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The acentric factor, is often a third parameter in corresponding states correlations. Figure 23-2 tabulates it for pure hydrocarbons. The acentric factor
is a function of Pvp, Pc, and Tc.
It is arbitrarily defined as
H= -log(Pvp/Pc)Tr=0.7-1.0 Eq 23-17
This definition requires knowledge of the critical (pseudocritical) temperature, vapor pressure, and critical (pseudocritical)
pressure. For a hydrocarbon mixture of known composition that contains similar components, a reasonably good estimate for the acentric factor is the
molar average of the individual pure component acentric factors:
W= Yi*WiEq 23-18
If the vapor pressure is not known, can be estimated38 for pure hydrocarbons or for fractions with boiling point ranges of
50°F or less using:
A narrow-boiling petroleum fraction has a VABP of 418°F, an ASTM slope of 0.75 and an API gravity of 41°. Estimate its acentric factor. To use Eq
23-19 we need the average boiling point (MeABP); the pseudo-critical temperature (a function of MABP); and the pseudo-critical ressure (a function
of Me- ABP).
From Fig. 23-18, the correction to VABP for mean average is –3°F; the correction for MABP is –5°F. Note that for narrowboiling fractions, all
boiling points approach the volumetric average.
Then, MeABP = 415°F and MABP is 413°F.
From Eq. 23-15, the pseudo-critical pressure is:
T = 415 + 460 = 875 °R
S for 41° API = 141.5/(131.5 + 41) = 0.871
Ppc = 3.12281(109) (875)-2.3125(0.871)2.3201 = 356 psia
From Eq 23-16, the pseudo-critical temperature is:
ENTHALPY BEHAVIOR
The change of enthalpy with temperature and pressure is complex. Predicting the enthalpy for a pure component or mixture is multi-step procedure
that requires information that can only be obtained by experimental measurement. For pure components, use of a P-H diagram like those shown in
Figs. 24-22 to 24-35 is recommended.
The enthalpy behavior of mixtures can be predicted through thermodynamic correlations. Use of a good contemporary equation of state is
ecommended for mixture enthalpy predictions. Fig. 24-2 shows graphically the change in enthalpy of three gas streams and two liquid streams as
pressure is changed at constant temperature. Values for the plot were calculated by the Soave 10 version of the Redlich-Kwong equation
of state11. The curves in Fig. 24-2 are for no phase change and show typical behavior of gas phase enthalpy decreasing and liquid phase enthalpy
increasing with increasing pressure. Enthalpies for mixtures of real gases and liquids can be predicted by hand calculation methods. The ones
recommended for use are based on an extension of the principle of corresponding states and are shown graphically in Fig. 24-6 and 24-7.
Ideal Gas State Enthalpies
Enthalpies for pure component gases are readily correlated as a power series of temperature for a wide range of components including all of those
that occur in natural gas streams.
Typical values for natural gas components are plotted in Figs. 24-3 and 24-4 for temperatures from -200 to 900°F. Enthalpies for gas mixtures can be
obtained as the mole fraction average if molar enthalpies are used, or the weight fraction average if mass enthalpies are used.
Many natural gas streams contain undefined, or pseudo, components. Ideal gas enthalpies for pseudo components are shown in Fig. 24-5. To use Fig.
24-5 the specific gravity, molecular weight and temperature (relative density, molecular mass and temperature) must be known. Fig. 24-5 is for
paraffinic mixtures and should not be used for pseudo components derived form aromatic crude oils. The enthalpy datum chosen is zero enthalpy at
zero absolute pressure and zero absolute temperature, the same datum as used in API Project 44. 1 The choice of datum is arbitrary and a matter of
convenience. Enthalpy differences, the values of interest, are not affected by the datum chosen. However, the same enthalpy datum should be used
for all components in any one calculation.
CHANGE OF ENTHALPY WITH PRESSURE
For purposes of correlation and calculation, the ideal and real gas behaviors are treated separately. The mixture ideal gas enthalpy at a specified
temperature is calculated; the enthalpy change of the real gas mixture is calculated from a correlation prepared from experimental enthalpy
easurements on a variety of mixtures. This relation can be expressed as:
La entalpía ideal a una temperatura dada, que se calcula a partir de una correlación elaborada a partir de mediciones
experimentales de una variedad de mezclas de gas. Esta correlación puede ser expresada de la siguiente manera:
Donde:
es cero a la temperatura absoluta, de tal forma que la ecuación se puede describir como:
Los valores del cambio de la entalpía real de gas o líquido pueden ser obtenidos a partir del principio de estados
correspondientes. La correlación esta diseñada para temperaturas reducidas. La correlación se muestra en las Figuras 24-6 y 24-7 del
GPSA. La segunda carta es la correlación que muestra la desviación de un fluido real a partir del cambio de entalpía con la presión. El
Donde:
Edmister (1958) proposed a correlation for estimating the acentric factor T of pure fluids and petroleum fractions. The
equation, widely used in the petroleum industry, requires boiling point, critical temperature, and
critical pressure. The proposed expression is given by the following relationship:
The acentric factor (w), first proposed by Pitzer (1955); is a measure of a fluid's deviation from the lave of
corresponding states (see the section on compressibility factors). It is defined as:
where p, is the vapor pressure of the fluid at a temperature of 0.7T,, and p, is its critical pressure . As
expected , w is equal to zero for noble gases like argon, and is close to zero for gases like methane.
El factor acéntrico definido por Pitzer (Pitzer, Lippman, Carl y Paterson, 1995) para componentes
puros es: