIC

Lupus Erythematosis Liver disease

MEDICAL SYNCOPE M =Metabolic complications e.g. Addisons disease E =Epilepsy

D = Diabetics e.g. hypoglycaemia C =Cardiac Arrest I = Ischaemic Heart Disease

A =Anaphylaxis, Asthma Attack L =Local Anaesthetics

6,*16 $1' 6<037206 2) $1$3+</$;,6

Definition A potentially life threatening immune reaction to foreign material. ALLERGIC

L = Laryngeal swelling E= Extensive rash

R = Respiratory depression G = Generalised flushing C = Cramps I = Itch, Inflammatory exudate

U = Unconscious A = Aggression R = Rage

E = Epileptic fits I = Irritability

O = Oral Hypoglycaemics D = Death, Delirium E = Emotional patient W d

DIABETIC D = Dental (Periodontal disease) abscess

I= Infections e.g. Oral Candidiosis, periodontal

A = Abnormal sensation (Peripheral neuropathy)