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MATH FORMULAS
& FUNDAS
For CAT, XAT & Other MBA Entrance Examinations
Ravi Handa & Avinash Maurya Suppose, one wants to go from Algebra to Geometry. Click
“Home” and then click Geometry. This will take one from any
page in Algebra to the content page of Geometry.
Arithmetic
Arithmetic
Algebra
Geometry
Modern Math
Laws of Indices
Last digit of an
Factor Theory
Divisibility Rules
Algebraic Formulae
Funda: If am = an, then m = n Funda: The fifth power of any number has the same
Funda: If a = b and m ≠ 0;
m m units place digit as the number itself.
Then a = b if m is Odd
Or a = ± b if m is Even
[ ] * + [ ] * + * + * + * +
[ ] * + [ ] * + * +
Case 1 – When the dividend (M) and divisor (N) have a {Such that 3x+5y=1}
factor in common (k) Valid values are x = -3 and y = 2
* + * + * + * +
Example: * + * + 0
Case 3 – Remainder when ( )
Case 2 – When the divisor can be broken down into is divided by ( ) the remainder is ( )
smaller co-prime factors.
* + * + {HCF (a,b) = 1}
Funda: If f(a) = 0, (x-a) is a factor of f(x)
Let * + * +
( ) ( )( )( ) Example: * + * +
If M and N are co-prime ie HCF(M,N) = 1
Wilson’s Theorem
( )
* + If N is a prime number
( )
* +
Example: * + ( )
* +
( 0) 0( )( )( ) Example: * + 0 * +
Interest
Harmonic Mean =
n v u – t u
Population formula P’ = P(1 ± ) SAGR or AAGR = x 100
t u
n
Depreciation formula = Initial Value x (1 – ) v u – t u
CAGR= ( ) –1
t u
Funda: SI and CI are same for a certain sum of money Funda: If the time period is more than a year, CAGR <
(P) at a certain rate (r) per annum for the first year. The
AAGR. This can be used for approximating the value of
difference after a period of two years is given by
CAGR instead of calculating it.
𝑃𝑅
∆
𝑝𝑛 𝑎 𝑞 𝑛 𝑐 𝑟 𝑛 𝑒
Componendo and Dividendo = kn
𝑝𝑛 𝑞𝑛 𝑟𝑛
If ≠
Four (non-zero) quantities of the same kind a,b,c,d are
said to be in proportion if a/b = c/d. Given two variables x and y, y is (directly) proportional to
x (x and y vary directly, or x and y are in direct variation)
The non-zero quantities of the same kind a, b, c, d.. are if there is a non-zero constant k such that y = kx. It is
said to be in continued proportion if a/b = b/c = c/d. denoted by
Proportion Two variables are inversely proportional (or varying
a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion if inversely, or in inverse variation, or in inverse
a, b, c, d are said to be in continued proportion if proportion or reciprocal proportion) if there exists a non-
zero constant k such that y = k/x.
1 kmph = 5/18 m/sec; 1 m/sec = 18/5 kmph If the speeds are in Arithmetic Progression, then
the times taken are in Harmonic Progression
SpeedAvg = = If the speeds are in Harmonic Progression, then
the times taken are in Arithmetic Progression
If the distance covered is constant then the average
speed is Harmonic Mean of the values (s1,s2,s3….sn) For Trains, time taken =
If the time taken is constant then the average speed is SpeedBoat = (SpeedDownstream + SpeedUpstream) / 2
Arithmetic Mean of the values (s1,s2,s3….sn)
SpeedRiver = (SpeedDownstream – SpeedUpstream) / 2
SpeedAvg =
For Escalators,The difference between escalator
SpeedAvg = (for two speeds) problems and boat problems is that escalator can go
either up or down.
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Races & Clocks Two people are running on a circular track of length L
with speeds a and b in the opposite direction
Linear Races Time for 1st meeting =
Winner’s distance = Length of race Time for 1st meeting at the starting point =
LCM ( )
Loser’s distance = Winner’s distance – (beat distance +
start distance) Three people are running on a circular track of length L
with speeds a, b and c in the same direction
Winner’s time = Loser’s time – (beat time + start time) Time for 1st meeting = LCM ( )
st
Deadlock / dead heat occurs when beat time = 0 or beat Time for 1 meeting at the starting point =
distance = 0 LCM ( )
Circular Races
Clocks To solve questions on clocks, consider a circular
Two people are running on a circular track of length L track of length 360 . The minute hand moves at a speed
with speeds a and b in the same direction of 6 per min and the hour hand moves at a speed of ½
per minute.
Time for 1st meeting =
Time for 1st meeting at the starting point = Funda: Hands of a clock coincide (or make 180 ) 11
LCM ( ) times in every 12 hours. Any other angle is made 22
times in every 12 hours.
Inequalities Logarithm
Continued >>
𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑚 𝑎 𝑏 𝑚
( ) [0 𝑚 ]
𝑛
Funda: For any positive integer n, 2≤ (
𝑛
) ≤3
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
Funda: ambncp……..will be greatest when = =
𝑚 𝑛 𝑝
𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑎 {Except }
Funda: (n!)2 ≥ nn
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
Ln x means
Co-ordinate Trigo
Geometry nometry
= ½ x Base x Height
= ½ x Product of sides x Sine of included angle
Continued >>
Equilateral Triangle:
Area = √
All angles are equal to 60°. All sides are equal also. Continued >>
√
Area = * x2
√ 2
Area = * x Continued >>
45°-45°-90° Triangle
2
Area = x /2
Congruency of Triangles
Continued >>
Continued >>
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A parallelogram with all sides equal is a Rhombus. Its
Funda: Each diagonal divides a parallelogram in two diagonals bisect at 90°.
triangles of equal area.
Funda: Sum of squares of diagonals = Sum of squares Perimeter = 4a; Area = ½ d1 d2 ; Area = d x √ ( )
of four sides
Rectangle
2 2 2 2 2 2
AC + BD = AB + BC + CD + DA
A parallelogram with all angles equal (90°) is a Rectangle.
Funda: A Rectangle is formed by intersection of the Its diagonals are congruent.
four angle bisectors of a parallelogram.
Perimeter = 2(l+b); Area = lb
Rhombus
Square
Two pairs of adjacent sides are congruent. Area = ½ x (Sum of parallel sides) x Height
The longer diagonal bisects the shorter diagonal at 90°. Median, the line joining the midpoints of lateral sides, is
half the sum of parallel sides.
Area = Product of Diagonals / 2
Funda: Sum of the squares of the length of the
diagonals = Sum of squares of lateral sides + 2 Product
of bases.
Continued >>
2
Area of a Pentagon = 1.72 a
2
Area of an Octagon = 2(√ + 1) a
√ 2
Perimeter = 6a; Area = x a
The diameter is the longest chord of a circle. Chord AB divides the circle into two parts: Minor Arc AXB
and Major Arc AYB
Measure of arc AXB = AOB =
PA x PB = PC x PD
PA x PB = PC x PD
= ½ [ m(Arc AC) + m(Arc BD) ]
Continued >>
PA x PB = PC2
The angle made by the chord AB with the tangent at A
= ½ [ m(Arc AC) - m(Arc BC) ] (PQ) is equal to the angle that it subtends on the opposite
side of the circumference.
BAQ = ACB
Continued >>
No. of
Distance Between
Two Circles Common
Centers (d)
Tangents
One is
completely 0 < r1 - r2
inside other Length of the Direct Common Tangent (DCT)
Touch AD = BC = ( )
1 = r1 - r2
internally Length of the Transverse Common Tangent (TCT)
Intersect 2 r1 - r2 < d < r1 + r2 RT = SU = ( )
Touch Funda: The two centers(O and O’), point of intersection
3 = r1 + r2
externally
of DCTs (P)and point of intersection of TCTs (Q) are
One is
completely 4 > r1 + r2 collinear. Q divides OO’ in the ratio r1 : r2 internally
outside other whearea P divides OO’ in the ratio r1 : r2 externally.
Cylinder r2h 2 r (r + h) 2 rh
Sphere (4/3) r3 r2 r2
3
Hemisphere (2/3) r r2 r2
Funda: There are 4 body diagonals in a cube / cuboid of length (√ x side) and √𝑙 𝑏 respectively.
Continued >>
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Frustum / Truncated Cone Prism
y = mx + c d=| |
√
From origin, d = | |
Slope Point Form: Slope is m, point is x1,y1 √
Two Intercept Form: X-intercept is a, Y-intercept is b. Funda: If we know three points A(x1,y1), B(x2,y2 ) and
C(x2,y2) of a parallelogram, the fourth point is given by
+ = 1 OR bx + ay = ab
(x1 + x3 – x2, y1 + y3 – y2)
Acute angle between two lines with slope m1 and m2 is
given by
( ) ( )
The vertices are P (x1,y1), Q(x2,y2 ) and R(x3,y3)
Centre is origin and radius is r
Incenter = { , } x 2 + y2 = r2
Centroid = { , }
cosec = 900 1 0
s
Signs of T-ratios in Different Quadrants:
sec =
s
cot =
t
sin2 + cos2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec2
1 + cot2 = cosec2
Continued >>
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Addition Formulae Trigonometric Rules
Tan (A + B) -
Subtraction Formulae
s
sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B Sine Rule: =s =
s
Cos B =
Cos C =
Modern Permutation
& Probability
Math Combination
Sequence
& Functions
Series
n
Pr =nCr x r! n
Cr = = ( )
Continued >>
‘n’ similar items in List the cases and then find out
‘r’ similar groups in how many ways is each case
possible
Multiplication Rule:
P(A B) = P(A).P(B)
P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A).P(B)
𝑎𝑛 𝑎
Funda: Number of terms
𝑑
Funda: Sum of first n odd numbers
( 𝑛 ) 𝑛
Geometric Progression
Funda: Sum of first n even numbers
𝑛 𝑛(𝑛 )
( )
Funda: If you have to consider 3 terms in an AP,
consider {a-d,a,a+d}. If you have to consider 4 terms,
Sum till infinite terms = (Valid only when r<1) consider {a-3d,a-d,a+d,a+3d}
Sum of first n natural numbers Funda: If all terms of an AP are multiplied with k or
divided with k, the resultant series will also be an AP
( )
with the common difference dk or d/k respectively.
f(x) = |x|
If we consider –f(x), it gets mirrored in the X-Axis. If we consider f(x-2), it shifts right by 2 units.
Continued >>
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If we consider f(x) + 2, it shifts up by 2 units. If we consider f(2x) or 2f(x) ,the slope doubles and the
rise and fall become much sharper than earlier
If we consider f(x) – 2, it shifts down by 2 units. If we consider f(x/2) or ½ f(x), the slope halves and the
rise and fall become much flatter than earlier.
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