Está en la página 1de 544

~'

11-'

-1- Cl--I,I ~'[I'


',I_

1--'1

'

'y-~_ t
i'

i _)~

itos intes ar 0:·-; ii nea es

Copynght

"

if iii t-s.s::il'


ill

CopYIlQh ad mat rial

,'IIIIIJ!',

I 2- :f J ~',~ ,~'..,"".,IIf' t 2-' , ..


"-!li~
'-.'.' I.'

~Mi'
~'~!M!!J

1f'.""........!We ItJbn;t(U.II; anJP'tr'1iUiOO" 1l~~ii!rnlC~, ..Ir.;., . -- "_""''-iO . --I~I:'_"'" ...J -- J~I.-------i';iii!~1 iG'-"n.rNI'iiR,~.. ,.",.-iJiIJ .. ~~r~. ;JI-.;mWaJO Ii' QC .t••• "Ji'~:U . M",'I~--.· :/~...i~
,·w. _ ••.

fit.'

il

II iP"'N1!'-II.I;fji

iii.':'
L!

••

,-'

fiI'7''''';' !Ii« I~QKI-i!J

i£iI"t'lJ'Hj1

Ji__ ,_""'Ji;."''"'' .... ,., .. _

~:.II. [~""

"..;,;iaMI~""

.. _~. ~L~~~

1"'"

".-

._ ~,~~-:

3'-::"

E'IlCAOCula- "~ ,/,,--, ..... ;:n·iI!'!ill-~: 'I-a "gllllllU- ,gg~


_____ ._,_,.,. __ ,,\lUi,

liii) g

.~ I, . }:,I -:)." 1!IIJ.~,",


[~~:._,

1-4,

COmo,demtftcar I

la,

e~edncar-

un

,amplificador operadona~11B
l~~

,',4,,"'
l~

,• ,-41 1
l!'i1!!ii~

,BicOJj"o • f4M1iji'CQCiQ~~118
~'Iiii_"Lr~'

~i.-: j~_;;~ 1"''''''!!f:iS~--:l)l.--,~'.. -~~'-""lMiil'r-I~ ~' ... lie ~~r-·.-~·.tI;I~,",~ iI!'!IiiiT.P.t.II' . fICi" '1~~·v.f.'

IH!li

r'l~l!!f~~J

",,..iJ':.il'_,

,.':1(1
~~

l' ..s
'11 .. ,6

IFuentes secundarias

10
110

Conexfon Ide, oj lQJ'itoa de a'mpli~icad'or8S,o,peraciQ,IVl'III,


J .•([

J'.06.:l
''''~II

,I

La,/Wmk • (lIlmulUQclmt 10 .geR~ paN' ill canui6n,


-",l!!Ii!'Iiij. -aI6 ~II,~ ,

.1
~.~

lamp"g;rxuID.ru ~'lnlCiQlm";s~ ,1.1

PI~~_I·_-.

'12'"

.. / .,.

-='~A': ".-, &Ar&_I._-_-_ .D-,"P-'ERA~ONAL " ~~ _ ",: .. _.,=ll· ~· .. _ -__ __ __, PR..~-'I"M' "_..:_.. c:v'~R·'I-E~N-'=·C;=-·I-·A·'-'-·':I- CON_ ,urN AIIP'U~1 C~,AI~O~-',R· I__..____:~·. ", __
j.~J" '.j

13

Objlti'vos: de ,aprendJzaje, '1:9


n £1-"" .

0"

'~-'n'tlY"ii;d'"'U~'I'&n--' ll.....IJII~ ..__.. wv_U_. "_"

,'; ,-.
,1-

2:..'1

lenninalles de Ilos amplitk:aclcngs: ope'rBclonales


,2,..t,j ,2c~1' 2' ..
,2-1..3

'14,

r"iff.iMla d~ ,ta:p.mt.'
re~L.s • TelrnmaMJ' CtJrritl1'r~~' .'

,2,~,I', ..'4
'2:-2'

.1
~."

tl"l'

11l'l.invftlaciM", ,I'

'f14ri:aIciln

,mI~'"1'6' uu~ 16'

,.

,l'IJlA2ila ,

'ml,lIj~• _wtQ~.l'.i

Gananoaa, del voltaJe len lazo ab:iedo 1,8


2 '2"
:Ii . --'1 - ,.,,if ;'-1
'~'~-MI""!Ij

·!I'8.'",-~' ; . '-vt-- ':: - i - - - . ,rml\ &;-\- 'jlUi .,. tiJ'::"',:tn.•~~- d'·'·- 1I!IfC:iaJ'.' ',~ --.'.....': em· .~"-::-_ ~'l'.--.:.•~. ' .... C'4~ I D
iI'\.~'--j~~t;G..;_
... rl~-~[1!1 ~
.,.

Il"'!jdiliili .....I'iI\iI~:ftiih~!ii!'_ i

~:U'~J~'tw;

:",8·.•·. "_"

:"!~""".iR.~L ~ ... ~ .In,_,· .;jb"I('~"".V~"SOFr~- "'- --- AWl" ~l'UICt:' uc _Iii!,... ~n-t';ii~~''''' ue.
'~-LM.i't'
iliiliA f.l~
1~ ..

'p~~~·iIit.!Ii.!II·I·

1II.?-~1~,_

_,_1,

--

-----'

,_

_I
..

F~'l:

~r'c~Wl' ',_.-_

~H~~"IiJ'

- - DImj1 -- -

21

20
_"

_~.A,-,II 2:-_,

D alec,lio~va _-f:, ~.~,PAn


~;~~l~

...!Il_ ""'

~n··~·~a.I- '~·o··.·.I18i~e t)~invou ne"ativO n IIVa. d.;·e~, .= .. fi"V'!I!i!". ," til!


!i
I

.,

.~

,::
,'"',

~.

l~"""'~
'''IiJ.'

" -,' .,.' .'. .-.' ":"-""-,,,-,1" _ ,_ '-'. n'Il'eeJliru J_ ,!'fl'W!'-'1:' _pzlJror. "'~;:__
[!II!

n "'1-__ -'i'I'4I\iiIi[II!"IiII..J_ ~!I!~'I~:~I ~

I. I
Y

.--

21

iIIIi'li".,1 I""'" .. ~I,


, ...,

po-- --''':~''i''-'fi' ~ 21 ._ , .... 'iilII!!I!iI!! ~

I,

2'"S·

A,plicacDnescomunss, de llos dIIectores del nival de 'voRaje. 2'1


i

,2,~,'~.,1

IbIUV~''.' ~/rrmcia

IqjwUllde~III

Copyriqhtod material

IllK
lml~rrf,tl'flor QCdW:JdQ~' ~'.~. r~!!!

,1DIIi4D;., 2;2
P.!

'~hD'."eo~
IkIK1tJ"'. ,~~, ,26

~j,

24:

="If~~~'"",I'J'n!1

1~,.~J1~,",L-, ",'" . ~,
"-1' ,:
l~""

J).,iE'C ,n.o;1 D_£tr'l~~

~ft.iii,~~, ,~-I~I!-IIir~-!MIIl'-cl~!r4.'''1

,.!l!iiiiti~ ...

,~",:.

,~-:i!~.~:ft J... _ ,,~j:fl:d ,ftar'~~~ .., ,:D'I:"',E!~", III:~I:_1:~1~- ,~'.. l~ .' 1:~ha'~:.J:~, rl!!!1_~'r'liill _ lP"II!"~r~

2:,:'' ' _"

,=~~'
,

' ',.' "., ,," C onren~,~~- ,:t1lfdd~ ~~"_,


:' I . ,1'" ..--.-

"'' d' ,''~:"""'.6It:"'~~,': ~ , ",~_I_ °r


J ".. ",_, ':_:, ':.~

'29':""'"
_,' -_-,'.

"

-ilD~_", I .

.~

't'

'"',

,"

l,--

'

,'I

--:.1

r ,,'G C"~': ,,~,'.'


/. ~." '-',',--:.,

",-_.

'~'

,:' : ,

'29""
'

- :a-Ilface 1n-'-I'
',~~~ ,I ~,~

tl1tnll!lil ~ !WV'1i!i!I ,P

~13:

'~m~,ut' ',D~O',PG ~uu ~~ IIl..ii!!WJ" p'


1

r __ ~gUl"'Q.

~·_Ol!'d",'-"S: gg ~,_ ,_~'i'!g" I"'.

n~~al~ :~a ~-'¥;!lg Ug,

,v",-,!,t\I~~4, U_'li~a:

2 in _,iI

,2'~,2' ,COIIfpGA'IlIDr. 'voll,,}t ,rilll4nqA, 1M' liB~, 3D' '-Q ,:1,Ij!' III"-'lMKiIIOf.F lie ~MP~nLI..... IIC r·IAil'v· _-"Ii i.u.."PIt'.n. ~llill . ......J~-~ii_,~:_~~ n."" 1:. .... :'!lr··1",,,,, :J ,I 2 r!l!f¥ ".J~~~I~v=r!i. ,1"".,':.,4 M-"'~11[1UIIU~'~1 ,..J", ,~il:..- .UC' ,r,r-'1U.IfI' ~"-"'!!Ii"~" ...,"~,,,:I-'~'''''''iiiiIi'':'UC .... !MiI!-fIU .J'.-, ,"".,"00''7"' 'U' .,.". ~~
~1 .. 1
~ ~~--li~

24.1'}'

InlJ'od~,

29

~~ !P.Q_-

,:;MUoiii~""'.w;iI"

lI!=-iI! (~'

r-"!Rl.' ~~~!f

~!d.;iIj;~:;i!'L~"', !iiI!!_~'[IIi!:"'~

~-

'4
~.'

': 2~9"·
..
.. '

" un mic,rocomro[adcr ,36


lEi; ~g

Ilnl8fiOOne_n aniNi' un lmodul'ador de ancho -dB pulso h·,~ . J ~~


NI

1,'.1 2-"/ 1'O~'


I
j _"

S~·--:-:--'I~tl""~~n':'".'.."I' c'·",U"'I!!UU-U d~,' un . ~ra',ijC~J'" I_mLilIO\i!iIV de' ' .. .-'iiT'!i- -~ . III '.
¥'¥iIi ~~

~ ~~

oparacioNIJI
,

,96,
.,
.•. -•...

eon ~'-'n'" ·nlu~a· ~ ,U im U, '~,r- 1111!!Iof ~o'r'


'\;i'V,',
8':'
I

n l~,'.'

'~ '''',,',~,,'" ")"'6' ,


n.
.',!'

..

~,

'

" . I-(

_.

__-

-.

:-

~.'1.....ii._
~~

,,",l"iIIiI'.nit" ~-"'I;i~1j1

~~~

.:!'.. J.... ~'_j,.'~:p

~.

'UI

~-~~-~~

C'.iiIM·,·,I'~,..

'~1~

:fJ.R'

rl:r.-il_

"';IIi'd'ffii liJI,1 ,~.."


.~-:I _ _ ~~I

IEjlroiCIOI'ae I aborato ri0 40


1

IProblemas,

4,1
J

3~·::
.." I

,A•• ,1iIJIIII!

p',-rll·,-'::'AQ' .. ~.~o-,·R- ,._,'..-VE~"'~···FlDft'B1il!:'a '-y~ II{" > '_, ·';E~mBftRES": 'UI!lII'c MO~'ilN-~V' ,""';.,'" -,_~,: ' 1:\8-::-: I~'N .'.vn~ .·
'I

IObjetivDs ds' .p.nd1zaJe :~ Ilnlmdt.loo~n 4,6

,44,

:.1
..

,AmPlmicador ij'mrrViamor' 45
,111lNMl~
~MH'MI':"

ConKnw.'
1'.f::"'fn,d - -J

l1'lI.'~ p~I ....


1'1;"11,' '.' .!ii. ,'~'._,""_"" lVI' ~_'!P.l~ii!'I,~,~
i!!J '" ~_~",~",

'C4J1'G ,'tie __ 4,1 '.I... - j' .....,.... '...,.-v,....IU\IQiI"~!I'O'iI.IIf"!I!~' a IIW iErWl.


-it-"- --' ....... "' ... iii,If~

'Apll ..... .... , it.... ".j,_ ~ ....,,~,_ 'iLiIioA'iI4,j'iW) ..' ,,'" ~~.mu' iI AI'enl~; UL -J!':IO, --v-,~'''." ,~ . . -",' , rN".
..
..-r.
~ -~,-'

4S'

L 11

,e' 4'J
"

,UIIWt7l0m

Ji_-UIt""'~""'..:r~'-",·'.... ~J' ,
_"'"

,ill '"

if,... , ,"'~"'~l~_"" AU!.~


r"":...1

uti".' rJ'Otf'il~, . ;,

-- .. re" '

"

4/l'i

'Q

fa

a.-... •• s,J"-ic.... 1r'1'IL"'i~_' ~",~-,.~


~S""·:-UI ma..' ..:___._ - ... ~"" ., ' ,~,_~UU,1'
::t '1'
.. il:

CJC1 ~'"" Igc,'


_,4..."'"
~'-~~~l

;JjIIj

...

,~lI;,H'...

,e'!II' iJltilf

~IPA'e--o-: r: 'U' 1II!IQ~au:_11 I.'_ 'Q::>, :z ~"~-""Ci~"p .~._, a- li,iiiOl·I"1 '.' UUv
'd" ',.-, ,

,!I':i!"J "~C

~1~~!I~

I'

'3 2"'2
_

,iii -._ ..•.

Copyriqhted material

-n-' ' "ido' C :~"_H~I's_no': 'O·

. J, 2.····· "
:

_+_~l

[~

3',:":-3-,
... -.,,_.

Am"1 itfi"~.H-=---, mWl!Jumlinl- -I J::,C: -:- ,iiii-- " " ~ ~._1!1!!¥1_'_vgUor


,-~-"J'---I'I:' ~' ~- f!1~
, -,J.~l~;
'_

..
, --

3 "..,.,
,_,~.,~.~l

.. J ,!!Ii

. ", '~1i.I ," ,A.nd··"~ -~ ,~, _'"__- ;, ." ..


.. I '1"~iIi;r;

'P.or '-'_ '.":I"


A""~

.;1[ '~;~'.~- -:.- ~,-,


iIO;;I!'

~~.RI:nQ
- --.
I'·

.' '.-

, .... "

,_. .-- . --_ ' ,CiJrt'wtQ" 55


'.-,.-.
,-,

,lUI, ampl:U I,CuuvT


"'"I

.I

';:';_1::._,.;1,'.,.. .' - - . - Ji,~_ ~- ............

m"u1.C~~

,~I

oI'.,,}.'

'!;:'C:

'"

'.

,_ ,~~",O~!U~!!I!.

P'~,.-~ijijij:i:.ifijl·"'"Q~, "".
'!I;!"

~OI!j~f~~:1i

--lI,'~IL'\il"ti~

""~

I~~

,3..4
,~5

Amplitiflcador tn,V8lrs-o;r' de ,pmmedl0

se

:Seguido,r e vol. d
'_

,6,7
'"

J' !'~'" ,"'2-;-' J-,


ii' -'I . '." ~ I· .I

Im--rrJd.-_-·,' ':'wc'. 1'.


I'

-- -' -. - - - - -:,..-,. '- -!I -- '-' ---

'e'

I'

km~/ . -',

3:' j'-,.:
,.

~, I '." ·"-'l!i·."

,I-loa

B:... nl~'~' iII!';iI!l


,.~

""~: '"'

.m- n,Ii ......, ~-_.' ~:O'~' .-,Ir' ..~~'

liP"iD'~'-:'_.Ji'

....... _)J

m.wJl!'Jj
-. --·:lif ....~ -

J7

,it,tlil

i';],_Q

g-~

J-',.'l'
Iii' -'·,_.'I
'-'"!II! :_.

... ,- ",,";.,; n~~ •. U~Itf ~ ~f.·I~_ NV~I ~I:n ~~ ~~ 1"-;~u;.L':"" fAr r""jV-~-~:U""-~=f.~':"'~~:._/ ~

,.Ji"U\;~

01'

,,L .,

ib~\iII,.JJ'~I_-~I'''''iir(J

J_

'1W=~I\UJ[i'

J:~"="".(,,, U~
QA ~J

~-'7'
~','I

i liIIi; ~ll~D.·. '-d "i Ii


r. I .'. J '1',
~I

n-nt\n d' ·,a


l -.1_'

iiI!i. gi .... ,~

-v- "11.... ;6 '~Jg'


-,I... I.

~1:;A;o.. '. ~ilhli:J.

re-

P.Jl

::I "', rJ.'~[/"~l ~


,-

_"7' j.,

~I

s
~

c,
J l!'

Li'~~IU[.lf~ ;W4!

,n..t:;iijl""",:J!'. w1 n;.... ........... ''Itt ~''"''' I..LH"~ UIf . t.... .#tJ. !I!_U~I!J ~~
iii',,,",

J_J:h-C:

,1'/,,,-

·,1-

J-7,:4"
111':"':
':!!I

,'.nu,'
,F__
ftft.-· .. .-·.:· ...

.. vol.it, "al,,,tdc"a1~, 64 tit 'PDilqjc If~W."W:~1 166

VQ

-,-I'· tqj'e ,lUI::'w:IJ Lno'R~DflDCUiIoU!<, - . ~.. J:L.Ji, __ ..'::'..I'i' ...


I' .. ..

1U"':f,!'

~'A

,31'"8
!!!;Ic_lg , .: .';'-1: r-

,SUnla,dOJF' inVE,",SOf 57 no
'O_.;='~."a"t!f-'1·6.'.n' I .~.. f!!!:8 ... .....
t·"

wv n··' 'f~'I.11 -.·n·· .,Ilg .., ua ..~.ft


ft.

d.-,·· l a" ·1~.!~.·.··n.,··.t-'II!:Ii-_-,·~_I\n--'~ u4""n-;m:--_,:_ .. iil!"iii ..•. A ~ . ~a. ,'~ !llr;;iJ~'_YlUl. .~


l::~

".

,0-,

VI"

I~.- llJ0: ~
::::';fi.-'

·A··.-".

m1:--p,l;r ....ii!"Ni,~D~ .d-::·ilf"e-l'iDnc:'il~I~As· 111~. 'L~ .. ~Ja .."

-I' ..;0 2-": !J II!!!lr·U\~·~ ~1-'11.;;r' I. _

J.'~':'l Ul~ ,II

,n
••.

'

'd-

V~I~

'._'.~

..

l!!a~ uc;r-

:1'

it'IiJ ,iCj,5, I~

P:I'(J.'I!'I~,n1 ,,~..,"i_ ..- ,,~,U7

.... ~ - ,,. do ~.:::__. '._ S-ervoam;p ['U"-1II'Ii,.:a- ::-r~ .,


I"" 1"

I~

j!1..~'I~',~ ILL! - I:
J'!!!'

2···· ,~'~ILJ,~_':__jl
~~',jl
~!!!!,'

~, ,-'/i'

/,'i_~i

.:1

~.LJ-·n ·d·?'re,B;t,I.t'"',r~'~U,:a:-,O·.···. V\,.u lu "._gou', 11iCI_' '. _I '"'"I''''' 111;:_ IDoiIIU!!I

'u:n:'j

AJ!"Ii~d_ ~'~I-'o-na'-dor. ~'~ ·s·iiIi;~~,1 7i~.:_'1 i'! u .. Ua . JtJ:UUL ' _~


n.i'.. ... '..

3·'1··j~
.~Jla

,Bi-Im-....w ...· 1oi;IIU, -8'-"'n....!P·~~e-·: '7'" ~ . il,ila-:-~'.('n·-·'. """r'1Y_. ..'


I.' ,

!!

J II J ,'J'" J-s: ~~;


1_":'
~
I','

[!IIII!11~.·~:

__ :

.~:.

J',..,,'.··.··.,,4 lJ

::1:_1: ..:2i ,:I'


_' ~~,;}.J

E,jerotcios a'e iabora~QriO 82


Probl'emaSI

sa

Copyriqhtod material

Xli

CQ'MPAFlAnA'R'BtI!!, ./'. ,_~-~_ '·uv 1'_1iiU

'y"

IC'·IR···CU11li·O··-··:S···· ~~'::_il_'~I_.
-I
. .

·C·-·-··O···~·, __
.!

NI-'·R'·O::'·I Aftft-R"'E->9-' .' II-II' '::"I~_= ~~

16

a
''''I''""U

-b).,,~,iii...· -W'iI ", ..


.

:n:1~'-i"~,UIJ ,ap'--:.- Ii'ioI<A 1·ZBJ8=-'-·~ ~ .111!CtJlIUL._ .... _


I~'-:

a.,~,··-.i::.·.·. ~ -.':

• _A

-Im::- '~U'· .~. v,. 1 'U\I. ~11~'~n


•• ~J •• "

,:B:·::·~' ",-I" _

4..1 1
4.. 2

Efecto del Nido, ,anl los, c~roultoscompa_radolre&,

17

AetroaUmentaci6n posl1va
.A ""I!', ._I!!!J'-I~· " "'!ii'11 -.""i~'" ¥-~ .... . :_ _I __
I.

89

.. a'J'
_,-

nil'!llt·:,_~~,1i" '". A, U'U. UlaI~lUlj d: 0

I'" "I 'b'!!i\if!I;t. _lft," ,.".", Uljl~ ua

I~'ro,:'" -. co·",-···n·.. t:~AiIJI!ft-~S" n2~:' ',"-.' .' III ajla,lg;q._. g:"c_ , ua:._
.J.'_~~ ~I gr; ~~~,.~ ~-~If;
,i:.;~'4II;iii,4~ci;';;~ ;I!'I-atI.rti; IQl_~.e-]r~-~:~ ~'","lr..,'
riiiilli:

.~I~:;"lh

..-.
Ai AI

DftitectO'-NlS'

.
,D'l«lOr
A_
I.

DqinkMft ,de' m,l'·re~'.,12'


n ... .,."-"",, , v_ iUe." l""'lW'i't"''' • ..JI_
~II! ~~

1..-,1

,.";MM;'-'l-~I ~;_~_n~I,I.U

' . _ ..:__ :.J 1'lImO'_,n&~- - . g' .. , J'


r.
"I "'."

_ !g ~_ _ __ II !!g___

(1.~': e' :;',nNeI'


I,.

. _ __

d'oft: '.~ ""', '.". ,- V'¥W_ baja- _ _

~__"ft ~. I' ~Iil

h~iStj'-'''.- ,.·.. -""~al:S•


'ggl_

:1 __

4-..I
~-.:-"

,,-"';'~~' '"' J~:


-

1_, 1.":nHI~~~K8lf. ,~~


1u.!U~~Iir.--!MI_j l~~
1~,....

,~_,~~.~.!

,,:2
'~"I~!I;i·_1
1..

-.....

n_iI'_~.ri.r' .... ,[Y,I~~_I"p_j ,ge' .u.l'J~ 'n~f.iii~: ... ~ .ldS1I'~m;j& ~ . tbiir!iYlir,JI ...... ,ger ~""f~- ~~-~_ ---t-«i:_ ..__ ._.,1 ~.'

..,

~o,..' aWd'. 'WJI~


--

,ron, tifi'~~B,,M'

-~." U1I_a\ii;~iW" 4.-····. [I!'-I-'~Ar'


-:Q

' 1' ', :'


[".

Id':-W u~lta--·· a.U'...


---

UI:Ii ft'H,iNiJi iiiiillA '¥AI ..... 'j,·S-·· 00-1111119," U~ 'unG:_ _:"_.

'J~~
1

g -

~~I~ ~llnllm
_. -

,ns·. iJ.
-

n ,£iI]-'1i1IiM-a !I:-,AB-I'Iia~lftnl-Dv __ iIoac_,ualg 11~IN,-p-!I"liUIlJL

Aft UV_I

1m'~AlIN::lis<iC!:' Q!l.iCF!!!iu _,_[i!iJi

,f..,S~,,1

Int1'Ddu£d~ 'PI
Circuito '. aNI_d'
;6 ,lUI; tGlltMo~r'.'

,4~,5~2

bale,riA .1'00

4'4,":. _-Ul! 44'2


'._!_>
"I ."

r:... ~lr,."....,.·~~"

..Jioil'lll_'-'.iIiiI! .~

[~11iI~'j 1~-1ffII

.... --~~' -

.cJJ....

,S If'miIU"'. mlflD ,~r;.:


U"-E!I!r.-:,l'il-~!5.liII!' r-~'

J,~ ¥_~_lr.l .~

,~~...... .... ~, :ntlM I'., , 'J'... ~~'..£.: ~ ~ ....

.~'

I'"
'.'.

n~.m-,e' (JIJ'': ,."I~'~_~. 1 _ ,I.


iI.. ~._ ':.

~-~-~~Ul-n

". ~~

'IU' . .4:!;........ ~1

II"''' .

1"'.2--"

, ,'__.-"-.- fIIM'I" PI!"UK~~. __ ..;...~",


~ • '., c ". • ..' ' ;;;",'

~.'~.

~,_.-. .. '. 10"2-'


• , • " ~ ~I ~ .i .

,.;,'

Ira;~, ...~;"iIii:~.JI~, [1Me ,~,~_,J_ ~:M!Ii'I~!";rf'UM~J ~'~.;j!


i:IItM. .,~

pmdJ" t2 ,J -. \_.~ -." - -. ;,; -- 'IU. _ --,-.. -~. mlUi; "0'2";_ _ . ~ .~Wnf .' IDs 'PfJ,",J~I'.J'
~<;,-,

'v. ~t. '-'ida ,'~ [""11 ,~~ 11_~

.....1n;'---.uJU' "... r,~.J~,'~'

-~,JjliJJi; ---,-

,~ ~./"',K!- UC'iIi'
...
u

.-it

'lif'u,.,..~'_iI

.n..........'"" ... ~"'..,..j!'~,

I·.n.rt;

~t"'''''' !ll'tWo.~~

""~I,.,
_
-[~

• ~_~""'illv.~iIl·

.t:_ ",~~,';o!";1P"

,""~

~~u:J!!. ~

,.1_

... ,..

ill' n'I~,it~~
RIII!·, ••

~WlIil!!'

.1Q1~r.,1'()l3'
UCi

.J,_, J'UJJ!tcln,..r,-, ,,,,,;t-

,F'--

~w

, • X;"',_"_

.1' ~,afJUf;£'n'~\li
", .......

Jl', -'.'-,

,InA'
c~

'Y"'!r

4-~'~'
._.'
"

~I V,_
..
I _ ..: ~.':.'

~~,m-·I-,·na-·· -~j!l ~--.-r'.--._'_._~IJ


,
:.'_

ra

~ii!!Il :p.··.~I'~-nl.. UU ,.ljI~_DN_"'11


~'lIUl
11'.tLif.

'1"1:1'~,1-,-.-[ 1n£i:' [1 "~"_


..

_ 4-'~"'1-'

,if... ,.......... L._ --.~;.c'1iiIi .~.;-c~~ A.;.~:A..,

,"" -,D' ~, .:~,iii, ~' 'D ,:I' l.:ilia..~

I"".....
!!;;!"_~~~'

~F~f.'I~MI-H'
.-'l;~'_,

J'_, iii.., ,;;. ............1 __ I'J'..-, ...... t..A:.... , I-U. I.~~~ Ulf
I~~

,i'f.iIUI ;:'! UU
,!I!~

~'_~

.--1'-"", j'_ "il':_,_~'.J'~ ,L ....!.~il~_~J.lI .. ,r.a,\ '. ie.rlJ':Yll4U: ,gel ,QIIO~~,

'

'~)

,A.g-

.. Mt~1 U,ina'"- - _. antl~;pjj;;ii!J!I;&-n'" b·.I'o-:-'.11"!lSUKiGJ ..... ~~W.


J •••• ,"

'4,. ~,;"I.a'.',." [IUV

Copyriglhted material

.... ..... _d '. _ C·-·· ""dQ'~"


1,-.

em'
f.

BfI'

'.,

.-'

....

4;00,'11 FI'ats_me da IPro,pagaciOn


4~11~,1 ,Dqmkilht, 1.10

1'11QI

,4,.11 ~,2' M'tdirJ6n .1:' rllQNO J;e p,mptJBl1€i~ 1.12

Emnj'ao - dB [PSp.>:·,1ce am modelaf ~_ t"_. -~--~ - n ~~--..------cempa·······-ra·-i!l'nr~ ·'1\0 · ·_.Uv_·~ I,


.~: •.. I_ ..•
:J_._ ••

y~," ,simwd'ar ,citc-··~tos-·· ... ,,1 ... _ .. _' .. UII ....

~,,_._::J

'.

._.I~

EjeJ'rc'iClos de faoo:ra,t1orio
~i P- ~b-" Ilftma····· " 1,Iy .'1:1_1_1. _~

'1'1'7

'1"_U ID' "-,-

5
.

,ALG,IU NAS, APILI:C.ACI:ttNI-I DE LOS _~ _ __~_~~_ RE_ A-'MPUFICADQ' .•,=8 ' .. .. _ .. ... _ ... "'~ _,.~ _ ~___
..~·.·11·'

I~'WI-~.·": D~·\P·:ER··:A-'~M!.III::B-:-·: .
'..
~-I.~· ..

'1:10
12,0

IO~b1eUvasJ'olda BIl_izaj'8 t-· d --...~, . - . A In"n::r~ueelun-_ 12~' :~-.


I, ~ ~ •

S
_.

~I'

·,.
e-

\loll~metro de' cd de alta resiSt,sncia

'12,'
1

>

J..,,} I
,'·..1,"2
[u:- .... ~

'CiR~Jdfo' brir~ tb; rnzif.cli,iw, de 'MllQj~~ .1.2J' C~ Idt.l,a.~ 1mItI '1'O&1Imt1nJit- ,1 22

s-a

'¥,.I~:f~ftlrft;-·.ntve.· -P.I!!'d'l _ 0.11,_ U'IG'_!!!iI' u ..!!~_ ~~~ 8Ita···~reslslencla '123 ~ . _ ~ . ~ ~" _

Iii: ~. ~-.1!1

s J'
I!!!l .....

r'
II

,!!.~

,~
.1 .'

Comml dt; '*llmJ;' '---:- -.-- ,i10mr-m'r; .__.._" ,iYtcnt4 12'" -L!IoJ~ ill: la' _"_ . _.._" --"_ d~
". '-_.l
-_I . ~-~Ial _ ._,' ,[ .

,5,~j.i,2
.1:.... ,J' 2
1~1,~._

J~i'
•.

,r •
____

.n

- .PmbtulD- .'
I "," I~"--"Iiil

.l\lIQaO,,"'
,_:_~~.,,..

L........ .J_ .Ji.:'.....J'-. "7'.... - ... -iii 1.....


:_'
,,'\., ,,- 111".-.'-,\'-',;;1111 1 4imID'- ~ _"_-~'~ii :_.

u.c' wl1ifw .~lIe~. ,~: I.J


/_I~_)

.0;,,1:

"2' "j[, _'.'.

,5-4
e.-!~: Qg

Probadcu de diodo

,emiSOIJ

de luz, '11,2.7'
1

A- ~~me-'''''-'''-'-n-'Ii~~:~~:-n 11!J"',III~!'gi ~I ~,,,,__,'II;i 8 ~I~n' ~e·. __ ~1"iii!!!·a·Jnl~1 ~_, ··S··.I d__ _I~I!iIiI.!WN__ l1;,li__ co'-··.··:~~,ft:t:~ "__

conods"da. a tiena, 1,2'8

u~_, ~61"'at:I!!'\!i!li1ih

Copyriqhtod material

"1 x' 11....

.r': ..c ., J~UIIi~

,'" "
_'

_.. .

-,

"

Ii ~ ,

,1:'.. ,_' g 7,:

M~I~'~'I~~n "" _~_~ Yilil

~-e 1'"8'·-".,lI;,lwIIlnv, n.;!"!ii-Bnt,--,e_' y

~l;i111i, ~',m.ii",lrv.-,." u:a IIIV,

·'_~t-~~-.~~'

l-~a.',,"'A~; II~

,Ampliftcador d'e com'ente

135 '136
WiI

Medldlon.s dl' lenergfa en celdas sorares


,~'~'7;1i"_
I~ • '-.

....: 5_, 51:";io~2'


I!!! ,".

~ ,0".'
I

,iI!,",~J.,.~~:~;:.n'iM'

iI'~~,,-4"~-~"-"-"-ifIJ

I'Mi

-"'"

--

Con,,,,,rdldft •
,Nii ,I'"",.' i'i .!Ii.!P.=",_" 1M!

I~U'{ , , .·#~U"~~-'~ji _

:11"""1'

,'-;~LiIi._,",. }:/2,~ : '. ~U'

!f.tjl mt"rim-"
II ~" 11':!f;I/~

• eonDCirrullu ,d!'

RI44~
10 Ir1tJmrllfe j~,.1',8'8

iloi'iil-lnU, ~-V-.. .....,.,~-'"

Ci'm,wto divisor Idt, lOOm;lI.1'l!' (CDJI,NnidDr ,. ,comftUf!


S' Ifl' ,--, J' .
~

.:.

II

~'.1

._

,'../ll,2

5-1'1

C'onvartfl1o res de 'Ie",psralum

a vola:Je

141

1::-=:11 U""', 2::


1

S~'~ .'.-'.'u -1-arli&. s·'.~ n"S.· ·.·n'I"~ m ., r. iii""


,IEiIUIUII'1 . II!P.

,W1iiii!i

1~'·42·'-1'-', ".

I~ii-;--:-,i,~';.-: E;IEJrttCIO' S:

IP-"- '.'.~UIa1' I ilia ro-_···· jIIj; _'

"t'_,~...

~l~ Ula1

iIB·b-,· "O:~1"ri", ' ._'_ IIP_l~, ,\.!II


,.

'144,
I

=-,

A'tC: ~

6
Obj'ell¥os de apMndlzaje
'IUV
ii!:!:_ft

'·4:'7: II
"I, "

11,4;7'

Inlred uoci'6n
G,. . II

'1,'.
ta'·I
'.

IM--It"111,,1 ....~ ..,•.... :.. ' ,taie __ ..-'":U" 'i'J.' "b 00 .iiI. I-bl ,. _.. .•

,,··ft, _.!I;I

.iIi _.::~, '~""'I' ,n~""",,~,, -,lI'u_1lU ."W~i!'j; jp""'p a.c.. _'~I'ij!II",,~;,L---

--

lJi~"iu.:"'l",J." :It;r""li,'-~;J:;-L I' ~(J ~~-._'tuAI!


. lJ!·~.1i!!!!~~]""~-;~1
I~ l ~-" •

';C'YO

:f..l'iDo

62-"
iiiii~" . _. -:' .'

'MuHivi_braciorm,onoeslabla
, ,~J,.,,:-~.ot...., ,lnl_AillW:~I_~
• " , t,'J

11,52

.'

1::5.-::-·~ to: .1/;'


I.'

,EsllJiJiJ'- _"... ,- ' 1'5' '2:-' .__ , -)r.s_' 14"


.I~

"I'!:'_. . ~,:iL~_it ,iI: It1.In!Jt1'IUfl' _,

!I!~~

- ,-"_,_J'_,,ij'_

(,I,Ci'

l~n-lDCll-unJ

.'

.. -

'.,

-~:Ji.'_,ii',C*,'
,;i.;,l,,;!

Copyriglhted material

I~'~

vil'V·''" ..,'

'Coo'

• >"_'
' ' _'-'

-"te-· -'.-

-.'"'dOJilt ~_'
r, "

.' J'Jt;J ~,~, B.etf adio, .'-, ;it;ilmn,;fl"'!:!'JiI'I",,","~ ,llu:n:JCM,,' dll ,plim d~1 m'lida. J'SJ
r- • ,;" ~ ._.

.. ~. -- -_'_-_'_. :._

. ;f~~ ... ~~"

~_III."'I!~~~ l

.,'

'7l4mQ,tl ,~~ T·i!!ir. ~


-e . _

r.;.

,ijiiii~,~-"i"":";'JII'.~'1'5:': : ~l~~'~''''''''"~ *-vr!!!l~l "J._


c-. .,',. ' -::' _",,.

e_,'~' U-I~

.--,--.--'~'-";-,' :-,--,:-.: 11- -'1 ·'1, GIsnerstdores . '" ..' ond., tnan,gullar " de
I ~, ,

- .' _": 1,56

,.'.' l~' s
'.. " ··.·Il'l.

,it " U~I~II!~'

"1

Tl(J\rf ....1--. 11 j!H!HC,onam_lilll'0'ii J'i~'~; .., _ - _tz ~ . -,·~.,J!U F.Ncwf!l~iac,J. 'Wr¥rIWlIiKl'f.~i! :'Jg J ~o u-", <i":I:fUIiill"ll'll-.....:_.g;_
'~\",iIii .. ","',. -,~--,-, :_ ~'[ j,_:-_ ..~
I!!~ '~:

16..","..JI ._ JlI ,;t

O-li1tJ,-,:-at/n" ... _~.__ ._ -.


" "'ai '.'

,!I\UI!"M~'~".J;. ~ ,a:..., ll!-Il~~o.-~r~l i ,; ""~ ~!Ii-T~'~"" u-~ '...... ~rini'!iiltu,II!'-,.., ~J#I

8,A ~

~:£U!"lara,·J!Iii!-r· 'd,-A '0'·'-.n.··d-:-I ·d--"·-·' :-·"-"1 d -',Slerlra, 'iJIlI, .8" _ll8nlB ,_8' t".
~~l ~

'1C'"I! Y

64/'-'1'
..
.

_··'i ..

.'

&4'2:"
,~~

FJUlci~~mlJ'
,1'1'•.

._:

."" ...,Ai, '1',;1':17 iI'~' '• .-':... ,~.;,;_ ..... WiW • 'l> ,1I:iIi JV!I'lrnu, lUll:;;

- -,- - d I -

,•.

1''CiFCNito~ 16'1' - - ........-Jd ~'__ , JII...., -4'l.-_,~,,W ~"W~""~ Ige: SM'rIlIJ,


dI-,
,._C·._ -- --

,i, U ..'

,iI'A',"

". ~'I~~U!li!'l!'i~:K;;Pt~W

,D~.,":;\ii'Hlli:"IiI'~A

64'6"-'
~

I!]'_

,.'

.-

tJ /N... ,. Id':J' C'''U'en-cUl, ." ~. 'J64-'" ,D 1lS'l¥!1J l4JW'~.


,_.

C()1!I,,,~r,-tfJ.(Jr ,tit. 'mlliQjl!J I(J' ,fTt-€:uenc:l~, 16~' ,KaQtlla.cWn _ ,(lit'/J,:'~~.!r:t.~;n'.->ftM:fNJ' :-:.,- ~~~:~'~ _ _ _ _ __ _ - -~~ 'y' ',"'~iI!~' .,_.~ _ _
-.'~.

.4:_ ~ill'_.iiHti'"" UC' UUL-liIU,

Jiut,

:1'''::')' ,

p. l,l

_~l.

<;iOI!.,.. lUCiii.1I- ...11~1.11j.~lr,.iIU ·J-cif!;P, ';n~4~li;iUilli:;""1 '.' ~

"~, II. ~ ~I' ....

.~-.- --.- -, -",~,

. 'I'

"l,

--.-

p- .. _.1'\'-

"."_ .... I' I· _ ' .

•···~··6,
, ",.
' __

~-

' J

••••

ModU]adQ,r/demoduiadQr- [baJancea.do* all AD630


6·,j~1' 6 S· 2-~" 6J~,3'
_ . .' _;!!,~]

" B6

... ,' -- '. .t#jOIl"'j·' . .. ~ !,,~>:~ ..~. ~~~·".'-,JI

0-'

"p"

J-''..... .'.,', 66"


"c" .," ~~I!I!·.!r.ifIiIKIl

'7'"...... ;[" ....I'.,..,,.j •. . II ~."·~lf~P-~!M!I"~~-!if. UII!'] ,~-IO~· _Ut _ ,~.


'd', oft

"

jI.nI~.j.,..' ~I_. 11iI~

". "". ... ur:. OruJd .r: '""".)j'.

~IJ'~, ,.
II

''!ijI

.,u.-

~;i'Ii',..'r(.IU~, j,'A~, ~..J:..... .


j ~

--__..,. J"""l

.. _,~'''..I,"", !lh.iGlUl.; I~'~ UU'

dor G- ftlii'6'-ra' > _'~_u __ 1 Ql a'


I:...JC ,I: u ,iUI,~.~.
~ .At 2' u-(_j~··" .;

'o··nd~l~ ·i1~lng·' -11'11..,.;, ..-: f'iIi-·a.... .8....1: .... 1 d···· '-I-_:O:~A-;II'! .:.Q~' ,nQl "ul~r y ~u_ur ' . _~ ~e .'. pr9C~Slu,n 1,e£i' lUU

FMcj'(Jllami'emo ,il'tl 'irellii'o~ 1'66

FnClUffaa J~'Mciluci\d'r.i,. };'68

1S.,7
1

E'studi'o de la, gen.erracion dB luna onda aeooidal

11881

6.8

Gisnerado,r e ffiumiciones; '~'gortom6tn'cas unitive rsaJl. d .e_ ,A'_ D"·.¢",ag, ,-.g_ ;1 _ :-' ~... m:g,
U D~I!!Jl'
[ :~;-

~'",~'

.~

S"~'2 ti'-~'-: _-_


_.'
I.' . [ '
,

liJtmt1uc~i6nl. ~,u 1-;;'9 ....

" .--·' --'.A':... .'P'f!-,:aChm; 0"- -IW

_,l!.

_'

'__ - __

' __

- __

II!

..1..., " ..... Ii ...... {Ie' In,J'~Hi,.m,J

,"'"i:.~,.... J'_n:o\muJ~ I~Ln, .- - ,,·!,.J ....,f .','1/\,. '~II'7c.,,'\1···,·

..'

g.

~I

.'

.G--'a:-n'~i!'G·d·····~lr··' .u ,0' .-d.··~ '.. v a.


,;i Ii
,

'-n"d: a 'S"~I1iA~;d;a",1.: ,U '. 1'~1!iI1!U111!Ii:'\ : fill, .~ljlIVfU _ . d ~, P'~~Ie:'LI .. '.

(j g 1:'
"I'-j

C:"

[!'.

~J;_

6.. t,2 ~
Jt
g~7oJlr.}1

,n,

:I'

,Sim,u facio iii ElIIil IP,Slpice, de los eire ultos geneJrB,do rtl,s de s anahes
6 ..J'tJ.,,/ ,
".'.'::_ Ji ~2;ii u ","IO~ ~
i(

17,5

Mu'ti~'ib',.l:IdO,.,w,ab'e~ 1'"1:,

,;1:. ,,' ,. '~'L,,,,","",_.JI.. ,'n.oo'N'I[fuutc~ 1'-"77 -.....1.,'-_ilUI:Wlu~'" .... i i

,6~J'O~J' l(k_n~mJor 8: "nAG ,friml,u'i.tJ" "~pola~178 IG,:::,_::",iJj;"'":~.1'O··'Ii"...J:" v~ 11~,inn"~lil('" '~,'''~' IU-i:Jiilj 4/: Ul~·-' ,~-n~lrual ~ u-~ ~,~)J:~ ~lt[~"111 t~-"- W-'\I! l/'"
IJt~';;;II'li'QUj"'llf'" iI!:~ p.'
~!I!
I.

,--';JEnCICUJS,, e_ 1,"'1.... - m'd;) E·- --.' ·- - ti" - aoo --- II; -

no
J. -

[Problemas

1182

Copyriqhtod material

C:-''t-"-' -~'''' , ,-ODen.uO

,"'

X-U

,A'MPUFlC'ADOJRJEB 'O--PE--R','A(
~ _,_, " ,,,. , . , I __ '_ '" '_' ,I,

:"·'e, ',""

;-1'0"', -,UIA,'LE-_
,,""',.

·~s- I~··,D~'
,~'.

C'

,",

.N,J ,~,~

D-IO,

~,~,_,

'00·· ,-'_",-' •.'

'8:;

7'''''0
,

'1

185
~ 1,:
... ~ "',_, !J!.._.I

r-t.z' '"
"

1'
"
~J[I ~ ~/

.:'/_., '1 'J 4 ...


-. •

, - :'.
til·""

~.
J;o],
I ,)

1"] ·Cl
'I', ",,2,-.1:,. '~"'f_"""Jii'Oi"!-l ' ~.~ _ ~'... 1~ip.1-.~.~~-.1n1~~ ,
,li ~I ,I .Lf 7"11'

1,.,,2~ ' 2

'Tipos ,(U ,tlCtq;~tJdo~s dt ,0Ift/a comf}ttla ,dt, fJ.;MCitJ_ 1121


1

7::4'-"'"
:"_-~~:,I ,
". ~ I

Detactoras de [pious 1, 95,


('!i;ilj\j£)IiI"';-!;:":r' "U !Ii!l~:I.H.il.f.IU··- iii
.r·'!Ii~~~'~'_W!l!1

~~01!'"

-':"~~itJ~D;~
~

,r-+':~-W- 1,.-~-~1~1I1I! ...-~1!1 ,I ~.~


,rll!-~-~

Dn.('_i,'~~'ii'W_ :.'A!_~
.-

~CllM'llIlU,~-

_r"":"ii~;\.Jf!""_''v '-IIil"t!li;~"!lI;U~1I'u.e ~;t_iii ....J~-t-,J-: ,.1'

iO;~

"~~~!I!-~

11Ii anl':'!ii'lIi .• ""IJ.)

".,n,.'
71'

"1'.•... 4'
I';'

',

,.'

r,_ ~-".-~ ·rt-'~"',~, ..i, uunveJuor -'Iwe!


~tJl!1

--lea,,8, ~g,

,,,,,",;;;Ii

1" ni7:

p ....... lI"Jii!r:~:\,"~
~ ~-~.IIll~UI'I

.s:, uc
~

~--.i'II ~ II:r.iM !iii!

,,,,,"..Ji

In:~~[I;VJ,"-,~"

,iD\iIIi~~:"~' ...._""~,

... J""

J"7.. .1,!11.J~' ~ II
1

,~ .' -'~d-' orur,~ .JI- " ",",-M,RIf'_

r'!II'!li-J~~N''',_

n.,.ri ~:(J'~'."">!'Iiilii '11 "U1i~1


,0 IL:U," ,~IJU'
."
_.,Ji
'''''-.tVI;

~u.,O,.....

~!I~

;!iI¥!ci,J •.\o!'ii ,iI~'A:\I!'


!li.!JII!I'_iI'V [~Ii!ll!l-IliP!:~'

n:J~tll!, .

l!~'~'" i7"'

.iIii'~"""""'~lIr~ iI' ..~........ "",JI!'~~'Ji!'


[iII~!I!'I~-j1

l'~·~
'J "~'

I/'"~{J~~.. '7 ,€ "

ss»
t.

':--i'
_-),_

:.1,,'....:.. --·/i:.

5'~',2,_ I

In,;mdlU:ci~ 2m
CirclU'W' ,.' ,l1JtlO ,mW!:.mJ ';:'011 mliiJa nr,galiv~ 200 Cirrul'D' ,d-e' I'MG ,,," no mn saliM Filili'"'' ,2/)2' ..
C;f.'JI~_-""_~ _ -'J~j;~il'O'"
_I .,J:~I 'ir,",,-",oiI;

I:

-:.-. !'i: -..

" '~IJ..I!¥'

'7 ,£' "

U~.

,~"~'['~J

!1IHIi11'.il~""'_ Irlf,Il-~!f'IJU~,

'!(j;,

~,_~

ifI'_;'\~'.J!'- ,LiirMilill!:ioi

rJ~r~I~~

',.mol
~~l

7-Q: -u

l_

R'~o' ~'.iIi~r_~UUJ .... "llG~


.Jg,l.f.~'~

'4

nill'D~';e,:LAiJn' "-'''I'''IiiJU~trU.'

:2'. :._'tilC ~., ~"O'


I

7·,1 7_°'
-~

Co,nve.rtido'r'lde cnda 'tn'anguls'r' s, ontla, sanDi'del: ,:g-i'l'rn ii .'",!f!'~~n- ... 'p~:~~~ :d--~ !liiIlL. 'p-I'I'f'~1!!I;d,-'o: iIM!IIC!!!. -, .-_IJIIJI-wlal1ilir.1IU." en . wt-'~~. . ~ am. .1.,.. lUg.
I

005
lll.1;I JU. __ ""'.. ·

_"III'~~

-,_

O:'ri~n

'"1;o:Ij'Ii!Ii~I.as ,.,.'ilI.~__ con .-

.d:"~I-lI!"!lid,: ns _ V. u~
I•.

20".'=i
-_-,~

'~' .IID' ~'~-.I,IJ


. .' :
~I"~:I. !!ll~

,- -, "! . '~'. 2-

'1',,,,.ID ,~

If' U.J

8
,

ft "'p.-'-·I·L' ' -_-~iJil -~~". ~r~" __' ~-:-IA~' AM___IF '1I!!!IC,AftftR-"e_ _" DI~~·R·-"SN'C__ II le'a' Y 'DIE: [P1U INJrE

D--1:!!' '-. ~

, .. iI' _

IN--a'I-R~U-M-'-~A u._ ~ 1~_~i'lJ III","" [-4'N-1li


;,,2>14' ..
," ",

,_'

"

..

Copyriglhted material

an
_~'

Amplllf,icador dil:ferencla~bAsico ,215


I" 8~ 2"
_
iii

B 1','
~

..'~'" i

••

_'

~I::__l

."

,Mr4ki.Sn, ,COlI ,ampli/icdtUi" de' MlmdQ di1ic~ 211 ,M!dklDtJ., IC-on WI ,amp,fi/IafdtJr' dJf#rmcm'L, ,2,11
I..'-:'..·~'

:8 ~

1&-4

Am~il'I:S'~a'd,:' de ·I'-n..... ~~I'li'!l"ll~1 ,~; enrtacion ~ ~,~ ~t"'~IK.!!1a ''I'"


,WII
j"

,!!EiIift

,,' "i:IIllliWlllll_

I"

~~_

,_,

2:~'~2,~""'.,
~",

' ,1:' Sr"~


8..J~,1 :
O,,~~,~ 0.... "'II '

18·,'~,3
8~6, EI arnplMlcador dB iIIInstrume:niaci:6n como clrcu~I,O

aeon cUciln ador' de sal1al :22,9

_l .. 8"7 ,~.
-

Medlci6rrn de peqlUef\os, cam bios en ta msij slenola 23;1


8 7:~' "
.r. ...
-', ." ,i
I I

..
B8
~..
'_'

I.

III)' '7:' Q!I!l~' ",i~''"

,g' ..., :2 'O~J',~~

,'I,."tt
,1l":'~i'!i'i6' ~·;~:lIIr.-tJl-V-ll!

,Kl' ~ct_no' ,udlWlt, un: ,pu't1l1, ,y,s;tslivo, ,231 Ibblco ~:su,rt1tCia'J!, 2J2'
t~miloi'"(l'~ _.Ck _- ~r._~

I.

-II' ,.6;~:L_I'~ !!J:i': ~~-~


~_~I

...,_...,~~'~~' u..G1[y

"'~nt~~23'J .._.
-.1 .••. l~ 1." ..

,',
iCt ,gil' u-~,~: Qi~-.:..."I' . ..~ !

I._:_ ".

.."

.~::

""~ 8'1

liMKd~ oivl4!, ,2'j4 Una "iCn'iea ,Ift(jo~ 2'J4'

IJ..g

Aumanto lUllla saUda da] ptll8nll de :senSOlm5 Ide' IdefJormacion 2351


IU,'nI,a 'lQ~,_h,._~lu" ~...tAl'~n, ,,', ' n, !!'i;nl' ~;iIIi;i~il!,,"A.n'" ~:J,tljVI~,
1

8..10 :
,8..11

~1""11~IAI~'~nrP.l d~ U'tf;~.ul~Ullg'
nAS~A fi"""'" U'

'ii!!ii;

d'__ ~'OI!':l!!il""li;AA~'o"n' AS' al:'~I.,tl,~I_:: I_IC~'

,2=,~,'Q,",7,·," •••

1"lls' l¥J,,'

"d-~'..c:.n !J'oi!:IU"

d'" .'8 ' IP·rl"8~l="" t;II~Ii£ '11lli!!iiJ~a: I \l ... _., !iC!!iiJftJ, n .' ,t'

,~g,

"ag'

Copyriqhtod material

~Anlen:""""1 tuU
VV_I '

,'. '=il!'

'vtl·ll~ Al'.' ~

8 ~ 112
ti .
,'J

'
8·'..1':2}....J:
:.'
,

"

....

,'lil!l ....

'HI........ ...:il'..:t'... 2'··, ~fli ~:·'·f', r-~-~,~~~,I .:;"~

Oi .JL .illil!.
[

0';0,

;~2) .,
'-,

-- ....... J' 8-'-l'~Z~:: ~" 8' "'2'-' 4-'


..
~,I.

.. ~ l:

,':.:

[U"'._.~ £Ii "'-~

"""'mD' - .._. ~'a""r-: [if'!i"i.-"';iii;~ \1a;iii,rl;,,,,,,.i[I-.""4;o!1;'f'I U. ~II''''''''~U "'I"~I'r-iii'''''_'~l''ii;r'd' ' s' ". ..~..-U-._. -n:I-'s" ' VU.'_ U~ __ I'IMIII "'IJ'U,"D'-IU __UGU 5'1 tCliin:lr1illl" .__ -P"Ii'S'
'.1

Ii!JIAIAI,
~I~

._:

~fj g. _ ~\ri .

.,J ~?,'~' 1

~~I!iii iIi'~;'".',",iIf~~~ I' ~1[!IM;~UiIL"""-U!II

[~'

,ft

1I!IiII'

11-~1If

~"'r'n"Ii~J ~

",,4!~~
~

I~"I"~,\'.)".; I rll ~

~~ .... ,.JIJ:j""iil'~~}i! I' ~JI~·~"~~tJV~'i~iiII!l

,J... ~~"lidj.illl! IJ~~'~ !lillY-I! ~ '.... 't:J-1r. ,_ UCl..

u-c

~~

"I"'~'

2#JI,

[In,tmc:b.looton
~

260
A -

"'."It!.. •~,f:~ ':m..

QliI!~_'II;iIJ

.. -;

d,~"ftlnn,',t,II "1'·l"li!I,J~,1!!Iii t'!"~_IiII'~""'UIII


Ulil!

:""".- I .. _ '

'Ua Iftnf"""~!'iIt;iio; gUaua

',~~.",11-,. ~ '2_ __ -"8:···\2-::

n-Q~~f~,4U't::I!iii,PIf U ua

tas c····~PI!i;M~-n',A.s,'d_.~ ~n""~ra~"B'··. <.ft .d'·" ~_ '1II!liJ l.~_


ig .. ~. __ , _

,259

9 3·J"
.~I:

"L_>"!i[

l~

..... .,•\.··.:'.5:

'~ftl- .IIIB··· d:-1a····," "_ •.!!' ,d···-e·' u'IIL! .._"...'1 ,ft""'-ra' "da"-' 9u ..ILMJ,_.J ,"_. ,d~-'ftilMiJf'~ ..
!!!IiiI-iii3I""· .. U
1••• _ •• I

lC~

"'_~o,

9~,

'VoUajada de~vro ds
ill

amda dal ciN:llilo ,swnafl-or'


At
iIi_l-

2S:1!
c

7"'~~,:I

6'

I'

il"":..... '~,,~11X'nn.J

:iL-iliii~

"f",t!!I'~'1i-

"IlJ:IQII£RI

--_

--

~>-, J... .." ~" JI ,f.IC

,sll\MiUl , "".

iii

,dt/ ,.Jri~' .' '42

,i!lltmdtl,

,2ISli'

,amJII'

," '---'1;-'

.J ,~ 1!! -=i! IS ,ge., "/~l~:o,}~

-li"

CtImD DOl .fttmintlr 11m t1RJDJJ ,drl wJm~' D' tkwfor. 26~ 262

9,,,,7

de pdarizad6n

Anulac'i6n Idellef8clc del 'V.JII de' dnvfo y de [1111, comen1tes

Copyriglhted material

t - 'd Iwn,enl_,O
.,....A ~ l

,/..··,.2'

&-'9

IMediadn del 'vcnaj'e de desvfo y las corn'ant,as, de, polaJ'~'zBci6n :266


CI/, 2!Y" ..:,

IPUN,ICIOINAMIENTO"" ~._.~ '.~ EN I'] ·C:~:A'"..·····N-,C,:':-H··~'·O-~I ·-A 'D"'E·, 'B··AN-'--D~IA'·-·:-V,'~E':-L'O- :C~~ D·:l ~IID,;A-"' 1 .. '.~' ... ~ ,·_L_~· , ._ IDE' FlESIPUESTA 'Y' IRUI,DO
.!'." .... _.,_6.~ _,'. __ ..... ,.... ~ ..... ! .'. " .

.I .......

- ...

'.'

~.. ~ ._.

_ ..

,.,~-~._.

10-0.
I
-L', .• -."

,I

~:.

'nl~,j ' I_IJIII~I",d~:liI"~'tA:nl:;-" Irw" __~vl'\lll


II!!

t. _

.2: 7"'1'
.,

·.e·,·"..ll R _Q'Ql!iIH __
ift.' ..

t· A,"·C·,·';.ia
j~·~ ••

. n' 1IIIj~._.!!g! .. "'$iI e.-:-. I '~I'II!!'I:M.··U'O. ~.n:~I':Q


_~

'~ 1 a.. m [J1.'~~Uu.j li1A/I' __ .. - ':·p'~U:in.·,:" ~"., .•


"_.'

I"p~··e.·:' aw~_ ".~ w .... .'~"p..i~n·,··a!I· ..,', __

'21,:·/1'"
l

[J

' ~~~ ~~- .,~1 C~OIf"JMIUlK.IDn'


~._p.i

wC,m.Q~. ,~'",'M!_IK',Ul~ .. ...... ",


2"

,~-.~~

-dt:'

~frtc'" _.

~-

._.".-

"1':Z'·
~I

:(:'i'n~il!"'liiJIii"'l! U~ 1I!·1~'"iI!r·""_'"iiI·M .Jll,d ~enl'J,.'I"'~' ~J


.;iIi ,......

.... i :4-~i'''';iII_...,.n~ 1"",,' H ~.:iII_".J if.·~~~P,I~~ lIli!JI",~


~",,:~.
~l

nil!l~Q'O! '~l'

L-ej"

,J:.t;,

G'~

pUIiiIg

J1.,,,,-~~~ ,>!... l"ttMlt~IIIi!.~ .~Ml""iMi""'!f~'...., D1iIJ,jil-.i't~".rt ~ ''''I!II.:l~'I~~


.f:.JfDl~

Ji

Yl\~

~.

..J'_

. __ ,iL,tJi_,

'"I!'?'~'

~>:r¥

'2' -' 110'~:'"


I ,' •

.•

'. -.

IJ!""!"··

l---:

Gananc'ia dell amlplflr'ieador 'Y' res:puasls, an frecuenoia,


~ I.:.~/.~!!l=·
" .():C- . .

21,S

'2"
.

I'
I

~- - 3' ,:,.. ·I".~·: '. .I(J·,2~,~


jl

,1(J.·,,2~4
,I.U-,~".1/!'

iI'A

'1 Ie:'

,'V!!iJJ.~ 1/
• ,

t.J'.... 'I::",~' !III lUG' J'(I'~' s.]',', Cald"'~'--' ,'i::... ,i'<!,..... ...,_:·4'.-::-:.~iIi_: J J") J~" .Umii!' .' Ita H'b;cidad ,de rtspuam ,ptJRJ mufa.I"!'tJ.JI1idalr,,,, 28J
!IIJ lll:'!IIiI 1!-1Ii1-=~

"iii"Ii ~
'....
.. . ~,
1

~I

n;;J; ,~~JI·N
·~·:r-?-U'

i;,rjt!l;'~
~

j'"" ·d'~~ ..II~~ii1Dt1~'''"' .. ,':'",."


.I1iCr
1,,1

lf~liI!r~.,I.~1!

:Nii,t'fti! ....

'~',l~~'. "2~·,,·!Iii;,~' I.Ul,lJ

....:_.~=

'

j~

liU\~lli_._~~~~

~I!I~

~iiIii~I":<".... I!I!'I"J~'

.J1 ~' .... 1~,;pl'J'.~.,~

"·~_:.,lr·~~-!I!~,

1-,"'.,._'

'O' , .~.'
"

~I

.- '~'. e-

,I .

~. J'(J'~" J" 4'


..
_ I '..::..' '~I 1 ....:_.~

_.I

'_J'

a:lCI~O

IiI;lii .... Ji

.- ~

J'lm'Y,II,'M:.iUliNi

,nj':.c,....illilJ!illln···· ,~. (lUree, para -'-I' .,.,...


I~: wi

~' ....'~ ,~ I~~_)J ...I'"" , KoII ,,·I,OCI{.I{;jiU ~

", .. ':J'i' , " rtl",e~_",2a:,., ~'Q'T'

,104',.4

286,
n~hlle' _" I, .a~ F IlwlUt ''''r''(ljIID ~
~
I

'ii'lDR" ,GiQi ..

'_".1

Copyriqhtod material

I-_ .C:'IU!'iil.s-··n-·'·I.-.:I"",: .UlII~t _'. lftJ!

xl-;"x·.. ·
",

:'

' ..

·· .• _l

219
_:.'_

--"-'

..

_"

,Objelivos die ,aprendizaJe


Iinmaduo:loin 290"

289

t1~'11
"_'_

11' " I'


:'I!ii!I.I. ,')
!...._.~l!.l

I.'M ~~i;~~~:~1 :_rt!~~1iI:~J


J~ .. ,

1',
l

,iii/':,..,ii ••" 1 ,",

J II'",','-:
'1 ... •I .:_. - I " _'!I!I. ~-'

- · . ; J~Jj"" 'I" . nUl'ftD-'..-·- :6-'-_ "",l~'- 2·ft·_' - .'; .


." . "....

,~~,

"'J~,'

,~i

. L ...' ~'

l~

,Q'~u;;J;,iI'j~a ,..J~i'Ji~i~~i ~_~~~:M~ ~1i.~~.'_rjLy.[~1 __

,~";t~ ..

"'i~/

"

'2~ "S"5"
..

.': . .. l.. _. . ..' ,"~: __

!!: I ~;

113-:-' l'
J.

·1.. 1:·j

':

- ,_: -Ii'

. _'

j'13-"2" "
... ··.· 1·.'"1.~'_ Ai.., II....

I IliIi_': .:_/ ~ ,_, _,! ..

'_~-·,It·· F t!IU

pft

B-;·'II,I....

-.-UiLl' ···.:'Qw. _'.'_[_,.~

~rI"-'h'

-pac;al _~~ ..~,i\lIa ,_,~I;i4""4oA.~ft~a-·· b,-AHIS" AA U\lUU/U,auaU_.

:an71
I,C~al,"

JL1'4:. ,i " 1'-4. 2'

,'~tJlftnlD
,Rtl,~'jrQ;

,de db«iiO l.iJtVII'fie-ab:1l 211' d~",Ii"tm" 2c.9J

'11-s

FihfOS,

BIUlerworth pa.sa ,alias ,300

c 'C' 1 -J.~J J/
~\ .. '1

:C",:inntnnrn",~IAiiil.4....iiltBtdnt."'It •.•J"-fj' , ,
.. ~!I!-~'~'
~~I

.gil;'

ll!~'~J"-:f._

'~!!!!II

[~'

1i!1

d. ...."d!~"'Ji;if;i>., .. .J'''''' ,tn.;#'.. J.'~ . ~l'li;Ul~~" 1H1111.1W-~~ '.- ~

11,..61

InlnxllucciO'n
lJ,·6.,J'
Ir}'~Uc~ •

II las:

liHro., pul. banda ,90-7

I",z 11
. ~.f, U.,lli·~! ,.i,l ••

.t: ~

11 1.. 8
L

___,~,rv~ ~ 1iICI.J11!,U_1 F'i"U"~: ftAiHIl ~jIIj;l"~a'UCII


~ft

ba' '.'__

. ._. _Y_-,

-n"~a" .. -n- ~,.~~, _ ftnC··~


18'-

Q.:_ 0

'1'·_·11. _

'11,-9

:d' ~ F-~~j-'~8,_!!gl 1_ U!i., y_

ilf"111iU!liiie~i!!II
'1'11IU'Q!~

~,1~ IQ '_c4_.··. .

Copyriglhted material

xx
Fillro de rnuesca, dB '120 Hlz: 815
=...

:C~:o,:,"n'.a~ ~....t~ .. ·."IVII't~;U'

~ 1,1 1:1 ~" "'",'


I •.

1/'0,:-\I~
~ [

1_

I.' 11'''','I' :;;ilii, L1;


·1 ~"
I

'U!!l~~f

(I

:1 I:~I"'-/~'(J'~'
.,'.'..•

-,

U~J.l J I' ..,JI!l, ,J~


_ =

I ,ill'

jl!!,

I/O ,iI

UI!'¥.

J'.1'~"J,t,Jl ,Fi~lm,~'su baiw~,31tj' 11"',/',1',.2 ,pdStJ alkB~,J2'O , J I ~"J.I'..,3 ,/HUg, bwu/Q" 3'2,<1

,P"'" ,,"'ttu

ElieliC'~~I'~~' ~,' .UV,I~~11111 : ~e;- la-:-'I~ftra~' ~n'''''o''''' \1,1


, ~~"':"':' !I'I,;i!"vv

0_ liiJii:l

2-~_,,':

.....

!I'

Prable,mas 325

paR MEDJIO IDE UN MUL.TIPLIC,ADO'R


,~,.. .. d"i. ,_, ~,,~, j" Olb" ., t'" - , d - an.rem,'IZc)'S' 0"17' I~):BJYOS:,'. r

MOLDULA:CION, DEM~ODULA[cJ'6N y 'C~AIIBIIO' IDE F,R,iCUENCIA,


32'1

12~O

Inlrod1uoolo n 3,2e
1 1

1,2:-·1 M ul1i plicacion de voltajes de ed 328


~
I

1"11 :~' I:',: J'~2" J:' 2' ':


.",I!!!!I""!iij,:"_;
.I ',_'
• -.

,[i,'

0"

'" 1£;-.£

,!!i'"j;

EhlVlac16n all CUladll3do d8 un numem

[0

de voRale disl cd

SS1

IDupUcaci6n [del la, "'racuancia


~",.J. ,"',,-, "..;Il~ I~.'~

33'1
~~J

D ,.-J',_ I,i-- ',",-' ,."'," )=:3":' ,'-nnc,.pro ~~ it ..I."," it··..... --:' gc 1R.C_r.ra~ ,, . ,I>,:ii' ~fr:c~,. ,.:1,.... ,1C"~'.'U'l'"""i~- '" ,_J! !!"-~~t.CIf~,
'I-!_~·I~
.~i, ......

J'~~.J ~l.l-,
~

UH;i!'l1 -,~'"'i ....

,Uf'K«A1

~!lf-r~¥"

'1',\liiI,lIIl~f·iJ'-:~ "Q.QI!;:,.. ,.;1.~_.

"3" :2',)
c" )

. ··,.'!!i:'l!,_~U'!i#i!U'I'

A'~;I 'A'~gli ill'iI"!i' 0 D" 'ft't'~m~~~.~ u'~~ Ig'i'~;;~~W' [d' ~' ....

iB~~

h;,Qa'

'O;Q~1
~~

,. ~rili"!1

iI!'''' .A'
. ";'iii" .'

2~"
.
~,_"

_:_.

1-2'" 4""J"

1,:2,~5

ID'Msor arnBlag'tco

:331 :89:9

1:2,43

Calc,llJlo de' ,rar:C8S cuadradas,

I"

0,'- ~l4/~
•• "~.

,~."

'll '",' C' I~1'~/J"iJ

JI'..&' I¥WlU

.,,_'.....

Copyriqhtod material

An-il·-n····~I~.i'Ii; Cv. !li.1_JUU


':1' ·2-".. :8~.: J _ ,,'

,AA ..

¥V-I·

M~A-u-,la'~I'A.n·· _~_'UU! =. u_ _ 'S'n U .


./2",8~,'

.1111 . - .. _. ~ ~-.

:8'm--·-·p~·.litt;I'il..:l1 'e~'~4n--"d,'_,II .. ~,'UU _'o~a._. _ a I'll!" ~

./l~I'. 2

C,tf:id'to' moJulG40r
Ilspt£IIU l_,.

amp'i_ 54" .'/mctantiru un,,modular/o,'AM' clUintltu;.· ,J48


,modUIiJdDrI!& ,AM'

1"2",8~31 'C~rati6li
'1.~-:-2','~'

I.' I.
l

,~AIS·" ~.-

Ift'I:NlN'ladURJ' baknc~!'f.
~'9-~'-'
..
',_,'

,J49

,,/:INIa,,"

Oemodul.ROiOn d8 un 'vdH.sje de AM

349

12..12: Des,Pls.z:allis'.o de 'freouerndia

9S9

E]SIn:lmios de laboratorio
"1' P'~b'·-·e-··m- '-:-"a-:-I~I
!l!U.~..._"
l!!l __

'958

.j~

G,I:_D
[~

1 :8...Q'

Introouooi6n 3611
~A-:-' __ M\J!UUS
~iii!!I;, Uv
I 1.- __

'0'

.~_'IQ:u!lUIIII

"e' -'iNljjllOtiAiIi'!II I~ftl-'~nnn·'':I'Qld:::o::"r~~IC'iI:' YaI'_'


1',V'I'I~~ .. iIiiM..·j_::
~

'T'.t---- - -':'";;_,,,,~'

,;Il,e'nn~;
1~ ';'-

I~;

6, s~__ '~ --lJ:d& .Jiuy, ,,c-A ._,_.


RJ.1II-CWiI;
"I'. -. . -- - . 1

.J!l'l'llIlJUII:
•.

-iI'..J..

,f,Ki

--'"-_..- "' -

~1rr'

~'jfA

T.'. - -!""'" ....:I'.J'.,. .1:emlU'J.wi uc:' ':I"'llr~'.:t ... ,,...,. uc' . ...iI!'~ J;["':f';~
'T".. .

utICD'8 (A
......... :~,Jit.. ;t_ .
'~I!!!WJl~1

",,·W·

3'~,rI1

,~ .. .,..... __ ll!l --''I;ml IQ~~' ~~'N:_·

c·- "_' ..

3'M

•• 111r.:.r ti_i'li~' "'l".H~~i!'r~

,n~ .'~.1

• ;... t-

J!'i"I'IIl''Il;

,n.~ ,,,,~~,~ iQC' ,.PJi\i!1--'7".E.'...,. ..... '- ",,",' J..~'~ c__ 1~;~fti!'I,4 ....~J_~r. ~-" T"""
!_ l

_"':~ ,J~"'-nnm'J" .AI..., 11II1J.U ...' __ ~ 'Iii' IfC' ~J~-~'~' C'JC "t,,",,:,",L,raJ'

364 l_ ',_,'..

'1~31

Opamciian iUI'tsbr 8
1...";)"-'1"1-:
r ]II!II' ~··2 "0\'" '.
r'

98!~,

Copyriglhted material

xx:n

Contenido

13'~~ 2"
.I, " _ .... ; .,:) _.~II_

'1',-·-; , lJ'-4~ 1';


_' ~_;II'"':_ ..
..

- ~J--frK~' n~CS"~ c4Jf" R'


- ..~-l! --_-

Os'ciltulor .' rQ,IQ':aQ .eJ'-. l\t,\tI~ U-!" :gc


......

AI

..1

'i"~ i,J",~ _-"-11 _!Ii!I'liJ~ ~;),.c:;'

-.J

- -_ .... '-_' _._ l!!

.... '_' .:_."

, (~-~""'CUl 1...... CDntml.Ddlj.~r Jr-'~-).'


'_ '_-_ .._' .... -. -'-=.. .. ,_,",_" __ ~

,~ -

~h'iiiP'iiI'~I~'~ ~~I-tlM,~~

_,~ [~'lr,J

"'e"

'1~:- :'~:, -:~ 113·····-£'

:Funclonami'ento,- -~ _.:~,e 3,-r1,'~, . ~-~ -.-, -- manoes~~I'~; _'_' --- , ,-" U

".,

~jPilllicmfl'o· '- -n·,·it:!i;!iD; ,~S,~'5:-" om c '-~_~',UU! ·~e-III U_I_~_ --- -- - 'M~k.~ 3~79ITI() noso ~a.u~ei •-.'", '_

~Wl_l,

-0-_'__

-m-'-'r.i. ~~I'b_ I-'-Il'~u~~ u I:",V --,' ....- 0-:. a 'r


~_
1

-3' 1 ,-." ,,'':--~' '-,-'


"

IInt:rodutC:ron a I:o.soontadores, pa ra temge nzacio:n ~ ,i, ,.

:382

IEIIII~' ~ -d,''.-'- i- .- '1-' d'-- - -~ progr,ama~:~e_-,n, 2240 -....,-~ .... Iliempo,n2a-~O~ICOlita~Or - . . - b~I' 'X-~'D-'--:-~-- :383 ,'3'..&,1
,!II ::lii.. 'iD' '"ilil II~ al£

IJ'~LJ'

ApllCamones del 'tempo'rj'zaoo,r/conta.dor'


"'J,~,9.1 ,Apl~Cadom!~;f lM:rfNJriUl£J.fj'n~ J81' 6 3-:,9""2'" O~cifa'da~Mllld!Js' ,si"cmnim4m:~ J88
, .~. ,~> ;!!
'., _I ...
"OJ

:387

~',

': i'~'.," ',."1'3'· '9"-]' -'3-' '9:-' 4_. I!!. _.


'. l~'. '.1,
~

U:!I!:'!lr~~_
~1:

l!?:'H .. ~,;JI_T·I~""· ,~.;II::...'"


lie ... .. ~r

'

r,'ijiiril ~_VII!II!,r'~-·~j

iI!'J!ij~~rAji~9 ..r~~·'I~,,~;IilI..n~ii'1Ii
~~l.

.J1~'

:?!fIA

.;

_"

<"'~nt.~h'md,I{iII'1!" ~:.iI',;oo'''''UI;i''!:,i<I!'r;' .. ..1:---.. .~~!I!4._. _.. _.~,. U~~lJf.'!I:i;~Ir.:"~-'!f.~I~Il!!

__

JJ!71J!

f't\O'

13"'10

'Tempc'r;[zador'p:mgr:a,1'ftlble mediant,s, iln~,erruptQres 392 l'J,"'lO~21 lne.~",alo, : ,rempariuu;iOn;., .39,26 J',3- ,10..,2 Pr.rm:imtarni"utJ II" ci'"ailo~,3:92 ,

'

14
....

'

-l_(

: D-IIQ,--II;AL--· ,A-\,A.I·'IA."-··.L~-~~'-IC-~,D··~···'Y' ,_. ~I':C--O-:-···Ai "-, :D-I~:G·~·'~T"II,""_,U~I., __ A·-",N-rA·-·II_IAO·-_-:··· .. ~._,c~u._I :.... _.~_I_"'" . C-O;~NV'EiR'fID,a~R~'E:'~:
. ' 1. _,

Q_

.. __ ~ __,"_"

..

'318'
1<' "
"

_'

..

-'

_"

Copyriqhtod material

xxiii

14. I·: J~I _.


1

[_!I!ll

_'-'

,.

n!l;::"""ll_~:_~l~,

D""iI'\iP'Ii;j,teU"I~..t;i,i;

riJ.:~.7

"t'ifol

'6~:1!1%rf

l'lI 12'
::

'1'

I,~I~,~ ~~

I~a"__ ~..·6r-'~'ii!!'M>!l!IiiI. -"'IIal-' A-':-"·O'C.........·40:'.-.-',. --::-·-'·' -2·_····-· V. ..~ .!lIIJJ~'lv... g-'!I~ _ Yu ..':', _ '

.iC!DlICw'I

d, ,~i1,~:,.,sUU., 402

Erm" de cuanlizaci:''''~ «14'

.,JI' , _ .,,: '_,' .,,;J 1_,,'" -14- .~.3'- 4'"


:':
,_.
~I ~

'fli;", '!P.

'1 :4:-4, .
1
,

'

OAe eon saUda de vonaj'e

407

1_.IU 114-,"'::

iDA,C, mli lliplicado r' 409


~" .... ,' .'D. .... !Ia

n _K'-._:_._I ~. ~al~I!LQ1 14~-'B'~-' Co'" v,·;an·-t~o·-·---(Ii~'Id--li·m·~1:5 '"


._

.-,',
.

a·-··IP'ii~,IA.t!Ii:i",,",dYe"- ~ LnlJIi~ e·11D:'A"--'·O-···,:,_na ~_~.CIN~l'WV ' ~'.. DI


I... ~I ..
~.I 1•• _,-, ,_:_ .•• ~;, : .... _.:~

.ll

'•.._1,:,4

1101-'.11,'.

" ~.U~l .. rl'¥.,.

,14~ottlll~
il,.4i,.. ;jf
'~ u~~
Ulli~l

1"'I..~ .~
l

14' 6. ,e_ .'.I " L:

1-46-"4-"c
" _iii" L ...
.... ',.::..'=!l ,"

""t!!I

¥ U'..DI J,AL~ ,~

~ ·i .... ,,-nlfl.....-m'nil'IJI!'~ 1"'_'---:~~';I'.iiiIi-A.JI,~ C! ·-' :fl[,"~'H"" ~-.II"'-~v_." p~ 1JlI!- ';'fJ~""" ,¥', .R;~'B,ilr.Jf~nvm,mlrl' ,(J:, ,~,m 4,1'6 J4'" '2-' ' )'·4-':': 1/ j' .: .I!:J ,p,mrcedlmi'~lno de .s.'ec:c:io~,4 16
il!IA ... "'!f~ ~'.1 '_"
II,

'ILill"
',_

:7:' -'

~:..)

I!I'

," 1

'_

"!I!i:, ~ '/

!,_,

1/. ,ntjl,l I'


1

~1:.4i_.[D' ,I'

J4 8': '"',
)~<,I,"I~~

Q :2 "1- ,'"O~ ;;I

J4 , ,~.a·4· -~, J ¥~ ...


If'~--Q~~
[I ...' £Ii' ;C' .. .. :
__:_ •

'~:~' J.~ ,-"


'~ ' .• ,

' lI!!l

",-'4',"
,

,,",.

,ri;,'! ('"

'g":1

Copyrlqhted material

'I' XX.V
,

-.

"_".'

".":

Contan':iiII'~,
'._," ,_,_._, g_ ~~ .. "

,14~,111' Illm1iiQNtIH'i~n'Dd'ttl C'i:rcUf't~~,4'26 (


-1.I,. ~I' de V".J!~t""ml'!in' .: J"iI!"m,J!",[~, d1m '..."-, ,~j:;jjii'~IIl"rn-i'.f~~,
:::¥.,')
[ ~ ~~'_I~

Ji ..

1i',A, ~'~,I',(7I_ ~,.

'"' !N.iii~'"'"',.';;' "'!;iIi, tlij'f#AiHlJiiiiI<i;h .... n...J~".iI" ,J! v",~, nr ...... W~ ~I ,"'-. f~ Wp ~'v~ ..~,iI,N;K:cO:!l
~lw.fll'l'''-~-iI'rii:I!,ilVIJ;

,;1'."" .... -- .'-, ,;iiliil1l.;€ ,;:r~t.5.',IV~ .... '.t; ... ~u

,J:'~U !!I·LID·

"'-~I':2 1'T-'I!'.:: ,'I


.~I~I

u 1"2'" S'
- I.,"!!!!,.' ~
... ·J·
"

_ 1~'_I.~J 1!lll!ii"'J
~. '_,_:,

''' I'"} ""

14~:1:9, 0'6nmoprob~jr 81 AD670

432,

'14·.,14 .

Con:ve,rtido .., ..ra r- -,1810& , ..S'h)-: ,434· ., '" ~, res pa , " 'lIB ~ ".:

'1~ _ 14Jo1",1_·15:,-~.~:

'R' "_

,s'-'S-pIIOS-.'ta;' ' a [-I'~ ';"['j¥-'u,-en',' ela ,d:',ft ,~'s'::A'~,-D~'_'.~._:~ ~ ~, ,". a,llll'DU "",wl, N_ , " .. ' C
g j ,C:'

,~O,;~_,Ij,."

,Il."lJ ,;,iii],

,I' ,~

,ilil

~. -,"~ ,Jh "

j'4.

I'';' 2'

A "l~t: ...-.I:"",,, ,J:.--- ,,' ,Ii! . nn1,p, U',,:~--uu;a:_ u~ m~al!\~Q ,

&n_"r

,iC'~".3,:

lUi!

al¥"",~A ''''~'

',',

"

"" :~'A'
"

i'J-~ ,r ItittnCltnJ", '~':'-",


'~~-I

U'

E,jerchl!DS, d.s, Iabo ra'icuiD'


problemas ,4919

.'97'

1 5~"
I 1'
.).1

44-'1'

."

Obje1Ncs, Ide ,aprendimjrB


'!il~'-A
llU~

44,1

I'-- - ...I .. -'~A_ntmuucCiun

442 ,_,.:_:-____
nOI

InU'oduce'IOn a lis fuen~'elde! aU me ntac~o:tii

'regllJIBdB

442

'1.IL·'' 6..... 2:··: ' -:-....


" J : :

Copyriglhted material

::OnIiBlilIO C--. '~d-'.


t; ..

Vmtaje de mh~o.da os 449


J'5·,3"..1

r115..6

'1'~"'"
I.. :'" ......

:.:

L~l.".:

A11C1'

1"5 0-'
'1·-:,.1

,( ....

,.-:.:

,I

, -~"··'~.Ii_.
,.,1",', _,' = ..,' ._.

C:.. 'R' I J.l..u+IIJ 15'-1'C:-'"2" ~ }-5' I~' 3:-'


._.
'."~'"

1,t'iI'j. : u:' . ~'.'"• ..,0 ~oi[C:Uu.CCK'l-un;.. ,"'~'1Ii


~I!

,I..I!

.. ":

1"'i;-~r·'~:~'ilfY'li~;' ,;j!'I~W'II'J:, n-~_~


~

_,!Iii

~-':"'!iiI!1 IIt~L.\~~ ,,m'i'j;~-.i'\1ft~ U!M-iII~"f!

__

~l _

,4:5'1
,._"

:.t;~':i!M"\",;o:;i;ji,\i!1i ...
'-r-~!P.''Ii!I~v.I!

}j'Jll ,.;
,
l

lie'

"jt'7

.... ~tJL..l, ,"'~~ !liH1I.!-!lr'Ib-"'-'1~ .. ~

J', ..8'-""
~ '.:

'.1.

- _-!!i:-.'-

P.m.'~iAn' ex.met IMJ' lJitndrUf&i.M' all rlzD~,460

10"g' "
-

'

.~-~.:-.

~~.I

'C': .. ln;~ . 1~-7r.~

'-' "29~' ,15 . _I . .


-,.1 __ ,1,'.•..;

,~J.
,&1

c;

""'' :'0' Irtl'u~\P;:


,..
!iiii\;iOljj,

~1""",,.JI...",iI!'lti

,LAI J.!'~:"lK-..

,'.q] '''',_j\iiiil~liIi.iii!'

r-MJ!!

:_,.~

,,'1~.::' . _

.w ,~If:I" '~': ¥u'.1

iilj' .. .1,: -,:,-'. J'','::.',., ..Ii !I'


•• _ t ••• ~

'0
!.'
..

Ie' ,1',11''~ I , J~,I:V!I~

.t.:. ts '-'0'-' s
-' I. .• 1,1.' 'I ,I ilk."

.Ii~:-' :tIi Ie' 'r .• It:.,ID',ULd-r' .-' ,-"'. i,'J.i 'I:J!' nn~f'tIimm~-IJM ~'Clv~ ~ . -. l~tldtJiJiJ.'·il:; ~z.1 'V,paN t J
r....
l~. • t.

Ir'~'''!W''

,412' ~me:' Idt, laJilMnlad6n ,If.O R.:But'ada .PfM"SI I~J' rr.:,fllfJllom at :~: 4'63 15"
l
'.1 ,-_ ....

mm,., 1aJa.,.
-. .. I ...
j ~

Ji' Q'.',n,.' 4if('J" ii'··


l..!!!, -. ,

15 ... '1 .. Regul8rd'ores, de vO'ltale laj'ustall'E d'e! trasl 'ts'rmi'rm,les poshiva 1


\..

'ILM·,,"~41'·1·~u'A I'II,sgalvo,,'L-M'"'aiil:lir"'f-H'";\n 4CJO 1-'"..' .... ... u~·. _.!l1 ~~gO II " n¥, y a
.... ~l

.I'.-, rlrlViIU1f:i ,iI:I!l..

lac',

CtlnlCltrl~lic__ till tMeJllIIVK ..,485 ,

..J"'l:,'."" .". ",e ;Hg~, WJ:Ri;e ..Ii." ,""_1


UlI!i

1:",'...

1 . . -••Ji_..I;_ ,NS,~I

p;r:m~:~~1

, ','

. ;Ij;tn.n

..I..Jf """iii '~~ ,til

IR~.

"""'""~,.~i~ "_4~-~!llUIi;, ,"!!I!I"'u.... -L.;~'_ ,.d'.'iC ~j-~ ~~O"'''l~~ ~_.:~~-·-t ~ D"1LiIIO'U '., -:,~ 'C -:11' - .. . . I .~Ir: r!!! u,,~wn a •. tnGi" .~.' e UJ

,·altltlDr ,J:"
)~ZW~

Copyrlqhted material

..

:..__ :. ... ••.

xx-:,"'-'v"'1
• :" :",1,1
I •..• [·

"""-'-te.~i' .,.,I ~'U,~II! ,Y'U!


A

'1: Sc",14

Otms ragulado res IHnealesl ,467


'Ej'ereicio de, II:abo,rBtorio Probllemas
46,7

467

An~'N"" L= .. _ .._. _ !Q. ,r~J. ".'D'I.C"·:~,E'


I~

1~'~m"'p·;i!!!io~Jl""r"d"'~~~o'·naj'e, lM3,11 411 VU.' I .'


1~,I!CIJ!.!Ia.~,a ¥._"', . ' "_"

BIBLIOG,R'AFfA 106

Copyriqhtod material

CopYrigh

d Image

J',f'in:a,i'O-J i,u-~?'~',mrJtJJj lil~[,"",-,I 'Iii 'D'UA'~'c- .,- . ~Mi~~D_'~:;I';(Jn.~'~~~ .... 'm.,~' -: .,: '('0- t"'cil~ q'l~ I. -. ,119 UIL1-'!~~:;lzar' !~~I.e ili.'ROI de Bm"I~"~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~!I1n~i ~~'41I1 _ [Ifl . ~.iIlUU Jl,. ~ ~ ~. ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~F'~-~ ~:~cad~ilrer. :, I;tiRm~I, :r' '~·~_R1'bi61l[olil¥emtio q,me'pue.de 'msul:tu el trab-'~fQ CODI ,e'Uo,~ BIlII,--;m-, qll~nl:o ied~, .. ,C.hSD-!, ilde~_c_ib de .a:,suir' 'lnbqjudo COlD el DmJ{: Itadur lo,pc_., C]Qila~'741 1.~,se : lC~ In.'ta_:~ dC .~,cr~ !U~9,cimw:tos Iq.'-.~' ICi[tlstm dl :n'Ui~'OSi y llSeqml:,~a ampU ,lEedom, opemciioDaJes" debido a.qUi;: 'Cdl ,pan m.cdliida, lallcs, IcircmtOl, bu, '_:_ UpcradD las ]imi'LacioDcs, de: IQd :Y CD de sus U,'I-~Cg!llDma~ ','"'as, h_-m,CL .mll-'_n~do 'fi_'t,~·,I :PrIlIStn)i obje:IL,o, d-_ Jmc:-1i:fi: _uel p_~: :_"~~_~J d-I' ,:_:_pc-:ldJ_Ur=' d" 1M aplic4i~;iDn--11 R_ aciamuKIIS ,C,Ul:D, ci~los, pari awodiciDI __ .CI'Uo'y ,lltBe _l"c,i6n d -, s:t:Ji'-:- - 5_ 'OJUrQsl~:i:lmtnI'lD_,D-':_j6n" Ico:nuot S:iolimb "_"',O\i ltarmitd'n h -.llr~. : iP-,IW'\- d-o qu: l_ obm, ,[if]l"·~ · J "~'-, e"oluc:idilili .·~-perimem,'ad_B po;r '-:'05· lc;ijmmJ'~.m na1611i00SJ, d~'n,llJo de' l,p'lb:DC~"IOI)S, ICU)"0',prOi:pdlltol IU, Ild:a,llf ) II, :SIeihtlCB p.roduc.idul pOl" rtruS,dlU,cto~s, 'U ICbIC· :_'ueotes d·_.• IDem, tllue :__ IB:aoi:lDD. su ,;jUm.enlaei6:1, len. un. miCroeODB'Dhldcl'" II}I U:D_I com.pU'ladom~ ::- ,-~!iti.m&S:.O'il len. '~od'_ .. es'ts, ,edb:;Elon .. e b:BiO il,clmdo ~~eDl,p~lo.si si1D1J~ e:160,de Ici'lI:u:i Ie:r. Wedlig,'~e lao 'ud'U!rte"~,16Inl dill de
I

.A ~Ii -1
.~l

0 doel
__ ~

~.~iI,'terio-::~~!I~

·'I-di.cjlolr-:
I

de:,'- ~/nli'~CfJtI(J_--:'SJ =r:


,~'il!

rD,D~mcl{\Dt1'd1=:I)' Y'

I'

_.

_.!Il~

'~lrj

'PS·:p:i:c.

i",

"1 XXV' 1II.

Copy 19f1 d rna rial

Dvl~11

Copyrig,hted material

,edjPil.tn-, 'e-:1i!1 i"'i""'~oii!:... , ,niif•• '~"·~~I'"J!'Ar:li"I·. ,'a__ 'lr~l -I. Iii\ft<' 'iI:'J@i'miil!!:C't,,!""'I" 'I ,~~ Bi-ft!!Ij,at,iflitri"'I'1 ~!iU!Ii_t!II,·t .. , <iIi,i!'l! IHIL~ l.!LU][~_~!!!}'I_~ ~~U"_I!. ~~ ,Dlula.ms bali, :pm'badlo tedos :~oscil'CuU()I~ 'BI 'malarial p,encu~nua di$p/1tsto de maaera q,lIe;re.. 11 lt~ ~. .. ~ ¥IIlllrlUl ,iilidliii'!"ii ,r!li·W"!W!I~I-li. '_w ~1Ij1 '-'~HI .... W"II,U .. ~

"UI.V.

~'Ift ,ij'!;IIIIJi"t':~, 1!WI1~,11 ~~I~

[~

__

iiI!i'i'iIi'II-j!11 '~1fif~"1 _·U'·-' V ~:r~.. w. Mill '1(8-:",-ii!li ...

'p~'II~,

".&l1li&1.,-

eii!!'m-:--~~'l~aii'li~Aii!!'~-Y,':':!lI_V l~~ .......~ 'nAl"A I_:~_" ryUIJ_~_Q!. 1'1I¥A, IW'I(' lr~'~ ]'18-' AncD' ~,ft; P ' nA:n,~ .~._ J~J_ &I~iI~'~

del M;ea, Com:o 8.UI.Uiams paml el maestro,. ·ft ,baa :iKluidQI ,all :flllftl, dle casi. tedes :105eapftu~os o'b~,e·ti,y,oSde: aI'lNmlfi':z;aie, '11 e;iC['Cicios, de 'Ia'ball.ltoriu. ~ s~Dlu'lacioncs,1m 'P,s'p"icc~ 'tlmblc1Jla:S. 11 Jr' ._. __ .. "-,iiJi",~ :J.' ~ "_. ~ _.. . -l~ _._-_._ --_ .. --.~ .•. l!. __ -1, '._ •...• I I '-"1_' I_. ,,;} !II!1

r-~

..11.. QD

'~I·ft["~n-· 'ii_ili¥"t~ '\\if- ~~~t'!i~I, .. ,I;"'liO,!i.'!' ·I..~II"'~' .',1 ~-~r-'~~\::J~I.~._~

j~~.~~~

DeseanlOl
....... __ ..

manifl:s1ar'
_, __ .1_.

'DICIn'
,_ ..... _.

\J ~\~m·,bi.ii-:-I. s· oJ;~, IUIi_ 11!J1,e-O. .,I

'I"~"'f'~[b" ~

,1,~DV,l!_'I!jI,

-N"'-a' "b~,,,",,_,n:1 S-'.-"II~U.",-;-~.~-!llMilP.J~ tnr .-II1Iili.':PiIf!ll, ... ,.I'il".., ':".:__._"-'_.UlJm -:.

a~'dee~'.':~eDto 'nnr' ,SlS, com.H'~osJ p.··ro,[esot' :Robcn: V'~I'~lanut.c:i. ,_~".n..._ . .1 ..1.. ...... ,!t""_, ,_.. , , __ '~'" :I'I ,"" __ __ ,lL ---:-fl,:,"-:i", .Dlenl~,'u!iJi, - an :~. e 'I1I,C!,,",,- d:'e A'~aio'·O' Devi~,- - - - ~ Bob Pesse &! D'--:--:- f'ib···~'i-,Q1,"",ld··., D --- .0 - 1~i4UUci:l! .- ,,"' - - - --- - -,!!l __ _ _

'!~'-'=--:'-~'!J~~~

"I

Copyrlqhted material

Copyrighted material

IC/·--A~-· ~II'I_-T'-U-'_.IIL- I: I . --=


"'~'":__. 'I~ •

's ~l

". ...••.••

Copyrighted lmaqe

!II 'B!lltend"e.f' -Id;~' -I .....


-~~iil

'pO(f' Ique :108 ICin:Bi:I,OS auilugicos,·


'~ill"'iitHI n;ile.ii'iid;i'!,i!irr-;Iif!i,c, D'I' I ii'!io,c; ~Il'ii:'ih'iiili¥ll,;!'i;~ ~'Y!lI!!!11 ~!!!;;l'~ 1I.'!i;;I'~, '¥ __ ~,~~, , '~\fi~'~U"~'

reo dcuuile 5- furtUizan


li,..'ilIiiil',iio",1 ftc.

ampUo '.tildo --'s!opemc~o'ml,,,"'

A ~rilJjj!jil:'~ ~q,"'III-

l(J~illUi~i.Ji

1.1;-0:~_.

1i""liI'iiifl!!li'!i'-P-U' """!!!otII.II IIIII" .'

.1~UIY',IIQ<:!!!~

1"i!Ii,AiI'ii~ie

lIi

Dib~J.~1rtel ,::'mnbO~,Q'del IClrcuil'D d.e un ,ampn~filc;adoT ,o;peraci:ontd 1,"- , ·'l.':lnral·"" :~o, ,nl~tlI11~r{)5, de' cadI, t:elll';; l~lli;nBt
_ .• 1 _ . _ 1=

.' ,-:-;~Diti:o,l!!iar e ldleDlIi:licm"' p~f ~QIfilUI,IOS; [EmSIli,p0'5 de ie;mlellpsu~_dlOi PU,I, 8DI,p]ificadof'~"Dper.!I,"" cio(oal,··- 'de, ' .-ro~s~to :p -'llmi·,
l!~ . _' ~ _ I ~l I

!I'

de ~..!IIQ'A~~;''~~:P.;i~H'",ri .d.· r:IU'Bi lif~ JII]_ .. _,~!!!!:!IJudJnl~BI~@j,'NI '~~b-1R Ia;'ii]i Ilc;;n ""I~, ,~,._U=-- ~d·~ iii,1i !I;~ _ attlpU, ficad Of' oplRciomm, J d,pa de eDl~ _'PSUI,adD~ .' "_..,~~~~~i:fjcu ,£tCec1.mdUl~n~e, m;pli'f:1:CU,Of' Oplmri01Uiili :Pi1f8unJ:<filrlo" 'un .' IdcnJtUicl[f' ~I_:_'" ImntiiRIlI'~ .', 'lin a ·,'p.1Ul,'··:Ii:lOIL 0 _~!mcjiollUIJ. 4Vi"uJJ~o1as, ,d:_:'sdc, ani~a 0 desdc 'ii..., " ,au~Jo" ili Id~'nili:ficar' :bl, 'fue;;ruede ,ailLimentaeUhl cOID"a 'I q 'IlJlDi Idj:Igm:I1iL ..d' lei [CH,i'l .',,.' 'pillear por qUI,
.Fii:"""D 1t"i9i[i,Q, ii'!!;n-: ij!,'11IRl11~m, ~H"i " ~~L"_J u~_~ I~ ~Ii 11l-lIl~!!t,-. __ ~j,v
._.~ ,1IU~1~!I!!w,_!,~~.g~U!l~1. ._.~
til;

Qgi~\g,

'~:if!!;'i!fii'ti'"

~W

~,,",~.jdt\'!iJI'iP.Iii_

'tl! 11~!(:Q~~I.~!!!!

;iJi"~ ~~

~Ilrrv

u~

1_,

I •.

!.'

dba, hacCirlo.. Annw: en, 'un'~_1.0'1 i,U.d~pruebEi IUD crrouilOl C10Ili'On amp(- j f:j,cador loper~~~don,al
i,

Copy 19f1 d rna rial

2
''1

..-'10: C~-~'a-""[~I-tu· '1"'


"

.',

-~

"--

_"_.

'.'

1'·- IJ'I IN,""",TR" _.1,.. D"'·... - ...... -.,.1 .:~N'",'" ~..' __'I_ : . [. ':O,-;' ·U,~,,~'~"":," U'
1
I

,',~,' I,'TOD:4,V(A, 'T/ENEN'


I'!I!It.
S···'·~ ,
',_

usa ,La,S "'RCUITal


IIWw8

ANA,l,O'GI'COI'S?1

~'!!!!'" (r~ 'a:Nm, !III"' [&_""'''.... '•• ,._.,1'4'11" I'


·,.g'II,S ,I:.

t~ft.

u.JIn',.,. ... -,_ ,I' Y',Z,'INI:' __ .i.

,.s·

.,.ift
l'ftIa'Fu,
j

IO.qta,
(,CliO
I' .~

oo~

S1~~ ~om.o ,abl~len~,d


1.....

~1fI'as,(f,nieas, ,- .. ;If ,.~-

1,li~ll~UIJ_Ml_.~.~;

~ ....

_ii!!II .... 11... "_ t......

,~.

v
iI.Z

caJtkw;;
~~,

'.' ~
'~...

p"'",POim,¥ill ;. ,: l!D.tC.
-"'-"'C'

de W '"---rfi-de ''t!lt1Jtaje-k
,I
",
I ('"

~,

lFall5UttOfa
•.

' ..

de: Sid.ida, 'dJicol ~ -I" ~.,,_ -...." :~,_ ; ",os 'SC1l -""1" ..-.::~ .OJ '_.
._ . iI. ',-_-

,,-.-----,.J

UIIOi' ~.~

...

~Ma
_ •••

~mlMQI~
_.'

*.~

~
,., "

FI'Gl~1A 1,·-1
I [', . '. _ ..... " .. ' '.. ' •. '

D",Dj'~ml ,I~;!!I!'~' •.
.•

I!!I .. _

cn bloo-uC!1 CHlCted'!Uico de: II acJnit.dsi ciOn de' dJalOI.1


.. ~~ "
j[ _ '_ _,[. ,,_,_, •• , _ .1 " _ ,',1 •••• -•••

Copyriqhtod material

I~.__.._:'~M._.~U nl~'""'.'iic~'~n

__'

I._~

'.-, ·I"ft :am--- HIII~UU~,v.~ UBI" _ ,I ;-'p~'IW~~~'P6i1!~


I, J • J'

lo'nol"1:!lllci' ....~"A'

::"""-n,..,.I.--, _W_ ..IIftIS

'~'1~2 DaImoI'G dtJ ,10. amfJ,'''lcadare8 ,opw8altJlia1M ~p_, e~ Idise60 de los ampUficadmes o,peraciona~e5se uulizaq, diversas 'I*=-mic'u de tabri,ca,... ci:'n~~ priOCJpi~OI,1610 so dlscp6ilfa, dc, 'no_slll0,ms bic,olares, CD ~anto 'que, adualmclte se dls .., ,AI :pan.ei de 'Om,'CURll!I'lO de dlsposili,yos mII, los que se u~lizan '8'aIIS-~Sitom, de, elect,o de lemnpo dln-, IIII~ [4.... a-~p-::l-:,[·;.:c~ ;1 . ,L~ ~"'s-:i;~, [Ai :i"'~1'1iit1i4!., 1• u/u =._~-I_.. auul~ ~"t"!'J~ An':a]~r~~J ..ua g~ u," :n1;.A.,. :iI:Il )'iiil ~I.~di'iirAUl. _.~ ..:..,UI~I de '~~S- 'VA'I~ihtiji.;c lUG _n't-~ID 4'.... IV' ntro ~V._lI-IJi__. _~ . .. · J_'~ m---U-I'V' 'nP1iI"~."n-'a:D "," '~II"!I"i"I;[liDon-1 . ," lr-.-'~-[_"'-:'I ':/ ~I '~'~_~~:I~l ~,[,'_I;au.l UC;~=~,_. de los. limi,tes de la 'lue.~tBd£: dim,co-taci,QnI., ~los traDs-is-tDrlS ,MOS [('me ma't .. 6xido"semicolilduc'· 'tel:) ;e.lios, ei'rcullo5 de saUda 'pclmUcn, que 6sta, 'vade, dcnuo de ~os'~'f.'it,esde 'm'i'livo']ts, res'pecto de la, :fuolte de: a1imoJr~tacbSn.
~_I •__

!!!!J!!!11_(

A,:",,--

~_iV

__-..~.. ~ .

",[AI:!!!!. _ll!~'J'\.Q~

i~~,"'I

...., ~r\Ai!'iit'~
~~.J~llIr.U

A:

~All"~lr-~

Ul I_A1

~;I1I~1

piif!lilndii:!'-um--'--,--OiO-. ""'~an-ifAiC!' '\iIiV~l'''~. __

r-~'lli_'lU.I~

__ IJ~J

'il~ 'ViCII~liIUi]",,o{n-~' . ':I"~~IU_[_",

~IU .~

A'"",,

,. ,_, ~
~C"n"iIi~~t~~,F-!Ii.I!!!~~'"... .

;!Iiimi'ip:'I!!l''-:il' ' ' ,....>tI' ..... 1\"-,iIIi;O openu;-' :' .. ..... QitI.1i _m"~~Ii""~ ..
1_ l_"

-~~·~il'I'ft ... ,,;~I.,t;:!, ,1:i~""'''~'iP".AI''''',,":[~~ ¥::'I1ae -_lv~I.u~ W~~ """"liil! ~,,!W!,aU~


1••

b'.~·'I"'po,.-.-1:6f1"111i',i:! __ .. ~,""!!Iiii~ ,
I
J

0,

_
.:

iL:"'a~,,]'li;~~"",~" :... ,':',.v C"~m~p I""., ' !!!' '''~ "'~


mcnbtriJu; M'OS"I apropladamcnt'C dCR-onl'i'Oedos; BiM:OS,t


~a-'1__.IUI;~!wv. __~~. q',- u~·e~·· ~~,r _" '_~~ ilia'1~"i"")t'.~Di""~'!!iIi: '~~' ~mlnti- ~__ Ifi'I-'C-_}·"...:rI~~'" ~ n
_l ,1"--"--

;50-n, '••

,~,V:""~

1~1~~~I~l.!II1U~~IL.

~'iii"Iina--I'I"i!J), .~ .j "'pm~s. -_~


I,'
i"'.~

nipJdm, Y' ti,enCIlI


...

',.iI,.,. ID~il!llf'\iilIIIliliIJ[iI' '[IL'. .Y'!I.l ,ra-, 1·~li!"Iii 0'''~~1I7i1~;. os !lU._l ..

'II [UI,

me] O,r'

brieaDiU

'tamlbiin, ,11UlJ (Uselado em~pstl1ado.s dahl., (~2,)y ,ca6:mipIR (4:J.~ e asia :M-onerA.. el D cnc.apsulado quc; :so10 tlD.Ea UD,IBlplifi'cador opcraetonal aOO,ra 'pu-cdc (enCIf des '0' cuatr-o., 80 el 'C{rieapsu'tatiO cuddluplc! los, eumo ampJifiead ores: OPl-rac~ilonalesconl1parte,n 18 'm~ismla, :ti\len",
te de poder ' 1,~ 1:~;~! li:11~.. m'::~m~·"Ii~, rir:~}ii'iia"','I·~~ te.. •.. ,~ de 1'~".:11Ii~ill .
!Ii,. . .. . .. .. .' ~, ai:I!
I I

1..-

.!iiii ''.I,[.,g~

'·J"'e····~.

4!1'!I!!1[~_~ I .Y .. ft8-; r 1'~t:I

'L~

1._

·am;· -pl.:~-,'_"t,-_lINI \_'i!iO-;;i!!I~--:


-_l_'-

opeI'8C'.-_~·,I_~a'!.o.;"iiI!II: ...•.... '._., "_ .. .··nn-,..


.
H

_.g

did 84iiF 1& ..

-spec-----.- .... .ra'~r!ll _'.. ,


.

·':-"~"I

Copyriglhted material

.,

Cap ftulo "

..

'1,~2~" ,stm"o/O de aireDlml ,"

:"nnlna'"

HI. ,arnpli'fwadWlf opcna.ciomd" 1,4l rSC, hli e&ladol 'udlizando oWf.8ntc .'IC00:5, ,I_dos, Y'~ aUD.1I1, el.:~ es eelGnh:~dispositi,'vo, pan. inic~1Ie:1cstudi.o de 1,05_p:U:flcad0 res opmw:ionalle.s~ ,ya, qUI: no R~ su'ita caro~ les :r;esistent,e y se eons~l,uorllci~MtD,tI'"' :Bl SfBlbollol del .ampli~6cadDr Dpenac ion8~

'r~:iio_- ...II A'... , u;,; I '~"'l~

I_nij;_~,

t_.lI

l_flWrs-OUI

~Cnnia] d'e: mtltada,


I1Olm~

-:- - ""-ili~11~~,1!O""'U.;Il,,, iC'HD.Ii 1,1.0lil1 !iH.; ~ iI:I.I UOII!

-HI.I~-,- ,~
• "_ J

,,;,11_, ~ -

!!im\

.." ,r - _-_,~. J;")} mille ~'N' I]~

.delln-ItltllV
"

~,,;;t-

111

~I" :li'WYtiiU\i1
t,j L~~-.-=_.~

T~

de ,raJi-MeDtlCi6n

S,(mbo'lo. de ~lreu~tode un, ,am.pUfiemo,f' Qperac~omt1 d~ 'ptQ,po$it'o ,g,enemL La nlmCfl~,16n de: bts; W,lbitna.!CI ~pondc a un, PIQluc1e, lirliJED:[P de I, 'mnnin3ics"

sa' mUCSIIilI,(I en ~:a'~II-" ,. iI!._'. es III' - 'f~''':'''-:--lll;=: '1 -~ .-. --;' I~,t- '~i"'''''';'I- '-l- ~~--:-~. :-:1A~, Ari;,i 'f1'-,-II:"OI de la ,;dgura, lI-,~l - lUll g,I,a.u,I,U~O qwe, apun,a n~~I,I, mreccion U\!I , ~l·.· ... se\oa.1L~EI,n'wn-tTtOI de ,ide'~tiJicQcidnde pan" (ND:') dcsipa, at afIl,lifi1clidor' operaoiona), c;on earac;tedsMCM: es.pec~rficasl.' 'BI 7'4 :~,C'q,ue: se m'uestd, elll este ,caso es .d am.p'lifi cador opemci'onai dG 'pm"s lito genoral que se ,cm:plcard corniO'cje~pbJ' a :~oIU,go de: J a obra, In ;arn,'p,tUlcador. o~rac:iOD_a] 'tamJbi,61i11 lV ·F,uooe COO 'I fj,c.ar,H eo un esq':-Iuema, D di j]'illr:a.a, de [' r""~ ClfCU'I'to ICOIll, (I,n Ini2'm£ro d~ re/ennr:,,, 'por ed'em,p]o U1~,~'C14",,e'(c" 'Despu6s el :nUmle'IiO de i,d~'ll: I~"'fi'~~'·-"'- ,',+, -,AI ... pwnJ: S~ pnle d ...--·'1-'\· -.--., de 'Ial.d51.a_!I;;!"ilfu.li,' ..~·5.. ~...,, ·'e· -m·':··':a·l,:d···IiIii··IIC·li"".,1I[.I~,~jf\I. ·d "'dli!"'~-' ,d,"·"1 e··ICft,Q' ~""I"dl~, U lcacl,u,n tUG .. e..Il1I.ro c .._ .. ,lIU'\.l;V"'] 16S a.,~ 'ptlSU'b, 'pI, lUI me,nos cinco, fe,rm~nales::,(:I) la tenR.ioa'~ de .fuerlle' Id_t ~ PlficBllores, ~rKiQnales i~r' 'p08_itiiYlli Va:' 10 +'''-'~ la 'tet1td~t1uIl11~: 2) la 't~jnw de f~le de. aliDlG~tat:i6n :llegativa, ( ':2' ti't ·'--1'·._:1,.·-,.·1'''')··'''1-·,_a,-in U.bwu ,~, :5IUL a ,~" ifoiiil\ 11·- tennl!l!ll,_'al'-] UG ,1.1. e IJJ UiiIUUJ III,"-----·0':-' I'D ., ...-. .: __ ,'I~.., _ 'i.·,d-,·· QI~I~~'~ !La, ,..;I".., 11.-·, ,--.,-., ,..1''''' '. r"':S 0 _. lf~,en ,_a ICnDJ nw, '-,"Ii \,ol' l Yen (,~-)" JIj'D '~\IIIi~'·I:'.a:-:-1 J -.oJ[. r. '-1'8- ~'ftr~';i.:"';~ de '1110, "£~J ~ .~) , ""I ~~~,-AB n;fiL ;ii'-n~IV\~iH'lo··~1 I~'+~I ;Ia, ii',jIj;~~IDlnll ''3 .. ,..~~ .._. · .A'·lln-u-'... ~'J.J '.. !I.U -.'
- -I' q,B . ' •.. " .. ' ~~, .. ~,~o
1
I'

II:)

';1];,'"",, .-. :-,.-,

'-','-.

,,-,

~':'-,fiiili

iil ....

.~~~~¥iI'l!oV_

•.

__

'~~

a.

-;jo

.'"1

I\_

['_ ~, __

~;;iii ~R'

~-~."lIl-'-

~JI.~__

I ~ ._~ ~1111::~~lI!~II!_~.J',

.-~

L~~

~_-.lJ_:_!llU_"il'Uu.

",~Y'

L~." ..

~~I~

·IlU·

\.

__ ~

,A'n,

~!ll'_:_:ll"I_

...

Capyriglhted material

:ilitipi UI Rdjdl
:+

~------~-~-----~~~==~~~~~~91
I

,I

VOIM'~ d!ii.~p:adm
~ ._.~""",,-_. " __ r ..

Ide cntmd.a
-I

'\-'-

-,

,,,_--

IIiiiiiiiiiiP. '~'L_',

,,'

-'.

:f4l1l de c:mmdI
1

T~~cs, ne_,"" de! I.:fU!!.Dm Ie

ra:l_il_~_

,FlGORA l~31 :Diagmmu. ,a, 'lgqu~ simpllficOOo' de UI, ;am_gl i'ft~adOf opeW(iI~~~d b de p~it(J ,IC1Knd~

Copyriglhted material

"_:iii!"j;~_AI "iI:!':iI!iililiinA ,:_, i'_~"'." .'~\l'iiI!I_i I~I-.~"n'~,'~ ,~. C:OI'I""_ ,U~'I","'!!I:KI".,", U·8'_,~"~__ _

,.r.,';ii_.1 _'CIT ''''''1 nl"Vi!pf VIr

La ,seiM de yoltaje Vii, ,I la, salida del ,8mpUfic a dor difere,Kial se acop:ia diR c LamelU!: a ]8 len~ uada, de, la etapa, inleil~wdi;_a dI~ desplazadof' de, niv(d~ :B~Dcstu. ctapa, se neva, Ii,cabo <I,os, :[bn,.. clones, . .La prinx;m, cons.iste, enl desplaml' e:1mYel deii v1o:ltQjrc de: :Ia,salida, aJJ de;1 unp'llf]eador dif«-eDC~M hasta eil1valor :nccesariol:p8l& poiarizu' la, dapa de saIlida~1'La se,guflda, 'pefim'l i[e qU.e, pase :Ia senal de, ,emilmda 'II:. CHi sln :mod~fleaei6n ;y eOJ1I¥errirse e:1!I1 fli SliD aL1 de ellitradla '1'2 '.' la, ei'gnrr., de salida,. ~
.

B~lIotlaJe del wida, V. de ,. e ',' a ,.. "' .. '.. '-" ... -1V'.'-.--' di~mmll!tlm :I .. la tap ~RtcJ1'De.dia 'SCaeoela ---,,~.- .. -.--.--.,--.~~. a ,-.-. retansll d -=, s.aJ1r da." 'La, -. '1;11 '-'--~' .._JI:; [~ .. e'An. d' :~l~.lq,ue' _iiC: ... cmnw~mc:n!W ,II; ,~-til~r---- '1- A'., 11- COOdIUl8ti'l,\i!!O ~,_'I' .. ..... .' ~--. UWD , '11'';...1'", ,--,,-,~ -'.' .. ~- .~~.A:.. A.... ._:__~ 'I~C, liIu~lzaIS sa ~ ra "J~I~slslor'p,,~
' ~.. ~.. .... . ~ I.

,·--..c:_--~-t·iilliil

-.

~-ft·

'

.~

~--

--

~lrL!rlf.' I!W~'_II ~Vl

"':fin

riin

~D-'''_~''''''''' _, .U 8JI_~..
~ILIL

'U"sar"u'~n ftiil'li'"'iiii''''I''"g:c''~.oJ1: .....iif!lift~I'~. .... ~Ull_.U;rUl/~ IIi"


..1,

l -.

'.!l1

"-!~._II;~r!IWI_

I,,-U'Il.I:IUI

Pftft'tA

dtin-rlll I!!lco '1 ... ~I~~ ~ I __ WI


,~,

1~~i'i'li",'i'i"M1ii'i.I;'ll U,t,""""I,'tu.;;iI;'V'tIUI!
._ .. _.ft .~_~

tC.rli;i'ilii'l.... a··

1i1~'"rI,I; ~l!'l*"~'ii!ljrIj;~;'1 ~""'I 'UllKII, iIi;"'iJ\I~~'Ii.!ioi{IiI...,I., \,Pi;

sistene is de CA,t"P8 ~D[-'


de 'saUdi V,V'
. I.. ., ~ .

·ril'iIDit!l'·' .1 ,-' ~i:: "Sura ,~, DIi~i1J.I;.1l"aen ~,a,It'! ~'. :- I. ..~: ~la···""·' FeR'~ se eoneeta en'lre; ~atcrminB1 aI:, sa] ida ~' 18 'betta. '~1f8, Qbm'D~r'el ''lOlIta ~ e ".£_' ._..

8' ,am;!', '.•


l._.I ...

,~!;o;;;~,t'd"

'i'Iilii1~rll'l'" ~q UJIi~II .• I~Jr,""".:_~·omu

I'r'"

''''~I:;t\ill; r-....
l .!.::._.IJ~l
-. 1f"'._I._._

qlit. . -: Iglli.ii

iIIIl]-a:-nl'I"'CI';OJ;·ad",.... ",:I:.r'· ,Ill ~ ._ ~


~ ';;'~I_.~

.C··.·~··. :-.~
_

ii!'''

_l_

..

..

_...

.__ .. _ ..

.~.~J,~I_.

.•..

_"'_~'_".

....

~~~_

obre SIl 'IRiJ,UI~ee'l;.um,,",'n t,ema~, ~I c;~ :'t-,;;· ,re.. Ii ,-. . mas compdCuuO ,SI b..le..11:11 'I".: ';f"uncaones-'. ,.it,~,~-- . ,su~a so_: s~:,- . I - -;... :-c'1i, ::-.'iJ n;:,QLO ,i"" es -..<'~ .,::--;:; - . ~~,. :~AI:-:.. ":.- 15, -.-~. ',:-.".." :-~..-.
•.. ~.. ·'1 ' ,1I~ "f; ~ -I I~'-I'~ I~-I' 'I t I I;' ~I-:-

'~'[II!,iI';i;Ii I~_~~'V

'_-_-_r.·

·m,··Dd.'.~ ~[J.v ~1l~--r','".~~I~iIUi _~_ ~~~:'·r~!',_~JIl.l'~!I¥J-u,-~ .'~~ :iI:!l;ii'm,.ln'~":'Aii""""~D'·ld,'-iIII;l~~JIn!'llf1',""A""'~ ~~""':iO.· '~F-~i'~l~


...

~I] _.,~ ~~l

:"8'

'i![i;i"iif:!1 ·m'I.1 ~".~~~,~, ~lI~ t__ ~.U~~I'~I~,

iIi~1 lIJR!, ~~IJ~JIU.!I!'I,I'-iUI~\I'U_.~, lU~r

:'i',,'r~.~.... ~.JIl:n

~,.c~,

,iIt',oijI;n ~llj_.,

sim '~J~:'~g~~~:.
. iIJ
~_iIiIlI,l~1Ii

14' EN'CA,PSULAD'O Y TERMINALES

..

'1,~ 'I LEntJtJllSu11lllD


'iSIaMnUficador ~racionBJ se :[ahria, em,'WllJ miCmc.ircuilo de sUic~o:~,ft:: encapsu'la em U_D re'cipiell., ,1.decuadQr. Mmianm fines D1B1Dllfrcs 5C; eoaeeta u] ,mieroc:iJculto con, U:: l1;ldml~C'Sex't'''';ma,~'l!Iill'" 'U·•• :I;MiI,ii'~IIii".. ' au....,. :A.., '1"I'Uii~,....'~. 'p':.-;11..t"'.'~.,(!i;n ~, :~D....,.t'~'~i:"'a··.. 'La'· 1 ~,,,,uf"a 'll'''·4~~·(·;'a)··(IIb·ri~t I'('~J,).·,",' U!W! !I:.:~~~,. ~iI:I'u~u IIO'~_l'-- ~ .1.. '. (d)': 'mlUestta los, IGnc-~~ulades oomUlOes dc, ~os am~'~.Ulcar!o.msoeerae IQoale,s." ~~ ,Ir ~ 'E~ Icncapsu~~odol ,1DetQ.ico de ~I,'fiIpd, l ... es" dis,ponlhl e eon ,3.~,Sl~8,~'J 0 j' '1,'2 'tmm'i.. 4(:a) nates., ,131mieroeir.eui.to de :sillc]o csti 'Ioido a ~aplata metUica, de,l fondo pam, Idis:ipar el ealor, N;edium 'una, ]uLIOa. ,K, id~lfI'lil,ea, la t'@.lll][na)' 8'1'Y'~. ''e[l1iaales, est'n :1,IlUR~rad~s a e.n scn.tido coatrario 81 de I_u;lO_I.OrecUhu del IC~Oj si :. coosideri, el ol1ca,p.su]ad.o 'metdlico "i'S'IO dade' arriba.. Los, IC ORoe ides lefleaplutados d.obl,e CDUncI (D'IP') de 1,4,y' 8 lennina]ts se m,geslmn, en 'I _lg,Ulai, ~1 lb' ~AI p,~ - ~.~.,-. .. ,.' .. ;ilL...,- '""'" .' " de' &I'I'iLi .. ta. "fi~' . ,~,~~;; .')" "i.e"". ~llsleill ~el'lcBp5u-I'",uu..u 51UG p,I.ai)beO 0. ·d····.' ... ,,_ ~. ,'. Vi stas. ~SL :~, '.ba un~ 'G ceriU_~~_I,ca., ~\
IIf" ,¥,~I ~

~_~

,]~

,:""liiIii!jiI;'I!IiI..:i~ 1~~I!!I_l. ~

ij!ii ..... '. _iIIJI '!Iw!1~IW.,....-!w.U_

~I~1

I!

~(-._I~IJ~IJjI,~

.._I!J

.,_J

:._.1 .. ,

-Lltt.

~"

~'

(:-).

...:1;..,;.,-,.4,

.... -'~

,..II.

:ptl n:t~o0.uesca, :ideoti'fic'8,la telTll inal :~ 'CO,IIlas teuIunales num~.rad.u 'CIA, ,.D'lido iClOntnB10 a~ 1 1 del 'lIS mlancc::U~as del 're:IQj" 'Ii_ ",II(ii"U!'i ~ " q.·· r L'US ..c~rctll,'W"1 I 1'"i:I\iiIi;p.· ,i'O,~l",",e c..Am·'p,I.~,'·V.~... n .. , c'm1th~nen muchM, am p:U fi ccador.-es opc:-:-acilona'"' '1-:- .~,-, ,0·5 .. ~ii--:~-·~·i~os6"'~ ,_ . '---- -~ acwaihnente ~.~,' en1Bt . :S(J!O,mie;rocirclllitD' de 'm8,uor'ta-~ ,_CS" II.~~, C,lf;'CW... inm~dfts 0 . - fabricn '- -. -- ,..,....... .~ -~'!':-:J~I ~

!U!iI;""

. ,auu.;ilI_V

_,_ _~, ii'U!!'


J .'

~_I~.

_ ~ __

._'

__

••

t.

'malo.,.

hieD, 5G intcr-conectaD 'vaDas 'DliffOOin::Uri,tos de

,.-~,orn

~~_

..

~._

..

,.

.,..

_.,

...

...

.1..

.J

••

tlimllsi ona :,',iC; 'mOAtann,

Copy riglhted m atorial

I.
(b
~i~:~1

Co ~j r 1 J

led

i 11 g

~dl)

J1G:~RA ,],-'- Los


i

las, CDe.,IUI:',: DI
aJ.:(l.1 ~....
l~

'mei !CO:t1IlmU,
f~.

"";,Rn[ ~1Ii'U"M!

I\-~ ail m~·,&,'1I=.lI"\n.-n 1"'\ 'W ii, .' , ~1l~n· LU_~..I ..' ..,iiI,.. r.w ".. -.~, 1m l(b)' , '(fJ), PoE 10 'qUI:) se 1f1~6~m ~i!.l5J le~la[UDSi'iD~=,,; a
~ ,iC!iIl'\mIi ~KUI. ~-1I1 ~~V

til ~IJI_p:lirfic' do :",. lap!. ..Ji~~iI' ',.In II .rn..,. _._ 'U '~'" It ,"~l .. '~ ~.~ .]; ~~. ~
!~ ~

~-_~l~~~_

'~' ,' D

-~ ldtr

Ide

'idl d II

en ICd,) " I; 'IDllit ' :Ira 0, mc~,sulad:oloon. IIKmulJ,D;pSJ de :mDJ}~il tt!, ,.pcm,cil~

fieadQJ"' O<plmc~Df.ljaiCDD e~ lemca,;p.S1u1ado ..

comanes de: IiftC3p


'~!!I!

iii

,IUJmJ,O IPDfU,I&:I, :6SUfE ,~~,3',(;a)':r


~I"'..I· le'JJCIP,~;IlJ,~ ...· i.uU
't1!U!"Ii~,i;m g;1 '~I Ir~j 11h1:1E1L!J!1'~11
l~

liI:!~ - -

H, ~'u!llliIP'QlI '!!l!!!!D,

~nii'ii'li~

"'jri¥i~

~I_'I

II

'ptlld,c
I,

plft. lid ,i:~I1.IIi.ftca,~la


-'~ -

~'I . dV ~5'.\"'1

.1,-IIIC:';111 'UJl'"

"I-

!.

Capyrigh

Image

'I:EIJ,

lD'um.emc~til de:

:1., le'Ii'"

Uptlld'

de lO Iboord 10'

'pSI. e~ alami""
t'~'m .. !i.E" - '

Copy 19f1 d rna rial

II ': - ,'.:'

C--· "'w- I" 1'-_'BiPt_l~ 0 ..


I ". - '.

. ~u.:I!P.l;.. IJ!C.. Aj":k_l\oiio AI"1

.1U.O'to1-11'1iII;~. IA""i..Llli!n'~
'!I'V~"" UC
~iII!!

~!!iiI'

~ .. JI'':::~ ... ~"_ni.Nll

1-

]7 'Salida.
I

I
,1i....---oI!

.
iii:. 'DI
'I

i =-,

del AJuSle Q4;:.• _


a. .

\!'o"lrajc de da¥i1

i,~J!; 'EI~~iIldlo _-_" -mct:d_,. ~.~ ,1IJt!!I"',::::S.~ .. ~!I!!!!.. -. _.- .. -.~


8 t~nN~S
. -----_.

l~ro-99\~ ~

~~J

V,IS..-

--~-I' .., ;itii~-

iili~~I!!;I~~

~. ~ ,~ju~_ ~~IT''~{JI_JC de dei.vm, -~-" 'Bm~f,~~ i~;~'eUiOm 2,

I..........,;~

l"" (-,ii;"'r11 _ _",.,.-~!I-li.u,,", ',."'"'} 8neaD!f'·JII ......

,~~-, ___ 14 Ilennin*1 m linea, ~__ ~ ~~~~~~ ~.~ _


."[),:1iQI . "1.11;=;,

ro, •.~'III ~ UJ~ .. .

*'

I"'~""'''' u,u~
,~HiI'iif!iil-ifi:r' ~W!-~!ll!l.V~

~ ••. ~'li"'iiI'jD"""" 'Ui iIi-_ •. ~,~g'l ,lln,lm.u!t' ~ ,0, ~~:ImlI!n'aIe:S\~ rAf'ij.

.. _- __ ' 1~';,iifiil~'I:l rig '~""lIf-"'!"!"'.!"!Jl!,,!IUI.~ nor ',,"'~

~Iiif'll_ lIi"'~, -'" ~-~

1,-4 CO,II'O IDeN~T'F'CA" ,0 ESP&;CIFI'C'AR UN AMPtlP'CAD,OIR O'P,'ERA,e"ON.,'·iiL"'~I' II·~ ..


'E ,J~ [- --~:,~-~~ljftD~, f~f!l!l,I'lr'RiMV-_I ~U.f.~ .. rug /1~~niU.~'~i\A'n,.11,,_, "

,ti~ de Ul'p-I iI cad Of;' SlC" 'trata? tiIF':'iemp'~o': 7'4, I ).1 "'!- 1'·:;U'~I~-~'~'O-"', fab,",n~,,,"~'9 ' 'm---"p~'I-'O'"'A .:li!!il'-I""g- !'-,v-i~~s )" .~ .._-_.~, 1rr;:~1' • .£~l __ \1~J.f""·--:.' ~.,~l~_'_'II!'r. --Q--'" ,'wlu'au bClJ1lC;,;' '(,CJCm',pd):: -11'~ lnlefVa~,O -",Ir",di..,AI -? 1il\J'~'---il',t:~· ,",_....i.--..:I. e,,~ -.. ,'. -.... ,lilfiUl,JZiiUO ce t··· -. - -- I~--.j ...OperaeI.D .., ,_c:m,peran'!UD,~' - ··-·-,!O··· ,), 3'" ,,~'::_U-~
~I-" ~Ir"¥' ._.__ I~._. ... ,.Il_, _- _ -. _ 1!Ii
1; . -

I."' -'. .. ~ 1&['De' IAU'


.Q"

"~J! __,[ __ '


~'il!.~~'="IL~!III

~l'.

IJ£,IHl.l .. _

t,

"_,,~MIIio --

\I.!'.l[l1i._I~;H_iUI

__.

I'"

Ai "iii

1~1,,<!II.iIIJ~

de ,ftft_jii;a-m-u-'-I,.QUv r-AIilI'ii!~iiIi!l-n"ii!'!! IW ....An ~--V1111'_t""_.~' ,....11 , '_" "1I.:1fw.: r'!III!'_ emelo: DlP' de n,]!;b;ti 0)0,,)····. (B~ r' ...... _,
or

n.,iI'" 1~I~w .... lase


~. "_I_"tl:""-.

1wi'

'm-~;i!'lrfCJ!"iw('l;"lf!'Ii"!;lliI'I"1i'A
~l' l"~

'd-~ 'lM::iII'-rIIIILIHL'IiI!I._.d' 'nll" '-0' r~J~~I.V_.I.~,~ t:liiiP'nln'll,idi11;ii"!1a· ' nP_ml""'I;:on·,~,i7 ~I


t." ""~L~ •

II

...

-.

Copyriglhted material

In...... i~"'-' ...&.;, 1_~_uuv.u~Un

I........ -I" S,~ ,· .--,Pd"f"'- .do' ...'.res.. o- pEUCUiir ona as. ,am,.,.~lca~ ' . - ".
-#li,~' -_.

las '~~~ ,,~~, ,I~I~ ;,....1 l,bJJII,. ·~E~~~.11~: ~I':D1i"~I''';Tilltoiiilii~; I.;i--m·n'line -_". ,.~.~, '.u~~-. ~ ·~l~..t~'nfl'~iii"'a 'r:'tliJ1i-II'~I'i:"~~~". v-.,. ~_O~_,~MI~ ~1~--~,f"lv~
I.
-e _, ~,

Prelj"a dB leINI ..-J~t~) ,_, ~_ ~.'.Ai

B'I" C~llg'D.' de prefo~~IOI ug 111·.. · "', ,consra>·..:11 '. ,os 0 ..L~~ , G"...I' .. ·d'·:c-··-, _e llemas .' '-, UCl
c_',

'''C''.

'-1-.--- ,-- ,",-.' tireS, , etras "moulanlt·~


:-

,~!iU!_.~~if.'

__ ,Ill,

~~ i'l;~"".n, ~ wtl:~-~~I-~

a-,~au.-"n-~~ I~ ,~~, --~lDI_-__ :u~ u~ 'II~:

~.iIf::~~I'" ~~_

'DO" e;"' D···I.-il~l

c:........:::""' ...__
IF.III ~1I~j

ADiOP 'CAlHA
:LM,
oil

'HI1!rit._ .. '
l 11__

,
j

Ii_
~ __

,tt' MAJ(

NWionaJ, ,ScmicxallEtoI'· J..iD.ar 'T~'II __LOIJ .,-~, '.' -, ,I!


'j,.. l~ll"

".1""1' iIii'i,

M:C.

,l\Imcnoll
BJwr-B~J

·Dr.AJ
'TL

U.A,(p,A)
Li'''~''''''''''I·dI·,'I.-. ,'. nw,iI!l.aI!'U_,
,_.~ ""~-~-~_'-~ ~J ~ __

'·I=dlii_:n~~fi··'I~~,ii:nn.Ji ..., ,ftliinp~lIifi"rcador '~-r~'L~Jdli~":~,~' -1' u~· ~ ~,_ '-lI._;'_\2Z:::::Z::_ ~";i!;ii_,'ii.:1i


~

-I '. --n° -(:··-·~--""t·' crcu_ J:J!!! '~I ;-;-.10_-- ,An., ~mo oon~ lG QUUIW,U ug,
.·-H:ft
-

'v' S-U' I ~~j--~~IID::""I_, tiiilill'm--Mi!"I!Ii-m.r·',__ :'a-· __ U:P. ~ '_"_~~.-_d_ -~

,~~-.-~-¥_._.,

.oJI.. ._~ .

~ u'~'

"

s, Slew ,-;l-"'me-'- -, ~,~~ey.,~ aue .nu'-__ ~ros '1 letras que


'~;":h;

Iru

'Q....r'~1.m·.-·'n:-In.~ iJijIJ~l - '-F~- ~11i ~

,~.:~ 3··i>"IiAI"'iI

:NWne.rode 'pldc~~1
I
'·""1· " •.•• ..••. : :,.' ",'

,~: ~
;:...
1'1 • I" .' '.' _.

uC;'

dcsipa ~os l[mJ,(eS

de 'lc~pcratura, ecmerclal
Los lJfeS C,. ·.·,z,OJi ,.·.·'t,; ,ml:I'A'" :.:tl',.·'e; If£mperafum son~, Od' '," rJ I' .. ul" d\' ,
,I . -.,'. _,_.
I ••

I~II

.:..

, II

.. '_'.

I' ~.'

t:.

l'iIi

'1 C"
.

':_-)IiJ

~i'

1!IiiII! ~.

;I"!Ioc-t!'I!'L.~ii"',~11 ~&~_~~'ULIJ
t ...

'til, '.. ~ '..:_.'!IRI

d·,_, ,0"

""'111 °C':_'". :"~ ,", _. '..

'2 _~ ~ '. __sm'M- ,.;Il~ I~'~·nd'-u· '~ _.~ ~ _. '1II"!Ii·1:'·I-·~~:jilll!l"~ de -' 3~ M····.··~
~. ~-~j!!
L.~_~~~

~J~j:.

_V

-'~~'C:a, IO~5_~ "C=. ''._ D.o. . _. ~ ~:,c' _ J : til..", s·· '. '~':~, IQi,C' . -.'
-'.1

J
N\ P

.... -- 1Z8 -- - -II"1 se ub'~J-~-- ~D ap,..


I.'

"

..

.',',

._.

.•

,'.

I'

[!III!

."
Copyrlqhted material

10
'f',~~'~ -;"m·,;A1:"~-, _~IIII!II.-IIIIiii"a .. ,'un I .~.. 1'1'" UIr ·.~W·-A:...I:-,J_
I
E'

Capitulo -1
,..:,. 1 ..

e'

gal

··U~I'IiiIA.Ji!A-~ l~<. '·.-. iII·..... • .,.. ~_~J~I

n·'

~j~l_. 'I~)~IUU

' In' .

\:

'Ii' '!l!l' ,~~I,

~,_

N' !L)!:l1 [>CIi

;il--" ,L"1iI II.CnnlDaROi!ii,l!!

Mllii!)o,a'il

14' -,i/!l:"-O:-'.J,IS'v,'d:', .' .'Ir. D:'~I;'S''':I!,n'i'i!''II''D;-'',,~ I~ Li· -. ,-,.tE_:"" '.1i.iI' ' . ,"~; ....,.II"1I!1.#lU',iI!· I
I._ ._ .'~'

D.'.~ ~

.. ~;

'Ir," A'" =",r'~_J.r"~J'" D~._ ."~·Ii!iJ! O·'.~ ...-=:,I:'A' ' " .•. ··~iI!'I' )r;J,~" '~'O··.·~·nc'liII!:!!I' ._ .P' I!;~_._" -_, _.
,~

C,'_..1_,_ ·IPJII· I.
r··

···I,:O,~I··"·L'-'~', ~ )~' ,.5··'

.- ,- La
." ',-. ~

"

r-

.11!1!!.,

...

'.' r'

','

",

_~_

l] twn·· . I' _',

I .. ··

. _1 __

.,'

-.' "",. Ie de ._J_ me_-_ 'facio" fl' "n' __-_,'_,


,I

.,'

'.

':.'

. _'

p"

-.,'.

'

.'

I.'

':-

:'",, • ",.1 1

'Las; fUcDms de alimeoJl:lKi6,Il, de los ampH~fiJcadoe~peral,;ionat~j de, pl0p6isi to ,lencraJ, SOl Di.. o Nl'II~r-Jit;C; "-;_I~m':-- ~ 'ng-r.-d'-~ ~ v. \~~ ,,-~, '0; il'. r"-'_"-' o.b-" ~;iiI" I;tl; '~I D~W,'" 'B' 11...#:'/~ol):_ 'I njl.~ se 10'l...t'1" .JIlII~nl ~n' ftl m·,-~a' ·d·. ,(1;, OW lr~IIIUiJIIiIii~[I!' ~v._.u ~;'Il[~ ~.__ v ,,~~, 'II~-:-,-:--'II'-:-,~ -:-r:',,~~.'-,rti"'~,aiL"lill ,Ieral m-en,WI en!l.l.!, efun, ....... '':; 'v' 'B~ t6nnino cnm'on de 'las rDeill~'e:sse refie:re' 81 P!':WJto cn,mu'n: Ide' ~ ' 'I .J ,"' '___- __ '__ ,_, '____ __ __ _, _ _'" _" ,_ ., ,!i).Fii:J ,iA~

"

!Will~ :1"1

I~

"'~c.",_~ ,~ ~
iiIlii~,

.UIIL ~llJ_.W
=-..

_.

~,-

~.

l ....

f~.~. .

..tilftli'.L""oiiii' ,....".!I!,II~

II M~"!II

Ij;j",Ii!i,j;>.!(',

J.'~~I

razon.e.s, de, )0 an t'er.ior:, p,dm,e;r.o, ,atlas las medlciQll,e,S! de 'v'o~ltaje: se maU Z.cUI, e"1iI1 le'tO'A, c.,om rel ',,: ..,~ , :,',' '-i,' ,-i ';oil"" < ese ,pUI1l10~segU!fiuu, .~:'I ;-.' ',-,~i",:--.JI~" ,_a,,.,IlIIte ~ ,:",11\'1;-;- -''1'-' ~'~~'-"- -I-:=,;:=" n-~:~tM~ al ilertcer conduc- ' e",cornu" uC 'I~-.11- '-;:-;-,li '-. ~-, IU~Ulel\l!tnc)u.1. ;--~~' c ~o __.c __ "se sue e '_'_. "__ . '10" dt~l eable de: e,onicD'c',~ el eual ceaeeta COIil d.err:a (Ia q,ue po,r :~og,eneraJ ISC lo,ma eq, la'tu .., L.,....Ja··--·'aaua de !lin'sdtu 0,)' I allchulis en donde :SC' alai a '~a ,d'le [_.• 'fucnW',~;I:._ '.__ 'Bn 'Ia :figUfB I-f)(b:) SlC~llllUCoBbli. c~di_grama co~pondienlje, a una fue,l'te pon'ti~ '8'1,os .., : . :ta, 11i4!. ~~liIIj;a" de Init'IA ~-~ l'lna· fun'le: de! aliment:aciiD'm b,il~~areomtien£i IUIO d,I~: ,~I.--II",:'·a· Be I~;~.'Q UtlmDl .. ';, - Il.U:U.G, dr·- destaear e ue Iu. I,u'!iii .. ,M~ ~- - --- ,----~ '" :r""'i" ( :C

4I~1 ._ I u~

+,'~ 'V,I.r ,iii: ~


I..;;:

'c:,~

...

,,- --- -- .,

.. - , -- -- - -

--~.

'U' .......'~ c;
1~.;J

V'I!J -~ ',_" lJiir.~

1 r-iiii ... 1
w.u_iCU

~.,

~-nr,A£,iIi'n- '~'~ ",",no' IAll C"~:m,::-'''_<i70,110 \IV li'J';niiI]F-~" Ion des A'Ji!II' I "1IIr~ ~J"" _)~~"".:_ ~ Vr W~~.: I:M,VI"V.~. !W-i' ~\I!" " "UUl'.~ wal

I",,~I

li'lili1'

I"

1 __

1.

__

.-_._.

'.

1__

._

-e-e

_ ...••.

- ...

_,.

..

I~.'.'

•.

l!

.....

-.•.....•

"1

.AA~' &il~'d'nl"&~ ~V~ Ill~~,[,,~~

~fin.AC-:-:tadasl~lI!I serie e-'o'.".'dI'J' mismo u ~_ ;E!,\tIinlt'~rlOi"Ii; xd0_< An.. _'. .'''~~ ~ ~ '."
~VI~ ... "
I~,_. ~ .~~
0_0

.!liilMriW.,

.!i.i

lilUU~l

Copyriglhted material

,.L'

9F1_'

V
"

"

-,

"'"V'."

B-..J:., ,.II'...
_~~~,~1~1

,n 'V-:' I"

"

I.......,

~r"AI'oAi
__ ~~J
l

(1)1 :~ma
__
-'

·totil'!Wl'Jm-m-·,dll
I
•U

I.

I~~

WWJ.

iIIiiI!'io,Jla-Ii' ~IW

[l.~po:,,:IIJiIi" __ 1i~1
.

:G-;:~I'·~I. _,:!LIIJLt'I
I, ,'_.

'1' '_,It,

'pm",:""pO,,,.,;'t'llii'I.. _ ..
.-

1-..

J~

f ".... I: .....!II_~ t-U.iIU~#,


.J

.!IJ.IIii .d~,

"",,1 ~it"",~,;C;,.;oIl ~ W_~I_JUn.ijl_I~~IHUI_I,

.... ,~.

I~I,'8'm_, 'p,1'·I! =I=IL'-'~.,~"'" ~i'!i""~'''i''~ ' IJ.


.J

',.

,~,',,: _ " ,:c:'·Ai4i,iI;l,ii!!;·"


.U

_" _

VIIIII '1Ii-.

I,,'!I~· UU~

~III",

1,__

~"-11_5.:1-_~.

..-.~t

~'n,' 1.11 . ,mI~ '";'"'"_ • 1;a::'pD,11.. ro:'

1~'

l S'--·'U-,·:I'.Mi-- .... I

~~

""~_[O-~,"_""

..... IrlJlil"!llllliii1
i

__ 8\.l-S' " r-~".'" ~iI'tiIi:W'J4:- u. ,~1!-~~"r~f.J'-_ ~~ kV, ... =IUf~' .. - ... ft" • •. ~~.f ~~,f.·l~IJU:f.-""'_'·IP~ .
":-,

.-J.,-.·,

.~[ Tr"'~1 ~'1""""'~"I I ...J=.J'-'U.u ....... ~UUI ~


£,,1

~.A'..i~ .. ~u

'1' ,r I ~1~IJJ '~~Iinr~


'~l,r""""'-

,tIliltA
,.~

r.'b'-I ,C~
._"_ _'_'

,Ail lo ~-L' :n·I-·i!IIi~lb-:,-rtid v les


I. _... ~i~i!ll 111'1....
r

Id'~~-~ .~ ... I'I"~_iOilii"iI!~ m ""iI!Ii'I'I'!IIii'~~'~I' Jw-'~JlIu ·1&,-''fl.:~n,tt-IAnAi;I ..Aa. ~. A;tIi; ".~ "'~~.Ial II~_ ~ l.-._ _.gu __
&;.iUI[~ _
i

KJJJlj'u..I_lI_

;iI!I, .....

luali ~-~.

J.'"

", _ ..,

~"

~o:-'n"dr-u,-:t'Itjlil"'~iIi' ,AI_ .~:'lU. u.:;;


,'I ViI

'~;t!IJS-. oj'i'o-:-"m---non- _nlf,iIlii£: Il'U ,..", .. , r-~'" ...~~tll~~

!il'.AD,n
~~-=-II!

'1111'\: ml;-,,(;~''''~il'\n';o:-, ,Iy, .-~~ "iii .. _ . ~

·p·~n:d'-I:nte'~·o'n ~I~.~"~;~ft;·~....,u,_..'e·1!!Ii~:~18' ('i;'m"~~~.e!C!:t,., M~ ',f-~",IJI!IIIda'm',~. _:~ ~., ~Dil-··a·ll1_ L.1I_:_~ . '· _JIU 4". nate· de aIDambrar ·Iodo.s '~OSI c.onductora de dena. a u_n 'pun~D de· lmi6n~, J. CO.DUD. de: lao e t;-. 'nt- ·ti~- .. d' e. COmex,lul1 se·,con--- COil-'1Ii !IUlmu.;I~. [UC d'eP'l'lZ en tfSf.re·~:a", -:--- - £ .. - ace, - - ' F'" ..:I .. II' 'luenl~ ...:I ~A' ue ~Ii:~, GS,C' po:
IJ~,_-_
II!I!r. .""_

.:'1_. C,'~,~tiiiiilwi'l'l-~il[':"!f,I~"V :i... ~" ~ p'-:~·Iii.b~.lf\".dl ~ :!!!ii:I·I~'m---6i;1rt.ac1';:~.A,s-, .-11-,'./ A,~ ~. ._ V~~.~' _~:. ~n ~-._._~IJ-~~_ __ ~ '".
~'lIiI!iiU_'-lUl I~~,""~
!J

\iU! J.' -

"'~'~:I ~
~_l

~:~:I,r-II~lI~gg-IIJ:l.I!' _ ,
~l

;iIiI;:~nl·~~~,,",~I~ opc~~~[o:,'iI'ii,:""I'I." sor'~',...~-~. 111m ~ ~


_.!!!II~~·1i ~

I!II!!I!I!I

Ul

..}~

.. !III!I!IP.

rll~I~I~r~'

Ll,

·It;di,

~ 'n, ·I~'''". IH!.i'!'i':IIna' y 1!Iii!I~!Iii' ~:q:IJ!:~_~'

I!U ILL ...., I-~.-' ',1'.:'9" A., .~"".,.~'~


I' :,'
_.'

q.
I

iI,.~ la~

pod'

·"·,",f~L

,,:.,--,.'

ja" C·

,,"c~j''''''''~

~-'~II!'iQ-

it·~·

_.,

1~"t!!Ii~a"..~ ~.~I~ ~~y[_

d':~1.~~I .. ... u-:,"'-rrD'


1

'J'
" :_.'

R,.n...I!'~. I
, ..

,,"~.,~;~,p,iI

1IIIn ill-.JI;iJJI~~2a'l= !Ii.iII\~J ,~~!IU'!I!ii~'!Iiio'~.,

I.

"

. - 'I~, ··_,'Ul

-b-I•

V\ft'-It...,~··[. [U-~ ~w~.A.


I,

ru-"-'I~'d'_;iIii;,
~l.· -

'UUlil

!t Vcrifique pur' seguqd.a va, el m1ambmd;o, BJI'les de apJicarl,e ,co,merue


" o,perac:u:u'll_.·a1,~ 6_'" 'C;'·'.,~, _-,onCClu,o; '¥',D1mJCS. : ~ '.' ']1!Ij,.., t ".;c:.~...:io
I

.B[~

ampUficuo,f'
I' .. ' .·'1 "', ...... ;-:-

.j'.nio,

~.

-,::ii;iOcI[n;i'.:·, l' ·:~:.n '," .es.pU,~, S)ClrIU _ C~IiCUlu.l :"',j([10_ 'd'..~. ··I.L,...·.oiI:·u·C· iMJ,

que:
'1-

-:~[, G~

-i"Ir.·[fi·[", "~~-fi.. am,p' I ~~CilUJOf O,peli,DCU.::),IiI.a~


I"~; 'I~

Copyriglhted material

1.2

C-:_'8"-p"'flU" ,,'10"-' I"


l-.:I": _-.
',_ - _.' . __ .I._'._._':'__.-._f"_'_'

=P·",'R'O'">'"'Elll E' -M' 'A" , s:::


.. e-

.FI.!

I.

) .~.: '__ .__~r.

_.:'

'_:_ "J __

'!!!!I!II!II!!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIIIIIIIIIIII!IIIII!I!!!!!III

"I" .~ !i~~

1['1

'nn~' .11 Ir~ln~·ft


,~_.~

~-J

'~I"-~-lI~: U\am"-~n.·iII]!·fj'J·cad""'ojil ~~,~~-' __ : u V-I,


1'-'-IF"'·)_l ~.._ -:_ ~"!l'A
1

........ I~~ ;.JP.1.lmiI '.

.... ~ :-.L't,o'· I.:"'I!' ID,I [~-~r~u------:_~ ,~ 1 '. '1:.113;·""1]" ,I-UI,,_., .~~ iC'~' -~I!lM.'''·I'ad-~~ l~g,_.lii£iMI~, U~J "1_11_ LiiI'~
I
,)_.!I!\~~
~i"'

·n.--u~·~· 'r~'·-

~'[i~1LIJIi;i~"'IIJ;I~DI

;i!H;il!CJ!nil;,oi'!iOitJ

II' .F'iIIU m, "~"O"~'!'I""''ft'ili1i~?. n;i:i!!ll"';iIi..:, '.'. r~j[~ u,I~ .


I.'

til'

#'Ii'O' 'I!I't'~J;iIIi_" ~UMI -..t ...... , 11Iw!-,_.t_IU!IP-I;:Mi;P' L, ~~I !IU~lllr-IJ_:I_I.J'~!llULN1 ~llr~.t~.

.'_in'II;t;, ....

~'HIoi"';I';i'!i;_:"~ uJ;:IaI~

~11'1!i; !ULI~II! 1,_.:

~Dml!i'i'~I~It;I"'-4Ii;~""" '~111r .., 'O"IiVij'~, lr-~ 11!'_~_"'AlUIUII '_'

IQiooal,dIlb1e: 0 on :ampUfic-a_ o pcrad oru II Iculkim.pl·c1


~~I ~11 iIIi;i,;~~;A.1 l;gtMi!ilU·IJ_1! ~~_~l

1ij'¥Jii.

llinl ,!lliwD'I;·fi ~... I~r' ,ope~;~~i, Y .. ~~ll, .. ~, ,~" ~ ,,_.,~: .!I!~!I!Y,I,!MtU!I!


."l'il~ -II ,~

s n*~4, ~;I'llIInr;1ii!'i"iiii II·CIJ iLf.,_w ~t~-!'!!I!,I-I~ 1M


0
ill

i""1L...r....V~:;[i~il~ .u,I~,~~,W!llllP-1

'I, LIF" r ~~' ,. ." I:

-::::-,"I~ " ,~ .iIbii:IJ

'rc~I,·"t,:,~·",,~,'I ... .,.iI1.-, , ,,' 'L1Tft ~,""L_~'~'~" ,,;;;1 I~'_. .g ~l.b~JD ,l-CInIi, ,~ Oil ,I!,"I r.,1 1~,uc:I:~p, ,1:aWl1CUllt d.I 1 ,~ 61~~ IUUl,iH.r.!IiiIIll~ ~'UU~ , _~~''''''Ii;.t!i ·:t\:ni.'II.....:::_lII;ftitilli' .iII'II~IiII<N!l!; ,.t ,A·"\D7:4",I:CI :'N'
;j,-'
~·~.~I~~~~~I"~·

'!gIl preUJloI uc ,_8,' ,!l~.p .~-- 'fl,. ~~; '-1'- ~~I,"""'


I~,

. un"
~-.l

IiiN.,

,,£~,

1~~'I~'~~i:-1 'L~~p_a, I
,-

:;11 '~""~I'" 'I',: II ug.d'lCarbl 0

,..,111 oiil.,a....-: AI! u,po ~ -:-r.II~" ::"'d-:'~.~,-;

' ,'i.''''~:~' mC8,pSUUIUO

,~." ~r.:I"~'~.'? Up!) " e 8IlC!;PSlI.,auO.

,!l

L_,

""'

'

t,

'_,,~

,_!ll

t_'~_ II "II!

~'_.'''''11,nij;~,1"'8 ~l~, I..P.UII IL~!!!!el~~' _, ~

IHiIi'!I _~!llim.'II'lit..,d~ U~_~~,'-:I~,r!MU~!IILIU

ift'i.;i;A~\'I"~O,_'_--et.-- ~_.__ _'__ tenrdnal '~de_i'Du ,I. la _,,_,_II,,~ liI~~ ..~ -_ lI! G-~

_I ~_ _

loa 'Ia t~Dal "_' :81' I ,." '__ -_.


,,~_I '_"

Copyrig,hted material

.'

. ~:.'Ir-,ex oenen Ct,'~T,S CIOI'" .. Ilf im


llfic or oeeraci
I

Copy t ig fl10d

In1 ag

+.

,A~ 'fiu 'limr 'csite ,capiinlllll~,Dq,ue 'mEal:. ~o'bm1M ,ntc,b:~n J,_ Ie'''. e ..Bil. d-e~ --..~ .._."'
.. .
-'-,

pri1'm,ICifiE-lS,IC .pcricnci,"

IC'Ion IIllI,n

Dmlplific'

IdJDlf

10,-

'n.... , .' ,tA.; C11

OJ,''

b ~_-~r.ireVt, 'menll' . 111, [ma,


~

"'" -.d q'I!JUii::",I u_',. ,·mpc'll"U'I. ~ :1lJI ,,:,nll!,·. ~,i1,

r'

Q~'

p:"'O,.' 1" ~. _-_

,..I

c,

_ I"'~ d _ '~er.m na_ --S~, _ crlil_.,D.-

da ," die,salida de: 1.111, omplli [i,codm O'~mc:i!c(lll" MO~lb'ar Ci6nlQI e~'Y'loIItaje de, sal~dadie, am ,mplll,cador IDpefllc'~,o:na:lleUti en :ru~ncru6n de ·u ,1-1,-:' ~nlnc~;a '~uo a,bieno ., rle'l Vlo~ltaje di~emJj1c~'aJ e, lemltmda,. len d •_' '~H,CU I' _, IC_~IOI_19J~ .'liilIlll. ,l1nUilCh;lJ!l1 I:' C~·lnlli~ dJ '~dril ,"J Ie;~_ '" 01 .Jle: I .'JUl, 'III" '., ee :SDid:':a,t, '1.1' """11' II v I' ..1111"' .. ..... •...,1 d" '" IE:" . 'I .111' ," rani.;'. ,,j. . I"d' 'f',u~, .' Truaf ,e:11dia.:,rama del c:i'II:t'uil,o cDrra5,pondi.'c'I'tB IP.a, 'Dlm ,dtuecl,or ~n'vg~ot 0 :0.01~11"eB'cr' Ide
[I
II
I'"

,Ii,

I.

Di'.:.uj,al '1&'fom,l, de ond,. de :~;Ism~:dB de '\f'Olll0j'~Idf' lEDdl~lctor' d'~ erue pDr celti:,~,61D"e'H .;;oMOI de: !qu=' se iCCJ:ll~O,IC'I, t_ 'Carol de, !DR da Ide~ ivoltoj e d_ £i'li[i'llad __ ~ Due ;:bill'" lias Icu8e'llen.sjitil~:IS I~e:'YiO'~~Dji~'de, ':'I:l.radl :'1' I9lid,~ die 11111 l'I'leclof' de, 'lC:nwC=''pO':1i ,cem .. '. Di:bujiaJ lid I? -c\1lrUlmB, de, Blli dClectos' :i!A\ -1C'nor 01 :11113 ilDlfefS or Ide I, ni,'vel d,e Yohaj:e., 111 Des~r.i.'biir p<Ir.' '1.0 .,enD!1 des :ap!Uc-ICi.one_;s 'pi; -CDC-~' I.!l~, ~o':;dL_;li:=lo\=-.=I, rde;1 nj,,,e~ d~ v,oU,aj-~

eNe' ~par

-el!"O~

13

Copy 19f1 d rna

rI.2l1

.. Anali'zal'

:Iii ccl'W" liilUI_scnlid anoIAI":,_t"i'-I" _ __ _ _ U 'I~


I!;,o;

1:8, ,aocI,on, de lni! 'modu~adOf' de


" ,j!Ii;~n ~I~ D,:i'!iil ''__J. ... '!i,r;Ulc~ '1Ii.iII . iii m-

anenOI de: pulso


I!~1Ii;lI' ,',

J' eixpUcax e6tno se 'puede~I,~el'~

'-:~'~~~m' n'llill,i .... ,..;1!.....,----::t,"''U,muura., _

'.' ~8'm,plear rcfrere-nclU de' "(iimje, ,intepas,

en le'~d-.'seBD de d.:.,tm:IOR:s de) 'oil¥c:1 de vo'IJ_jei


-

I. 8m,plcar SPICE pam ualizar

pmc~IOS\.

un, c.irculto oom,pmador bU;ICO ..

I~ l.l~U-IlU;U ._ C;:omo.- sr- __ iP1'n~'''';-,;C; n :d-.:-~


• __ • _ r •• ' ~

'~L... ,m

r.'OJ~ltral 1-'..',iii ~ .,J-', ~~,m:~;.,'1 ~, _ iii. 1.JI_lIL__ l'U n :4",,: J!~IiD~'__ UG


I,

IU

'cJ~~'i,i;~fl;
'W'
'-"

~_.J.'lIW!ll!lill.i.ltU!U-'wI

coiI'''-;1

IIIIII_I.HI] " _ __ _

~ ill~

[:a'm'p~'~fi"-I'........ ,-' IILII_ _.,; ,Aii"


l'

II!iiI

ilIUUIl.J

If"i'~~~ U[r=.-II'1IUjp.
.,--,-

;iO:,'_lIjill jjI!I_'iI!i iI(i' ,;00;;.1 I, ~


·-"1] .,'" .,-,"

II, na 'N'lnla de 'oeeha flue '''~SGnta 'II u__


'·--)Ir--"·-,',-,_ -"".'"",_,",_--.I'.,,_" __ 'I~~'''I'¥,_,_;"~ --

l!IIII!_~l __

;ailIla

--~ID------

lauaneia

__"'-'[---,1

apitlnlB de, '~aentrada, a, 'Ia salida- en dJ~~


,I

,t.

_"_'

'_'._'

- ._.,-".

,-

~~~
~ll~IIUII!

I~'"""'I ~J!

,0: 'Ulltn, ,.AI,,": 1'8'1 ,t_'",,') 'I. ~ 1:J.1YI~ I l~~_MI


=_;,
1 ~I ~l

,.;II",""""

para
. '.' .
,,

'.

L~'

1:...,
""---C

•....

'al'~:. -.'OiI;ii~A·.· oDS, '.- ..... Imen~-c~.u~~~ para


".,].,,,

~iI:'il"il:n~l=cli!"'''''..i''l1'~ti:.ii ~nD-' !IIiI~~~I;rUJ._]§P.iiI:ILIU.~1 '~lr.'-'W!_.ll"'~.~l 'II·.

.' ·~'I···· ..it..... ,- ..... ..JI. las, 'se~ll.a'., .uc: ,erhll,iWl4 ,,-, iUrUI, ,pam '[8 :saJi..l S'[u e§:tr:11Kr'D'8 es, 'Y --'_-' ~,--ua4 ~.._"_
Iii .' ' ..

[a11.......~ i'~jjiP.flRft liIi"!';:iil1Iiii"!"~, i~F~ re.5 WI~~'~I2;_. 1IIP.11_"11~ ~

'..:II..:M'~

I ....,

loleml,
il __ "

C'5, comp.
--

IG;Ja~ IComo se
...........•...
,_I

pD.a:.e:

--_,.J

'Du~'or

'

""'.. -,

'1'~71Ui 'LI,",-n, II ~'"

'am,-.-···p.·.'I-l~~'C·"'~"'''I~pemc.-':;::.---·I~o,~,n--'a-'I,~~ ,UL ~'I;,lI'.I, __ ._,_ U " '"


~

!iiI..

i'i'o-.: !!iii'" dliilt'!]

~ii1 ,1"~lp_ra [I, -s; ,,r'lUiA,,~r U-___I___ .... fte-~.ro··:ii!i:~i~ 'lJ!II:i~ ['m,~'~'iE!'h~ ~a·~pl ~~V ~~'brtt 1-;1 fU,rM1i,lonaDlli~nlto i_o.., III ......... ';!J!oR'lIl!'!iJ' ~. ~V_= = _
ell
I~.·

en

--iii d'"i-'

lu~agramDId'-'" e

II···

'1"'-

ill '2

'D.;.;_~.
'::_·~I ,

~ailiiII':'" 'r--x"icasr~ ~ ~ __"'


0 ... __ ,,' __

-"t~

lI,i!P_

'1"e'--,-m~II' "'oBit\ii!il~ __ .,_0 :A,-., ~~., ~

1~ILHi"'~iI"'II'S ~;iii;'iiill'~J;:Jf~,0,-. n~,~:t!iI"V. W~:I!!j.ib.iI_ ,

IP';.~n:C! ,""I""""'~~

;i'I!~~U~-J'i't'fi,iC _,,~~ ....i.iIi'l!wi' iIrU~

;1~:'iji'I~"'m~1::i, G:riiii;3'M~ sea_ :nt.:c>egfl,lo,. _, QI-':U;,Me5, ~~ _~ V __ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _

di;..
__

'-"cw"""

,-~'o' '--', -

I.

'~I:G,''1I'Ij'D],'iIi;, 1:
1

i-- .tr:i. :--.. :fCS __ - - .-;', de! .. n,~~ tla.e, sanauCl!a,1111n~Y~, "1S- h9U:11,. ': =:
·,d_""IIII--~ - - ~,,_-,
.. ,
r-'" ,'.,

1_,

'~J~

_'

'%'

.::1

:._ 1

~!II ~II

'a-]-lDn'I'ifi'ii~~iI[DMI"!I;il""~O:~;iii;J1: _ .~-!IP!~J!!!IpoI/. -~~


1,
lr' ,. 'I,"~~~~ l

a-''Ii!!li

~1l-iI!~~i~,

;ilI;nr~~~I

I'!!!IIII~!!!!!!!!_

~iiiin!ii·bi;:·~' '~iiIii,il:Cl'-n;lii;~ 'U' .e ~J-~ 111J..~ I.!t: ·_lIl .... rI'

'~IL~-!lb~,-'-

~-';'iIi:"'ii\d~a". ~-!11 ~
.1

:._ I~g I

,,..;i:i;;I!!i..iiifii;,

[iHUl'-IAl~,

Copyriglhted material

'il!llL1I)'. ~ [~II ill lill

~_~f~_' __ 1IIIJ'.111 :""ii'_~""~_ ,,_,t-:-l~_~_"",~, __,....... 1'II1II"1118 IRI' IIfllf;fVIi'!II'~1Uf1 i'.-o: ll' .. '1'·... .,.1111
_IUI_
R ·,,~JIiiII.I~111J ~I' "rj;;jf!i.--, ... JIJ.·IIl'_'_
J

'Las~I'-n:rdil"i'-"8]'~w~ d 'I >iIiI'ii'!'i'iP' '~" adlnr--=' ope~""l\fi~'-' ,'•'.d' iIIiI:n--:-,it~':'Ii'p_~ ~ 8i2i~,fi' RBI"I " ~ ,. fi' adas ... ..
._ ~I[_'_'

.UI

.....

,.

1I1~:iII,W

iii

..

'I._W_~_·"_&~.

"-'_

;li'!!0Dl'[J"" ~.':.'

[_I

~i'n:i!lIl,'I-Jli;jCII,.;i-,ti aDJ'" IHll_H --, .. -u.t;;-I. . ~-J~

D~J.

[mlrll ., .

Lii!~J""J

.,1 I:>: lI!~ ',/.. 111"!'i.C!'

--,~-

·-·P'~l~'tl:L~-,Am.:-.. --':'.0' .I 1~ILiaU -. r , ... I,r


ope,

---

--

--

l~'2.'

'iI:lftnAnd"

I" ""~I!' I .:."~!iI!1

'~I1/,1 2":\ I'-'~IJ q' J. I.,iliIIi ,,..,,,,,'~.A'i I '.J 'IV :··-:·"JI~ t"'\,I.,.;oo;-r\hIIli '.;~~W-~"la ~~ ·_jl/·iM:.~".I~";· -,'lim" -·.. ... 1ii'''''Ii'11!i itiAifta ,.11"" ill' '(-iJi.~ ••,n'l);~9.~'" IW~.l·IUI;'~ ~fl~ . IW~-I1~ !I!::f·[~·dl o_V.ldf.:l11 _-·_.UI_tV~!I'
-(lUI!;
r

_,' -

';r; J"' 0:: ~1ItiJ.I q., 'I!IIII!!! ":,",~;II,'-~,IiILIW I.r. - .. ---

d.{~""~';i'!i;;:,.n.~~'iIIi~~l
~~,._IJ _....
--

,,1'.... :..

!Liii-U --_ ~~.~ ..

- ---

-- _...

a.l
I

~=V= ,+\, 'Y-:


II" :,' fI,'-'

_,',
-

=V- -'" '.,0- 'a-'ft ~ ter-' d .~


.: .. - .....

jjiili!':.-~J

..•

_.

_;i_._IIJI.l~

;i';l1ii:"

.~J

-',ft _Ul - -- IIiI1l_.:~ [II --- -- --

.l'!u'~~~,~iiI:Ii: UIIiiiI

'I': ....... ill;il!ilr-~ ~U':'~~loSi! IUU~


I' J \

.",-~-~

'I-'~ .. ~ lJj,1

rAI -

nns1d ltr,...-~·

y;g- rU!l;~a.ti,va_~ loom"n~,La,'ennhml, COUlon ",~. '. ~ ~ -[~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -~. ~ .. ~ ~.~~ ~~ . ~~~ ~ .,~~~.
iII~L'

'~ ,... ..... -4!iii':ti~~~, ~I! l'~.!I~'(. ;di'11 :tili~~r' ~1,!5& ,'_'=-~!t_IHI!·~
~~'t.* ~~ p1111~!III!IiiM
,.,.','C._

'...'I,t:Ilil.·.·'i,;b~,del cable __~~' ue. waUlrW'


,..Aft'liI~"1'Ii;
I~

'd,A ·_·_·W
.....

I '~a; IAI

~I[~~;.- ~m;~;;iii;~ao- 'i!1!~ ~'" ~:~Inl v."_.:.JI.IAI'Brr-';" C'~I~'" I_:_~'~ ~I


~l!_:._.

14 :m£n.M Jt~ ~ ,.Slat 0 :mo['CDDeCIU_a, a 'Ii e". nuede ~~~ ~- ~---~~--'U!llilli_~I~~ .. ~It~

B~tlSO dc'~termin~ ~erra·iI' 0 e] 8'1110010 lima es 'una eonveneioD niBIl, sirve nan, 'indie-.' InUt Ir ,'_.. '":II.... tot/cu' lam m,dicllulcI '.' ~ol'tqi'"Ie iac-cn ICOlI Lr:r.ecm ,a '~illiff,rR1 '~~
.. ' .. ~'c-" .. c·.· ... ~.~, ...... \~,.-_~ .• 'c.··,,-,,· '.· "c-.'.·· , ..... , .. -~.. ~.,', .... --'.

...1-, UG

'm~V.J.I glllllJ e' ·'1~ft.Uu -' i!"U!'~. .'~_.~


I _

...Il~ l'iIIII, ,-II*~n"'~ ~ IUJ_lIu_nr ~~=IIU

04n" .i'!i'..,....,'O··, 11;~n'~m'__...bel '0' d', 1- ~~.. ~ ~ _' ~~UU:' _') y __ .. ~: ~_~~ ,:___, :. ~_~!lMl1ll '._

an·
~.

,f"~U-;'-oiI'!ilD-J'l;;;iii, 11;n; [II~~}'_·~' .JW, ,I,~ JIi;[11..JIL ,tel ." ::1_oI_IL ~II· d"I;'I'''ra'l1l!llll'a:
]II

F:-.am: de poder'lbi[polu
[_ " __ ' _"_ "i .... "• " .-. ( ".-.

S(ntJolo
..:L.."';~I ~l":~llti1II, ,t·},,/, 'Ir,i'
l

'T--=_ ... ~'+)'


t ~Clf\W""'1 ~,I-:_ - ,:.

[em:n.m

..."~Vl 1
~ 11iil1Ul_U.
c,

I,'

..."']'""-

'.

------------::'

Carp,R,
iii.ii!'

I",~

',1"-'

:..............................

j'_
'iI:'i;l~i,,"", ~JU
~];I!UII

,",!~_.'ii ... 1"'\.0.,


~

I~~.·

~-_~Ila

_"'I

tijb~ ''-, lkptaaI_ihia ,----~ma ' U'~~oitlde, la,dmentac·M _' u_~ __"'" csq~_.~_u_~_-__~'~.-_.._ ... -- - .Ic
\[1
F"

1_,

Ii un

I..

--aOCldDt ,~1HJ0bI
~ __ " . ...-~

._" __

11

Copyrig,hted material

Caplltulo 2:

2~,f, "7armlnalelJ' ,0 [I'll.. I!il4liiJ _.,1 ' _"_'


J _

..

.~_,_Ij~.·,
'UV DIU,UL_I

:BI, ~Ia'figum 2~,2[1' 'teJmlll,al dc, SI_lida del 8JRLP]lilic-ad~l[ Dperat:,ioml~ esll 'COMtbW lEI, 'un eXl" .. '~a a treme de la :ms:is[,eocia de C8IJR I:L:~]~:Io 'IfO, exlNmo de·,R,'l,_li IconecuwQ a ti.cpa y el 'y,ob.ajc dCI salida, V-Q' se :1lIh:lcl 'CO(f.llJ :respt.Cto :1 ~iernl,., I)c'!bido ,I, que 56'10 ha,,' Uln.a tcmdnal de ,wida u un gm:pl~~fi,cm:l,Of;' opcw'i on_al~5e: ~I;d£lJomj na ,salida s.e-neilla (J ,un'ica,~18xiste un :IIm~te pUB, la ".,;il... • '1d 1II'd-' - - ~, . , eomente que: pUI~ pmponao,nar ,;I 'teJ,ndn.....11 e C SIJ!~f'_Bd '~n amnUfic·ador 'fj"p!mc]jonal~~r :10 :'_e lr Ir-· ~ eomU'R de c:rnrc 5: :,' ~O mA-~ 17ambifol h-8JY' :11'(lnlteen, cuan,'~DI, los mdv,eles de vohaj;e en 1& le,F~ III ioal: de. saJida~, CS'W ,fmntems Ie' ,dGlmnkn._D pot' ~os voltaj:es, del ,a'~~Rmllta(::i :J' :pOf' los tranOn sist,nFeI~I ....,HJIu.&,'" .. .,:6asct8.M'b'-.-r.i:-'~;~I-~ 'rd':t;:u ,,,,~,BJ1aelul1Ie 'el, ....~. "';;-"1--·'" • uC ~:",,~Ii·d·r como ,lUll, . ,,..,.'l~AI"'1 (V .. _~.. ","l~D e. a,~m.·~ce 'I" ~ ',.""J:cA. .. ----.-,--'--~ , .. Vo"t~Je 4- ~L_a, ,d 6n del v'ol-raje dc, ,ali_crrtac;i6n cO) ,!stas, 'lmnS_fslor-es p",es~t-ueerea de 'I a :2.. 'V' del ,c(Jlecto.r,a'~ ,e.mjsor ~.~~. ,asGgu_mI'Se do q,I Ie Be tt1en ICODlO ,m ,r "eMlom, [_ 'On leoma ilillcnul'!ltores~ Per . ~'H 'y r-~11Ri .. lit ~o 'tan~o, 'Ia, ,salida 1111, Iem1 h'lsl 'pucde, '1'11181' basta :I V a'baj,,-, ,de++ V y ,buta 2; V par ellc~Km la de -' V~EIUmil:e silperi.or de Vo se dGDOmina rvo,lI'Gje' Ide' ,,",unlf,loR ,pOJi,f,i'V(J,~ + VgI_)] Y' e'l: lfmite ~~lfe\ri,OF''VOll~Jt de Sdl,tlmcio1J~ l1'eg-atiJ'O 'VUl~'COD U'Di1 :ruenle; doe a1:~m~n~aci(ln dlilamU)S,~ de: + '~:5 V'- ,+, V' .: ' '14 V ll-" _I 'V~ . := ,-]:3 'V.,Por' lo laI'to- ~II'-,e!ud reslrllil,itrido a una, yariacitm , J ,ii;" -- -- - - ,-., .. ,.
t.

.I;'~

I :, .. ,.... ",

'[".'1

,iI!,

'1 '~,

'U

Ii

,_'

I!

.oJ.... ~ - 'L,..... JmlleS, de comente Y , ~.' slmdm~a ee p,leo I, piee d' ..... ,"], ,'V'·•. Am'w5 'I ee - ' iii ,iJ."' I,
e ,.
,II

d' -" ,...~I ' _,uelnUI an 'un VcuOlt mfnimo en ~a resi'stc!nc'ii'a, de, c_.a lilt, de 2 kil,. S:in ,e~mbaqo~ CI, ~-8,aetll:Ud-ad ,K dispone de , t' ~ L'''''''':b ' 'II tl"'" ~ t a:w~ddcadQ[iCS, ~IlICI,On_ al es :I.~ -.051 e-8~~a~'m-enn:, ·p.af,a"sp·.IJC'K,IOIlI:S ue :l,lU!ncla.na~,'OOD vo:'"" If" ~~·\r-~ F-W'!"""!IF. hljcs, de.,aUme'lta-c.l.6n. 'bajos ("+,3~3,V))!' q~l!lC,cue~,'taDCi)n 'MOS en ~u.gu' d\e: lraiOOistOllieS' de, ,g..
c, '.' -

- .. ,

" !Ii

,,

=-

..

,..

- - -, ,. ,.

- 0'

"

,,

..

I~

\ll(bUtJ,t' :
,i'

'II'

i,

_'

q-,

i,

[_I

iI~d-\:t '. -"J :p---:-n''Ii-m-lnii,1:j' b '~ll~ ~[~ I~.. _~ ":',~,:


i

,,-:-~ ...,.jl~';"-'
!l!r.ilUY[

!'.:Iiitft··p'I~·fi-l,~A~~C!" nf"Jrni!'I.'on-~ al o;Cl' ,,"·, ..... 48 llIiI!J ... p;n'ih·~1,.I~'II ~1IU~!Il'~ I~ U u_~~ ',-.-"~- ..•.:- :lOS ,m~J!1 ..... 1 'd e~ ~V··. ralill,i!',O de 11-· ,:i'll", Y;O~'t ,Y3 sea, I.···-·· +1'. ,...... ,- II' ' 0 !If" :In m l1:,or' pane, de los mp:1 ifieidoR:1 o,;pe[;aciona~e:~.~, ']]01cuales esla el 7'4,:1 'Ii,encn le:nU-e, C:i:rCU.ltIQS, :i'D ternos que au:tom'ticam~nte' 'IJim'iIEift ~a, [emie I'~e de 11 ~efDiilDal] de landa, ,Aun a euande se .produJese Ull cOl'iloc:ireui[Q le"nl.R,b la to ff,i,e:oie:de 'sa]ida, estar,[a, ~jmhada a uaos '25 mA· seo~n se ind:fCI en Ie] ,a~nd'iee 1 Bsra CMaClnT.lsHca, i'mnlide la de:dlucc~i6fidel ,amp'li'6~ "Do _... -._., _ r .. _··_ ·::;·JniIlIIiliij"!i;;~:n-'a.lliin Id•·e-·' PI-;-~d~u-",'I!~~'ca, ,if"_fiiril'i'~'I",r@-U-I;-[_'OC ••, . o_~... u_ ,U\J .w~
I' ,"'" ,......II:'I'~l"'"·d-__.~~1!!._. g! A'iC't'D~'~ &.dil 1:wII ua .. : 'IA 1
1..' , .'. ...
!liIIII__:_.1!!,_~.i.":"'_!J.
1

1~,r".!IIi

~~

lV

. __"W~

1t.-_I!·~1kI!1

ifl;1.'t~~'~;I"iC',;iI'II, 'do'
U_i1i"_lIiiI.Il,ii}!~J

W _JILII

.1.1

',._~l

__ "-_

J'

-,

J'

-~.

.1.

'!II

-_

'_"

.~

_.~._.

~_.

"_"_

1_1_1

="

.~.

~l

.~

L!'

_'9

J.HWI1V

,.llil,

,t'!_~'L"'nl
"II!i~V

',_-_

_JJI~1

I~li'lli YlIJI 'Wiv,ll!l~,

_ ,1k;.,

II

,Iill

,j!!!J~".,,: iIiiII:; ~.

,3-; _1-'·

'~~....,.I'~··a'---s-', eftrtada. ,I'[g'l.I·,ll"f"'-IH_ ,~e····_ lit


. ~, . -, - ~,~. ~. 1_.JI._. -

Bn Ia fi"g,ma, :2<Jh~r des '.m.d:nrucs, de enu'ada, id.e,ndficadlas com.o , " +", e d,e:nom ilHl'n terS ~ .j,... ' 'I],j',{,£,;-- - -de -,. -'I rnUWles af; ,eRl,'radiJ dil'e,r:enelm J.' Iq.·~QB 'III'V 0,'1--:iii,. ~,:sa 'I' :I~, V",- depen~, ae ,d! 1~'J,tf:rC:IJC;la_::__e "lO~, .., '-ill [ le·~ Ita1C [tI!II .. _ _ tl bl!jc ~1t1!Je ellas, E:doi :'j' Ial, g,WJ-anc,i B, de~ ,anlpli'ficadol';' AOl,~ Co mo se mUI s:lr,p, en la figmra '2,-,3(a,)I~ la ler.lu~D:a1de :s-alida es plsitiva EUi, 'f\e]:ac16n, ,c:orn,~a[j,erm ell ando la entr,ada, (, ) es pos:lliva, '
a,

_.ji

_.A

_.l"

ros:pcc;lo a la entradil, (-)


'''10 ;if' . v ~~. ~,

,que 6stai' Cumd,Q ,E.:d: esd 'Invc-mda, como eD I,a tll,U__l8 2i-'] (b)I;, la ernrada, (,+-) eSi neRal1 va re S,ptcUl a, la ,entradla, (--.=)~ 01 :mjCDM q:ll e esta y V{,' '''e Ywelv,e 1lI,cgs'lil"
0 RUl._YOT

nn-

.c

D ~a,cn,bada (~)., .Bs .mts1' IDc'luso la 'pobuid-ad dc' i . ,, i] dd" ~a tcnniPIJl de sal'ida cs 'opuMta 0 inv,ersa respecto n, ,1,9, tl,bmd;u;l, d' e ,Ia tJ_eJ'll'i'liln~ ,~-c; p ,-."," .'. e:D'tm~Jl ( - )"•.Por eSlM razvnest In en'll_ (, ) ,sc den,fF,mina, ~m,tJdalin,~t,rSO,t-a ,'1 la, entrada, (,..) se co-' ~ 'Doce ,comOI entr:__ n'o in:v6 flibrQ' (v6ue le1 B:pend:ice :I.)~ da,lC$ ,lllJ81
,I,
111 "' I

.,,-.,: 'J n:'··,. COI!ll_a,'aC,llleliUO


I.·~~r-_,*,~I!V

'~~flitiijp~'o;

'0; 11~"li Al l~H ~~ll!~l

en;~_li"'"'da~""",,",) . ~ _. _. \. .
'!I'

....I,c.· .. ~":.' '.

'fi··""··c,'. '.,11,10_(3 ~i"'C'.

"'··'3,: ",'1', ... "..:1 pll~

1...,

7'.::-f··-.~II' ',-- •. -; CORC~IUJJme

,"'1--

que

'~-,

·,--:-·~,-,"JI'-'d_Ji ·d'-,-'I .]'-- ~,.-. "---'~"-1·1] ~,a,pol.']Ua_ellr~!en,tuna_

~~, ue

S;i.hll-

-'-r ..

la, de ,em,'1mda,('+') ,Cftll mS,peeto

Copyriglhted material

PrilllSrBI, 9VnAri~ ..!JW1!'" .' WUlIII ~i'.·;'B·' WI!!


. . , .,' '-~'!O!I'"

I~

[i111n,-

!!l!ilL

'a'if!'!iII'N:;a~~,~1!' ,_ ,_HIl",f"'lil~I'

D~~ra~~"';iIi.1 '.. ,t""'~i1 u,,",,,U'lrGI

'17

,.....1'#
TJ'p'

,of

(ililll V'-ICI plDi.tIi¥o - -.-'. ~., ,ill' - i.,- -_ ...

'lIiAII!iri,ltl, ,niIIIC, ,~ ,--

'II C.ntll!da = -----

,_ .... (",.... I~IVII\'J ,eII!d.ma de ,I!l&u,". s: ': . ''t;

~ndo .. b,,~~\+;~el' . . - . _ .~

"!!i~ .-,-.._._ , .
,ro,

, ,,,_

U-'M,

-e-e=e=e, .•

I '~~

if

\,

-+ »:

.'.

1"-][1)0' ··· ........

'_'

v.__ {···
It

=,11
.

-~

,~I~~I~~~:~~:, ~~~n~li'~~IC~~~,~,~~~I,.,,~] ,~~qy., q_gc, II, eMI!Id. ( )

(jQr.&lJO

*'~
I, ~
i1 '.'

I:~" t ).,
ii, '. 'r liB
~"

,~ :~~'

;~ .. it_ 'II . . .. ,........ ,.Ij .. Y ..- . . ~., JO erh,-~ J!aJ es,u"a.u1S U:II',ersoftl .. - nO'IDvmara., !!"~i.iilluldwelKHa A'_" 'YO,1- iI!~...[:I' 11 ,1J.alJ iii - , ", ~ l).d'le, ~.
!r. ,-.. -

',G:I, 'Im,IKb'1l;~U\:w _,-IC« l'1Jijiio ~'.' ~,~\!ii,iI'i"i4i'


11

h ::~,.' ,-.:-.'," ver que

""I~'.':~d,i""~ '..." ~:l .' po an ..tuW& ,rI JI' liIGpel1.~... ,Su~0 ~ '-1'.-',-1-;,"', ",-.. , ae 8 w~lJ'.n!!'n",a d e ,~ ,. tar .. .-.,vo
,~I",,":, ',.' " 'de'
". .

~.",;

'-i'~"','

·."1:'1', .....

'~lidan,te;"a, :r:er.Klo,n,

~~

l' .

p'~ll!l~
I

. ~,.... A...

,.., ," .. enconLrane .,. n~e~,

' o,l~Je iii·, ",' 6"d. ~; 'V·,,'I[:t,IIIi;~"'1 ell ,Ia enII:U:r.UCl,,(:,+., ......y.I!II,djl'"'·.·,·len. ila,IB ,_A'i'Ii; 1(...... o,II~Je II, RUA:' ')1
/I~'":"",,,'~';p;.

I_I

.... i.

(";2-'.....- 'I )"


...
I

1iiiiiiii~.JII",,·A

,con :re.s.pecro 8l 'Ii.ma :Bsta ICuK,il(in os Y,I~:ida,si .a, ID'ada, in'vcJ$0f8 Gst' punta ,10m" si :Ia.
IIiI!i'n~
~l ;

., nuwa de I'" eaU,iW..Ul \,- .,-'" respecdJ' ,a ,I, Icn,U~dlIa .'e JI ---,~' ~+)"-.".-- ".-• "'1····--"-·..11.

'I". ..... ", ..n~' Am·eos~ 'v·,·')-ilj-i'IiI,·', ,d"'-~1-''''_'..1, :Sc mUR'.nCiOn, re~pe~", ~,Q,,'Id]:es,e eJlw,;ay8
;_;!l~,_, .... , ',.....

tJJ

,,",II;;

(: --~'"'

rt.~' ,,' de'm,~'P-' .';~ ,.:, AI_;~',ell"~ ··d",''"·,:_.,,· ·(,'~I')II,-",~"I"-""" Dol IIgllO ut; ~Illca!, '.'~, ta ,po,JI ~-, 1"1J\ '~= - ··'1' ~.JI ..I At-, ~ .. -~ '~'I""~ de .-, :11".01'_ ., \~,I ,ILa po. -1Ilu.au, loKi I,a, L'Cnlu 0_, I e :S3lbJA,

bada
~. _" • !iii "

'i!iIQ
I~"V

~'I"i1iiV'b'li'~fl~' ,~ dn--~ii!iiftnitlP-"a !I~"~, . ¥cl!r.;rv!ll. ~'¥. ¥'~!IIF."<.:IIUJIIJ


I

iUYiIJ

1i;,.iC',....

,por~DC!J '-'- ."


riiiii1

e-OI;ma

.-:-.poI ,ue_,-~QI --:-- .•. 'Ii-Ib·


-~,-c-

"~_'jiiii;iIl..:'li tin~1 uAmtiPil U' 1 ~':.'ft!IiiiI. . n 1.m:1:llUl ,rnlJlll~~ IU~I.1L"'_'1


I

t"~

,jji, ~ ~ .• 11 _ ~

n"lii'll' II~;I!:~I w,~


L.j~ I ""~

I~~

iIi:!':i [!iii _ iiJ:.m"

b: i'i,~ "~'h!ad"('a'
.·.·IiiiIiIili' 'IIIIJJI,UI.

_~I

c!!.••

~'~. ~=iI

A: ..... ,--' i;"'-'·-~-':-I ' W;-I,

1 '----. ,po~ncla" '.1'~ena~

~;,ij.'

~(r--;

CoIililiiiif __ "cilil,J_, ~'."I_':---IA.-:- ...L;. ,8IIulIlIHI, ~ - ~,,_t*JIiiiii...&...',I'_, , . " ....... _ I-'~' . ~'·_·'-'-,RQIIVG '~',po_,,~un uv ItD,MVV U'a' ..,..Vd'
,..iI.... ~ ~

. 'I
l~

_,...;00 ·t.~~'i!:ll·iii;1iaJ:i: .W_ll iI~I:I_ILI:" tu~


_

-n-·..........JI... : '.~~n'i:'! g-ftjI;n'I;~,t!l;""~l'IrNIiiel, ·d~'~ UJ .w' 1w.!iIU¥c ~~


~J

11Y!il'

1iIiI~~IHI-r-' _I_~

'po,';larimc'!dn. q~'-e:ias, de , .u .•.... u .I.-J

'V

de ,sela' 'P}ant ,atH.V. -'. ".'

a, los

·~!!I\r'w.!.jl~IIV!IIjl._.

~ru~~:J"\Ii'iii""~iI!iIlC!'

Ir!i-n-n~illmp'n p\~-m-~';liiIi'!li'I~tj:
!W-Wll_t lilY. Wt.Jll

~v

1.

J [ .~

1:.~fIY~..

':-m-'-u-v
,. ~

'riel~-'W!J

'1nlDIlsI.CHeS1 ,inl~mLlS\i' "_ _ __ 'Las 'tmmimm,cs, de: .., ' ,

Copyrig,hted material

I'-. _,"rII; .' rl~rhl -II' ~ :C,-~,Dp:)IU.. W


,I
l~

ftiiii'~ IQ :i!iiCi".

'. [(

,"-n.n'll'-I~llinl,I'llj· _Hi""l·Ufl

:I~!':I;:1!i'i d'- [:'1"


;I!'LYlI,."'"

Observe la, :nlura 2,..·3,!'EI 'vo1tajc. de sa~_i_da'~~ ,esm;m, de t ennJn ad 01 por ,Ed Y' por Ia "ClmlRcia lit; voltaje' en lazo ahiertlJ. ,A,o~·' ,at se eeneee como pnan,tia de' YO'!taje. en lazo abiedo parque: A las, posi.'blcs ,tontxiOllles, dc· re'troalimcnmc;i 68 desde la termi'IIW d-=' mida ,3 las I:eRDinales do it_.JI h u d";po..il' a'Jenas~ 'I: clonsec.u£'nel~ '1" ,Hi·IJOwc ex.pmsar ee ,malu~ral_C8_ 'I me., .....:Ii . d ·d· iC:,D'WJ,a.t;l3 m , _, 1~.JauO "b" .. _ ell, 'F,g!
l

'1;11 ,~t;m~,I" '"' ~1:~;j'!!;~:..¢Mii'i ~!Il'[',O!!i: !I!,~!l~I,y,!!jl!' , _ ,,}hIiD __ '1!iO'

".

voltaie de ,salida =~-"':J' 'YO'I'I'a'ie dife1"t"claJ'_ d~ enilr~II~1 . '-""'!J' ,',- .".,' -'- u_"' __ -_,,,,!l.lUIUu, x

D'3···.·.DlaD"ciaen,_,_,'_' '-_ ,~;b,··,~·~,n-:·:..,. lam, y~e, !O"''_' __ ,' ,


,'U

'v:.'.._.!'.'-:.~ ".ll~ . -i n . 'v .-' ~ liii!!


-'!!IF --

A' ''l1iiiii'

"2·' '2"':)'"
: " .~""

~~I

.~]- 'u·a·'-I~I~' '"" 'U!I! ... .d,.~_. !Ii' IiIII:

.Ai.', ..... , -"-'Iot


.

JIi'~ \ili1J!

,~·'!II':c·;tIIi~~i'~'a,m~:n~'~. ..~·. ,"'P,O.~ld .~"'_,I!."[ o_,~_._ii..!j,;!


!I!;;!',!!I!;,

'-m-'~n-iPi'"·ii'lilI ilJilad"
__ I ~l I ,~'!I~I"*

nliliElO,fliiil!ll I.HiIi 'yl);~llii ~iA!io.'!· ,d'lI'I', '102n.~u~ -r'lIIlJi"·J';I,.;iC:n'- 'ii"W'1i;l:r~I'~~I" ,r~U!~' J!!I!'. IYij31 I""~-~'U VO QI :ne,gilti YOI!. ,+ V~dy ,_.~~t~ Para uua. filJJllune de ± l 5 V~ ~os YO~~ajeis de &:11 ' urat:l6n. IestB;d Ill. a1mdcdor de ~ '13 V~ :P'M ~o 'ta_Dto~ 'par,l. que el :a'mplificad-or operracionaJ actlle como tal." .EJ d-e:be1i. ilar.se 9. un ·vO'118'£. nuixhuo de $'65 ~~.l La cO'lclu-si6n an teri Dr se 'o.uooe dedueir ~iV' ... ,...:11" ..~ (2' ""~) 'm,~umte I ceUac·l.uft ...•/~.L,,:~ ',.
__'._.~

I Jt'jII@n-' , ~ __

'19
__

!ti1.U4!II-Yit. -

;If'!i)O.~1 IIioI U'"

·fr;I~~IIA.c:,.~:a- ',_OO~,::IOOO,-il :o~·.m ~ .. ue


1~I!IiI'\ofI!'_ !!I,_
~_'_"II_ W'A'w.~~\".J
;ii'l_1-~;iI!II;~'

,~,~.,

~.(~I

Recuerde '_'_I~~I'U
M~IU.

'~n, iLu

t:!~...,.r'~1 ~~~\_IUI'" ~'nl

'.......

1- ~'~~l "",. =

'~\/' 'r!01 IP[I!llliI:n-'" a; .I:~~ __ ~-~

"_'V~~~""1iI1!

"0

.'1W!i

lIiiI!UtLf._.

.,

•••

•••••••••••

•••

__

••••

••

•••

l.-l~

•••••••••

--

•••••

_ •••

~._.

r ..

,...

_~.

._._._

__

iI]:' 'r + V···' ;;;.' 2'"00'.'. J." ,I'd~ ~', A'e}!. -, '-',UIt
iI,,:
."i~~~

NV\'

== tiS p.,V
',-

.....,

,_, 1,/

=.Ea m:b, ::==

A 0&

Ir..

'.1-11

. ,=

.2,OOI~Ooo' ~. =·65 fl.·V


l

JiJ

c"l.',".

'V-:.'

En. el ltaUer 0 'Iabo ra1'o 0 0, IS· Idi'[fcU. m adir' 615'p:V a oon~eeuc·mc.ia d-el 'ru:ido i:ndw:ido,,, del ,i.l:zumbi do'!· de 00 Hz, :"1 de :11$COIrlien.l(es de· fUla. del, la:p~u,)1de medici6,g.: aun. as,~es bas_Ie facltib'le· que· :sc genm: un :1D~·~~yolt. (1. ,~0DrJ'I~:V)~ Ad_emjs~ es di-Rei) e ineo m;v.eD·itnl1ie· :medir ,p ... :nancias, m'U:,'alw", :6lJ. _p'~iflcadot opemc,ionail. 'tam.blen tlene :peqjueiios d-esequilihriQS .inter:.., nos q,&e. :produeen 'UD 'yo'~~e .pGqLleilQ q.ue ptlGd:e 'cxcedlef a. E.~ Bste d't&vto de vol:,pje It: :men.. cio,liu.i eflll la secc~6:n,2 ..,I. 4 " se estudian1, en e'l capftu 10 9'"

Copyriglhted

material

'19
II

rpOltlnliCDiO

...I...........:1_ '

uculrO[ ~ -~ ~

[ne ... .4j-r' :d'--¥ · ~, IrJ~-I:~.


~A.

[;jIII:I.;ft'!UI!In~'ns' ''. [ ..' '~~I·i)o;t'.(n - .~~, ... '-b:llfi;c~"~(}IRR, I;G:I:!: ,.~~t""~;i!l:iI!i, ''\I[ '-1~1 [.t"F-~ ..u ~ de' ~ .. ~t~'I'C'[~[.c'f;,~ .~\.:I_lIW - II-u r-II!'~ ~_lIU v _~ ~'~~~,Il_:"'I.UII!,; ,va A", " ''V' de "",' 'BI'--~- ----._._3 o~nmri~l ...,Iu..:!! Ic·~riPfll'!lu~I:I-'~,~~ji;'I~ ......--~, ...~;;;ii(n cilftttuJo c_.: I!oi!'jI_tll;t"'!I;¥~'~' A~l ,1;~U4IUI~IJ,~"":-','~I" -'-jO£,~ '.- B," __
liiI!""Ql~ _ .~~ ~. __ ,__

es ,eancte-ristico de 'Ull amrpJ.iLfieadn,r,1de alta. ,iQ1IJIUlDC-m., Se[ltlDda~1 ~r,a man[t,ener V~ D _' r~ 'It'_::: 'iI.."", '", ..11_ [I·' ~,,1lI..'-I·' ,.I.... uC am, ,wIuta IhI~' q,c-ue 'f!e.CW1iEr'l un ,CIreIllIO ue t~uUi:umumram&l q7 ue Ou I'aue a v, [3,~ ... ,
II

!I_!III'

'01"

_1It...-. ...
.·.
.'1].

-~

~~-~~

.....

--.1

.....

•••

!"!!"!l

__

·1!_1·._._

...

·· ..

-------------.--.----.----

.••.

8-'

Ill'

~·.·IR'.-I

,..,...0( .., ~LIJ~

n,n~

,~¥

.. -_- ..

'~J~i:!!

ili!l!',,","',UJ;II

No ea, :n.eeesario sa[Mr ~m's iscerrca,dell ampli fieu-Of operacilloal pan, ent.CfIch:r1UiI a, de IS. ~nllicacio,l1ies[ 'buiCM, 'COIiIO·com~~tilor~ IB'I una. ap-,Jicaei.dn, esta nat'Ul81cza" ell am~'II'fj .[ ~ r
~ .~ II
=

c--........... -- .-.' -""11"'__D"O aema eemo ~p '.'I'·~" ad' ,~ 5~no 'WOlO''~-- d'~"'- " , ~b·lv·', l{lUC, ,"c, d:"'" [thklllU€)I, -..... - ,-,-, ~~ II.D_-'-ISPOSII_O , .-, m ~lca- ,,","_,..111, ~ .. ~:u.uUI- opaac~OI hl:e:_~'_O,T -" [un, 'Yolla!j e. descon.Qcido se e.ru::oenrtra 'pm de.~hajo~ori e Rclm,a, ~d rm'iSIROI n .vel ,que ell 'yoha:J'e p ~! ... ]-;1" [~l_'U ~~i<'P,II!'"~~nil ,;;:/I'g,'-'-u-':~,~[I',olii ~'f--~A un :.. ,i,.... m··'n~-IDI d ~;,fA""~P:;B~', ,A:,',"':D--ii'~" anall'mF' BlI1c~n.'2~4ii"if~,,~~.t 'iE'A. ~iI~ que Uustta las ldeas que' SG ban IGxpli:cado.,
,if:lI.tPi1it."i:;,,--- ,-, ,1 10 f[.,; "._i'U ~·!l..!iI,~I&!IIwi\ILlI~ •.
_.IiJ ..
I

.l~

'.~___-_~_.

,._)U!!!':I~IAUU,~'~

jIIj~' ~I~

_1

u ~.:_

I~W UI .II~

'II'I,I~EI " ..

'10 pIO ,~,-,'_. ,,_em' ..•.'..• 3-- II


" . ~ _ __ . l.' " -c

la, :nlJlll~ 2,...3." '+'V' ,= ~,S'v, '~V == ~ 1,5;'V, ,+, V...., ~=.+' 13 'V~ - 'v--- =' -'1.3, v~~ 6'- -,-, --, .. , - A~u '~ I, '~IDUC:hJ, , ",~. , [0-'. "-~, '~. ,II~ "'OO'-:-i-~- ,ClII~-non.I.~_d_A("o:-~'ilil!"!_ci~n~~: ~ ~Ia·. ~I'I-lil~l~ 'n_Ail,i!j;i['i,JII ...,., ~'-I 'IJ(. ~A~}!i,n~"d:r-;dI;n~t,l!I:,a v rV.~IMI_]IIrU.1ID. ~ ~LIiI~~_==I~J:I.UV ~_I:IU-'ktl.V_=~~ ,O;I"'I~''''~.iIi!!ii~_ ;n'~'U~~'I~~ UUl rQ cad;:- ~~'R~.... a sl :'w· ."*'Il' y.IO.'ib,.... de ~I\'i~~· ... _ ~O-jft;1 ~ill:!ipec'.i'!i. '~:~-rr~,a· ~.. .., De
B'II
.~ _.

'iI!

= ..

- ._

""..

~1

---

_"J~1!1

~~~l~:g~ . _!IW

'!Ip-~_".

~iI!.IWI~

~ ..

~[iIj;[iJliil1:'

IJI,IMD'

I.

II-'

~UII111I¥.~Ir-UIIII

.. IW.!L!Wi

~"

-_

I~ __'U

1 [ (- ii"'iiil:'c ...

'g~itIII~ ._u!:t . '_,I ,__ ,.....- ,lwa


I.

Ail:!' _ .~!141 ""~


.'

IWI~U,.ttP.J4I!I!

~ .. I~ ,Ill~

.....

!LV ;rll, g~~. II

_.-~

l." ~

'It...'-I-

~uua,.
~~l""iii'+.'!i;i

~ ~.. w .Je a.. ,l1li.,


J.

(t) (b') (c)


l.dJl

=. ,.~

......10- 11Ji.'.' I.:~ 'lilli' '!=·IO 1~'Y


~.'~ ~.~TI1;~lIJ

[In I~~' V'

+ 1,5 p,V
.....':r J. i~
'"

t51lt'V

II

U,'V':' ,-1 ',.

~~1

T'

I.WJJDl V'

(.e)

t\ !lit

y!y IA'ipi

(:0
iN'l'liiS~,":I .... d[-, [I_T. es[ _. ,e, Y,ijlII' .' ".~ owuc :i"~'''''' La lr- ...., - " ,:
JiCi.",,!"JI1 .' ,UDI
_ili&ilLilllUIU

'~.

,*..rl"~'

~ m,.
I ,C' ..I",

a_ T/ "" la "" ,ml.5_ma, qme .ita PO,18I',1 _iilU" de tlij;,,~" ,-ha-"d,"'_-', ='=')'. c-"oc:,n-: ~_(!!''';f'I!;I'ft. a-, "I I.[I'!II,_ e· ,1.1ii en u, ,....... ~I,..... ~,,_)-, '~La.",·" ,(-.+- ")' ['" , -,A: .. :"" , ~'-"I~.";·" l!UlUliLS.~,,", '_:' em,u i:tUtI " e51 nl[la Iva. que: 'III '-trada f·~.~)", (,Ii!ljl\; ,(7d-'-\-'v [(,_r.), '~: .... _ ,51:, .p,-'ii'ii-....:li,~,. ~-, ,-~ en dl\enn ~l1I:'A,'.~. :,1 ,J'~." .wrue. :vcr -'.--, ~aeculC~6D (,Z",'~Jj!pur 10 'tanto 'VI? scm RC,Pb¥OI, ,PDr ~_ ccu_sci6n ('z..2)'t bl mesnUud •. 'V~'IS, Am. :por ia. ~ -ftC!!' -ta- les \.I.e: "~ + J' : ,A[~, _.' ,~, d-L\~rl,ljI_~~, '~'it. -I!I'~. ,I~ .'v-I :..~""" ,...1,- las ~f!!ii;~d"Q.("'[ ')': U' [~~')." In......~[~: .• [lJ""-~£ X ~. _WI~'- .JllIi! + Vu n =v-:~ ~'t~l'iii .. ___ l"'.~n~i ..
'~I~''''
1,1.[

.a:.'I'

iI.- ,-----}I,-.----,:--~~ !lIB.

~-

-:"tl~,:_!'d,~I[iio.d,
I. \.

,ro,ro,_-:

,[

,;iIj;'~'

,IJ:I!LU

til

,~,

~1J_~,g~J

''Ii~I"

I.

I !!iii i:IIfr"'-''\i(!Ij.!U,
iiI~,

Iill

ees V debe, 16.1En£lr',se,


" - (!!I ~ -" '-~"-'---'---~

,emi, - --

+ V -.,IO[ ""'" ''V',.


-

·~~I:IIU.[g. _g '.'
= .-~ ~~-

/.

~l

='II!~'.lU

IjJ

~A~!CU~

_1

1iJI

":'~

,6 1IIi!I,1~1.·V.[lf

!1M -

- ul-

'Los, cflcu.los. se resumel a, ICtlRlti:RUac;i61l:~


'--'-'.' '-'.- 'c" ". -".'" .,',", ".,,',',.

'1& ,itfttrada Ii'*"' I11;


I • • __ • _ l~, •

l'-e6riml [de: IJI ealaado, (2!~'2l]1

'"

-,0

-V[~' I'.:
"0'

.:1'n:_~1
[

'(:1)
'~b:)

..
,;i!:!:Ii'i .. oJ! I!I"'" -

,(c)

'V

,([d)
,(e (Q[

~'~ ~i~V'
_,!iC:m--;U ~fJ _.T·

I' [~

S I~V x: '2.oo~tJIJ'·m '....~;it) V' ..... X 2OO~I(IlO =' -'~12. ' ' ".'1 l V -',5,mV x 200 100J) -, _, 11000 'Y'
t
.Ji!_

~"S [~V x. '200.ifDO =' ,_.~;n 'V' :25,FlV' )c' ZJllt_ J~J

'~'V
~"~,,,:i!' lIJ~Y

-'13'V '13 V' . 'I,] V


:. ,_ '1- ,",'
"~"

,,.
Yo

13''\"
l~; ~.

,5:m:V

'T

C:·m--V.-~)!C, "'!Ii.~'~':;::::;: ~ '" ~~~~

~ll'V

'CI'n [A~I ~{;;:'i'~'n ~~ •• ~I ""~'."l"iJlIit-~IPI~'I"'.

eie

de '-I~iio.·~t'~n·:'o-:· aJ_LJ\/~ra__ '£'-U_I .....

,,=:].
1

!C!A
~

muesna ""·~ml1'6,
··~U.JI __ ~-UI_'.;U

1i"!'.~IlI'Iii-b··I:t:II'iIi'";iIIi·O"-[.,.[i.'l·dad: _-._. ~;i5Ul'~II·.··I.~_:"~._ 1;'VAI_ .. 1,-

.1

los
lu.:il

v,...'tO···.~1 ti.~~i!!iO···~' ._.iRIJ·._ .. !I".UIJllj,...·.·.~I


ll.l~

de [V't;p.
.. _ ......

-!

Copyrlqhted material

20
J.,
I

'"
..

'} .IS='S'"&· .' ..,.",1..- ....Iiii!~ ,n~iI:I! 2~'" D·;I;""",w;:'C!~'i~A'- ..-_.. I"; : '~i~U"·:iC,····-r; 1"'l"liliii.·.~..I-IUL.~II!!!!!!!!!!!! · , r~111
-"-"
',

c·~'A·"'O~"
._ &;_-iJ-._'_· ..

N'

!!!! ..

-, ,

"

'+'~~

+~~'~II-~'
2,
:;1

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiill

'-1':":,1
iliJ'

_Itit l'I'iii :1iIJi'o" ~A't!'iIIiII'!JIiil!ill'"CU:iIDdo l \. Il ';'" ~I~I •.. ':::_~


.l "1_'

'Q'
.Ei ,_ ..1: 'iII~L. .... ~'iE:I!~ ~_UI !IIIIi-I-"_~ ~

'~'Jii' -

V'~' ·""[rc~_ Q.' ,-,


l~

,
"UI ,,!roW

:!J iiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~~

'.....·.r '~
'~f:' --_

. .. 'V ,.'!Iii'

'-V:g

:n:GURA, ~
-".. 1('

'DltK(O,rq
-~--j

de CJ'UCe pm cero~:00
~--~ -

'b-): ;-~: ;.a.nUea l.:io ~"Il en ,_,~ ,C!Ii~, Ie~·. ~-

inwrsom.,

!i;J!~,

a la ent""ada, (,'+:~ :1,3 ,acci,6n dm •Cirol.dto :5c_m, '1iI0, _~M ~_--'.~ ,J'II' -'.~' -.

inl,ersaru cn (,I) II in:v-el:lOm

',La'.. ". eel a';;~UiMJ, ~ ...: '-V',- ~'.di-,-"~a5-:1":'" .C-·I:'1,I;'" .. ..I..;i! . ,!!;Ii oI!lil_~"",,A '_ -' ,~~ .~.~l-4 a~bL,a" ' , ,r""'"
1&iIII, ,;I ,,,Il0l,.1 ~

,-

:0:-, ,8,I...""Iio.· .... '..., "~.,., , .~ . IUGJ! .. lKii ~ Itd'"'


#0.,

"L_·o;'m~!t!'Jc-iAR ~U~_
if.~ _-~~ ...

.... ......... ~.,~ J :r:.'"

CUUlfUU
..... ' V, '

·.. ~T, ,D,~'~,


,dIb, 'I!!'.
Trl.u

"w ,I
. ,'.

,t;ji'01'lm, ~ole~'~

1~~

L"

·11'1 'fCl.e.renCI8." '.-:- .:-Ild 4~:,-,-'·~~ ~I'--I ..... " iEt_·, 'I':'~~· ,." en, q,~ UJ~CI!UI_I, ~I l_~~ :! "':'n':U -'3' ''': li'iUIii, ,,~',. diii"l'-a'b' U!I:ii ,,",1)!WI_oLMI. ,~_._) q' lLilHUC _..:, - ,I..... ,iC!,~ !lUi' ....·11.41~ iPft'li'7il!l''' 'irV1[ 10-' en 1a '_ ~
.
'_I 1

A.("'..I,a/ la~. ~ar.).··· ~-~

'n1IUi'C,r~-~tll

'll_li": UU

,d,~ ~I~.nl' .., _~.. 'U ~

'n,~' n-~,j~~1f"!\I"'lir-:. eruce DC eero, eer de V~ ~


t._

_I'.¥.IJI~U

r-!lillf.tllli ~1l,U-"'

..

V!I!r ...

Copyriglhted material

!ii1_(J1
.l~I~1

'-'I'

ILIV~-L~.-qr
r

,~~

'~ ..

"'~"~ililiiili"A.' "'I''''~ ,IWII' '~.Vli·"""-....... ,• r ........


I · c

.ft.iiI!IiI ,_''_,

lIeF ~·V:

La en,owia, (~) del lm pU:tieador',oper8ciona1 del ~a,filum, 2~4.(b), ompara, I!~ ' c coni un, 'vuhaje ~ :r.efefCDcJa, de; 0 V' IIV.~, := 0 'V):,',[..... ~' ' ' j'!!!i:~lIr~I~I'I~~1es IUD",~ .... ;t!jj,I"\',iI!'iIi~i~jjj~II~"~""'~ lU!~ nor ''!''''-if.Ai 'I~ ;-'~ I"" - - :',"~ :~"'~ ~ u,.~ fn~'IQi~, :d'-:j V1~I~ UI;.i J'j~ ~;n;lI,.... _~-.UI!I!, ~II.. '1 ~':~m'M'v 1'1', ~I-I '~iHliif'l"I'~n UCl [~~ 'p.'ii;li'......:I~n oi;iI:iltpil::J"iii"o':IIi'~~: 'm'~'d'~1"~ln,, 4' .... ~U", 'D'I';i!'!iI~~'ft~I _,II- ,~ ,._.geu¥ __ .. .F~ ~JU~ll'@il_'U __ ~.!I!_.~QI"a~ .. .--- _--_-~ _ ... 'te, lei :silub:nte ~msumem_:

___ 'I

~IL~II~~ •.

iU.C'11-~~I~!L#'"

!I_ifill~r~I:[~U'I'"

J.

,;i!'Iirow',loii!'!~

L,f'I~'-C;;;:

l~l

~~IIll[~'II"

I~

,._JI,lIHIHI-.;!

"_-~

liI"'ft~IiPi;,

IrIQI~""

IUJ.!i'

I$'

1'10

1_"

1IW,~..

I., S.:i E~esta, por ettciml, dc, '1I:~[I' V~,es i8,~a[a -- 'fl~,~ 2:;; 'CuaadOI8.; cnlm, la 'Rf-eronc,ia ~ypua 16 pos.itivo 'YrQ' 'NisUza, 'una 'tran sie,lion hac la ~o neo'ri!Ii:~i~I'!Uo··.···\I ,1"'- ue ,.li...1*, a:'" , _,'ii,' ~ ' ~11iUI~iD~'!lJI!If' .'J' -~- •. '1' r,w,"
t

'.

..1 _.' ..

' ' 5·',

AP",,:L:',' ,,',.."lft." , ..,N' J"'l C"':',:"O:,urU',... ·JI;~...D"·,•·•c:", L': .~."9 "E'· ,,~'C··,~~R',··.·:j~S'·".' ";1;: R,lr .... 0":'-, , -~•.- .. ",/~O' ll ,"-,:s'·,\e ... ·111 ',.:N·' :es.· -'I'' e•• .·l 1'5~ ..llll"'; .. JI; . ' ' ,'~, D,',·."J,~e,~,
1

,d_~.,~' ~iiI .. "


-

I~~_'',::~ ..rVL ._ _ . ucr


- '...' -

, -,:

fl'

_II;:

'iU'.',:,"o,"i,I~,'I,I",'''.J",'. 'p·l

.'M.....

18'1:'
-

' :' ,'" .1.1i tiiiDj~


-

··-~~la'·'; ~·'uafd~ ,I.


-_

_...

-l

.-

_.. - -

'g'''''i'":' ~."!", : ,~lS",o.


ti,~, ~~
'r'iifJIifiiil':l rilLl!!.R,

,::~

em:

-:'- ,j:' ."'1"et ,;1:,,.~' i",' Il)~ .:'-'1',~e6'l'~os q,uc ~-U)Dan ,:,' '.' ., ,1:'e.enmCI s"..JI~ v,-.~b'"' .Jay "",j,S.8S,, __ .,. TMB:5IC~, ':ui... ,u] "~ a. WI:i.. Q,IJ..uje ,p-;__RC~_. ~, _~_ __o:, ~ ~":'-I'~~'iilli.; 1j:~J.~:W._.l=u.I: __ ,4i~, ~".;iIo'~'~~:ase U!,'6,rli_. ,....u;·iU~1 :iIi!i;¥n'I!J~'"'~~'~'" !Ii.!II"LI_lI.~. secc;,.c~ .nl l II"" liI!!·"'II:u".·ljlt!Ii"t.'iC!',~·.:J.'Sl,t"~I.iii' a red ·d' l'hJh~~o'~J!W!a u-~ I"I_~'-IW--.j '1:" .. 'PtM!I!
':"li'li~.I!iiiri'
'j ,,'

·rpliJ,

!i:I....'

:!0!:!)~U,IHll li.'Ji_ i .. _

GII!I

'lit IIW!-~-t.._,

_~

.. _

.. _'_'_

Copyriglhted material

22
Ii..!' r +,-~

~".
ii"

l
,_til "!gijl


1

,,''i;~~, oJl ~_11111


_ ..... I ... , ...

:v~:

II

ii', '+i< . :-,jjI

,_

'- ",Q
,-,

~v
1,1,

. I'

1- T''-W
"W_Itt
, "'I~{~

.'"'~J

-'V
,~",
.~

",_:~ -- ~ \ ~ ml: -

iliiliJ' r

ilL,).

'!!,111.· UI!¥.CI'IQI',.

11_. . ,

CU&l~

-.__

..Ii...

.iC,j

W'",

..

~Jj

....!'iIi.. ..i!... 'ill ,iIII!IWII,!I!.I!"i;;~ I',_'i"i!

.."'~,"'

iii." 't"U'_'

I.·

.~ :=......,.,' -.
,_"

~~,I_~ 1....."!IiJ"I'~I,U!'IiiI,..__.u:I'ftIi~nnr' IW:,.,.". [~I-I.MUU


1

'dJ~""
••• l!!"!! ••••• _[I!

~.ifi

vol ~Itiile.~lno: ~,£~'I!'A:"~~i;jjj;1 'ilIhil,~:iIi';n,k'1!~:d;ili; ullllMJ!-. ~ 1.~II~~,..:"~U ~J~aIICilUL'¥ ~ o :8, 100 :m'V· CSCO~ III 'iV\lenei6metro '. '~OlkO- una :ms~;ftUciade .S ,WI ~ IJna fucrue de, ··e~ ·--·,r~-··· - ..-. J ..... _~ --_._ - - '~' + lS' 'V~,8 fin, de D ~ un '''o~~'.a:ie OeAeraf :B~IUltab:~en un IBII'!!I'IO enlle' 0 '1J' '•. 0 'v, .A,condn:uaei6n,~ eee . it). ~ -.rI' .' .. -,,"J iil1.nl'. :~y\l ~.' .... ,_,OI~J.e d····) .. ,..III .;p;..4I,..._... .-;'.!:"!) .-,.: ." 'd',::"Y:' ~I 111 ' , ':ll' 'Y' b'" ··.. DeC"", ~Iii 'd', _11,_,~$ar YeO ''iJy,,''lt\iIIii,''; _it>" .)-·OO·· 1l".,rc\X;))tD.aui.1lUCI~" q,uc, J "lu8 e,1 ranlO .deJ~,'IJ a". '~I'O"'_' ,~.as
'~lit!Ii O1l1N1i, q -~::_, IIIO~IU.I. ~g
_!Ii

B=~#i'

'2:,,,a I~ 'w, (I: I~., .__


u
.. .-_.-

••

I.
,I

'r-'1IIJ!!!II!".!lF-

.~"1~ I~
jJ!~

~'liiiIi!>E!~ .I~·UI,[A~l

_,"""'_

p::' n"'m'AiI"A~,Bft'~' .1W".:"'_lJ':"~~.II~~1


.!!!!!!l ..

~1~ml~1 ~'iil'liiOJ"jtJ.,. iit:H wu_ ~ ~'UD~.J~ IUI~


..
1 •• -.

--

-:I!

---

.....

.-.=--=-

....

--

.....

l~

-,~I

·····ii,'~

.(".

~,',

,'. ,.,~

"

.. , .' (,

·iii

lia 1IiI!iI\,

iIi';tIi;A'I' 'lin'IJi!\!lljiA' ~ ....~ .... "~~Il-~I-g, '~""~N!i;!Ii'Iii;jl'!!'ii~iilil ..,lUI"~iI"'l 1 .....

d'Ai~A'ado·
. _,~-~, ,d__

_-.

....•' ~ ,d"A '.~.~

0'_::. , .. .

'iEi;

'~IIOO·:·-','"

,I·._:: .::_: ~lIJlJ 'Y'[i

'n'!II,~,I' (._'~~"fIiII."".' ,@~i;j"; ,.. .:rY'v. Q'il ~-~~YJ!-

eia '. "'s' '~~~J!l,r;fi~n'jI!!i-.,~,d··.. 'D.'I'I .oJ ~ v~i ...Is'~'r Ui ·_·,1_'-U" lEI
l'

II 11,1IiP3

~~

._ ,\iiI;lU

.... Iiiii',

11 tlWfIi '1..01 JJ~ B.A.


, calUII,
.: .'. ·,t:...l,........ l_ laG

'q" III..... ~. ~-) 'ilille-

AS .]-'0'" 'V~;;'!o,jIII;S:· _'.:..1I11;#'·._' ." '._. I!-U .I~ .,-~._I....w.,IJ_~~ -.rAJ ~~ it~1!!Iijl'!;< aA~'~ 'l:.··.-_··..~I~PP~U_::_~iUIU, pc O·I~.ftj'I!!j';(m~.~ 1'·.' ._.~: ..• n'iIi,iOIjVor" ~a' 'I:m ntiisi S·
'!I.!I,IL~ "",JI!

::::ll:;';-=_ T ~.~,- ,- -: pasl ~, ~.~ :}I c~remlOes '--:. "~,b".. !Ilr..... _, ..,... , :di',-I- sew,os ~: ,i1'l ....5 p .' __ :.... np_uu_ ,au yoh:aiies • Mfel'enci!il-')". . _~,~_ ~ ,~, ,__ __ __ __ ~~ ~,"
']]e' -'.

'Il,.ih'I'· '.', IW"W ""·AN.' ~'l~I'c.~e ,1"'","""",, ""-..,oG

'~I'~'·:I'~~t.. , ,d·

IAJ ~ ......

iii "I ..... 'U

'iI.'Ii, lA,

]~
,I

0-''-'
..

v~'G-'~"II,~~,a estes i
_'"-_~ ... )~,

P'arB ,~~ ..__


~j'._

C'DD_IJ .~'__'~.
..:.__;__ . ... ..

1;.110 eviw' un
':. ...,._. _ ~ 1 _

B_

'~_JVi!l!l'

'~;·U'~~ d,·;~ ~~~=:~..,tli"'d" d ..,1.-,'1' g._ lIi;;i~_~~'_i!!~~'~lIi,!!'I, ~_,

Copyriglhted material

PrillU:I~~! 6!'itinArian~i'a' ..,', W'U'lIII [iliin " -I!!~ 'V~",,-_ ,V_,~ "
I~ g",
,

,tCIli m

g·ul!

pl'n~u ... 'WfI!' .la~1iUI1a!I ... ."'~~a,,40<:r"""'"8' ·iN!:Ii;~::;I!!iIo'O!'!'-''''I.11 ..


"

" 'I'}' !.I1f

_~

"m

~l~

~-

+'

'."t

'11'

~.~~,
"

.2

-;' ~o'

: :'·-Vrd' \:
:r-':
,
"

ilL

I , , ,

I'

-I'

.~V_·~IIIIIIIiII-~IIIIIIIIIII!;
'-Va (b) lO1.~~

- -, .•.. '-J .. ' .. :

egg., E,~I~I!: ia:n;l:b•. de "~r~' V~;;;;;;;


!
.j~"\

l~

'V~l>il'
~_1Ii

,olL,

T- _~

I"

'iil~ " . ...L. 'iJ.l


,.' • TIr'

"I

"",
...

FI,GDRA.I-'
'}-' iii

"-'Id

U6 ,~;f~"'Ir.·;'Ii; II;m}w~_ -

~-

'~l'Iipjjla"·b~.·'I'i.iii! ;i!!cm,p';;o;......... '~.6 ,IU_IMIHILt~ . II!i: ~ ,... _ ~_lUu ,lUi ~~ .. .,.~. Aii!'i .1111 !J'''lllt __, .
~ ~ i
11r-~II~!II!!._

~!e''liI1 1 ~

*:o'bt·eMr' 'UD ~oU3J'~e


.

" -,:5~, , "t"5V


"

bi~'ar' del 'lmn.iRcadof' 'o~~ona1~ J;:untQ' I~-' IfcaD 101 red. dj,v'imra ,de ¥ol~aje"If}l(oUJ'.~ aullquicr :luctnaci6D ICD Ila. '[Qe'ml!!:ac
aUrnemacl,6n. 'produc'ilid cambios ..i... ~I'tf·.' 'I a ~e,;"'\';A~, l '. iti,i;.f;;1,iI·'I':''tIii!!l;ii'' U\iii '-t!1.fi, " ,IU~'U'U.dU, U!Iiii!. '!lilWi~ ,~,
t=

's·' -~\i@I-m' .' iel iUP,( .1I5~liio" _a""


.-.::-- -.

1f!1I1

VRi~
_~ _

H 'vmlBte .,mil... . _ .~ ,~'


,-

es:table

10 'nnx":m _ - ,L~,

Copyrlqhted material

'2······4·-· ~,
.

V·" - n:J
I _",

.r:

~-,

1iJ1;ai. "1'"

.J...

illiIi1iin.·

!l!W

I.'

'l tI)-'W' . ...


I ," II
'~... ~ ," .__'_ '_'

m.
-11,11

1
.I

L~

'Mi"C_r(lr~
'I ~:• L!

l~..__

,sali'dade un .... -.~n.F _}I'~~v~


_l' •. -

'GUllA 2-1 Vn in+,...... 'i~n ..' ,~Ii"'... 1'n(lr rrn~;do·.·1 1Ir'. ~nft,iI!~;on.rIl'UA! ..a.... r'~lj""I~".. ,'~ .....
--_•• •••• -

-e-

-~~~lr~¥!ll~"~.uu

~I

A_I

~I I ~t·.:¥ ~l

'0· iy-11

'''Io·l.i'a-,i'.!JI'· ~v.
·"'....

~_

n· ·t!l!'!li¥~r' o
,'I

VlI~-..J'IUIU1J~

;iI"I!ft·n~~,tIi;iifii .........'119 I, - ~I~,~!U\J. ~g,


.....1"'" 'U(ii ,,;0;,1

~_~_lIl\~:!!IIM~

I.

011,1.llift, ~~IJI'Ii'I!o.rli;~tA liIIL:'~1~!I_I~g_J,y

.... w-UDlI.

'2... En tin ,amb:i,tal,'l\l sdl:ncioso~ ~j'u5~e· tontrol, de scnsibil'idad led.


[_,I.'
'JI"'.-..ii'"
L~

1.11' A'bra el .iJtI;te:[IU '~.tor de; rei Dicio' I~e- a~luar el S'C-R.J"!' ' la lallamta.. ' [~'~ ,rCIJ
IP:

hasta que, '~~ ;a]camce, 0:1

.:1...
·--;-;:-'·1eo,mo

'Ci,em el i;Dle~ptor de :1l!~licio\.,La alann a, debe ~pemlanetel",apalirWa.


CU_a'lquier Iselial: de: :fuido I~e,ncmd, ,entOlces un '¥olltajc de; ca, ~l l m-icl'6fono 10 "Itm, e
'-n:t'l!''''~'''"' ·La' It 'u"tIUA~ ,
.1

~I.-_I~ '-,:I__ pnmera ..v,--:-"':-··:'A:,-· ,:-.- ,~I~';,,- ·d,',·~--:---;:---;-'i·"--- eBClm_D I ~- V'; '1·[i1·-·V~d,-- V'P'b-:-'fi.i!i;1 ,+''I! anae~uD pt1sb~l_a e Li~',pm u.g '~',eI' ,e _,m-a, a ~. ' _u_, ~'IM" IBI dlodo CQfldll-te lue,IO lUI ~nd50 de, c-omen te, 'pmximo:1 1 :mA~.1, la, com:puertl, ("0) dfd :recd,-, fiCIW-Dr con,b"olado de sil~cia(SCR:),;l N'gnu_al;lDCntc las tel nunal OS A" el ,uodo, del SeR f' el
1· .. l,

C,,(~'"7'.:Io- ~ ._II~~~ -_-

ltompueml propjc~n 'que eill SeR se encielldia y~ enlonces~'~as,enninnles, del ,lin0001 de~ e~' t do, lae~teJil como ,iDtettU~ote-s cen-ados,., La aJann~ ~,udi,blle, Q visual se acu.va 'v ~e~e, r~' ,encendida~ :porq.ue: tina Ivtz q,UG hi, c,ncendid!o c:l SCR cODd Iil'do as:i hu'., g,ut: ei,ojlTCuim de·
II' ~ illl~l~u=~Ii:ifJ_i,lJLIu
~1l!Ii

.. (.. 1 Altl

~'Ur-'iI!"l'i'liI;"n-~;iI", ~,~-~-IV '__ ' .--~,~,[W,r_'J_, .. -,_, :~*f'iJ~~'jo<i;~. ~ ''':'1''0-:lIl:LlIJ_!!!!r\ii!,_,U ~-!lJ, .c::-ftili'!"~'''In-'I'~-~'lintftR8 _ iID,~lIj~ __ __ . 01 - ,a'm'~'~~:rno: ~,e, _,:t!,
,_I ~

e-:-::1 -_

,_I

'ftn11~n . Iii. ~'ry~;DI!fII~_. "'II '1 __ ,~~:I-~u ;d-_u ~VI~I~~~ I~','~ ~JJ-II l_-&-'

,I

,,"!,,~;I'"b,;.;~t,-...I~

iIL". ~~I

I~D11J."_ ..

n;~'1!'8·1
1 ;'.

RlGcamc'os del ~ntcD1lplorque: cje1T8l, 'peD, aedvlI' 'Will, .6r:opua lSuobosc6pim .. Pam ,c-oistruir' tsle c~liCuil.o !:CUyado por :somido bay 'q,LIe ,q;ui:tar :1 aIanma y COleotar' '~asterminales I, ..1- .A:'..,,-A A,' -.nA _.AI..II_ 'II ).1('- ii.._ ..( ,. . d·' [i2j, ',"w ·itIiI.wo :Y CalWtl., Ch, ,las ,elb:au8S ,~ ~a, tU;~i:pam,es:tJowstuplea " en ),agar; d-' '1-·' . se 1I!1.'lerruptOr'.~,e 'II...,
'CQ,AltacU:)S,
I

:I;·--"i dl~, c~reullO 'Id:~, 'II" If-:, '1 2,,,,IQ; ....... ',...4~;-"" '"' dl·,~,.lura, Q ,Ptl~ muub~C-~ . '< 'M' 'f-,t-, ~·fi81__ o __ q__c_ ,~Y-;n' ·d'->;, a]' . p=,a ",OJ',I~fL~~ ,c'al-, :liIir C ~,---,-IO_G ~ _M ,clooiJdad; pOf' ~jem,plo" una, 'ball, q:uc paetra eD 'UJn, ulbo de vidrio" AlgUDU, C4ms.ras1 'lleQll b
'D~ D~ .'
l, .

'=

·1,

t,

"1

Se, apa~an, las ~I!ICCSl,de la ha'b~taci6Dt, se abr-e, el ob~1mdm de: :la cmara se dispam 'c:'I,ti'He, at b'o]bo '.' vidri,Q',. IB], :sonidu delJ riDe· lacti Vim, ,8111 ,inter.m( --~_~_:;).p-~IO,F~. hbnnara ulrO'bosc~ii""' La ~r Vtt' ca, ham ,.:il b"ahajo de dOle.ncr em,'fOrma, ~paP:n~'c :Labala CD 'cl Rirc~ Se~ ,cicm, ej] ,obttuador;;. En, la fOI'opafl3;, :11,pas-tei,on, d.e la bala, em .relaci6m cea 'cl IbUlbo ,SGputdG a.j USIllr e,lperimentalmeJl~' , lemara,
I,

,I

t,e'!II acu-cando ~-- - = - --~ ~-.,; , ,_.. I,e.,',','"

0 -

a1,e'~'lldoel ---~ ~_- _--_ deil 'riRe,~ -:J--~ _ _- mdcr6:foRo - - ~ _ = -- - _ ·1rG·-· ,.,'-.

3···· ,.QI. · " . '.' "' 2' 5,.'•...' M-""'."lIJj-'-'-_me _


."

-' - ".'..,-. .." ,-'" ." -J-" .,' '0''.'.' ct'J,IImna'.-'. "U8Inoaa .
Ir r ~~ .. ~.. .,
I'·, 1-

I·~·"·'·

,_~.

IU v"l~tim:eb'O de cul,u.ul ~uminosa :mastr,a 'una. ~olumRa, de liUz, CU,1U'3 aUors, es, 'p: ,ro~ Ir-~~'~ionBll all rvtJ!~mte - 'Los, 'fabricadi.es, de l~hui·MI ,1"'-'-' 8. i!rIdio' il' dt!J: ;lp~'1acioncs 'mM.icas'; p-li1~n J,._. i~ liOOm.p~a~ '1""- nat,g ---'--"-' 1:!' '_'.' ~.~ ~.. "-'-"~ _._. _ . -" -" '-- _.,_. ,.~-~'
;J.
_' ~r·_l~ '_ -"_' '-'-_ , -._ "~-'-' '_'_,._

":J''lliil!'"

]·Iit'U::!' 't""'b-.···)'aI',OC"t:! AI..., 'ii~ . ¥~


.~'l'._: Iill ~

es .~

W,A'~ ~1l_Il_lI_~

't:..f IIJ~JL

i'l leer .l~

,i'n'!&hlll"ht': I'l""'~i'jPa-AI~I'd'ft.""S-' . Oi_,_'lf;l!J!~'''''nill!'OO~';:-'Il--Yo<~'i(m'-~dt\lP~~u... V',!!wi _~I-"'UIDf"Wr~'_. •. -. 61

z.. ~:~

t~_. ~..iIi:iI'i~iII'''~~;a:. r
,-II UJl_iIJ!-lj.CUlI~iI
_.•
1

~IHI_'~

_','_1_

I_'-._~

11~:._-1

w'U

'U~

&UVI."Ji

'1.'iI;"'~n:·t"i;:Cn~' d-'b-':'~1·4In -_.~1!Ii Uu


1I&I_~_lIl_
I~. I

a- tilw'iA;
__ •

I,~

Copyrig,hted material

'l&-.. ~5,Mdmnol,e'l el,_~._,J) 'I' ~ 1'" ,t;: I-it', --'-- - ----- - -~'I, IJcl.I,UftII,
,~I ....:, ,I" ,,"

'1a-'..iIi- muuo quo nuya" :-se ~Ju". dcij'Deo die! vo'~tljes ,refcrc,leia, separad es de en 1,O~,IV, 1 . lrl "...... I -V v' tAftfti.:i!lftl~'-~,2.,J . I~' .
",,'iI'
lAij.

',,_..al,',,'-"'"
l

,t'fIi--c-.,-

v,"I'lt:i!" -,- 'iiIi'~U ,!8fl1J I.CO 'I'" (,-''''- ':-:'--::'::': ,R>:,:-' _o"u,mc. • ;.J.'fi,~'.,',', ,u.m U10!SO., ~ '('Ill '1 ',~':',:, ot ,c~'ClfCUUO wY'JSOl eon I---~"'- ',',' ~" , II,uwes. R-~I,,IR" mA-"" ,-,,, ,,"'- -;;1':1' ":" -, - - ~'" .. I ',' p ""1'.;". Rt,SlS,lCnclas ,~ ," "~e~ e se
',",.,,;!I"i " " 1:"'1' ,I 1It:_1I,,', -~ '(, ~ ';?' ,:Ie cansu, y,ye un

:1 intenal.os:

de I V Icada. 111,0 ,c,mpezando POf'


1"

'lllI1l:J_1II_lILU!II~IUU
__

1_

11

le ,,5 _ ....
tim .=._.

IRQ;, 1~r.I~I~~, ;iliii;m-'I~:i(lfl~:~, 'd~-I;iIIi! 'iIU',:' :C_:iii"'ill" .. u.., lI,a un, vQI,~je'excesi.v,o de polan_im. ,io'vtma ..,Ar1awneRIIf' .Bli ,ha,UI, que ,a:Jcanm UII i\alor en '"
illlt~~1I,1'illiln"'f'ltPGliitil en

se." "-;'~U_"l!::JI"'I"'_'
'I
=

'C-'~'I,a:nd:,0:1;:"· ' .~-'tJ


.... ~-!l,.

:= '._- y' 0 0
'~I "_"

~~:n~tr'q'
'~~lI~

'Il~' U\l., .._...,... l!l

1-V _.

_.tp.;

C-)_fil!'l ;i!i'i:Ii:'I'i,Ali!i;i!;
I ~

gI_g

~\!J!a. .. -'IIr. -I..... A'O,~ ,.!UU.._ ~l ~

.d.,

:-I~i:!QiH'iiPI :'-I''"I"~cadnt;'Sii ope len ':fii_, "r-,fiiffi '~_II-I;. _[lJ~t -..


liUUl ,11 _~tI~~ '. _ ~\~,~ .. -..Q,

~._

'~1, IT ~~ '..__ \.Nv. .d:-ji!Ji, ·s-=~;~~;O".': ~.. f_~ft d'- ~';'iiil,,4Aiii!' . -...... "':~ ~~ & __ -.~t_I;WJl!I... p--: . =' Uif.0¥'-=-' ,B", [.~ _

re

~g

·1_iJU!.11~

,_.~

II.

_£I

'!)I'

V.1l11

v ;/0'

2; 'V' s6~o." '~'a',~...t:~"iI''''I''~'1:!!l!"",'P,' '1''"I'~l',j'!Ioi''''~~ '~! : _r, ~aJ.UG ~ ~_:l~a.aU!l.,


'_'_L~"_'
I~"'~

~'~II!.j"~_

II

'~A
I~

'i.H,~,]' v~, 'iIWlilld:t-';;"a' 'v .ftii!!i~"~nl "'*1L!.'D'I' . ObiE'ifiliine 1__ ·,,·yw..'·-.... lr-~~tI._.:_,._ I:_~_~:L.U¥ 11& ~
._1

I~

....

~I!i

.. _.~_

..

_.

,,.

rllii!'

"',~. ~j;;n ~I~n!!<l'

"

'10'"
'!

'I:~' ''M' -

, rllLI'
I ".~"

..

+'V

:-' -, V ""dl- 2'".."V,"'.';


-." I ;-

~/'

11I"'~I'~'1i I~ ~. ,

'II

'!lJi!
''(I'

'!12Ihlf'

'1.1f

Copyriqhted material

que ~;a, ICO(nie;n,'., de s81icWa del Bmi,p'iI:6c,ador


'l'l!ut[r;cld:tClI Iq,'IllL'e m

de' 1110109, 'IDA,., 20 de'~,armplifieador 'C)pGmcicu~al.

L-UI

:lltom'ti.emeDtc Umiltada a Btl'valor'. cor"" l-emte:qcias, die sallidli de, 22.01n 1d;i;5;i:pam, :parie, d, '~ierala r' q;Jjlledl

Confonne se

811JmClfl'la, CO'D

Ibi,'~:'I, :pued! ,~o~,_'lmui 'e

d .' '.. 111'C~ltuUO.l .... '-o:nt~s,,h.an ..Jj,'" i'''''.;[I' fJllquete- '~B, IC)K,u~tDS, ~ __ U;E:Sl£'~.WO
...111 ',,'11_-.1.,' ._.'

Rfi: lioiSI LED se il,oID.if,l,an P' IDrde'lllI 11,'umer,l;c('it.. 81," Ic:iircllflti'tO tam,... des /1 mOOli,QI mnpl.ifieadJores, IClJldmpll~SI LM'324. AJllUlllo~'fobn. PM,D, losta ,Oip]i&ac~6"n.,

,~~.::,'_d' .-.!
1iiI_'

-.

_.1._'
-

Me-)""

'.'

'11:1'.',

!._" '_

·r·

' -'-"._-' -.

' II-g- -81-'

.._'-

g"

Ou-a ;31plicac:i6n :p:nictica de


:maJ,H,

:ni\1"81, de ',oltaj,B es un ItJ:Cil:ecltoJi'lde hUBUJ'rI comOI, :puede obs~",ame 10D, '~In.,gum '2i'"10., : ' ofl hlml,pm, ,Y' la w.1ds, fOi.ccond:lel'Df8 se MO(l,'tan en ,- a ttl, .., n
c.crradl
,I hi

00, de:~ ~C~,O((i' de

qu" ,-uedle entru .bumDI~1 pe~OI ,RIO:_IIt, dtl-'xtc1Ljlor~ 8'1 :fcl~oconduel,or es u;n~"

:resisi8lcia

sGnsib:h;~ 'a '11ra1.'1111-., : CUlndo 'no! hlY bu:mo\t es 'mu;, poco 'Ia ~,uzque i.ei e en le'~fo~,,",

cD1mducl'ou"" su 1elS;~s;tcm;c:i,a pc,nroanece en ci.:..["'lll y,aJ;Ot' :aho'l' IBiI fionna Ilrul.ic~Ql!lal" ¥Mi,o.s, c.,ien'" 'IIOSIde ti.loo!Jmul~BI, cDnblo.I, dte s!lil~il:b,indad. de, '10 to Ie _justa, b;alllq,ue se lIIp8gD I~B,,llanos",

UiOi'W)

+~.5'V
In

Copyflgh
.n'l
ID '1'L.n ..... ,~II!' ,I..

ag

','J
~,

,,.;;GURA,2-,:IO IU InOi _ IUlrllU ,_I,em\El~I(J:[ elt: sensi'bn~dad cit· ~101ikD, se :_UiU$t , iIlltiSL Ique, I, ,ilfmDII deje: del :sanar" La 'lUll, [e8~ji. I., pm:tcUil: .." de! 11Iulli0 :por III ~: . De summC' l~l ~.armut.
i

S:i eniD,S'h!IJlDO a la cm:ua~,651,0 ,pmiVoo.1 que II :h!l2,Sf:. mfle:jfe en ·~u :partfbuhlS' de 'bumo, I~:lncida I'n, I-'~ iCt'oto DDCh!lCIOr.., ",:,ta, ,I, 5,1lJj 'W~~, ooBSions, que t" :IiHis;teneht, dJ fo'tooeo(lduc'" 'tor d:h;;D:.flJlIl."I:, :SB,aevl,'c] 'v'o~taj~e, R'I~~' m,cmda q,'ue ,8. fiebit'iL e~: ~r. 'V ,aslra de, '..... par' A V ,'~~~ a + V,_ . 'y esOOI banlllqlll:e, 11,.1 anna, S'lIenc,; -~'ICir1:lll.i[O de, ,allnDa de :~IB'ftfrufI, 2!"1 0 1'0 i:lc~u'le ',~, un .~' .....:al '~I ...Ii ·"1" R.." ~I pmrticn~;a~, ~j';llJI!m,D- IL_ ..ill fe: u:I:~ewCIF' Ic:on,tto,~ !il!O 'Ii¥Iir Sl,_I,C~DI; .~.:.sm m.lfu=ra~ cuan·· d-I o ~u' ...~'~..:II_ IU'C It.. a.lli;aDu~' '--'1'''II --'~' .-d--'Ii ,~;uIJi'JCOm,:U~IO'f'a,u-.~nm,y dlJa~:umil se .~Ii- ,'-!li,i--1':-, .'. 111-, .ai,--DOlD ta ie.nUlI!! ,Iii .res~Sml1~:Ul'.,GJj uCL_.-Il.I,VI", ,ie IU."'-· ..' ~. qu,e, Irhla perm:BDcBaJ, ac:d,,,ad~ se lemplea ,e,l clrcujro de al mua IdeJ SiCK, qu -,so ~plrcia c n ~6m'l~ 2;-1'- 'lis 'Il;ccmmo mODiH la ~!mn.a _ I" _"_"OIiOf'f'miSl'lencia eo Illlna, COJ'iID :n:~'mlia '0:1_8- " 'U' r------ -r'--~ 'U' ~-. --:iii! -_.
Q
1

'!

Ir'-~I§I!I'

-,#i:',oa;;;o--

.'-:'!'

i... -'

- ,-,

~I-

--ill'·

,--

Ij[!!:' ,--

~I~

__ '!b'~,I~

--

1._:__I!!!!

;__

;_,~.

__

,___ _._~.

__

_:......

_."

'--

_"

-__

1_

'_.

.1.

..

_."".

ID"J!I!I_.

-til

--

nniJcbu, d.e ~u~ en, k que, ~11~d.1'~c11letmr el tn,uno ..la1:u,z, ambiel'ttd i,D:ll"iid-eiUJlO, ,coni\~c,to:I\U!!i~ Fl.] ~ , ci,'OlRanUe.n'to" La- :md ,resistht;l a ~I Itn[fua, de~rlmpli6c,adof O,pel,iU::~,Q:I,al rfOImll31,Il!iIrnl 'puetuI !IrF l~!!

Copyrlqh ad mat rial

'Wheatstone'. JI:!''''m r.ii~lIi~i;'I\iI\'lII, :41",; u~'~it,ji'II,~.,ftl~"~, ~:'!I;~I~ii:1i1'1i;, _'Ld 1 .... , ,u _,_ " .a, ~m-' ~:a· PO :1''VI[J' liI!!'E'J :1 Q'lJIl!Iilb. -~,.. .. ,.~ d ~a'-'l'i!Ii 'I':1_ "~·Ip:'.I -. "'
- ~~ - - _ - _ - - ~ ~ ~
11"

~ ~ ~~I, .... '~


iIi!W-il!iI'll,W

!!.il' rU"'!liI,C

1\'1' ••

Ii 1ir..aI"~""'

1"_'I!!Ii~"'~!!!!!

n_iI:II~1

r~ ~

Qi,

At 'm," "o,t:i;'I"'I~n-il·;illid~.iI'"~:1 !li"'~!' ~ ... p.~,..' "'~of!! 1!iI_1iS d,I,~ .....\;0 il: '. ~e ~~_~:n_ G", "niii~ ,l __ .... ~_
.~~.,L~

UliI,

-.

l:

t;WI_lIil.",

,,,",,;Ill!

'iIiIi!:

~~

,.~.'

··~~:~,iI:II!"-=,N-'.,r,,. ,""llla' I':D~' '.'.J',I,~,J'·~~G·'::!'·"D'A:·'~ ",S··.-.' -,Ii: l n!' .. ,-ul.ln.. ·.'.'?""·"S···:~'~' .' ,·[1.11.111. ,.Iii '11.',1::' H .;" .
~_':_J IR' j. "

llliil:ii-V!l .

~,a

'I:' ,,'~~,~, u ... i;i!l!i;_l~~ ~ IilrU,UIii-"VlUfi

'f..

-, ". 2-8r.2_--, '&F412"


.....
~ _ .l

I.'.

r.,

r __ ..)

"",',

_.

I,·,

'Dill ,DJ. w'UI~ ..

:""".,...m·.... -~ 'iiI!Illl U6~.Pfo!Ii' ~ l!!!!l~lIj._.1li!r3'!!!!II. ~U IU ~ ~~-~,~I- 1"I,.,ura ,ii:.! ,ill J("':[--~)- D. (-'-'-,i-~ - ,~~'~~f-r., ~., en III ,t::~TII-:- ":i-'~l ."1,,.. ~I po.ncau,[u.ello .d~I' '~IIO-:iD,I; ,--,~--;-:-;,-"~"I e "'~~,- ...~', :..1-,,'1.. . ,_ _ de . ._ ~ _-_~,,____ '" Ie .II.. L'i"l [poe.RUIe .J;U_SL~uC, 'Yolta,'-c _ sal~da n~all ~~ ;jIi.",:t,~, :A!:"7- 'W 5-: " 'V, p-)-I'jiI'" ~Ii!"iil , _~ .~ ~ Il~ ':ilA~!~O-_ ~_. '~I-, ase :""~; un ,~An.'y~ ~,..;I_nP,A:~ :-"11"'; R b~.'~~~,- vo:~taie de :refe .. .. e'~, , l" e ~~,lg,~"~. J..J ._,.3 UU_'ll._ .. _11~I ~" U'e. uu ~.JU.UUl;.rrtI~ ~ __ mncta se dc!fi'n~rr. 'O'D S 12 v,:,I ,con '10 q'.~, _m, cum una 'h!50]uci6n del ':20<m V'lbit., I(La 'Nsoluci,6u, '_ _.,_. "_. de, Jas COI1'verti'doml AID se ttalad] ICon 'mawol', debdill, lal el ~n,flulo ] 4,}: Bl :RJ3F~02_. p.~-uede 4' .. .. -. - .. .. . .. I ... ~ fURC hJDBI' con un ,-otta'lm: de allim.enlaci&1 q' III ,..ul-dfj ir de l' 8 ,40 V. esIB ,ea.ract~dslit-a 10 ha~' 1,_ .. _, _ ,. ee un d~SN1siti'y,;:;, del're-Nrene~1- del 'v,,;:;'ltal,-:,~:deal N111['G1 tln8, .. n'll~a ~-~- ~ - - Rtn'~ieaciDnes.,ED e --, . 1,rY' - - ~,g . ...~, - .. . ~D -tie : "~- ir-'_ ---- --,F' -- ,arledad~' ~!Ir L A_, .., "_:.po~.~~de 'ililin-:-capc"i ..il:... ~o··.·,-t'!amii'iliniili;g;~ '(iI'IIl 'iUIII'P!iiII, "", .. '~ I:~')'I'U' '('~f)"'.~ mu'-iiUiI~ s 1,~Ii.U_, ,Ii ~-U,''''', .~_-IIU"
!Ii'
I

elreu ..1'"ii'D~' ('"'nr[--p' n,qc:~~ prod ~ ~u,£ .• 1:_'U,t!;_~ _ ~. tn~,;ii;, en '*'.:::'--It'+,'~, m·... ;V·::)· rnHr'l!i ell~ ~ ".} 1U1~1 w . ~U'~ ~~~ .... ,u ~. U
II .llIJ. IIw. .. 1-·" _ I..... U!
~'t

-!lii..w

I.

,"._

IU,i o'a-'~it'!a~II~-I~~Ii'" .... b-:'I~ u.. i . rutl liiilIo&";fi .. ~ .. ... ~tldi_


~
;t;:',;ii;,

de +,~cO~: 'm~ V :i1cm:.


~IIiJ. ~

~l
,

_~ILoLI! - -

81 Iq:U~~.~p-,U~~,,,,,""I~ ,a-';IUI·.·'~'''' . -.~ .. -~


'-1.I1-~
_ "[ J

lil~b' ~~.iD "l~


!'6iI." ~.~"

-U-'I" Lr-~-'~.tp. 'mUP~'i!i~ ;o;I"~i'KIiI!~~ ~,w'ii'4m· _ -i/l"'ii; __.Iil UI~I~I-~UV WA~_. __V~

!lr.

~V.l_,U

~rI!

_'._'

-~'

I_,_

, __

.,

, __ , __

_,__ ,_l

__ .!I,_,,_.

1".---"

_._I

,__

.,_,_l

'~_'_~

'_,_.

/_._,_

..

,_,_.

_"

l.

I_.

'_'__

_' __

l_,

-. _ _

._ ...

_I,

.•.

..

_..

. . __ - 1

.•

I.

.,

••

[I

_I

..

.,

1.

_..

'~-~'!l

__

<,.'

_.

r.\,._.

,._._

•.

•..

.,_~

•.

_,_.

.,

__

,.

__

,._-,.

~.

_,.

,~_.'

..•

I,

•.

'.

,_

..

-.

.•

<~~

16

~~I~.:,

' ..

.J

l~

~l~:~ __

IU ='

__'_ ~

!II.! . __ .

-'."1

!Ii! .._1

.M_~.lIWa..

'Btl '~alimillrii' 1 1 'l,ld) se ::lI;~ia cORio COletmF' Ic'l 'R'HP·D2, COl '1m oom~~lor de amil'liliflcador -'-',va.~-, ,-- ---. r ,. _ O~mciO,DBL~ l'UIil',l, der.'nili el 'yo'~ta'~e, :mreRllQil '. Utll 'YI~110r ,5~O Bo ate· Ici:[Cuito 'I1UJI,se utj _, de, v., t"'!IP.! r~ . U! dc,
___ '_, __ J._,B!L~_' __
I _!!I

_,I_\.

__

l}

rl_·_.

~,l~_,

,,_.

_.,

-._- __

_1

l,._

....

_. -

,-

Copyriglhted material

'2...8.-.. ..
.......
1 :-'

'+IS'V'
.,').,

2;

Te~m~~ 'Tem,
AJaflC'.

,
':-

-'t~:~I) :W,

(",I,~ .', LnIUI~_;1i,._, g' C.:m9JOftU

L'!i. 'M' ,'.'

~h'l!lD Ji-.:Qi

.""

,-

•"'

,t!,

'1 ,~VW.IU,PGftOf,,\. I
'1·', ,.

IC\ - . \ .J. EncillKtll'WJO'

,""'r~_ -' de 'm951 i~b'tD, i\l~)I_... ... '\ .. -._-_ .


1

_l~I._~

•..

'.

'.' :c,.
l!..

'~-:5- 'iLl
~

" /.

iI::' '~~' ,~"I!"

2:
',I!--, iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiijjli ,S'W,

V~
..... J

,JI,':: '"i!I!-'-',,,,_~ _

~ ,~' '''''I~Y

IA)' 'C'II 'V' ,.,i... iiC __ " ,!ii' ~~~J., , ' UGI],I-K;: ~ - -

'"

*~ Yo
,-, C' IA

.Ul.,

"!,l!iiiJ!!

1I, ~ ....

''Il'-, -

,=Ii!', II_~_~

'l'liR~,,""L_1.. ,

lJi-~~"

l.!!

pe,rD 'CI.-..u1-C,' L't ," ',','


oiiiiOli; ..

de' !COneliones, R__EP Q~ tipos de' emoapsu] ..( '~c..plco, lam, 'ulI,am~:iDQdor o~ciuniJ, eom~l"ador~, l'-" !r-~
~. J

PlGIt}RA 2-.1'1 As~pacioi

mo,

IY-~

'1"" '·',A, ,AI ,. nza e,~ potene,llimetro w-e aJuste, em,tall~n se que
'~I
[!IIIIIIIIIIIII._~ _~'

UIIH'IZ8, : 'a, cOD'dlg~uraclul,


1 __ , __ ._" _'_" - __ " "

·'l·

I-I

C'

~~

-b;i(';~ca, (1- e~ ,~~~-~O'6~ 'I, D,'DD fti'l _:~ PJ'


-_ .. _ ._ ,._ •._"_._ l_. __ ._._,~._ •.__

'B'n1e.!_tBA:nlicac:i 6ri el V'1M de~camnamdOf' ldebe estu ~R'tro, de ,.!f-;.'~ S mV' dado Iq'De el 'fahrloan,.. , 'Ie le~S\pcc:ificaIqll4e e~ voltajc Ide :salida Idel RBP ..Q2, IS el (tj,. d; SJ) 'V~: le;l, III diSICD,g, !QUGus~S:,i '100.'I"emim, es neeesari-G unB lol'e,m:ncia rob, cs;f;JCCba.do· '~1d'~ 'ulU'Ice el cimui~o de ~Justc de· 'm ..
~--=.-.=-_=_.~._~
_'_l.!"!! "_"_'

--r--~l-._._.=

__ ,_",_" _'_"___ "_"

'1Itl~',;oo;1.... ;.'IU~, !l!iiIIi 'm" ·liI~-i:!.-![Jj1 IAiUGJ I""IIWI!~ I~l "~U~_ ~UI 1iii!;I-.
=

_ifI la
I ~,

'6:-1- QU'iII"81
, -

"i]L~_ ._.

,I

"I.~I'
£-

~,\[,A,l:

~I,(

a~):
'I

.I~

Copyriglhted material

'n 'm .. -rall ~~III_ P-U'~__ -i'e" IIIA .'',Ai~

..:Ii

il!lirn'iftlu:l'~ft'd-:',:: .. ~,' .-:::-',-.,.' :: e· ne,·:~('a-" 'VV __ u__ .. _-1 __ 5-' ""An' .,I·n··,gL--t'-"U~ _o.roperacl;Utl.... iIAIII
Co

',I I

'""""4'Ii

,~.,

a'·"
"

(' -

i __ .-

~.i:":-U·_ :aif"lill~C-::,!Iiji!ii_~:~,-::", : __ · .lj~.J''"'' :4- ~:n _.._ '11_, n'l'Idj V UoIiKl.U '~iI!' 1:::-.:- ; .... variabl ~:,~O,BJ, , _. -:t"'lil -A!!!!!'!I;UliIi IIi"fttiIl'~:~I-~.""I .... -u~-n"iifi",o:1r~:~.u.;; '1Wi~e,n:"U'!:'a' .iilic·.':nt'b·.'JI~. .1iI. ..."""'."" """'I, '" ~ pmrHlido ItHllre· 0 I,,5'",0~ 'PUg utiUmr 1mbi. el :REP~oa junto Icon '11[1 otenci6meu-O,leon"· ..· p m,h~,enb'e la termiual de ,salida, de'l :REF...o2 y~':' la 'tIeJftIJ ComOI.g. meslm 1ft '~a'fiil~ura =.""-I~l.-..:~ '2 'II~ e),
i!JI_
_I
'1', _ ;!I!

1n..1:

_. ~!UIII.

.- .!!Iii

'eI;

ft

i&.. ~.

T~Ilio'":lUI!W'

_.

.~_

••

"- ••••

•••

•••••.••

-._ •••

_"

._._"

,U.jn'~ ,,'I '.'_'.i'!I!~,A.-.... ( "lTO", .. -

1-02······· '.:
.':.'!:

:fjl-:um,2-ml(a~ ~I: um!1!:1 servir',si '10 q-ue aecesita.l-s,ld-fi ,Ill, e "o]ta~-d-l.safda.I'I'-U'".1m. .0, REFi.. n i!r:-'] - ,Fe. node - _ ,~ , ._,J F - - ..~, .. ,. ',~ , , e ..11:, __ '. I .. • " en·t~, ,;f!; ,0····. V~'7~,,,,~ ·~I'I v.-:--;' U1w ~'~' .. _ '_, ~~'\1\1 _:: "" __

'.''Ii .' .... .. _,..I!,., "L.,:para '...1e!,llcom;pm,wOf", 'ii, '8·s-1e te-nci 6mtUO no se. URp,loo '!F- --,. 8tUstat e'~voltaic; de: lIdida del REP~. sk~~p-aral- i~:-~,,' ~ nara , ,. ,r- ., -,- , ..... ... mo·, .', ,D !re, t.., ~ _,1 . pard' p ~ " nco' !!II' " Ai 11 'l;c:mDC18 Iq- ',IC, GRtra, , ... eQDl~:'_' or~ I, '~in ~,.... odcf" ,? 'van,. e 'I 'r ~ Intre U trio ~,":•..v..'C1-' -:~_~~ i:.Ai 'V C]rrcll.1,tm·uG cia

OJ PO~U~:IiUiIUC;I;IUUCJ

.... ~Al

...

,e

~ U~ w:
._c'-

'I nl..t"'--,fbn, ..

fi·c~:. '. eim ,1;puD


-l,J -, .

--

_,_

_I

l__

•__

Jl

_.

._"

_.

,_,_,-,_,

__

__

__

,_~._

"'a..."'., nasI ,perJlUw van_a


i' ..

II,
.'.'.

. "1 t_i
...

, __

,_1

'

..

"',ii,Jr

. .....

'-'

"

"i!!'

I ~-::

'.-:

!!

~J

,0

LIIL.lI~

'_'!II

~-

:..

' l'
"

r-

!!!!II.,'

'J'~
r

__

"n' I.'

.tI'OIJ'

-.-.'

l_

", _.'

•• _ ••••• _ •. _}._

:.1."

ur;'

..

-.

~.-.,

.......

'd"

__

'On····-· '.1

•. ,"=' .,'

Con '1'000 '~Ol aprtndido ~bu. ahma.. tnllaremos· all, ·CQlstruirun, cOI~~"lftidor olda, scnlluidnll de '"In o:nda Icuadrad~, 'II, cOl'lJ'RIfidol' ana1 6.lial I, dig~ta1 "'iOD 'modulttdor' " anetto de po],;) con base, en ese dJs.posilivo taD '¥matil como td amplific-mm O.IlCJae,iDoat BsIM ;ap:ncac:~ol.cs de'~ cODlpamdo.r en 100 I-bieno (~odet.eclo.r de 'n~veil, e, vcltaje se ,ofrceem eOI, cl pmp6s:i1'o de d '-m-Io:-'-:'i!iii,;jiigl" lo rC~'''i'"'i~ q--:--u-AI ~ UIi,t-~I'-I·li·zar ~iii'iIiC! ~-~"'I'~:~;!'!iiadGmes-,~~;:o,~'~"'II'A.il",_, , . _ ~UJ I;~ IJ lJuQ. ~-II-Ij;rll:I~I!~. -. J_la.j~~.
1 1

l)

fUJ, uY

I.

.U

•.

'lIii!IlrWlc_"JI~IJ.

' ~ 7.:2-. Con


-/: ...... .,
C

:".1

,- :-'-.:".- '..- y' .... ,- .. - J' , ' '.'...'.' 1,.1 . ii', ' ..'.... i··,

8IfItIo-

","r' '..... )
_-

ft', '.' ". Y.' .' :": .1iiijJ:.1.'

ntIIJ s"-_ noItJa·,··, - -., .'1 UUA rj' ....,. - -' I


.' ..... _
I

,;iIII!d';I."- ,_.

·''lila ....

£Ia'

c~.Ii

'1::11,der-:f<iiiI~"I~:-- c~,liI!!ce .t"'--~ ,i"'tAro·,'-"d:-. 11 n'11aU~I, :2"'J-4- ~~ AL...: ..; ~nv£llim ~---- I .. 181 1d\a, de uo: :~liuuador' del o.l1Ida. se., ,~"Dr u,!W :C-:i\"ii'~--'~,'nn1" ~ ,,' ._1 IS"" le·-I"A -. .. --=-- ~ - Di""" " , , ~i'd·-··:aJ'. '~ i"!i;i"l]i,ft'U'ji;, ,.-'lI' ,.11 ,~l-, U'~ ~~, 1,_..:I'A' .. "iiI- ,ft!' ~..ito-. .i_ 'r-'r,u-n-t'!Ii,ft u... -1...11'·e-' l;din \In, a- ,n-.. ~~ .4"""':t"--'ii ~,,",~ ...... da ~:IIVA _:_ __ \il.V.l!!!!l~ \i!JHII 1II;I!,1 III ~'~Itl_~_~~ ~ u_ugJ] . ~ LI:II~'UiiiI_ Jii.!iJ_ifiiill ''''u.:..I[._~ .. ·il W.I _I~IL y.~IlI(IJ ~1iI~;"'.~
1

=-

,j'Ii;_fti~~
~I

_'

'!

~,

~- 'fm-cooncia rambj4n variable Si ~I'':':' es una oada senoidlal bianau'lar 0 de-.",_ f1uil:l" ntra ,romtiD 8 ..=.:.._~. __ -0 _'~" '. ','~ cual .:..:_., que, :SCI slm.sbi\ea re&,pec1u a cero~ i8 :saiida, de'~detector de, CftICeI pIX' ,ecm sed. 'CUadrad-IIOJ La 'h;-, --,. ,"A.iii.:£i"i 'u ... -.- .. , - .. -. :' -~ .. ".-, - 'iIi'OO' rUjijjj '11,. ,-, .. .£- ..:1__ '--'1~'- " ".-'. "--I "'ft ~I ~.~, cueDC~a ,~ ,c~."-:'eB.. que-. ser ,IJliILCIlOI8, ,11:."" -'~ ,UL •..11 ,'~diM.d'ijj.lug 111" '.. -" ,ezp,' lC8 .. Ierl ,e., ICapLUd'J''. io'" ~I'O
,_:~,._:__. ~I.~ _' __ ~ ~____.: I '_ 1_'1 ~ _.":_:'. ,_,' ~
-_I .. _:_I

_ _____.: . .:.__._.~.

" ~_- _' __ -.

,"

t! ,~,_" __

"'I..

"

__ 1_,.

:.IJ

y._ . _," ,'. ".,!I ;1 J - ...

g;J

I. II'

'.OiIJIIG!1

"liP'

,ii!\Ii~£'R:"

DE' NIV&I., DE ~DLrAJE'

111iji;:.I'

1r."II'_~'·lE . _". 'E; '. .. _" :,'''-''' I ._.

.r.,·c/-,r=' £I',; •.-=,

'U:'~.".··c·~·,nll-~nJl~.'D'ftR' I-"'W":I .. D'·I·.C'TE,,'~~BelS·' 1". "Iiiiii~.. ') ,'''-'to .. ,IJ",, __..·V~_.1 _I""'ftN'~"~ I~ · ~ ··E I'! V :.'
1'rIUI .i' •.
J •

.1 ....

liIIiiiii;

iiiiIIII.-

........

iiiiiiiiIIiiiiI

__

-_

.,~1 ,[n,fiftJduccldn 'Ebris1Cn. 'mrw::ua s mmcllldsde8S


pot' una.lentUud
~

:emmc,nlmles. 0 '.

eiP P91 ·-~b· 'l;jjIi: 1!'!""1',',erlll.'"-,)'ll.,iIIIi ,;iJ!!iWt'MbH~Ai!i!. d iiIIiI1iii"--m-.--pu'._'-·--_ .. , ... ,I Iv ; esm ..,-~;~~ Uiii .. .. • fCystencia '0 de CO,menm" 'Bn los eap,(tu'~OI. .Y'8 se ilustntrd. c6mo, ·conrvenir :fk~~me,I,'lC,di.,.., , cbas :modi~ficacinn,DS crm, Icaawos de ·v·oll~j,et:uu I iizado· :parI eUu e~ _pli6 .. cador oper,aci,OD_a:~
AL".":d'
n. 'Uill
~_ililllilLII.V,U

'M·····.·.·' ... ~lFii!I;~it\i!i;:

en e'~Icambio,~ Pol ejempl;o~,1a tempaalma ,lIIlbiente


·U'K ~'~A""'~lib~I·~ U,'IU'IMJIIlMr.
'UI!,.1Il! _' • . lIiiil'\;lll.. . _ ,.lUi:!! !!IiittiII&:a:1 . ,liu.il!i . .'!Io!

'p: rllCGSCS, de 'mrm!1Jfae,~un


I

1,

10la, de
'1'

lAW SG Caracteri:ZlIl ~It


URi
'I-IIIII~ !1iN,r!i!II

I_ ,

I·~
!W:I!i1 "" ....

,ifill, baftO·
U',IIiViJi

'UI . illiI'-' d ;- ,B~I'~UIIlt")S, :"cn05"; IUl',t'lS-.~ _. --l~!It' _~ ,._,~

,S'U1"!W'I,gDR -" lIS 'p, OIl ble: leon~tarc o ....~.. " .... , :~on .. ,r .... ,e - Rue: "I

udal de lao tUR,pu8ttUll.


'1-'

·1"','· iI!!m,,I(i;arnbl.'~":-:11__ ~_IIO~ :

'ii!~

·-'-.-t· ~mpcra __ '.. :-:11- :0····.:1 ·~C;..~;JJ.I.t[l,~ _......1~', -~-' da~ 'V;',l!J£do Jlra~ ... gJU :(t"~;J ," ';2...r2,' .....- _ ,'"'.~I~_I
';1 -

'un, c~Nulio.. " q-' H,I' ..... .1

~'elteJle: Oi·
_____,..I

!,-- - ---tRnrP---'-i~ln ,--cCy'L~ ,5_r _If


, 'podJfa 'reaU,:arse1_,-' '_ - '-' .-- - - --- -- L
I'.' ,.

u___ ~W'oh"B?e, Ide 0 0, !j' 'v 'li't1r.:3i1 1'"'---~(I-I,;:-

_0010

m_.
~
'

ra, .nt'-~:end!a ,~+~~, nt!tt'I!:b~"-ljiijjl'1bacer:l:o···· it'~, --X'tlU ... ~ .. -~-. _-~ ,.._. . ' ~-Utl_IL.IW iii~: rl!liF-~ ,_ ~ ,w. ." .. ~~':r~ ICad 'c~,JRodu'lador'lde anc'hu· de, 'P-D'I50 len 'IBIHiOci6n 2 ..8,.3,~'Pero Dles~ 'yeremOl, 'un ,hup~_.fica.. ,dor o~raciODal es~iaU_ol ,~u :iuilita, la, conex.'.Om, d,ei un sIstema lIIat,dl",h:o de ~ ~5 V ,r r-"¥'¥ , '.'
A'~

a'· ·~",_~j·u~ ,__~ I",,",H~,_ll,t.I!I-'A,


__l!.ll

01 'G JRpl e IrS £1 pam, oonUO'~lrlaj, SUpoqI,.'taMloidn Ique IS oK,csar,i,G' en.. v" - ." es~, UI]"OrmlKhi,l1 a una· comp·U!i4UQI'8,'. 4':i- d·' 1---.1(- ~B~ ,IDD_:~._ORG" c~nJu":~, 1:.'1 m ..... ql__'- __:: . Ri ir' --- -0.' "11'0'10 1.1 ~~~w_~_' _ue Aifi 'c~U -- iii,,,, " -- ,C-.- - - - - --:~1-' - .-.---- .-- - .....;1- . -- l~!nJ qo __:::'
:A..., ~i!Ii. ~ ~

4 ~~ ~-uram~' . VJi,gg" lnm'":-~, ....-.et.. ililil~~ ._~ uc


'_ I

'1,.

f;<1iiI

,-

--

~i

.....

I!!oIUJ

Iii,B1

po:slj~nA~s'~ ~JUU~

'nnr ,-'""~~~ Ii"--~ ,U5U,Iv


~~

1~1i!~-:I-t'~I.:~r--;: ,..Ii. UI;.~ _:U u~

·n-J"rV.~~'''''1V-llPlJ!~'~ lll"'ttUt.l I :niii~ l .~. ~~ uc:: \'!ilii!nih~,iiiii ft:...- '~Il~ 'y

!III.

COR

un, sistema digi:hll do 5, VOJ

'

Copyriglhted material

Capi'tiJlo :2
27,3.. 3:!c3- p.A, V~_mp=

I'--~:"•..... -I ~--

dc· conimll • val_

Con,~

saltda 1.:OIl5Y
~-

--

, e.
~
j

=~~....,;&,..._~

(I

,_

,40

_.. .Il...... __

,so

(bJ ~ic-m'

.~'-'~'.'~,

1C~(·C)

,dc' 'mllI'aIb, .._bfa dc. lin coavcRih'

Copyriglhted material

3'1

+ A3

:8 .." -

x.ion 1;:mJrc: 'un. sistc.ma. aaalo,Bico' de -to :1.,5'V,' uno dl,gitll I.~ 5, 'Y." 'La, '~Gnui~m IdesaUda no al disipani mM de· :16 mA~

l2' ~.). ~,11~,'~D.~ DlPl 1C!';,.1I1 ~lr-~~'-I.I·!i"U~~: ~I'1f.!I~-IUr~i~: s-ian:n ..;r,_ :E'" ~t!'Iit""""'iim'nr ;jion,'I,!iiA,,,,, .. 1 ~.UG, IIii!i~JUI!I" d, abitnot. como Gnl .. :6,IUllI 2-,I,4(a)," Si, ,Idr,es,ntila;iWJ~,G.l inwmptm de mOlda '8star;,a, cermdo ('-0..0 ft :Ia,fi'prI. :2or. '.:4~b).. dilc.Nacla, de mllUCbos OOUS amp~iflclW:lloRSI ~perBCi(nilail.cs. es .A
l
,N. :~·._- ...-.~~·-IU~. ... '~l..l.: \.I·····
'iCli;

T.rrnlnalH '.

enIIacI&,

Las tamlnlJe.s de en.ada, ,IOn, dilmncia1les,., Por' :mediQ' de


~II~, lQI~

~uae;:A:ft

c\I!i,..I];ii;ti"""',il'li'a~·'~~J:lrlL'"_l:_~·

.. IIIiIttI

A,'

ACo'

Hi'lji~';jiJ'tt~1

... '11

Ai .. u~

;iiiic~t\;jij,

inn.,'. _~.. ~ p-'V

rnina], l:2 esM, ocmec.cla. a rUCmL,


RU.mH..

·s~'b'··.l'" lIA.,~,ar··'las [I tv. T __ .

1__ . _.

'''~'ii_'i'''''I'iiI!iriI!i.,,;oiII~. !UIV I",n ho,.-..I -; ,I..,.", ~1,lll:I_.11__ I~ ~'L.rUl,lIUial '~;iClliIIi.,-Iii;' iIiIi."ri 1'!Iin.·,·t.· ..... .. 1_liliillaUl, v,JI ~!I¥I(_.'Ii!~.
-

t!'Ii·,·~J~::a·;I,,.I.,: .,.,.,' ...... W,,_ft!!:111.i:Iii' '~ ~~ .._.. " ".-.;' Uw.".'


.jl~~I~iI!

t!II,

", [I.·;.;i•.·_il"l"iilli .n;.'::·.iU ~I .. .. !iJl~!lI.'J __ ~ __

and ,D·,".:,'~u. "'~!IJ •. __ . I~nl.

_'iI".-},.;

'Cil ,de
.J _ ...

.~-:"·~~':"!'Mn. 'voli\'iiIj;ie t'itfllill,,;'B,n): 'Dev,a ~B,~c,,·li.;lIPO' ail'~_' .... I de vollaie de 'b~vgl .. - _. _:I.' gal
-~~. . .. .. _

,ii, ia enbada, [.fo) de :un :LM339CSt mtJ-J'C1r q:ala I~nb'ada(:.... la 'n:.slslcn" ,"1
~Jj . "" _ ~'., '_
J

1,

'~

..

'CJi
,

i 1#' P-iUlilii'!! . 'va ~1I,'itft:IiWiii~',


~I ¥-'V._.IIAI_:II_:~

"lIOrqiUC'Ia emblula 1('-').:'* lla, salida cBllll1l1lGIJ ,~~~,'~u~~/a1 ... ~ dc, tmima en 18 tmnina11 1:1,. ,Ahor3!~i
-I
' , II

_to. IS'.
r •••

iii

..

'1;1, ntrada... _", ~ ,'~, e (: ,. _". . _._"


..

j(Ol!'ft~1 S-'U- ,r,Uii!.'YA !lWiVII_:_1I.. -._Iltw~._~.i¥

-1- ci'I'I!ii;'if~fU'!o;£[_Il_._I~U.l._I~~&'UlJj

..

I"'HIN 1n.__ JI]~I!jI,tI;i";11 01"....Jli~1~~, 1Ir-_1!Rl __IJ)U,. _&iMll . ~I l ~u ~vtJ

,.I,,":, ~if'U!oh·;If\,:,..1 ... ,


~
~:_IPif.:

Nti'~~fll

p-~_I~~

Copyrlqhted material

32

I:.O,.,JI

.iC'

!IIi

:=: -,~

<'!ii '!If

'",:

<

'

..

Copyriglhted material

...

~. " P~"--.-~--.-' . ,nwu ; nmeraSi e'


-"xpede" .' - -...,;~
.' -

-'.'

- L - _.

con un
. ... ..
. '.' .. ",

,Bmn
'.._ ~.I~

.._,

·Im...ii- onaraolonsJ ";,,C8wr


i,'

".

-.'~

I""'¥'-'-

..

I.

~,

'\~

,_~ "J"--:~-

'\.oKalUY

~""'I

Il_gugUbCIUVI

~\o.'f,~,

00

'~'.,~-... --;

"""nE,r- ~

I--~~I·..:r-·,

,1;"""'"

111M. ~

lpale~

'ii-;:-.

,
I

, ~"~fM

'I
II

1~ ~
"""
jjiiiiiiiI----lllliiiiillij

~ I

,
IM~~·' ...............................

·l ...................... ....:t'MI
-",. '1..... -

!...i=.__ r-r---' '1' [~I --

i""-'

I'; n "v I-I!' ,,'JIWI!

.....
'''',

Ii"""

2.
tl"''N. .. \!UJI 'tlj!'~ -> l~TI
u

o
•..~.~. tll~'_ ~j!
"_ _(

B, U)

'II ~~'.,... ,!II! ,!Ii'Y" ~J ,~~ . lq'


I

~!

~ .

'"

DU.
"--_.-

...

"i

.~.
I

4· ''¥'. til n '8':~.~ "'i~!!II, ~._ ..


~J

10 ~·' __
~.' .

j~'~'_l

__

~'~'_l_J"'-·

E'G.'

("., .'.':. I
I

~"m ,[u.ndtm-"
,.V~

I
I

! r:~ ! ,n
I

,;iFl ( ~J!

't.... j1 '¥g.I.aje

s;

IIKi ~;

A .. _ ... _.1.,

__ I

lI!i

if"~

.-.-. C.i - -"A- """"-1 -"~,---- __ ;0;11',...... 'I' len, ,1!_'II,DJiil'ii!!ltlll ~_ M_mpo , I'DJ 'ilUJ.o1 ~ ,.a 'reb _I r mt ,UiN.
0-.

'I;

V I-'~l~._.~.~•.IlIlD' del w111j··_ ~cai:iA 1_' R ~~ml'lA -. '_ :. I_maiDa ,mod~r no' iJllf,rmt de ,~I
:O·.·.:iIiI ~ .... M"~
'~'lll
'_J", __ ,_.

'InG;,--:""TD,~,' ' L·I''I__ ,; S: ~.~*, 5C ,A"fi~'i ; -, ~_lU .. U,AnI'MJ-',


I"

'. ,~".'

IIL•• (-'\1 .ofi~~'~'-::-- . ,.,----,--,, __ ':' comO~1 ~:uu :!Ii ,..Ii"": ~__...... ..:1)..,- eu. \iIJt, ~vn~IDnne olUJlen'-a.'1,,~, ...L. ue: ... - ,~. ~
", ]I ,.. , ...

~j~~
J

__

'"

...

[0' ,u.l5o\o

V t.'i\ii!ii'bi"''''.iln-, ,....._jI.... ~·o"'_______IlI~.-.J~.-.

_,iiI'jOiiI ~",,",-,-g~I~U.l

.... '...

n.~

n 1'\1 .m··'~'~iii
.. i:l'i1i.GI

"_:'I;~II~iiltlll'ii M_.J~!IiIIII1I,'.Ui

Copyriqhted material

'3'·4~'·
I'·'
I .

·pto :z.~"
I:
I
I ,,'_ ', ," I, •

'I ':

'2"

,',' .

Una •

Bncuen:tre: (&" el uem", al~o d~,saUdi';',(b) cl: 'ci\ClD de 'IT,a b..j 0.,

Hail,die'lte

Ide'

,siena de, 10

V~3'0 Hz, se :madu'IB,po.r' "'CellO de 'pullso medlanle

U'm&, seDa'~,de

4 V~

Soiuu6D, 131. peri,odo T es el, inv.eno de 1. ,frCCIJCHiiJc:j.a::'


'1'"
r.

I,
,I

,-II' '_, "~ r . ~,'

.....' '(4'] V-"~),, lOms


.",.,
I."," _

~I.o'Y' '-'." '8~'--,ms


_ _ ,-,,:
'~. l__....,_

II

iII""1 ..iii "Ni

,
II
']

, I

~:"~'1'

iI
:I

, ,

="

....O·"··~-' 4" InS


~l

8 ,illS

,,~.

I~ cA.I,UU

.,

'p~~'iNIll"1~'1[i;iIi'a'~'iI!l;i"!i;'~:~,sa "-I;'~'Iii;, 'lVl_:inln:~IIl"ii""iiD, ¥ __ o" en :a-]I~' ~iliUD r~.II~.l.a'" !U,il


IU

li_.III'U~1

~I~

~.

__

~~~l

1 __

l~ ... ,

A'DI. ~" _'""'1P ,.4,_, .,.,...".:11.3 'c!A.;al~ • .d]:OrlfL ~ u~-. __ lli1!-~.!IL__I,I~ .

~''''rIl'~'n.

iI-.

'''!! .]-,
16"-..

,'···:~.:D~··:.Ji"", C"all;i,,"I'111~1''''21 h~··~~m"nn .. UG S~;",'I~A...... -'~~-~-~r'~· IIIJ~


-.~~,~~U~~'IIiiI ~ .UJiJlua

" ..

~ 'U~~, "·ll:mpl

== ,4~·-V"~e n l. .

ll~1I!

'~:D '~:pu~:-r-ra·.·'~;",'~,ll·U\.__ ~'d':: ',)I"'~' 1M IJ.ll~··- .- l-'


~/1!

Copyriqhtod material

P"~'M~i~

I'I!!! t l11i:ln'~ -

'~U;pe~"n"e-_ft~r~;it! ,
!!Ii;iR;I!!o -l~J~

, ,-

,111nJ:1~ ~-

--

C,-; "III ,
-

en

1Lil!1111 -

~11I"Ii am:"-'p,,"'I- _ 11111'!WICIouaJ, , D,"'pe-,::¥'G'~Q~' a, II '1 ;..G1~i!!!i_~r-': " ~_ ,I, f ~UI, _1111
-- • ,-,---

,:,,1",:'-,:),:1

3"5

-ts v ,[~}

-'. ,,,,,JI

, 'I,e'

''l,1l'


,iI:: cd'

EF' ~-"
,I,

(<itUl

II;,iii'1"",.!k.JI,~..,:iI""r' ,..Jl~, I~-~:Y-N ""'...,, oIL""'""\i:--~: ~ pr,;gy I&I_IHI~._ ~

pgl-'Q'01I"n~-"""'Qlr" __~. '


~~l~iMi.:I'
,

RlnCf'fi, de: I

121::"!!fll

f~-u1~n, r! rt' d

" ,E~, en,_

"",

,,",

"(:ms)
n
U'

j',(m~l

10

I ~mSl),

,-,

ib.~:

'no 'ti',~

fU) \"i:,

t, ill \.9~t::' ...


"~.~."__:_"I~I __

1\~.A.., 'P',' ~iliUUJ.iIII, ,:II

II eon

,r, , -!,,,jf--,,,, • I~!:UII! lLIe

'iI!"'~ml1i '"7' - ,_ ' ~,fiII ,- -,~, I,' ..... .IilU:,


I'U
~~ '-E, __ I..

.-"""'_'1'£ :nG'~-~-~U'~~:
lU
ad· " "

'I" ~ ;-'1-- I..,'C' A .....poliO [~,~,..:I 1.i..I11,1.!!~,"Y. '~'~~;fi'liJ'iI c,~ ;f~.......,..nnsal ..4_ I:!IiICltO' ~ ,· ··'I'~'C' ,"~ ........ ' ' -\ 1n,.)1 "I '!!.,'!W;!\~'" Coli 1u,~n-Ii""'" ~ " 'I' __. _UJJ '~!I!f,,"-~;!I! ~-IIir'fl' ,~"", i':ifift~""'''''~~ ~~lli1'rt~ 'i!U":'.'li'Jji~"iIiI":iP<01!Jjl1' ~ !I!I!I!~llIU ~~

'iC1 iIi;~:'-:---; QI, 1U.~11lJfJ!O

c-'

I~ ~:,

I~I~

-'~""'"

la 's--;I!'=:~'a-' mw.. c~

'I~'llir~\I!I~d'lr'Ki"

1'_"'-...wi~n1Q. IW, "",'iii -

n,I ...... !11i114HI"JMr.,f!'d~·ML

~~;n,.' v.~
""-.!_

_.• ~~

"d~

1:a'.en-ll"~""1 MI UiIfii inn:tdulador 'ii(in, imv~~-:-~ .., 1'-. ' .. ~. ~ -'~~ ~ ~-~ ~.~~ ~ ~ - ~~-'-~ ~-~ -'~-~ ..

,...l.~ I"~ ,~;ei;,~~~ ... ';JI:"'riIi~'ii'l'.iV'" .i'!l.... II'Ii-r~eiL !I;U-,'...... U....1:I!1oI!1_~UlIllUU~iII#!I!!!'_:I''''''' , ""VIi!lLlV,liL..

\1:::----11Cq

laUim~I1l:11 en -- - --- ,----,---~

un -~-'

IftlOdil~'" ~~-- -~

Copyriglhted material

-" 36
,.'-."

So'lud6n

Se'lun la IKuaci6n (2~S)~ ..


'11'
-R
.. .

,=. ~,."ms '(,: ',I!I ~IO"C" '-,':,', I


, I,

~ .. V' ),'1 ~ c v'' ' I


r;;)1 ",:'

"2.;' "" : .

....
.

~~ .

.r

,:,~,

2~'1

,'~E·~:':~l-I'C>O:>~~'·II'V:'I;.,.c,~~ ____. Fl ... '.· .. JA~UI.· &'-'~~R, I'.rll,~ 'Cttalq,u~em, de


18 ~e:m~ratura _ ~~ r-"!!!' .

'V' ,UN' ,IIICR,OC,ONTIIOILADtJR


~OB
,n ~

"II! U~I"",IN', m''''''u'~_:,,"'D~.~o:,n "~,I~ '_JI!Wl,_'_I .. lJ'r~1!t '_" __ _", ,_ D A,<··NI"i"H'-'·,:,D,:; .,E; P'·"\U:-"~:".S--O_., _ ,-,Ll __
',.l I " '_" __

'··~I.,"'LA'
en

eircu~to5, de, la fi,lUnl, 2,~'~,6 awl:, uws\e, para transmj(i-r la, ifllfotll.t_Kiool de p
1
~I ~"..::.,

raJa, doe dlic:ho circu~m Olt i,ol!erfaz ,ar.n ailogioo os: qu'e: e~im'ila, hi, caida, de vohaje que, se pnldooc !l'I'e'l mcar:ri~Qi'A,'V'" ,'ii' ......:i·'I_·A . ·li··-IL..'·d'·I'··Y·'·: '_:.,_~"'!'J·_:_·_·_!'J,,=u_, uean,M eu:!n,05 ue meUIOS~,":s~",,e\l, moau .uOf.. - .~ aDClJ~,O_C pLldiO'.'-~'.,'IlCe[a, D.m! eo ,-',',:-,,"-- .. &eina~ anal6~dca,eOD ua nlcn'o del e:1Urada de lID micreco D'tm] ad 0 F.' v6ue '18 IiQ or,D 2"..,,[ 1\ . Prj.. r··_. ,.. .. ... I'~
:,._,,·~,t,;-;,~-,-~ t .... ··, A·····'I~'·· ...:11...
~ - ~ - -~~ = .I~ ..
_____ ,_ i!! '-_. ~.. ~ •1. J l • •• _. • • ,- , •• \ ••• •• •• ~ J

U'lnii!l'~~m-"m~~\"'41li1"'f)!Iii. ~-,.~ ~ - p_"I~Ul Mi =

~~~~I Il.ildlJ!Ii.IJ . .- . r...... 1 'VIli ...

de"-: 'f:!e'-:o"'al-·'-. m,·li"""~!U·.;t...da_ po'.:r ,iI'Ii'llIip~~d ~~ .. _ _ J.J\J. lilU_ _. ._ ~~~'-lv. j

'P'1i'I~'('~'. .'u.J ~:U~, f ,iPiIl iiJi\iiIj;ft.··'", lL.ilaJ ~ llU

[~

I~ ,~.

-..,

_.

'_

••

!oJ

!II".

mero, se c~nvi.·W'e:,]o 'tdi,"'pFJ!;ratu~' _·Y·--· 'Ii!iii."~~.,


,_'!!iiilI!,,"
'!i;o _ ...

.- .- .. ~ -, -- ~I"':-··\i:!iI-~--t~:-~''''I-: 1'0.150-:: '~'jjI~~;:: ,., lUiIoa,I'OllD_3i, !:SUI if: DIU,aaa

. -' UI.a -I:~': ,'" . .--, eEl, 'II . - sa '-I~I.4I:·~.·_ 't"i: .u,gu:.a ~.' una ma uel,po
I 1-. -

!Ii'!L'li

,a.n~aJ,;;tujiii"'a:a, V;;;'ll.lt·""Iu1'8. 'IU,'rtl ... lJIU· UH,lIy, gu. U,~iI!~ y, '-CI!~""", '.. u mll~-u-11''''~~r'
@' _

.Alrl'·"i .:;i I', Que ,.,." ",,~( -,' :' :'. UJi!Jml,~ '-,0.'. ,', 1',", tU,@J'ulI.u:a ' q;t1C

n,~ ~In'~nt[" , I.,IV il!lll~ ~!!I;;i.~~VJ!

:d·. lao ,AJl__!!II;,;-_=._. ~ JL .. .... _~ 'i(iIoM.;t"!!'b·'o·

su

. ,.

saUda, eSI :8JJha, 0 b~j'a",:8} dem,po eml :;d,to es difeCla~nte, ,pr-oporcio,ul, 'a, la '~.empemWfa"
..

":.'

':""f~1iUJi',a,

~e .... ,'
'"-.

1--

..... '.
'Ii!tiI.

de ICm~tDf,1
,;I

C'D.BHnidDf

'vojt:aje
,~l .. ,
~1


'I!--]'., u GlI",es
.,e, ,'.' .' ..

IDC.OO"de pubo '


_,,,",_,I]

oom~rsor

'M··,',......lI,·-I~ . uuU_ ...

1-........... IlUI ' ~. d:c J

:' C.omidor i.n.~fl!

'.·_l'~' .
g~~,1J

ImI C'N!Cnm.

'tli"'IG··"·'··'IJ·ni ~.ftft,
,., "'~' '!

''''I

,~ .. I
~,jiI~

·1"7,.' 'D'·'~,· -.-', .'.,". ,1 BlfBma


... ...
~'IJ

",1'."" ' .,", ·t· .- .. ~ nm" ,S'~:s.lml3 ,,~~, ~i,-+<n ue. m.... ~,_~~~(;

..,iI' ..
~

'mm ," . '30".o,lLpeI' __:__

I.'~'I'~I Ili.iUim- ;:. p·u,.,1Jt:I..J.l .• ,"".fII.,... ...."'I , .. ... · ~,A, ,


-,

,2:"",0 S""':UlAC'ON' aE' CIR,CUrrO DE UN~CO.PA,RA"O"HBGHO

O,ON IJNI,AMP:LIF"CA,fJOR O'PSRAIC1'ONAIL


..
J~''''

lIIIiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii!iJ!iii~~

~,'i!I '"

n'" . "Ii] :''I::..,.-#lU'"",.,:rAn,·


,'II I U' UU
1

.lU~Ii-I·U~ .l!:

, ",:",111"","- ';'~I

:C·· .. ·,

, ... i eya__![uac~um, PU,S, el ,aDmiSIS ,'..d·:-""' I~:~- "7,n~' ,'!iI'ii'ii' ... 'I,~,ft~iIf!'.n~, :tIO~'~liAI:l c~ 'iIP~ 'n Qi'liU.""~......de 1A'' '~:-I·II'1ii~:;i~1ifI; Iq"·iil'iiill!!. 'If''@:. C, ".',~.t1i,", C u_~5C,llIuS uui11M.',lI:;Il\o!'ViJI! iL;:1 r'_' -"I~~~'D a'~. .' 'l,c\XIlO hi- ''Icr,sJon... 6-3- nne' t"'_ ." oble'neme 'tao(o enIIJ discos f],axlbb!~somo en euede .. " , ., ... ,,-'.'" .. ---- ~- ~--~ c ". U·,_J 1_., en ',,_,_ ....' ..... , es ... ..-' ..... --,-,"'. ~" ~ .. -:D:,:\;;;,'InI ....:":,SI ~ '" H- CiS-, 111i,:,""i::'""~I-- it, .d,I:"la,~...., '.. I'~' J'·O,' ,·'M.······ ~ :,i~; ,lliRtllitMJU --,,:~-:te -.!. ' ''!I lulcn _.l.5l!UiOS plquelll,o'S:I' es su :6(, :~I~.: ,p- - muchas de - nues'lras ,Jc~r;;n,e; 'r:ara, --- - - ---- -- - - -~'!li'pI-I:II"i'~"""~oi!'iIIj"iil'_ p~lliIi~~'@1 ,~ pe ~;.r;;II!'..c: ~ ~.O·""iIiI,!Ii'ar~· a '.p.··n~'~:b:;·'a··1'61 11': herraml'I'e'Il~\~~:~le~_ _ consta lin,.. ''~111I 1 ~i~,:- .. !II,1l~lJ~J~'~" I~. _ _ u.1~ . wI. u_ _ _ _ _ _. _~ u. _ Ique; ~ _~
.... 1-:"

-e ,. -~~,F-------'"'--' ofreee ,10· ., .-.".~QmoraDon allU:uitame M~~r-...~"*'m·'IC···.·


IIW,,~I;II_ .'i', '

l1'ne,1 n excelente ... _ u ... ,__ , ,__

,;J

~' comMI elO' ., -,'p-a.mucte, de ,~'O~'~'1l! - df;: '- ., -'1""'-' ....• ',!I!'~!#!!I.....
;JII,ii'.i;Ii, '!Iii! """ -' U. ,Uw.,1i1i\l'llil, .. i1I!IiW'~

"!J'" .d··· ~..-!l,C!lI!lP.a=",,"~~

.. , .. ' "_11'-'lill\r.lL

,I~ '-!~[.J

~~i;t~; ,C~li!lli!i

. ~IU_¥~

.1_1:_1

:.Il U W,

._

_!II

Copyriqhted material

ii!!!ioIl!'8··e; a,v~~'en·~~I:;a' ~n='5-' P·n"m~ 'IiiI!~""""i!I~' . '..


I

I!iiiJIL

;iii'

'I/'-_

'.

''!;o!!U

Ii Lt"!iiI '!i;iH

'_II~~t_~wa'l'!io!!lll

Qlmip·'I·~I'i"-'d

'dn I!' a-rna r·e

PI ~:n.il'!ial·' I,. ",,,,",,II~f'!liilI"""IIIIQI.

'Vamos' D,IDaI imr II, ,clrculto deseeeor de ,niveil.positi'vo, no ~i:Dv,eJS'Qrq~e se muestra eo I D, :Mlg,U,'" I,a 2i-"',.s(a)~ BmpJ~mos como sela'1 de ,en:lrmla idIUl,onda, stnoidill .pu es fCJiu'lla m,uy r.ac:il:1 ob'tcncrl'a en :~a115m,de panes bdisic3lS. I(NOla;~ la ]ism, de partes DO ,cue\llta can una :fonna de 0'1,"" da 1riu,~u]ar eunoue es ~s;i,blci cTeula::; :812: hab,lsnt ~ues,. ,~I~es.p-eclo lel'~ncap--:_f~,Qlo iVl,;-;s:leri,or.): r r'~ iI:'
'P,a~a,CRUlf "

Sri'-mular.' I,a, fi,IU_fa 2-5l,a,),~, abr.,a,una, Due'va, OOjlai, de I"mbajo'; pam, ello hll,a elie en Pile ,:::'.> N'ew (,arellii'Yo =::>' 'nuc:\!lo);, 0 bi,en! ,IIi: la 'ventma de PS~piteno esi' aJbi,efla~haga, d1l5 veees clic ,en e:l, icono de ,S'r:,he'mafics' ,en la VCDUtDB Mlc.m<S,i.m4' De ser' neeesario, ",grande el ,ItU de 'I mb aj(),basta que oeu,pt. todla la vebt-a'n.a., :1111 cxplorUQr de, 'In llsta de partes; h&,'icas lo ,obtiene, hacienda elie ell '--; oraw',(dibuj Of) _ de la :8am, de MCllu~ lueS,Q' hila ellc e·DGel :N'ew Pain ,(obl:ener' Jpane nue'v,a,~) el me,nu, desen ple,lable'" Bste 'pr.oeedlmierno 58: rep;rescnYJ, de 'la, MaDeJa, ,sipiebte:' 'n."...,w ' :;'> !ii!~~I!J~' ... .. ,r!d, 'N"e.w "."'IiI!iii]
1

irj

"

'.!J

Ir--'!I-,--

_~II~

... '

I!_"

1'."-

I,

,~~l

U'I'Iii] manera abreviada dc, obtener ~a,1ista de :parn~es s :bacj~ndn, cU,' i e

1~f1 le'l

com'ptU~Ra, :N'AN,D,~, en cuya B,ana, de' :HeD'a:mi,entas, aparece;n, so'br,cpucstos 'Yean, CWJ.r1nando~-t'i'SI. us!wo, empl ea,b, vend6n 16 .,3~ con lcui_'quiera, de 10s, d O~, .letQd'~s anlCnIQi .., res ooteodra, 'ID OlGAW; o.;sp,'Ieg,abIe quel eorui,e[ile~ la :~i,sta[bas ilea, del ,Parts 8rowsecr' fex plotl",., dO,f de, parte-s): Hag a, cli'e I~JiI, A,d',aDeed, ;>':>, '1' el mend: bfs1co so a_m'p:liar,4 hasta illcllh" una 'vcentano. ten :1 qac se :muesb"el Ia seec-i.6n" antes de!' que, U:Sled, Ia po~R"al, 'CI, 'e'~ uta de. trabaj-o',. P1\'= g, [3, obtener' OlrlU td:b,:~i,o~ase' 'pa.rtest, mga, elic e,AI el botASol ,n-Ibn'ries (bib~IOICCM')'., S~!tsni d usandol ~a 'y'crsi6n fll,,2~ apaf"Cce ,e:1 e~odro ,Add B,mwje r I'd'YiI' (anBdli'f pane, de c,lqp'loradarl. Tecl M en ta v,e:n:lana, [a ,secc.l 6n que Ie inl'er.e!e", ,~d ,saibe C;U"" e.s,~ 0 hata, elie en ,Browse ~'e:lp110'00) "I'O'bm:nlga la bib~i:ortec'a y el :mem,ltl de la Iista de 'parrtes,.
1
1 1

~cono' de Ia "des dedos que

Les Ulileam'ie ntos gene-rMfeS para eJe'u' Y s,~,nnJilar 110C,ifCU'i~o en, ,PS"pi,ce ,$0.11.,[,0 . :,i,R,Lde nle,:

I,., Abrlr una, nueva Ires, de tnbQj

011]

4. _
'_ 'r.

2,. Obtcnctr eada p~,mte en las llstas de' parl.ei '1 oO:~QC'ada. ,cn el de U',abadct, Lu(::,g, ,tt rrar e :13 'I ~sUtde :pane8,. 3". 'Colloear las oanes tal, '~ como, a'pl aRcem, en Ie] dia,p;I:8_ma deleiee uito, lr [I ,~. ~.
:C'~·-I}'nd",":I'~jiI ',-I fii,~ ,~' n!!:iiil!'i'Ar~, '. U. _.~~ll_~, IH:3. !L.~3..
_

ma,

,5;. <~1Iodlfi:car.'el (los") 'y'al,'Qr(~s) d.D~,Io~Itfl'lm.t~;lS, de "lila I,anes cuand()1 'cll,ol sea neeesano. 6~ bdeiaU_W" ]08 ,·:-aurdilllclrOS de, (on'Q:lI,um.ci6,g,: anaJ'~'5is:=:> S£*\,Y;~ II ~ 7'+ Inic]QUzar' [8 ,confi8,Ufac:i6n Idc ]a :pun1ta, de 'pro eba si .dnsea, Dna ,pfica,:: An.try,. <;;;;;;;;>' p~,
~;gllr

S". a uardar
Pi. ~',,,

fie Sewp'.
tar

el

dl~ag-r,ama co.mo ,att:hiJVO ut'l I ilando la e 1,'teDs:i6.n ~S,CH:.


n~I'A 'llllJww

A'!""e,atl~[;.jFC~'d'.;: _W A ~ ·-iI!~eJ'W-jU!IJ~

iIl-~:nIJI_~;Jo,g ~",~jU'tli~.:J. 'r·Q"ioI"til .~IIi"~~ .:I'Y

,d' ill, alaDlbr:",".,!,Ilnil!"~"D·:'··':~N~:"": _.W l_ ~YI!!!I lA _"~D,g ;:;;;;;;:>


1

l!!

,~.[~I!I!:IU.~l.J'

,~~fi,_,

·1

,,'plllillii.·i::!'1 "-'JU-1 ~ ....

I,Oi+., Elj~u

el, pm,p"ama, 'para obsen,M lo,s; :resuJmd,Di,: Anal,,su


'U 'I' -

~;>,

,51_0181e.,

Ai. .... A" 'I· d _C~I, ...iI1 dl' ...~ · d t ,~ 1'~.!U,am, vamos a 1~.d_5COIU' ,c_,CI'rC'UIID •..• I uetc~·ln[' .····0Dl'VCtoJ'I P08ItJ'>0 no ~nV~1i&or ee ,~a,Ir~G:U~ ra 2,'.."S(a)~Para,elle se o'\'tendm'm, JlM]~:i,gU!ie[D,'tel pm,eg, J se co I oen'lIl ,en :lia $ec'e:~o'n q,u~ les (;:0-

Copyriqhted material

'~;B"
I~ .• ~.

\.

iW1 U"'W' ,.:=~ G'''' l'


!I![.. ~ ", ."

"I,

' ... "


P' _ __.,

'Mf'li,~ ~;.IW-l,~;g

~~~, U',"[!II! _til .. ,'-"4,jIIi

11;tj;~, '!•••,......... i!'!I.U"u.~ iI._ ...

~""ii' ;~, ~y-: ~;


I
,

.;} -..1

,if.... liTii.ii ~u,_ .,u ...

~>,'VDC
r.;;

~>I'VSIN'
:>, GLO,R,Am..
',,"1

para ,+"" _,'V',Jl' . onda Hooida.l. ,eoIocI, scil


,~oAO(fI,

... ~,,-,,', ~'. ",III,I! --.;. l"iI!'i>!i;1lIi 'u-..o.1 -~


,

'""""I ~

'1,'1',.'1..:111)
llGU~'

tMSl

~!tl

SOURe.tlIJ,

~~~AI~N"D, 1~~U!!!'!l'._

.poJt.slb
pol1.slb

....... .,- li'\# ... ~'~~I~V-J

Ilen IItDldJl~ Go'IO(Ij eineD' iI!!j"'_ 'm ~ , r_J11I!! In.I...i

.....

IIb,

+'~

'iI:,,1

V: [!III
I~

ISV

'V -II
"
'

'Ii~'

".'11

.:

'I' 0
,V

-r Vo

,,~
,.

In}a.i~-~~

.. ~i.a,~ -

'~OOH ·

'lUIJUMlI sigUiclm:,

+V _: 15V
-'V ~ 15 V (observe la Orie,Dime,ilda de 'es1D 'menlc)1
K:i ./if.' 'y, :','
J

'1~~ -.'LI'1:I·

U '1_"

Copyrig,hted material

"-.". 3:-,n ir.

.AMPL =: a 10 V' ::l':> S.·,e.Attr· '=> 'ClPDPDlspla,' => Both RBlUtt',ud 'valu;e ·~'I.·Q·-II·. a 1-'00'··-,': 'H'~ Z- =.,>, :il.1I I ,.11oU" :=.> ~ DP N~'---;' -: Qi-·-,-'A·"~i""" iiill.., V ,,~~1I7 =.> D..... '1--'- me ·an val" '--"-" ~- ._RU'- .. ---I-d,:- '~" ue

·-v-o--·~ a O""V'~' w,8.VI:,,.ftr,·:enl ....", (" /:I:·r.!I"· =: .:_:\~ .:::::.>


LI["!R -""~ I .. '

'::::::iii;

1-'

1t"'L;Ro---·-.

H_

. '-I" ~1~ ~I ) esta. a,_:tC8C,iu,ij, 'IilOllesl necesan,o"m odr~'I,lfa:r' 'pan,ILa~~a,1 ~. c


fl ~;

Pl'oala. a'~'~i-cac16nH, desea ,o'blcner' una 115~ O!,Mica de .B~ 'V~ ~ V.... .n,funcl6n· del. t~e;m~l,t ~ t'"' I" F''15I' 's'i'miJar1:B 'I'll nw, se ;a~:ila len-, 'i:a '6~Qum. ~.5(.I:a Para 'taI,e[ecbm·. ·nrimeftl, es necesru:io .Ii _, , el 2 - .,1r.\\ . ~ , , . -"~ ~um8f' ... . , 1"' 1 .... "'"F,.,,_.......' . I '0 .,., valor de E~.,de V~a las, ·lenn"i'nailes·lnvefSOI8, Y' del salida del, amp~ifttcaclOl' oper.w;·lloDa]~ res .. :~Ii.'yamcm.e .. 1!1 Yoltx' de 'Vm $C, :muesua, CD.el d1asmma, 4i:'~1t;\ircl!liu)I.;, .Pam,les,le. paso se llace
¥' .I'f~.!",! .. '... .. ., .... .'. ,

'III eOIIJli:6n del '~~,ahlm,br-t.r punto qlO j,n,ta'-ISm. ,Y'SC ·~l1trOOtI." In 'edq !mla del en. la v enjtana. dlllCuadrol desp'lc,l;abl£~ :&., Ia filum '2..1:8;• :mucstra, 'I!Ind~a,pmna, 'l'cnni'lntdOI ,f Usto para .su.lbdlisjs~ Pm o'blenCl esUts; ,1~r,'rlCUt ahra 1_1pis. i= >. rlrobe ItkI.P "1' baga. c:~i~c en AUt:Dmdti: CQ:J'1:1 RIIM, ,Pmb" ,A/t,/r ISim'ul'ari'OI1:·(ejeeuI:al IIIIIDmiti camcO·R.!, maestreo a~:1'mlJ'i., · -~:-;, . a s.lma .8CL lit.. "1101' . -. " _ .. ~''h0I·B,cUe B,A el euadre Iq·. ap-',ar.cc.c' ue '. 110 de l-· ;-':·-~":-;]:--~.6-;-)::Laeao lahra.A,DIlI.SS =,>. -,"'If .. ;#'~ ~ -_ -_ -_. ' :_ ';·'I~lin:t·na InDSi~t·· ·(··"IP'Jn'ni'S-.'I't,ifI :)'" A-TUi'llece'""": u : n··· 0·, B.lU'''! ll_uUl~1 ue ado Des,JII--~""'_J .. raJ . r~l"J ·~:iK..l·'::;fI'DI:. Iq.· l ~ sid 0 se'~ecci;O'1 ..JIIii!II!_._. lh·_ .__ '._,._:_.' __
des
V,e-CCS,C'~~C I e,B
I 1

,.-*-;'"
- - ~.~

_.1:J!I '_.

._:

_-

.'UJU._~_·

... "-

IL_:

... ~l

[~~l"_'

_".

:l'\iCI; ."". .illl__ iI4i!'


l

:pue-!.Si haga cl.i.c en ·1'nInsitnt. !l £'O'litns,ttre .Prin't


~;J1i-m' L"In. ms, 'I10. _"~ .£'\I . 1~~ :plelos de una olda R"noidal de· ']00 H'I.;
.~;~~,.~I r f_f'~'~
~Hio,,,, Jl r""l1:~

at!, ('PUQ de ~.prcs-idn)como


m 1t:i'l!!lie-"~-m-"-1 ·~\ii"!io'b.. , er ~~~~~t;.~.i'".c' ,r',lv. ~ r" ,A
... " ~~~I, .....
,d'"

.=~ ... .,_t!l _

'('I.'·;iiit'ft;'iii.!I'V1·~II'jII ....iIi\ · '<""I~l~l!l~r-~ ~~II!~a1,'

~VI~_.

·-A rV

jitC,tj'IDI '\it.~IU,

._UI~

"~~

0 ,05, .ms ,Y ciclos eom1

."".

.•

[.!III!II!_-,,_,~

._ ,_. ' __

._. - _"_._

tS'V' .'.
~iiiii!

kAt.1 de IgJida 'll


:.:.__ •.•_-_-~_ 1 . _' :.

I_,.__ '

__

.l

l!).j[j.l

1,0'''1'
:V'

,iii]
I

01:' .;;;;"1 . ,~,

nv
1.1,_ . ~':

;c:. ".: '_,J ·V··'

....,ll~·.,.i!I· lllU 'y

~llJ."· '''.i1i' --t,C

~:"""""~_--=!:::====~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii~~====~"""
~

Os

'I .........;.. VB-a]

lill'\!imnliVi ,I. :1_1.,...,.,.

Copyriglhted material

Cj,uarrdc le,~,arcbivu oia,ndo_ ,,E.U, =,> ,!il, --- - l!Ii- In L.,;p;.~J~e,,,,,,Ai"!Ii ,i!i'i"III"'jijI~~n--' ieeao '1'1... , D,I ~ii!';;o;;O,···.:....:11...., la D,.,,_, DUe ~'a''Ve 11m", ,U;Uu ,""I.• .,1 , uc;; _ J~_ U'Cl IDa, rra de He,[f8_m:ie,l1iJ1u,., ,Aonq;1!le Ilsted puede, utll b.ar ,cualq:ui:er 'no • .bre. d~" tlIr-chiYo~ ,UC,IUfeSe dCI em~l£DJ 5'iemp~,rre l,a,6xtelslo'm SC:H,- P'um com'p'~'r()ba[' 'Ia.~coneeeiones del alamb-;=ado,- se e_rrea - ~~il"'------"-" -- "', ------ --------,., -1, ,__ S,,,, ,._, ~=.~' unal 'Iista, de :red.:~md·v.is ~'> ~~ - -- -~,HI'·', eU'ita",-, S~,,~lI..u,~ie~:ra-:·· .,:-I~;tlo[.-. I'"'~~ __U ,!i!lUO!!, -,--;---=- ,::---=-: '~:-', 1~,rea;l.a: - ~-~ ,0. -- ;/ IicIL..UiI... ... e ,""S u"-" :~I~'~lml'~'r""'.fI;---,~ a~,u ', 9f'ue:~e.r~!8
'li;l!! 'IW "'" ~,.J!!i;;lV_, IY "g,
,i. -," ~.~~,~~ ,-~-----',,' ' ,,',_ ',-_ ,,',,-, __ ',_,_11 ...

IIi.;i;

-.

,I

ILIi,'U,

~na ad:vert£nC:~D., n uti caso,~ batT'BcUe'e,n, O':I{'~ Bt):arecera...,. 'listu de -- la ub-~c-,~:6'11i.0lJ u'bt-:-, .., uno - --- ~- - --~- B -- -~~~ -~ -~-eJ= --~, -",~ ~~ . ... ._, - _.,I_.a;,C~_.1l!J _~ca cioI)M, d~~I~nof.- Si In}(j haw iCli'fO re... ,efl tireu ito' va c-slar4 111(,0~I~ ... eiecuter el nmo~ama de 81 .. -~iII . -~ .I ... , 5, II' ,., '--"-iI",-' -';.}----~~'--- f"~er--.--'.- :~:~ mlldscic!i:mt -- :Bs(e, _t'!'-naso ,H; U,e,~,a cabo nmdli,9nR,'• 01 "",'""" :=,>, ,1iIil ,·'n.aI\llCls: ~~Dnuhtte~ 'mea ~ ,_e ,la te -,-JI de; ant .., . a, , -.. .. . - - ~,iI!l~'0 ~ _,_l~~__ ~ ee~,a___ m'tooo abre:viado, PI'~. A'p:arece 'Ia ven,taoa de Ia pu':. '·01'8 d~ p.: rueha (,'II'~na"- 'pan~'ai,~IO i1'iHi!!!g' ~m'" P·.~·~a·:-,~.'" .. .)r. yU "~l~ or. haee ..' '!ijj.I!j' ,C,'IJ~II ~A~~~.ilii~c use :rn~ :;::;;:::J,:>~4II~1 IU'~I,P,IiIQi~'.".t;j..-:", bin-. "V,~:~[~'DIIi:]~ .. Y ~ r'Hr["1~fI :,.'i ~ll"~iiI\iil]_ ~l--:g-.:;[~I-IID.-' ~ u.a; ,nU,OMi b"-" _I , ,.G. '" 'T "ri.f I Ue. _0 ~;IIIi,il;ila
~.r . - •.. •.
I••. __ . _ •. _.. .1 .. :J _ •• I • l~ III .~ .• _ . [.1. ••• _ '~'.' ~ _~ o

<=

.~.

_~

...•

~I

.'

_ .~I'f'M_~I:::Jgl • ,-' '.~ ~

,_....

1'._

,. ~l

[__

.&n.i"""I,

I ..

~;~iI&i.'J'iIi

UI~

..'.'

,.."",

"'

••

~.

\;il

1!Loi'

!a,IIiiIi'J

....

Wi •.

A;iI'~I-P'lIII;, iiUiI 'Iii!!'

'O-' in; .~ ~a'lI ,d:"• .'I;o;""-t!"d···:iO Iii,'~'jV'" ~,L~U'aIDa'" ._'1!;!'~I!," __ ,


1_

Aiil:'" _ ~ ,~,,,,,",

~ina~[~I""f

'II~,,,, '~[,",ICI~~c'\I _. -,n,,,, ~ ~ c,n.rm· ~~' Aft ,I~

1,""~

,;!"ion-'d'__;A 'IIJ,;!'U __ '" ,_. v_ ' 'inl ii"!!ftm"'o


'_J

;eca, i!'!!~

'~'p.~';jji!-~',-' "~I-~- !I11g,SII Ai '~,-, C'~i'M'ii, iI!I, ~II'~""J a, en tB,

'r'

2~,.19..Para a 6.ad,ir'eti'q-luems ;1, la :ar$1CM .. use T:ft,!,'~~:':>' t ""_1, =:;.> TUI ~ a~rr«el,'un ellS_dfn0 ~ ~,~ J" ;~~' de~'Ie,xlo,. 'Ieclee el 'noM.t;re de, la, 'e. Uqueta que desee inc'iu:ir'e:ml'~a etilfica '1' 'lue,g:o hal,l IC~~C'en
O:K ~'U'!_~ee cd 1E',atoftl pam LnHrlu' I IIII~dq uera lei doede usted 'III desee ~ (I,pinl eI '01 SUllO' preeeIi i oimicuUl -pllf,a, todas las nuevas etio ueta;~ Para ;aiiadilf ~fletha~, Tao'ls; ~:> Ila:lHJ, ~:> use il,'~~-,:,:~-~~, C,-':F :--,~,:~'~~:-, ro.uillJ ~'~~d.·~ d!~]'1 exnemo de, 110.'0"1 eeha ;i'I'[I 01 'punt'o.,de iITIri~:in_ di,hu~I'·:chi, .,l~:~ 'y, ~Wl! . on a~l!ioi!JUagel -III",!.,- a_U~_gj ~,. __~ n~ '" _ ~ .. _ filicc''ba", H',31~~~aUe eon el b-ou5 n, illqu~eF.-do de I rallO~ll p'313, temJJ~i'll_ar IRe-abam, de' dib uj:JiIl' {ooa; oc ~ ~' ,Ia :necb a,
J

'i!lii

'J",," __

IV'

__ _

~~,'

l~'

"'"

I.

,I

1-

•• '"_

I .. :l:lnlLf'_", _/ .... _" .... llii' iii.. _ _," _ ~ . .;'

'0'·-,,8,--;D , E=-~J,',,~,n::~IC''-:'I'

·A··-',·.'~O,-:I:II·'~'~I~ ,. ',. rJ""·' VH1, a _.

''ql[~ if~~B'* , _:~ ,r.,.,~·~~tftA

L·,~-.;.~, I
t=

Copyrig,hted material

p'nRi8MS, --' -_Uil_-

"_"",,insnc-:iac, __ -iI""""""'i!lI\~_,_.'!IiI!

eon vv_

·U· '·. ,_ -- '8_ '- 11""'" I,~-

-··n···] -m"I-'~I'~~I'~I!'Ii'~-r IAnA~~~I·O,·I!"Ji'aI· --,"


'W1I"'''''''!!!I ...... ;\,L _-!III _

41

2-,1, ,W,gdiQ'6a d~ ,tQ.h~IlJ'ritJ .' I.io~'s d~ on. vfJ'ri_ab,lu In el: tf~mpD;, :85,'00 g"mielle IerVI'li5t:r de 'U.nl,osellosc~:io - d~, do11te canal 1It 'UD ~nemdor - de, f{nn.~lmteS Mta o'bsenw !as ,b I U~a5, d<11",~ll:~?>-, Dmfj~ - . ,.~ - 08Je - - - ''"'It'' - - - - ~- - ~ -J - e!r'" I. - --. ,-, -1"'de enff:Bdlo, "I ,s.KI'a, en f:Utndoo de1, liempo 'pan cuB.quia-a, de les 'CifiCUj~(![Sque se han e~pHcadO I~D el pr-.cnte Cap1itUbl~lo tnM recOiDeool b:le;:es (ODKW' 1'1Vo'llajf!' d'e: IDtr,ada ial cana'l A '0 n dmem 1. Ide I, osei'loscoJrio dO, m)'osl c.a"di CM.. V~ K: ICOmeaiIJ,81 emtll I,. Uulice ,sifmp" ,acoplanJwt:u'CJ. eQ l-4, pun de 10 cOfluano :00 'sabra,lili La ,salida IMUi"satur,ads.,
I I , I .1 ~ "

~~

,Ye'rJicidn, '.' ,lahom'fJ'I'iQ Idt ltu CQ-nJc",,£J,;i.CdJ '" W1i1'a.:;e d~ mltt,Ddai~'sslUltJ,.,B_1cOliltr-o~doe: 1-3 baser
A_ ~
l tiemntl. ,r""-·d...... nr,p.;I~~~Anl·~"''''~'''' ·'e'ne-[ , : Vl""'IiJI,~r. v Uli:lI.!'V II
11.1,

.c

l'lna·· 'U_li'l

'nn_III!~~I·~' '"",'" r-~~!!Ii.o _uu ti';:','l!i

'n"il-"7'" I,_"-:r''=ci':liil!' Ir!lll"iIjI, QI-WJl Mill

10IIII 'VII"II~'iij"'l1~ ,~ ... !!w!_, ~ u iRll.i!!"" ~

liIli'li OMIl_

11

.'"d':--ae-I!'" '~i'ln,",
_ , .. ~.!! ,~UIUj

,cj,ooIdc~vol_jt: de em";.,, mmtda~bh~:,pdcljea

Co,neete ,slempm :Ia murada ('Y,u1B1:de ~n~,~dilnll)

iB,

la G_nlr.,adl,~, .::11

Ct8CUOKIJP,IO 0 ,a}leje' horizuntat 'Ia YaDal'lle ~1n.dcpemdiM_I:e-~ ~ Iii, eje vertical '1,. :Ssla,ts una rece .. V
Ide' :in,pnim1a Cuud-o umOIlie la, ,aparic-i6n de' 'URI
C:-UrY8'CBl8li1!!dsti,c:aj,

:PIl8, venificarla. Tlmbiin en reste, elso emF,lce 1:]1 3coplanitiano f!n, ed para. 'los, ;am~:I;i,ficariorm ,x ~' , lpue! de ,~o oontr,Brio ~ vez v,isualice el runctDliiam1~[I!tQ de Ios cspacilores IQlI atO,pJ.amialto, ,de la mtmda 1de1Jo:scilw:lOf' y' no :PiWda 'ra; e1 fur.cHmaluiento dclla'Ftuitol• l En ,ei capItulo '•• t-IbIdhufn ;dgunu IpUcaeio,nu, 'mis, I,V,I_UMS_i .1, cD:rn,~(~, peAl antes,!
c:1osdl,Qs"oplo
;iMIi

como eonttlnr

"a, :slbc

~-.

;IIIi'II,~int:'~I.:lio. ",3" 1Iiii~ ~l~I·~.~) .~"'iI!

\j!,iIM'__ ft'Iinr;
'_'~I~:IH'Vi;l!

'11.0" q' U~I Ari [1._' I!~~~' '.~._ ~I~~ lIi~"

J!V'i,-H;r<_~:I'iI!' ft:.pll~T~'~""4ftJ":',~
!WVI::~~_.!'IUJ~I_~ I_~!II~,_.

_~JI_llllli_YlJ~

,A,_, ,¥ft!11~til tel

'¥~'~iJ':'_

d' ..

w.,~!MII:!I!

liI'l!"!II;n 'P"'J!'l~Ii't'!~+--1 - l~iA-,", 'y"'


,_,_"'III!~I~I'IiI[~

.,.1 lll~r-

xJbi'lidlad '111001nte un ampi'~I1cador o,peraclona1, , unas cumtu, :R.S-1-5~I&1ias. a .

:2-4t (.-) Cree eJ il'Wdelo, :P,S,i~: ,de :18 'Ogara 2..'[i , ejetule: la, ,simu'l,achSn (Sj'mu,fattr)_ Veri,fj,q,u'C 'los re,5U'UlldoSique lo'bttlll;a con, !os que, aparecen
(b)1 Clmbie ,e1
,.,~:

ell,

:Ia filtlr8 2..:1, 9.. ,

',oltaJe de refaielRi

Dil 11~p, la, ~!51 V

r' ejeeut-I S,imu_M"',!,


'11Ifri;,
I_U.J!

'Obt~nga, I_DU, gnU:ii-C>aJ I~

ttJJ

-,·~·s-·u"I!~':u'UlJl. _ -iII..1)..,.s·,
. _~l_ ~I

(1:;) hUeremnbie ~j :Y' \lid' ,en e1 'llode'lD PS pite~1 como ·5e 'mDeSO CI ,II, R,PI'I,a, l-'(b)~ Lil eve ,I ,cabo,
a r;J_.~~,IU~~.I~..I11 '__ , 'iIi!i,1'1ft:'W1i~'II'IIi",!,:i:~ ',,'.,- ''hqa-." .
'LI'

',..

"
'

-.

' ~'IiIj!i;~1 IW-I1-~Q!

1d"'::~;~1S _,_~:l~
I, "

~, ~

1!~, ,~~

'~~Il- "I-;ii,iii;~~: 11,1~~.__ JIrll.UU'I!Ji. ""-1.fi..,rlit'iW~~: ~-U~~-llrrR4I"'"

ti'~..,.:~h'~d,~',.4i"""U-IP . y ~·~UJ,g-._.v~

la '~';m"·_I'iil'iii"",I·.IC.~, .~.,~lI
I~J.J ... IY!

coo los :msul,wJos '~


""Iii
~'."..

obteDidos em ell,aOOmtorio ..
I " ....

'5- iD--l,,,.;............ e~ ICUt'Ul{g -I " - .. -", duuJi}~


_!(;;j
~Ji~~ Iii

.' "~' 1D",i'!jj '" , l.. A,,", [C.~'" " lIa 41l' D11Ira, ~',..; 'I 'co~~.a,,~Uua,,~ 'D£li IiJi0 ,f"~II\J'eG; ,D'"IlI~ 'II·_I pro,gr,enut oe ,SI mu_i-I" 'e ~ .~ '" ,..Ii' Z1,of;l; "r'~ Cnmpare' los rr:-esuj~ados pr,4ctiool dblmljdos en el eje-reitl0 de h.borUori,o, ~:t lcorll:Di :~I] umw d~

~,,,,,,~ .,

l .' ~'.

.!"

'

,';11:1."

"_.c ~ :&, iSh!l.lUlachJ,!;Ii~iI"l1iiA:, enneur lOIl~' IL'~~~ ;ro;ii"iii'li;~ji-'"'I·~ 1- -~

jj!!j;ftiIi,~

n'''-_,.aio~, FAlau--.~ ~.

'~n-. Ias
,1-g.."I!

N'lpA''';M;, ,1'''''':IiiElI,

UmJ~IJ,'di;JI!l;;;

~'L.ii·ail'liAiI!'ii"'~

~a-Ai'. 1'"-", iUr.i~~', iLl",; !L~"!

~~'IIi;;G!I-..I"!IIU~

ftiilll!'i

i;-llI',"" "'~~ii''''1 'U-t;l

.~. iIlli dii•1 H ~ Ilg, -!I~LlJW_:' __ u-'~,~::_!~~~,''''

i..c:.n com

'"'T' ... ~~~;oo."I~i:1 '-IJ~~~ ..,U~I~

orIl.ii;: ~

',..• UULII~ __ 1-;fiiL:- .... ftI;l'I]i~;nl'!J ~II,IIIiJI,~


u -~ -~

,~,:, , . u~

BI,-~· -,:-11~'Ire-I-,'i'to de:18 f]IQl'm -- 2..'- £011,-!J--- de: PSmee-~"~-' ,Rie,!ll 'V\teD£i6rm:tRJ,da, 10: 'k;!l, de ma1U'Ule e ~I IlL -- -- ,]C'~ ' . '1 '-~ --' ,a~udl -... ,ir.". r"'O;!'---, ~ :.. -:---, .'::: '''-'··-:-I'.!I", :'"'-,.]t;d ,__ ill amn_m"l,que e !!;I,t"'ISOr ,--,lif,-- en JF,. L~ .•\iiII,~.,'O' ;0··:-:--::-"-,--·-.;,-,1--. -:-:-_-i',_"~-(.~",,.--,-"-:-·~'-·I."'__' ~ 'l-,~,"'n;;."en ta"1,sa ·_1 de~1 ,~' eSI~ u .~~. ~"~' ·_gneae, 1I-l1iIln::Sllmr ~ carsa I!.iP Iii, " pificado.r loperaeioo~t, emell'., pam, \\~_I'" baga un R de la 'forma de I_I'OOd3 de: salida., (]1JIr,~ II' ~J,- -.,~,' _ ~,M~M oiI1\i"!i;'I"I;ro;ii..c:1'Ii ~n '-In-[I;; ~III],d,.., 1,·.'Flral" nolo ~ EI, lJuyu ,'I _~'~'i "':J"'I!Ioi:U'~',jIi;, !1"ld1hlUal:e~ !!Iw1Ul ..". __ ,_ .. .:n.!t",u'IiJ.!IUuil!l!i!'VlI_t lli,'~u_ ~~ u.;;, >!!U.N, -_~~:~'. ~

aooio,

cAl.... .. ,

1~,,...,.,'Iir;:~, ;i!'!i;, , ~ , "-I,'....

;iii- ';

itCH 1iI!!IoIi

,_VoII'

Ir ... ~.,.iI!l

~ r

~ 10--: g ,lr;' IM--1 A'~&--, iElIIL-·n..". _~~_~~,,_.


,_1._

:z..,I,~ Me~ioR ~;uI~i~o I~lfm.bl~~ b6Jh~D; • ~n I\,mplift.c""t ~rlCiQAal. ,tiI:~,1'_, ,'_, M'-'-"'~~1 ,.,.11 f,--;""Iio.~~Hi'~,~~'I-, 6M'!1ipl'-I~i~_~:~~~ ~.-,..... ,IUUW. ,AD' ~ if~, ". ,.~,A:]-_ ,~6i iI1UJi.iI,1Ii4IiI;n,,-, UEi _1.ltl'-iillUUli .. . B "II;. "Fl1 .1!'!I'1'~I~;j'I;;iII;A,""",, ~~~I·'~ ...ll ' "J!, A_I.~.~: ,t .. i I.'in' .,·.·~d;tH;I;lill ...~~_,"''''',''-,)-._. -lr:l-I~~autJ- .. '~~r~Il~-~-I" ,'~,~ [~, '_iLUJlIlll!!W", ~-., ¥_-J ~!J~~-.-"-V UUU' ~
!Wiliillll;o-JiUolAO 11Il! ,
-

"'II

am'

t, '

,~~

~l

'

~'Cllmes
:liu

50Jl

1M, 1iI,U. mero I,


~',;i'W;"~ ~~I

ili'!"A -'IM~.AiI'\l"IIl·~ 1i!!)U !!!,~,iJ!U'1i

a,.

~",!!!

JLUI i:WI&lua"

",~I,I:~'''',~

I.

Ilil:U

I'

":~-""~ _

l'~Ailii:l; Uu 0. t~iIi.",.!I.;iI!_" _J_IL~~,1 tetU tlinll coDe.S,pondientes iI, 1(11) 'hi, cnlrad'a, invmora: '(bi)1a entrada
~_-~:;!'!!;ft; ~

I.,''n ~_

"I_I:~gl

1..116 'I~',

\1U'-..lIjlIL ••

..

<iii:

U-· lam'p '~jb,h~... .ur Dplrac~OIil_'11- 7-:-:-4")- II ..-"', OOJ'IiKNliuu ,I, una.. ,~..__t . d- ='. ~ 11 C' V' ";",,,I ,iC,~ ','. 1 '~'tl i'i'·· . I-·if:::,............· '... - .. - ".. '.' - ·'-1\""..'1_. ,~r-__ son ,.os Ilm_,es ····.D, ""." ..• I~_n\el' 11.3,:" .es, de, o,peraei6n de ~I, lou.ulM1 de salida, cn, condie.OMS normalcs, enl nd ~i6n' con:: ,(all ,cit yo:~u)j_e de
~"i:iiAa'~ ~W_:_.U -, \Utb

11'.,)'

'i a [1_ ,I-~.


l

lii"'o-m,,~...
I,

1., ~"" ~~.!l1Iih ~

~iJIII i&~ __

i!q~;I;'A''''I'l' J

Copyriglhted material

,2-'1

Los, 005, I1m,pl:ifieadol}t:s de la fi,!1l-m Pl,,.,6 se :fa'brican en. ltD eneapsulado


cn

J.rnea: ,(.)

Im'U~,Ri las lemili'nalesr~ Cb:'1 cala.tte

E:~:(el

d!ob'tt de. '1,4,tcrrni.nailll·5,

CICW:.n]JC

'V~'"

...10 'V' ;
+,iI.~ ~'
'1111:-' "-iI'
,~.

:P.I:GUIIA, J12...6

21,7..

:81, hi, fi,P,fB,

P)..7' I!;,"f ,

mnelllJlc::

1(.)1 ~~, lCD,

:tUOOa-A ,de It,., Y (,b) mi. :funcio,DI de' '~~"

se apUca

1';1, 'CIlImd)a, (-,)

)" nfita ,I, la, cntrada

( + ) de un "41,. Trace' exaQa,"

+3. r' '

,~

,,

'[;';;'IIi\;";_~","""'L..;iiiiI!' I~ 'ii...... AAn-'A'iI!''''IR!i!iUitJi' 4'.....iIiiiI"'I~~''''''1 'Iii, .~~ 'U' '3l 1_·.-IUiI[IiiI_m'_WII~J 'IiIV_:_~_ ~!L~~' LIG- ~_I11['_'_~;[DUaIlll~ CI~ 1#-: "_
~I_, llil~ 'V t~ C,n" I.,,~~~ ". ~~U_IILR.~lmJ_l, ~ ~Ib,":i;~ ",,_:.t_ ~. I ,,".II~II I.IU__ 'lwiII!UJJI .

._~~[.

rr'~n'

de

[~'~I~fll- ~"J ;fl'-I'iI7Il!n ir'F"II ~ ue. ~ -Di~l~

_,1 ~ r~-',.. '?,":~\IIi


~l~

~a- '£I!4:~ P!rt!;1 I~.~I') ,;;[I"", 'I)' ~ eJ'iIJI;~1II! U~ ,\;.~ ,.·lil


_J

Ji.ll ~ .• Ii

-,ii'" .

6'En q(!J-e cntJa~ :51 eacctMd 'un


N'C;Ce5II!

'v.g,ltaJc &: 'R'ferrencbl, pMa ,btelet In, dCICdOIl' hl~CliSOr' de. :ni,yc],! un IcielKt.or' DO iDYerBm' '14,'~ :liIlvcl de volt~p:(a)1 ,e51tat:~,13, salida, en +- VM!, 'D ~ ~~ del
ilue., yade: ~nlre 0 ,.~." , ..

CltllilWI el yo~pje' [de SlIalJ est' po,r erm:iimadel: de 'refeR:I1Cla,?'~ (b)1 l,lcm ,que entrada se cot'Ir:C-m, ia

sdaJ," ~.J2. OJ '-I~.i ~-- ..::j'lbi~ ck ~~_,se~~-eun,vo_' ,:.!1I~ ~__ .. ~--

rnen~ac_i6n, IU, -. J 5 y~ Z.l3~, DieDe 'gn ',o1t~je,de, Nfaenci8 ,~jl_ltlbIJc,die 0' I

r.tf~M~D '--' ,~--

"

'!j,j' ,_ ;J'

S,~,"-'V'

SUN"m"'A q.·-eel I 'v,oltaie ir'-....u,o-. ,'''' _ . ,f._.:J. ..

KP~lIi'ro Ili", dCi -"D~" ~~~-~~ ._--

r.~c

50 mY. Obt'!!l~Gato

,* 'Ium lientc~Ide . ,15

V.,

Copyriglhted material

[p.n"m- ·s·r;a··-s e-jxp--'S' ·'ne~··-'-d-c~al" co·-. - "~n Un' _.. m,.~ ,ca,or ,_''.--'.. .. ~..-._.-. · 'n 8' ~~~'pJ''-if-"~"-. "d' oper-a(uon~ aI~I
-

..

._< "_'~_-~; '~~:

II

_.

,",

~__:._:___,_ _,~

'.

J'

... _._1_

.'

.,

I"

.-..-

.-.

,-

.-.

r··

.:.

43

+<.]1,,'

;£ '~~'

.~,

iE'" . i',h_~;;L.."=-, =e en :u.W~';;I'UUI _


,.

~~_.. llEli-ii

iI:~'~

',O" 'O'I:~iI]'~n~, ,~ J ._.::U.AK 1IJ'Ii1.'II,·, ~6-,


L1'_ ,~,~
~~,~,!"

.t:'" d~'··' e '''.,., ,Z_,lJ;'·,60 la '6m1tf~1'P2;r.. Ui D'~I~.~ ...


'_- ~ -_!Ii
'__

~!!iI!..-, .... ~

S.·tiil~t:ffi

fit ill 'i\iili!' '1'1:'

...,...;.~;"'\I!~l'lt~P"~lI!l-I'

'd~- ·O·,·V,'·,,' '~-,_

;~' ai,

"~r.I[~['V)" "i!'iri' ,..... ,,",~,~!!! ~


U~..:..~
C ,"

~i ;,cb:[l!oi1im-l'll\'l"C:-j 1181 ~A'''i''"a ,.;!Il~, -r') Q pRL,II!!i' __ a, ""!!i [1,·oiI., ~f"'",~ !Ij,11iI-t"G I, ',Bi',,!U11Ii;o ,~, . ',N

1!P.Ii',l,

'fU'-·ft.iI"'~I'~1 ".IoI!'¥UUI

'[mr'-'N':' ;;.,,1,=,'"
-

1 ••.••

~,

'_-_.~

.es -~Il3, nda t-~'~~illar La i1mn~itud,es -__. ~',!J'. ,+S 'V' 'U' ll, :frecut.ncla 1M de c ._ U.. -"..-,.... ~-"-+r .. -"-_-.~ ~.. .. l~'"'" ." [m: "'-Itqj'",ar;(,;,,~, RIC-" ~ amow· dC' - '... )" V"; ,~., -,~",'_, dc'" ":,L",__ ~~',_,,_' '\,f"'• 1IjO">!![' ,.,--,,~.~ ,=_:;,-n,, .. -. t", 1,';'; ',-iji' , 'III,[..- "-,'_ c:xactaDlit_~- -Uc-~--·-~~c- _'c~', If ai, , ~._'!!!! ,1 ,_, _ _U
,D ~
.... -~ .. _.
I~
"I

';,;'1'

1-'

";,,-.

~ ""["'-1"""11-[1[,-,".,:'

_1

,_

.',

I";

'fJb'"

_Co), '.1

1·"'·,

.....

de" ·,,.I~ ~,

1:1 'V
.lIi.
""["1

S- IiiV~
....

}~
~ nDDIA PJ.ltl

.....
['Ii 'ill

I.. '~LaS(JJuc~i6n*'llnmN~.n11ia ,," -,11 g' clmsinaa COliIiOmm'~~diw' :2.. ,': : -,',. _ r.·.·.I..
, '1:.1
r." _ "_,'

'DI~bQ"':eI C'~rucma de: un ciraUlO[ a.iJ~O \tWii\~;c:~ e: salida, se ',dJ)vcd, pOliti YO + ~~ ,CUIDOO :18,sed .... ,nlil de entmci! Icmce, el v,alar 45' 'y '9, direccioo ,D05iti,y[a~,
I~·I!IP.I ~ I" ~ ~ __ l

""I ':11:,0 l!ii!!-IIi.~'+.

no, .n~f;rsor?[ I··. :," 'Di"~klilil~'jIi: ~'iiil'i, lii"itiN'i!ti,Ii~iIi'i: I!""'t" ..... ~, ..... ~~ ... ;jI!- ~ _".. -~n,·t~ [~...a..'lii'ii'Il [;0;1~ ~J!.;~_"V il!1II_I.UiiI, '11I1-M'Ui!' ll'lielil!~ T ~.!".. ~ ~!II.IW.lUJi.l ]'81 ~liIIWJ'III d.".' ~jU,~ ~,.. ~ ,,~ ._ AM ...... UIAJ. it; ... ' --:4 V' 'La· . iII:!-I!~'d·'. dCbc:rl--_ ,-, ~Vl_. w- .. ~'" 1.- ~ •. '--4·~·· 'V' ~WII, UI g~III·[iI&iI. 1-"":, _1,llU41 ~
--l '_-,1

I".

II

..

1.',_ ..

_'~~.l
I
_J ~-~

<_,

in\!!lmol' '0'
I.

.'."_II,

.•

J"

.,,1,

__

l~

._

)~}¥

lW!._f.
.. _.

;ilM:t;U,riII ~g,,,.g l ~. _l._.

1&

[die ~

d..,..

IIiiI

,ll!Wi

I~¥

'!Ii

l!ll_~._._.

'....

'II!;~..:.

,_".

:""I,n:-~~\ni;,

~I

..

""'

,~

_'!I

2~20~ t& e1 IciftUito dc' la.50Iuci6n del, problema '_,'I,Ii:: (.)


1'" '_!IlL ~ """-.: po' !Ii_IU["-",, d~~n-r: , ~ :~~:,v.JI.r- : ,~1 ~'rIl;~';i!!i = r .1"i~'~1 IV~__V ~vJUI
Ii;;;
I _~
~J

[!jID detector'

blYersor

0, Iml iOlvC:r50r;

(b) In,

~I

!!U' ill

•...•.

. ~IJ'!I!!!Y,., '..

~t'l.iW'i7'

Copyriglhted material

_ A ...._l_ '. C'-"_PI~'TTULO'-"" 3-'


"i

,,'

_I

•••...

:.'11

Copy ngflted

It11 ag~

..
'.1

.Ditnd'H ._:'1: 'cdreuilO !Cf_ 'IIQIIBIl1l.pUfi~adl.1r :i:n;v)etl';'S£ur:\,' ,c;~dc1l!l1mr nKlJo~! I,Q~ Vlolmje n-espondj,enlGJ: ,a,u:n a· :sel~ de ,en1md:l, de~elluuhl da. a
mJ:•.

Y 'CjDn.i,en~e~i CD-

'.' ,D'il'buj:;u" le'~ ,d,'Ii'_:IJI,ii:(Il:) de; 'un


,rrie'I'Ues.
!iiI

:p]~:~'~I.c:ldo,'r :in",~,rs,Of'y :_'oJCtdll todos lo~, 'yol'n,~~,~y .':,0 .. niCi


"0.
-.' __

IG" !llllI._l[I~1!U i!,t!!Q'If" ....


iF....

'11!:ii, ~{. '~dliltJlg '.- .. ifl"OiiFiffFIill':i II~ _

'd - I nd'-!OI
..

," Mj

,.Jiiij! ~i,' '~.'. 1 iii'~I'i'~' U.~L~ ~i,g~f~

d' _::, li:,..!il~, .J1 !~.'_ u


!111__ ~~jg •
~ ~ g

I !lii~ I~

,t'i"l'!iriN!i...,ii'.IHi,...t,i,l!'11 '~'MJl~!W~I~lt~~_'~~_'

~Ii"i"i!riJ' i

,..ai-, U _'

~_JUig~!I!I"

-n° 'iii"mJII~..., .-gjJ~I.· ._. Id~' ! "'II~ ~ ,'- ~

'd'

~1'~ln-'-tN!IL

it!

[Im;pl.~fiel..dor i.D'~ef;jQr ie! ,110 in,'. ersor par.,HllcuBJJ]lqwicJ.1' :rC!;,.nna. d: '0'.111.<11. de:i'yo:haje' die e I.'trada.. , D'il'll'ltIJi;:'i!lilll'i un, ,!ltiiIL:·fi ..' n' i['I'''3D:~' ei ;d;d ~P;"I- I:""_~iI""'~II~n- -~~ :I,,..,'ii·,i'lIi'l'illlll"" ~ d~-Ip 1;I:II'n.'~d,J-1 '\ii' .d'r~'.lIl1s~__ u _ 'd-.qlrllo
_ 11J.!Ii!!r~JIl-~ .. :1liIJ

,00i.... . !~ltIb.'.1Ir',1l1L

If"ig.A.RiIl" llIl p, ~ !~IL~.ru,1I1 'j!IUI ~

,;i;j! ~,~[~

a}IIL~I_~.II~1gj1

-_U]

IP"~

~l,

'lI'tol:ll;ll' '!':II IV.., IL~ ~lltl~,~lg

.' !!iF.' W

U UJ_".

j~'

IU_."

1'-'_DIDC;j ~ ~,
• CODsb1lk
'. Crear.
'DD :SDmadOf' lDVC:r-SOr 0 dO inVCnUlf
1

, UD 'out; .''~'~;adDr' :;uld'io" Ide'

'. Uitii.lll'i.m.r unl :~:=lIJldQ:r dJ.~)ohp!l:: par,p, crew 'UDI, :1U:'n~e:~d -a~,de _'D,naje~
UII, VQ~lt~jede'

• Afi!i1di,r

U'1iJ1

wo)tai~de :re'F~rencia po-,:hi[,o., vululJj'e, de ,d.e:s:viac:iI6'm, de ~-d [Ill VD:~'llaj- de uma, seil,a", de CI"
-ldll
1

'0 -',S31]VO ,9, 'puur'- e 'lUll

44

CopYIlQh ad mat rial

• AID'li'Dr
I 1. __ -_-_ _ ' __

CifClUI'IOS, ·---,r,-~~-IIIili.uu lilll·_ am.nUi4?:~:iii~IO-[A~. ~ft'V~'ft';iif!i;tl'fiI'III~ '~~I Ul~"~ ,~= ~~ 'U ·_Jll _ :~I[.j_Aj~lUy 'p~-S~;n;i~~, '\I' ,11~'\jI~r·~;fi'rolj!!!I[!i' 11[ltj:]~l""7;~'jIIAln JI I1IY I Flll~~
__ ' _•__ I _-_ _ 1 ~~ ~~"/~~I I1

~l.

f _'.-

rJI-

s-t.~.[~:n·~4.,iIft""",t~'ftl 1
f _,lfUUU-I.f,!Iir.-IUVf.'t',
l~

HI e-ire IJIho de hI .fi.ia~ur.a.3,..,:[ (!L


L!,

de ~OSI8DltilUli,cadole5 o~r,ae,ion.ales, mas uti I izados, Sc· traLa de un ~ amn U'liC,adClli" cgva e!t'!lt"i~ ',' "'~-en 'lam [Ce:lifad!ol ,de5dc~~!I a V,!!'f cst' d.e,H'm'.do [r' " R . 'u R' nnancia IfI.l!1Ir ''J ,} ~.' , '._", '-~ ~ --"~[J',-~~ '., '-,' _' '~' ,,' Ii.· -- " ,-,--,-" '-' 'Pucdel amJPIJificar sen.ale 51de CD 0 cd., .Pam enteRder :IU, tUDt,iOI8mle"n (0 51: L'~Wi1ie~ e ~!a~1 des pred :.!" _ ~ Isas rca'l:i'stas de simpUfieac~i6A, que sc P,fo.pusieron, en el cOl,pilulo ~2.~ •
IUIO
~. ~

,~'~~'_~ ~1~1faj,~"~."': liD.... .p,J.r~d',,',·o'~,_ :"-[ .. ~~~_ ".:..,~.ll'I!iID: _ I',~. .•.. U.. __ . . . .. _' III u,'.U·au-1IIf ,.,~~~~ •
~ ,I ..~.
.1"
I .'

l.l

I.

.,Ir"IDJ!' _UIl8'

'f1I' Bln'l ~la ,Jol. _'.


, .. _. l.IJ _'

.i;~:~ -'[ .. ,riB; UJI,LUlI.:J! .. ' ~

,1'

ian'~:~~a~ 't.iIO"II~'~ Ir~~-·.lIIki. T''U £i:. 'nm'" ,m, '~~'~IA, ~~I ]3'1 '-r.D;r;~ihilli11'i"",i.a I UILtI nn~~;~,i'U:~..~ [r~lj ~I_!I U _. iI~1ii' ~', "~Jf'" __ IY!U_ lU U.U __I v...-:J!&_~~ •• l... 'W
l!liin'~'~, [!':Ii

1; _ _

I _ .""

:d'~'~Jili;'i'iIi"'·v......'a; ; .
'U 1r!1i!!lL~.~!Ii ..
""

Wi.lIIY !tlUlUI!I

·R,·::_~ .~

'~'I P- _"_

13

( ........ om Jflifiendor' opaaeionBl" ,St Ga, :IeUlJBli.,en~nciDn nelam va metUant-e: ~~,reJ del ;ifj:·I~.S-'~;dli!lic-il~ ·R~;··· ~~~I ~ ;jf!i·8-11I!:~1 'p.~Ii" I .,:tirrn'i.. ~ ~"r~._,.. [I'T Do 'v~'I~[itflji;ti, las .1!Iitrada.s ~(+")'.'t!!' .(.:.... I ~ ~__~1:uu~A'1 10"v~ lo "" ..
C Bltmda
_~_fljl

y l~"W

~1 ~ III ~

IiIWiJ! ~I~.·.

;;iii .... '

-.

__

,"

.~.

'::J

...

~";

IJ!!I

L~'~"

.iN_.

g.

~. ~

I.

VI!

~,!!ii!l1~~',j!'~I.til
g

!IIl~

__

Copyriglhted material

46
e1 vobajc, 'por' ,llf~"~ .: 'V'~I
f

Caplftulo 3

r-,
..,.
.

~
." =

'"1' ~ ~'--,-.' I!!i-N

11100' ·1L.n

'T'

~'ul ':/.

v~'~ .
,

':Ji ;;:A

),..Por esm ~n (-.......


~ _ _ _ __ __ _

'l11a-~ .~ ... ~ ~u~

II!..i~J!Ul~-.

~~'I~"'~a'··,(,:'_')'. 'dI'H'i:bij...ln .. ~!lal 'a-. ,n ~ ·e"·IZ'_'II,.c' , . l'041~jl:~llll ..~~lI_~ U


_ _ ~_

v. .d~
?ttl

.. -1IiiiI

I,.,

l~le :.;Ii~~~: .""u·,"c-.' q l~~, ~n~,......JI ... (;'....... 1.::-:-1U-I!L t·,:~,~~, )." e5 1I,~ili'fiia:-', ll!iiu,a 'VII,r I.UQ,,! ~':'~:'li_, i,,'I!_ U_1I!p.1Ij,;i '._ "Wi '\,oiIU'W!,DUal.. '.
='

ml~-Alnj 'q: i~A. I. '_,U\Ju " !IiI~


I

,e:_1 ·po-":.'[-'iiI!II~D··";'~·a'':1' ,I -,'.,'~ _


..
1 ,.

W,IL __ ,

,d';JII1Ur~IIIJ'''1 1;j!j;if1'~i,;t n .~:ili!Ji''''''I'',~1 e _~ ~-~"., ~_~

"'1.tIIl'~n-,-,~~.J11!li1 g,~ ..
1~AUUll

'Ya
___

I 'fll'lJC·
'~J'--'-

en

'unl 'C!f""iIlre;mo.V ·A·_~·


'

de
_'_

R··'.'"! li!I'ii.":jhi, li.'Ii;. ,II! ~'\., ~ M; [~~

V ,;iii,11 MY ~ ~I O:··'iii'~,'o P~
'0

0 'v, -IUiI ca{rln 'd:':,jIi; .. nor .. ."w. v\A'-I'IB-i'~~ _.~ ,I~'_


_l
I

'_!Ii

._W _...__ rUM

_._~j!Jwl

ComCiOil-e l a travcs

de ,Bi se detcnIlj~na,por' 'Uledio de la

b~yde Ohm_:

R". ,. !IIi!:~ '_-"_11' ,~!I!'.~. iCr.11iil '1':lLi.ll1


~

1(',~'!Ila,l. " . 11.!li;)'

'~ci6,n 3-S~2.
·_M

R". ,i.l'lc'luy'c la res~-sleDCia,del, ,g'ICR,CradOt' dc, sc"iiat. 'B's.:tc pLln:~gse, '£c,;pone C:O']I, 'mb; d-citB_nC '0:0 'Ia

da p,~ 'Ia ~,,~~"I"i!!i D~ dei en 'i'md'a '(''" .,), Obs.... ,[lII'U"~ 1- t:'""m:·--:·'lI!n~-'t~;iJiIi! ,_ rvn, ~ l_.'-f- f!I1 Ri~ :por s; ,IW' par RJ~V~'Or el ,amp]Uic'ador ,opu,Kbl:,'DaJ., y
_-:-V!li
l!. __

'liooa la coniertte· de ctltnlda. J Ruye por' Rp, ,ya ,title


~!IIJ[lht~~_ !II~I _• _ __ . _.. __ dL.!l , ~l
l~ll ""."

UDill.canddad
'I~W

desprecci able es utili za ..


ln/~~l

.M

~Vlo<l

..

iI;tl;

',._:~Ml p', ![I;'!'l',n; 'nor' fIF'W.!'

,ZJ.1I,j];,i!'tf;·~ ,d:-.wlL~II~lj.~llr·~1 ~t;1~'~.4r-1 Inn'f'

.~

:U' eMda de, ¥o,ltaje, a rtravas: de, ,~t s ,se:rwjllamenlc " (RI:)\~0 e E'
"R'~ V ''f . .......,~ ..... R'"{" ~' 'I " ,.. --

iiiiiiiiii.Jo;

,-:i1 "'f>-

R",I, ,_, :1

R"-'
=

~I,.

(l,.,,~.b)
,c'.

I," ~,'''''A,.... ,"f -~ - '. ..j-, '~.~,,-"-,, . .· .. ·ti,.c:,-". ',<~-..:I.. "",,,08l0 " -~'--ticjiil-'se mUMu.8, el, ra '~,--- 'I ''"1' .'11 It. ~Ir.' "-"1'·' remo I~ R~·) ,'I uno'-"'1uc ,13 cuga. ,R','f. eS[iJn c:o.necliilU,QS,;. ,uS,UTa,,~..,I, un e,x, 'F~I -ttn':!"- d' .. ·-·t.. · _-_ In, - liii~i;---. 1Lf 'L"0:8 0U'10S' e,,-_.. , -,. . d' R"" ':1 ,"1.' R" ~tes~CI~,COfrlCC:wuU:i g, ,po. ,,- .,. X!lremos,_,c ,.01.,p~ V(hutJe •ae esre :PUOw :8, uerra res ",~, ~. .. f-' .......• ,... [h!i:Ii'Ii't'i>~1Ol~ .t"~I'e-~ 'I");t!ir·1 i"!Iil ,~,(i''''I',O I!. -;~ . -_I ·a-. '~l!- .(. I 'v'o-;'.~ ~ 'II . "u-=ae~t '" . ,I~J!~ 'l1- ~~~-'~ 't' 'Wi ~ de R't~, n~~, ebteae., 'IJ_:a~' Ip-n,ll'~~ ti"iji., ,f' "" ~¥!II~II!"1 .MJ . _... 1111.!IiI. rU-J1I . U I, lu ¥IO"'" .IID _.~'. . uJ 1M ~ J Cilia tAl 'Ul . ",..,
~-~
_I·

de V' ,o~,Ye que II.) extre·'.,m·· ,~zqUCJ.IUO .R-',Ii es.... ,. poIe n CJ;!J!!I, ll~rra., '-L'-' dCl ·'L_ ....,'.-· - -u .. ,~ __~O ~"... ';'..~.- ,..,I.... ., ·.itA: ., -- -- ,-,;,..t~- ,..I I oe ,:-ill, 'lJ1!:CCb;dl'uC.. ~I~a ~iA.-i-·*'iI~'a, a.c't-nk1i;;ili;!'!!i~d .... ·P n.o.¥ C'UI"iL ,.en ,,,",, ""'~a!~U,h.i",I,ua,.... :I:!~ 0·.'-b,llti'iJ'~ ft, 'q.1~ .el , wAU· .1111,0 U'!Ioi\II _' 'd~iC,. ~'f .sc, '1oj~I'~' ji".J;, . lll,elll_u," o~CVI, ,lu ",D,., ,r:'~,' ._,J!.I!~(. ; . ,uC e: .tjilf'''e~i['ftic, derecho ec:, "u.ell."P'a 'tanto, V-,-IM'11eIaDW1(} £Dm1do B, es posi'f¥(l Ahara, ~gualando 1/'- con 11_ 'Y agre'BI'ndo un :sig~o que se cDn~je~ ~Dm;~ativ~ H,. ~e~~ ~id;o"il liell£
..:II ....... y,uu, ~'-C:'0
_r. ....,~~_--.--_~ L-. ",
_. I 1 I

"It_,..... '.

IU,lgjl

Ii.

'lJI,

··'liI'!'

s,."

,'~'I

R"

"-,

iiiIii

.. -t':j~:i'

~iii"Ii.

~;i~oparai_icar
.• ,

Vi)

1,01

~I-

'-1'" 5,.sule-lil .. ,: e
-"

~aai~

Copyriqhtod material

n:1~ifi". ~.U!Ui, a~. ._, Am'.··,,- ..;~<!"!ii;""~-'s' [.·n· rJ_I


._I 1_

.'I'!!Iii!II,I·gvnlii!!"

~U!liiH!!J;~"~,

\I' .~
"

·i·I"H.lI's- f'C!,o' ·pas·, 'I'II'WII UiJI~1


.U,." _

'g _'

47
'_:,'-

-"

- . .'

, _.

y-:= ...... ,BrL


~ !lD ''''li

. ,RjI

11'']1 '"1 -

tJ)""',iit.Hi

'Ii.

S",,~:~_:_':-,=<~rr__ n,v. uv carga. ,.. '1.18. , ....,t~A 'J 3 Ca' lit . .._.... . . .' " , J: . "

""UCI
I ~Q' I
'.

._ I!Jiiiii2i

..

'

+ It.
I. .• ,iil

'D::= -,ifft .,J.IIO..' '~~'~1 . ~I ....,PI ti.'P,,1,

'~'n--,'~'I:!fj; ....';AIjli, 1:. I('c~l -"T~~ A·:·',p..t.: .' ." .I ..


~·U"'ltU.,~

I~O'1!ii1

~ .. IJ,I

'Iia :fi""'Oll'iir:gl, ?;....,t, . ~'l~:e',nd"'O:-'-1 lUi I.Df~~ ~ ']- i:I! .. I~ -_. ,R;~

1·'OO:~II kO ..-~! . _. ~~liI!~. ··1 =: '..._._....~ R:"", :::=:1 :1-0' j't"o!


.

~' ,'~
~Jl

'~

l V" ·C·.·.nlc·:u'ie: i~a,'1 in), 'V-~ I'..


-.--.. -~-~'~l~

-111 ~-

..

'(.Iii

SoIud6a, (a)

PiOf' medio

de '~aecuac:idn 1(3-,18): l'~'~ E R> " "!l


';::::::j"

~0 leD . ... ..
:

iV

._'~' .. :,~

O~l mA - -- ~-

( ' " .~ ..Ib:\ '~,

J:;lJi1 ~1I-1 ........ ,l!J~l•. ~'1oiii,~"li,~~ ftJ"!'~I='~''''' ,.£m,. 19j,~· , \1.J

.Ill' ' ' 1)1 =. ...... X ,Hi "Il~"


: r·.:1 '
I

=.

' ' 1100. '''kR '1- V);' '-'' ..':.'..'(.


'II ~

IU
_',.' l~'

._1_
1l...0···
1 .-.···,

'=::::i

"]-_110 ..
-

V'

"', 1

'

••.•

J'

- ),'" 'Co' el--.Il:-::


.'.... .
I

'I

, .'

. ,'.", , ~ b-.... cU.a eeU_IiCI"nl.-'(""3" .'....'~ (l·cncmos" :2",'b-') '-bt- - -- ~-.ase, .. - 1- .... t: . -~ ~6'"I ,'__: .' "

I',

,._

ti

',;iii "

,.,

," ':

,Act:..'=
--~

,~

'0:-,"8' l~itI;._.

Vd~;C;1f!i;~1I' I~;rita'- ' r--5--:NI~fiii _."'-lLll~_I\i;-~J !IIr.~' !I!l~-',r'~"-~'"

·QIW u· ..

~dl

.n;b~tl:~a.'n-- 1¥~l A'IIiiN"i'~I'-'t!Jili'" .1!i1 Y. ~ ••:_'I-~


,A,r.i1i~"cl, __ .
~.!b!

l'~~ __

'!!£R'~=
,'.. ', '. \~

1,'

,~" '1il tn' =


IOO'1d)
II'
._.'

i.' -_:__

:-'

-<i. 0

,--1IL~.: ~+i~':~'~' ~[~!I~ ~,,~ ~lll~~,~

11

'~, p.-' ....

~'.

Ij,~.

'~'~,O'V. :=: ,-10 -~

'V'

'B: -_m,-_: 0' ,".__' pi ~2'


u .....je"

Copyrlqhted material

148
'col'· ..· _,"~' ~" .',IOe.lUI
.. ~ _, . - ,Ii:.;,

11 I "_,, D'
,jI11

-'

, .... ,

,-

UJ'V
--

,n,':"

'i'l C
£.';;}I

., -'.....U' .. m-I·'-'C.·,. 't..,n-··I'-'-·' ._" '.. '- ,,' __ =


I

ifi;

.. 4 . "1\-'

,~

"

too 5;, :1:0 :mA,,,

81 valor".ki mo de ,I.., ~odculoe: e~, m'~U~Heador' a LF-' ~

Gn la '6 ~ura 3,..:2. =__


_!!Jl"C ---' ,-~,
[1

SC~:m'I!1e;Slr,9 un "-- , .. - -"-' -,


••

,"

'via ital~e'D£IDi,3'li -YO· Ii".. __ 1_'-0--"


co, ,:_,-

Ii;

,jilt

,8In'l icade 11:


0 '

,ii'iIl!!! ~"'Id;!I"iir'cn~,.. 'T~d;i\'i'oii!i'-I:O~~l -1iiI;!"!'iIP'-~~ 'n';, ~, ll~1J111'" ~1l'aU.dl;:&., [l/"'~u'"" !J!i rlJ~ ~ =_ ~~~lkO
• •• f. ~ . "_" .••.•...•. _.. --"_" .~. ~ •• ~!! ••• ~ ~

'U' '11'i!Ii;,r'
~.
I~_~

~oIi'l;II'III~~,'·I':n.~iI!i;_~.j~~!ULi{.IJ.i, VI:I~IO

I.I!tii

IlllIti~'~zandoLa tinica, di'[crencin, entm ~DS c' IlU:a_~".3.. l ,~- es fi'~ :1 ',_ ·,2
~!:J __ ~ -~--

,¥U11~liL-O ia polan ~:d" ' 3"y. uv.,l.vOu~Je_£ efhi.lIJ~l,lIa., lUi! se In'_U.~I,d~' u_I_I"tC~~,un ." --:j ..·..--·d-· -~ '1--, .-.--:--1--, ,... ,...:iI II" ".'~'~'B"' '. de -iti""""~ -1:" ., ;~--v-~-~·dil. {J" -- O::'!i'!I~I' - ~'
-

'~ ~a5'~ohwdados. Ide; vo'itaje •.,Ali M,D la saUd a, del W'Dp'li ircoor(j,[' se b ar.-a, pOSi'l lva lJl' If' ~
~tliill~~'~ ''''lUV~J

vaI 'n·~!CIIP[·t~;' v~ '\!!~i'


.. !II_t¥~~ '- .

'B'-' yoJ-' ,-,-,,-~l~··f


, • -"_ ."

1"-

--::'."

11-

GSI

"i,u3JI1 il 'Vj;
'\,

,'~.

\',,' ~

P,IIGl,DRA ],..,2 Vb-Itaj e negati YO, ~_pUca-do laJ hi ~I}I1f:~:ula (~) de un [nDp,~ ~~i ~ cal'" dol" inv.er,sol;,

Copyrig,hted material

Arn~ljfi~d~Mes., invftr~~~ ':'"-, .'"""~ '.~' Y no nlver,sorss


. '. " "~" '. ~ ~ViI"'" " ~_ ~~V~I~'Viil!
""I

4~9'-"
,'
' \ ....

''''"''.I'IL Swue.uDJ

I
[

~.IV'~ I ')(~ RJ" =


(".5' ~ 1\1.r-~ .. ifI"')I'(~'l ... I,._'.,y :.~.~~ 'L ._,'

~·O, :0:11)":=' ~ :2· c, 'V .,' '~~~I;J.


l~~ll_'l" -e-

'~I'"I" .~'~ ,...yc.mp.o ,~- ~,


AA:. -~--~-'I'" ,;;J"".:J'j1 .··.. 11·,'i" '('" R"", .".'. ,_,·>,-J~.allte ,_,os,,",Blares, I~I eJem,pJ) ~ '1i! IC3JrCI.!tG",8:,';), ~,i. para, una, ,''C' "1 "~~'~'"~I'liI"Iil M·'I-,.;i<: ." I ~--111-~~"'" comeate ;::"',~,'d.'~' '-II~~II"'I ~:I ("",,"'),I.a, ICSlsleQC10 ,C,.".''i,- -~--:"',--,.""1: ellU'auu IUe," cu:el!UIO~,
"I'" .. ~.
.r .. {. ',"~' "~-"':I'"

d~"~'C'-""1
l,"e.

'd: carlO, oe ,.., -A'"" tL')" • m~-~I~' ,UI '

J', .. ~tl' I~'

'1

~-. (··;b~I.,), r;. ~"~'I;,.~.~ ~ em, ","'aD : aBe,


I: ~'/

'I.a,CCi!!lJlC.l!i,..l Iil,. (:'" 3"')" ,'I e, eJem ,0


~~-c ~ ~-:~I .' ,.] -,~ -

I . ~-,

• ~.

PIIiO :~' a, =
I,!IIIIIII

-II

.]., '"l,.,

" ill!

,_, .I'"~ 'w' .JIL, l~.'·

l!~,I';oJ

.'11'1...-

Ii ~

.,

'0" ""0:' "5": 1~I_Ln - oil, ". \"


,'!ll

--',.

'i

~l

+ "'1
r-'

'~l

-"

'il'iii;,A,:"". ~.I~',.. ,..... ,


-_ •• ~
~J

'2:', .u[~ _, A, ~c lIJJ~U-IJ


_.. ~--

...~ , a ".~t,-:.",:::~'a, ~'".~~:- " , ), .• (~c, 'L"- ,reSlSlW,IIJCI ,ue e.OU,IIU!, d '-:1' ,.1::
,,".,.!IIf~

E~ es R'~" 10 :tn..,Ell. :Ia SecCi,dl, ~Ii - - - ~,~ -~ iir"A~spondien.t-e asf como 'los 'msultado~ ,o~.'nldt~; lea la simu3 1 1 anarece _ ...'.'"'3"'_' "',.IPU ~-~~~I"~~ 'm~oIIIIi'I~,'p~'S·,·"·"P;Ji"';~ ... lJlJ~.v.,.~ ~I'" ' ._.tI'._ .... -. . ....
~·1~,11'Ii.~~1~1 ",,1i1IJ!i;;oUiI,!Ii.!U,t

:"l' u

la

,illliii!ail"IJ~

~~l;:~I~n'i"!'~'a··. ve n'1~~' .. "",I_ "1,I1i11!~


_"_' __
r. _._ .•

~V,!II!,,',~-,

..,-,-,\---~,-----,"_,=

"'-'_'II!

•••

---

lacl6n",

..

,E'D la, :6"lum, 3... (,3) se mU,ISim IU :sef'liail de lea de ¥oltajc ,£~ ieada a ~~entr.ada hr¥C[s(J~tl a ,3 :apl ~ti"GI~.Lijj 11jii;,DI,,~ 'p~~~[ 'Im""dl~I'~, ,A~I ~ 1"~·lO~·. noS;t~;'y\A i1:i":I'~J, 'no'~lu~~,~..,.1!e;f!i14":,,,:I·_uJ~~~ v' lLD'~ .d~·I~'-[~""'~lc'f'!i;ll-:-'~'~ d~ I'IA''''~ U'I!!!' ~IJ, ~rPiir.11 . F-~ ~,~ e1!R.a Ir'!lil!'I-t-U11UtlQ! .. Qe., Vft'II.""'I:t~ ,; ,I~ __ ~W-~~"1 U_, .. IiiJi;·nlili; I'll] n.;i;·'.""J)iI1i; las nii'ii. r:r .. ....c ,e.g"'~.,.-l! 1 ....:c, 'I"n~&ii:iiili!iigli' €lin., ..n .[oj, ,t::"111~ ':-.~: 'I' 1D-""';iIj;, ". I~''-m~-:-.... ~j'o-:-·· i'!';'c,"'llo-:-'",' :ne-u'[~U!_,_.' . n~l '\.-1'n1I -nJ:j';ii;, lll~~' t-.r-'~~ ;Jl~ ,.~.l._lI_~IHIJ_I'a.-J! ;, 11~1=IU_.llgl 3 • raJ a 'e-:' l:U_iII· ..·: ....,~...:;.1. vI. '~I- "d- A':· 1--". d'~'~' ".-" .. 'II~ i:,~ ~: ' ' 1_,an·:__Ques., ,1$,." 'IrI(C~OIi1,M ,)4 c~ nlC:I ... :5'0:1,'II' ~. nn~.milS que' en Ja,~l,lrdra ~...2s: .IL~' ~,i··.rma,l.e. on UG -0 ~ ii're dlS, nis .. ". - ··.8,"0 ~- d' .'"'.",~

"l,~~.l .._'
-il

V.

~t.

!I;:I!

~l

_1I!i!I' ~y;

;i""~_

I_;

I~.

~Il_~,~~l

~1Ii!i

I~IL.

II.Rl

•~

1,

!..

'''[1.

Ul. ~ll

'.

B~f¥~

n.

Co

1-·

.".

da de 'II, _tid_! es 1,9, ne;,ga1i"'v,.,(0, "l8~' fuera '. fase) Ide hi, alii cia de en:trada~oomo se .nU~~b:'a

Copyriqhted material

en la. figura 3... ,3(b)~Esta esI' leuaodo EJ es '~siHvQ ...'V~,es mert'a.t'i'YiO~v vieeversa Las, ecuaif~iio- .: r-~ II!' ~ 10- -- nes dcdut;idas: en la, Keejon :I... .2, so:n apli cables 9. ~a figl8a, 3... :Juva 'yoltajes de ~D4 ~ 3,
-. Ii
IF,,;}' l ._. . "_" _. .~ ." .__ .. _ ~". ,"

+I!J

II

C"V' '>

,3
(',,

I. ,

_. r

J'I~ ~',- ..,_"" .. " . ,_ - b) ,It ~, '1 ... en Uoii&llil CIi, ,en H; §1~n;lil.ca,r---IJ ~,'"i!'iI, .....1I1Ir - - - --- nn" 1'

E~,9, :[iUl!let6n

- dc,'

'>0.

A)' iD' '.iioil~"1 _ " CI. ", '"";1-'-:QKOPUl','. " •.-; _* lIS, il"'iIIiI!iiIII_m, m ~ 0$Cj
.a"",
:ii' ~,-, .JL... ct'.I ,_, UII:! ~" '1[;I!!Ii':. "';!!;Ii "'"'II

f~t_"I~.A:ft;,4!iOI>, '"",,. '!W_11!!i.O Uu. iU""

:iC' , , , u.;; ~,~


,~oiIi;

en fl"i'" ..,IiIM

__

P,I:CU,RA, ,~3
de
l

:m ~irCi1lilO ,ampli.ft~r
;i!'l;8" Iii' 'U'_;IJ_I",~_IiIiIi_lIW_W]IIIII~ RI ,rtA~~!ii'i.i'!t i!i "':.
. '.. "'. __
I . .. _. , _.

~:IHIU,'"

;iI!iol!!i;iI; .....

;;t"" ,..I]... !llMiii'~_.. _ .

...i'....
"..

- L,\ -'.£il
__ .

hl.v~[SO,r en ei CUOI (:3)' liene uaa ~al. '~'...... lanl''''~~III;~' 4!!in ,f,"ililli!ilo;iio;;,,c,. de'l Iriem1'V1 ~ ,~al~~~ ~-~, ,1,~II~;~y,~_~,I--:_"_~:__.-_~-~_~f-"~' ""d ~
_ I • _ _ I l .. , , , _ , .•. _ • _ \ '.' _. __ ~ l _'

,m (~b)-I' 10 camc.dscic'8 '. ,ml1!ada"Juiida 'ie: mUMIUlien fc), , Observe \ que la, pemJialC: de V~en, :funddn, d~'HI. eQ (c) eO~$po:ndei a, ] a g;m;mcia, lell ci rom'
•• _.

-U"_~i:iiII,Silll'l _~UJ 1iII_1

N.ll·'iIi"""
~_g~1Y

~*.lf'I;
~:ll;

ilUul ~[(it, :.~_~~·IIi'«nr.-~IUW.l~IY-!!!!-~~~,'~ I

Ai

(:.;iI;i!Ii.'I!i,~i,.c:... ;I!,,,,,;iI;1"fiIIMI

'111 ,J'~l
,,~'

~[JJ.I.,

,Saluciin.

Com base en ~a,ecuac16,[i, (3-2'0):.

Aa= _~=,~~k~
_~~

10 k&,)

- -2

Copyriglhted

material

.Am,_p_'.FWaIUUres-, '":---.-.-, .'------ y [IiiIO iInv"SlSOres -,I:I::_"';;;.iI~= --l'- ----, - -., c-' __ 1nv8,rsQIWI!I,
1- ;, --,

~ -

'. 61
"

~m.plo :3-61.
~_

~1~V~''''i\I, lUil:J!'Iio A1-, .jni·-~I...d 61i ·un)-~.~ia, , Yei ...._ g.~,_


1

-"':1' eiem-:p~IO' ';1,_ Ii ""'.::Ii,llKP 'I ':Ii - ;;'-,,;J


1I!o;<, ~~~ ._.

iBo~,~

... , _,

-,J.'iI!

Ie;

'\.1 .c, ... t -,.11 t~c::,u~c

el IC,_,

--'itft," ,c:_e,SUu.a~ I '¥O:l!utJe'-d-- -- -- ~ -'I"'..:Ii ....

SOIu,ci6.
gwi@:qte:::

Con base

CIl ) a

ee uae i.on
R

1(3,..,2a,); 10· .mo.r-dein.alldo lao ,ecuac[6.a

(:1-·2 }I!Iobte'n!tlnos 'I0- s ii..· b

V·::,I)I ~. '.

'.....~' ·t '." ,it"'i'". ,Ri ,X"e'l

::::.

A---'-. _. -Ic'l.

.:&~, -

,r,:=

'--!iiiiiil "1\J(-...... -(' •. ,C' ..J

-v: -r\,.~
...

I-

,,' ..

1---0' -

"V, !_-

,~1'-1i ,~~·~r-n,··~[_:iI!VU'V _" U~-_: F.~--VVU'II


I~

.~i.--.:~
Ul- __af"lJU

,'or 'quo 10 kilO'


I

, D-· ..,...-«,~-- IWI- ,am.p,_ ·,E·,jji;;...,_dI-:----:- 1:-- ---. _~~dU' ( -'1 - _1-·· meaaer 001),
.,i

-" "~" -;'1 11---, giUlac~a .~,,,,c:. 'UC- .£_~,.,

'L- "

-'1-:' -_ -t - e --_'illiiiiiftA,fj; ;jI-_ ,~I, mS151cnC~Be- CIIIl.l,.~


~-. ,_

~ AI ... k .... ...c: ;'i, ., 111 - -1'1 Rm)l' ucu!tua. ser ~guul 0 ma-j~ -'

II

,' ProceCIIDd---n-'-c-

1;0-

!iii!

_ ..

ft8~I:~

.-.r-~"[. eI dIs- -.~ ."_I . ~

'I [I

~J

'al'~lii "":1 a
~ ,~~ ~

uoo -d·. L!I'r'""~'-,

.!IIi.' l~i.III~..

Mif!¥'!'U:I·'j·;ii\, . "'v

'm-nit.'!~~o:c en y.iiliU,iDU :" ~


I
-._.--ll

'~IID~
~~

'6-' Do' • ~ ? '~1 U'U-I"';IIi'D n I


III
l~ lUI

~I~,L~
~-

..l ~

I._.!!l

2., .B;l~j ~l =. 10 .kQ, (clecci6R ,pctuie.llJle , :&10 rieslo) .. a '3- ICaiI'L:glc ~~I'__ R-~, ,~~~- de -:1 =i \.iI!J~-----~- .. '~-'-Il!! (.... ate C1Ueu~o 'ulLiUce. 'Ia maiCP:njIud de. ~IaQarulnc:ia-). S, 'f"dIrwi'r ',_'_' R-, (,d'Bn8.lCia)-'1 tB:~- . Pan ------o~~ '--'_'.__ ..
__-.__ ~
1- ••••

...

'_',l,

'--

._.• ---

....

'_'"--=_'--'

_"._"

"_"_' ---

1_, __ ,

I!).-~-'-

- ' __ , __ ,!I

'. Su,pon,ga Iq:ue· tsti e,l, ~ula.cnlR;v.ista pam, 'obmIJer' un, ·empJeo en, td, ;na, dle; (deotr6n:ica,. E I en... .DI'W~:.s-tadnr-~;i-L.;.,./ll'!fR
~,,,,,"iIi!L· ._

u .~Ii._

"''I;;iI!

~-, iI~

p- '_ -q l :'I~Al.,
U!Iii!

. _I~""'

••

,on,aj' I'!'I'~~'I """II! ... "'!I!O' """,

t"::~m---~;t:o::--. :~I-.... ':r.-~An~'~~~ ~ 'I!J!._ ~


'1IiO!_~1l'",,". 'I ~ ~
;=Ui

iIi·~:!I;II!

.. ~.""'

:q:--IU-~. eft .. '_ I!i!<' i:II!IW

·If:....

UI D_IIi'U, . .-'!Iw!

'~!!iiilId!o,i u,n---IC:/IJ...... uito


. . .... , I, !!i.oIlli.illc. U

~ un
-d""'-I-

:61",,:rrd'~'~

~ut,"ll1lU'l!!ii1lUur

~A4JIii"'i"" ,!I~ V_iH'i;i"'d!!'1 p':ft~ra _ I..-J!lIl!I:JUli1i1ii;!iIJl;''''' ~ ~IO':!!~~G!~'IiII,i'~Kt\ilii!1 ,11'1 ._ "",,-li.au!!.. D-c !Ii

Copyrlqhted material

....

3-:~ 1:'
-~'ii! [
J

S'~:U-"-'m'-'-'-a'~""r'I,'-n' -"'8"""',> WVL' "i~ I.V't)


"'_' _.' '_. ):)_" __
_"_,I _:

I:,,l!" _, !f~;Ii ,_

-i\,LI

.It

+'C2: '--tV, .
1';,' OLe,

,l:;i;'~.-

)'-

{3.. '1. 4

-. s6:~o obs~rYar'q ue el :puntlo de: suma S:y hi, enlmda -,=\---ti,.;f·, '~' ·~""'---"'-'-I d".", t-/i,,-- -. '.-'l~ le!ih~L, '. -"'" "' ..... -,- __-, .I!:i" "?J, _..:Ii,~,-' ," ~'--:-. "'--" '-'--l'~ ':~ 1 estan M.,~~nc~u· ,,··e,_lena. 'La''-_.ctlmen"e; ~'1 ..' "·'b"I' ,COt lrh;Q~aIUC ,nil [I' 1':-'" 'I_3,,t-ome lite: .':" • '. "',' ,iI:i'~, .', ,-:' c_ ' -',", ~,-,- ,,,-.-,,4--:- ' ,-, r. _, ,ma~m~lW,ca~ -,-,_" ,por ~2\"j R.," C, -a per ~11 Y"R'-' iClpmsauo en .!IJ,onn;a, -t.- --,;;t:iI!'~-' --~
,L..G,

I'

ft,

d'] '"' opc;r,gc.tQn: -e,. c,.leuUc


.';!(
-

,51: ~,Xp,I"I!ca, loo,n


'!!,-,

I~

.1',-,

I '.~;

!!":

"

rii:iJ

'I

--,--c.

--:

,"~'!i'

D' ,'l!

iF'
tiJl

. I.

'+
'&'2 '~
1,",:.'
~!

,of,

El'~_

R'O-11RA 3-4

Su.Dlad:or 'IDVCt$ot, ,R' = ,10kg~ l,=~- HI 'I ,I ~


IH,

, ,I:z
I

§~
,n,'
8
.

'II

"
+ ,/~)Rf'

-l -'

,~

~~

:c~
IR;

.~

DadkJ' que: 'Ia ,c;mll'ad.a,(-)


ma de
'~DS nien;tes' 00

de,'enuuda fI.u:ye a 'b;,B/,vds de R;}' Y' proo

licne, ''Ina corriente

m'[l'ilima~,,l'il~ e 13 n,u'y,e'p :PDI"' .B/:. HI d-ceir:" la su'~71~


[We,

una cafida Ide 'VoUl)jc. :igual

3, V~_j 0

~~= ~.(,I],

12,

1,-

II I'

~'

Copyriglhted material

Am,.difi~D!""lArps·, Inverserss, y ,..',:,',~I"" ·~.UU~~, " ~'-.. .


'1

'.. -.-'

no ~nveliSon:U!l'
".

'1<,-,-",,-

--

,' .. -- ..

53

ISo)ucm
'ml~esl-ra

el .,ooel.o :P;Sp\l.ce ,cmcsponcJ:ic:nlt a

C'onl base en] la ecuaci:6':I, <3~4,)]~'V~ = '-,(2; 'V'

,+ ,] 'V + 1 V_) :=,

eI'te e lire tll't"Cl,.

-,6, V~Bn la :fi,iwa'.]",·25 se

I'

II II II

·Si.se i:n"ien,B: la ·polaridad. de 'p;~tl3'-8 caleule vo.'


t

E:, tit la 'fipa, ,3..4: per.o


1
1_ .,IEi. ... ""

los ,al olies, :dz:uen ,si,emdo ~los,111!1.i smos del ejeml

8,:01,,uej~',n '

CCn\l 'r-n~,~' en y~ "

Is eCllllac~16n 1('3-4,)::. 'V.U' .• _..

!::::!,

'-,(,2

.1_Jl.

+, ~ V
;;;,.

e-

~ I'
[,

V,'_:"')': ~
j:

~A!,
~

v.
_il

..... __ _ ~' -2'.2.,.:


" ,','.:'

II--"'aa:"-- ." __,__,'_ ___' ,. I • ':',

t'

Ia' ,

_'."'_""-"_',

":

,-

'•

"

.-:

-• ..

'd",BUO~'", .
I

'-'.

~..,

:",:

,En e,~,SU_tli_ad/o£'d,c la :6,1,.1, :3,~ twas Ias corrie:J1le,s de mu·ada fl,U)!IGI por la 'res,. steneia de: :it!1li... ,mentac-hSn Rt HlIlo' :significa, que ,1'1, mo afecta II11 ni a 11' Oener,ajlzan do~ 'I Wi: eorr,iel1'tes de enirnA_a, no, se &raman u.la a la an, por-quc, cad I" u~ma, el~"pDtemci;d, doc 'tilerr8, len el 0000 de: SU~ ,e ,[Ra~ Por '10 ta ItO ,I ~as camerUCi de en'trada ,,~:POI" I~~O~ :105 'voUajes de eflb"ada ,E'II' ,Ij! Y' ,BJi ,n~o
:SC, fDlmtC8'[U_<I

es dC5e:ah'lcl en les:pecial ,I'D UII :mBzclado1" de audio; pot eje Ilnp 1:0" al 'r.eem,p~a'mr' E'i" ,i'l ,r' E31pot' mh:-rofollos. LOI vC"II~jC5' .' CA de 'Cada mJticr(urO~o se SUi.aft () 'mezc;~an a carla ;;n!Uan!le;~ :8nt,o:llc~~si un, micr6fnn,o I sUllnduc'i:endo m-~s~cade' IU,i tarra, F;I.O 'G,S elimln ad 0 pn" un seg,undQ m'ict6forto q,De: Gsli, fmiD~'e: ,01 C'a,.taD~"e·., Si, se in_slala, IJn] contr-ol de 'vo~'llUDende. ')00 'kO 'Cil,'trc cada 'Ill icmrODO Y' la fe5tstelcta, de lelilrlmda respect i]'y'a~ 'po.s;:ib~e es :ajustar , sumar los 'Ylo~d.en,s relativos,. 'U'A amlan'tt: ICOBV'll dibi. R esc IicharI, par elJ,t::i. a de una I,ul'tarm de kmo loteMo;
1

B's:lD eanc_slica

:SIt al ~~IDM ap,lieaciones- es nRC~~O a'~miII~ tila oamc.nl't-i! 10 un Yol,'wj'e d~ cd it U na s ~nal,d~ Cir~ r' cr--"~D~' cu. SUP-;-OD'PDq.. De; hav q,".uc tr,UIMli d'r uoa Sl!iia~J ,audi 0 r.o. IUin~diode emi sor de 'Iuz li':llfrarrroi],a, de nOll" __ __... __ ... ~-'--"~ ..,--"D'',.,--" "-',:; ',,' ... I(.IREDI): e, :s.em:n~am._ente~1 n'ves, de, un diodo emisor' dl! iuz, Altlile '000,. GS, '1iI,!Gc;gSar.101 I")t)ihlf,i . a :mr c~ diOOo COl' una cO'~mente d~(leCm,. Dml:\uM, S£ ,~~'~~IVtH~ la :scnal de aOOlo ,comnl ea oue --.I~--- ~- -u!Ul~,r''''''-,_,_--.... ._~.",II .... ,c -\,.,,:'II 'I' d-' ,~ ...,..,1 ..,Jj" ., ,.d,... bi : :~Icc'Eanl.eo'-' 'mo d,11.118_a, C_ .. BI', 'RI'llu·cwO sei~ uJno, II Z,,0 !L',i!:"' Inl.ra:r:roJO ,o"a UliltertlSiY~A' vaBL:II d',;, II,U rnftZ r tc COD Iia scaa'~ de B'Udl,o.,,Bst'C rprillt:'ipt:o se lexpili ad .e.d~iI1nl~e ~ilBm'~'1 c ltIm, r- 0,,,
j,
,I • I~ 1,.I _,,~_ .•. _. • •

l..!.l.!

•••

_.

l_.

.~

n_,

l!!

~-'!i;;i'!'

,.,

..

~,-'

"~-

,',

--~-

- - --~, =

'~ii .

",

I~

., '"' ' 11 'I'la Iijemp, 'I'0 ,;'-, "ul


•••• I

'J

Dimite 'U_Dci'ry;uh,ol ,m;edi'fm~e;el: cl~a~s ted, pueda, swnar un 'vo'ba:je de: ,00 la, una, londa, tdan BU'l:M~,. u
,

,S'oIucioa
III,u~"~ ,;iiii!oa,noaJ-·i:
1'1'l1'li
I~.

JBI'~Jia circlJico sumador de dos eanales co,ma '6-,0 I(d ease de la :flsu_ra,3,~5(:a.), Se ~Ul'leCI:a, 'llin
'trtiin "IU_.~.

'Uo:~]it1!i:1!I;e·~., dssviati.:in de ," _~)' ..'~: I~.~.: '.


""!II •.

I:~.~

de' cd' y§ria'ide' ",t.~!!,1:1'


.~ __ ) '~" I I ,:~~' I~~

'"
~l

i:i\A~'al-·-I.lA ~'_JL ___:.Uv. r.tii:r;," fJ• ,i:t


I~~

,~a IPflin'!iiip";!iJi1 'til.


~'~V'!I!l~~:yjI,

a;l ~'~ ru'U'Uij

Copyriqhted material

(,a) C_irtujm ,pua samar Ilia-ai, ,dIcs~Kk1D a: 'Y,Q'lta_je gJ ~td I) Wl v:olla_jc' ,de: ticfi.~ de ~,

,E~

lS -

c: I",~ '_ ....V , ,GcrlI rO;!!, '

HI

5, -~--+--~I"--~
Iii.'!"-

,DV'
:l" __ ~~_~,

n
"

I I

I' (m.i,\"ll

~,
l a'l"G.' rAl .,

":.'ral,.';i.; v~~.,

~'-~5'r:'

l~

'!Ui,i"IIIi"W''i!"ij'H~"""~nl

~D.lV"1 ,t'~~,'I-~!IiiI!

:(;~I~I iJ)'l, 'I;iii; '~:ijII,'I'~ t.;.U" A~ .'iII! I...~ '''~ ~

_. 11::8, IYJI"_~~:I~""~~I~' it~""iii'lPft;~tlliii' 1""'I'!i'ft


~

iI'I.'8-''o--'-~-If,,-"_gl ,~n''!IIII'Ii-~~IIIIi;'''IYf-~~
1.\;j!!~;~Ii~"-'; -nl
..

'iii

~l!!l

'$_.IJ"il~]_ -' ~l~~!Il!

;iII~

~'i1!W .-1ft!ial--!III'--iI!iI'-~

,.11

~I

1 'm-"'liI:!;~
L! •• _

n<!'li'i""~'Ii,_ ~L.II! r~,,'''j''l''V'll ,.'Ii

iltjlLIV

~~,,!1~lii'Ii;lII". I~'a_ ,V~1!1i

'~JiV'i1 ~ ~~

~.'~.e-~""~d"-A_ _, ~ ,+- 1~.' 'IE: entoaces .,~_ ,g.ln~i"D~~I 'v.. ,~;,~, 'S:':;F ,_" ,:,' ,L~,...;;ii'I! £._, ;&"CIJ .-.;!L ,,;;('1 m- 18'U 'nAiin.. I~ , les br.w.Ii-CI;iD.U.UI:C~ 4..... a~rn-~'~~~;iIIi' fiilil' "'~:'"' I"",nn: este ~'~nnl'.-_~ -~~" .",v,~,. ~~ur-if':I~r~~UJ' "R' -titn; .. ~:u-~..Uln' . IP-U' ~. _.~ Ur-~ ~ __ 'm·arll'~m-'o· 'II!!: ,_Cl.'- ""!i~'I~I~iil"O.:."" le. .s-.eo~~I:.tn ~ ..,I'" mRiIl"DIIC~1 ,~l:''''~no: ..IU"~, lIfo"I~U'i;~""":, ucr ~IC: :4'-!":I:P:nn"d.iC"E":~tIi'\""am--~:-"'I-'C·'i!!Ii~ ~~_'I fU_ 1 u'10, de ,stim 'med~ute ol .~ lIiue se c·onceta UD, sens(u' ,de t,em'~ratlJm~ un mb:rooontroladQf., Ir~ 1J.:
+~c ,,~
. 5{JD,jl'"",' ~,

,AMU"., dtlillclrClln'ClI~ S;~Bal' es 0 V. ~ B: ~n,:4r1!ce invemtid\1J en 'II '(,)1 ,lC"-iJ ...~ ... _ IeS. ~o-'nancm,:--: -. ". ~J ,-, I) [vcr la figum 3-,..(b) y (e)l'" S'i Bed res '-.5 'V~ 5 ,aparecc, q, Ia ~a~dq, ,como un vol,tllje, de cd de i
->eli. ~.""""" - .. ~ - ~ ~. _ .. ~
U·· ....

v~:~~'~~ .,'-1 ,..uw ~ .......


'La'
I .', -

1i :!i:!\IIi; ~]I!liKli, !Il!l'.lw,tlilll~_ '~a


U~I

...,..

,ullil'.

_u ,.

i1;,I!~,

_]I,

~o~,

,y",.

_' . L'U'~;l,,",",,3
~. ~

U:,rgJi,1oi/!Ii;o'liio! ,d:1 ~

:I,U.II

ftr

F~l~

U_lI.!l

~'n-~~;jij;1 rIM· ~U.

,jIj,'~''''''_

t.,

~ __~

~~

Ili!PI~l~~".~'_~

1_- ~"'~ __

I~

.I~

v~llgJ

..

~IIJ.~._.

~_Il ~,.Ii"'j

JI';U

ut.!y

, _'WIII,UI~.

. "lIL~

Copyriglhted material

55

\'.

..

,Il.l
~"_l'l n.. !' '. ......

~II

.,iI
l'

,-t"'I;C: \j' JT
",

GuianCm,
,.'1 'mila) 'I
I

,Ell
1("

.'
"

:
'...... iiiiiiiiiiiiiii~'

1-

",

C.maI- 2:
,

Rl

1_- '~_: V~,;:;

.J

, ,

1"."

'. .'

='III~I.

II !C' ,"',

c.and l
DG,V,RA ,U A,"] ~ficadD_ r mu'lt,~_-- - - ,., loa '0 - - I de: m'~ta"i.P,i'l'lvcrsor= de, __ I "_ _ - ,- _1 cual mp. - aananci IClda ,canai!,d*ndei de 'los valQfes de In W:iltencia d_~ atm. " de If.
"-::I''''' ,-- - --

RJ

'("'J" ~ V'Ill """"'""",' :1, T


,I" ,_

" T ,];, "if u:l


r

",

11R' - ')

Copyriglhted material
'.

5~,
gI

,-..
'(I

V '=' -

'' ,~: . - R(n :,)


I.' .-

E 'II !::L., '"l:R e.!:1.,· R+


.'

_I

,:'

"<Ij'~:

I!J!::t.",) 'J, u'


.'

_ ,R '\
ftJ'

l~' '" a~, ,;~l-' )'" ,I

(,3..in) muc.stta, que Ia ganllci,3 de carla Ie-alaI, se puedc: 'modi ficar ,i nde.pe,.ndi,on,,. 'U:.mc;nitcde I,os ,01r108 e{JIn :5610cam'biar :13 :res.~;s:t;e'Fu:ia, de entrada;

La, ttuaci6n

co'

RJ A, - == ,-, R"I'!' - -.:_L, ~


101
~

A" .....
c"J

'CL~ -

-,,_,~

!l,_ -R'·· ..
:'('-':.1
l

'iI!·-t"i,..~.

A- ~

_,~, _~ R,
~ t'

R~.·.
J'-lnl

,(3-11b::

b '~'I~:iiii:n-'i'
._~I

.il

'11.1'

!y,.", ~ !I_;J!.

_.1::" A .db. &'~In""'~' T' !I!- .. L "~tI

l-

V'_ A iJ,;.~".". 'Ib-~


L§'11

BJ,emplo del ,di$eio ,J,'I'I

'!ko1' J.i:

,1!'!II!lpmC'l'O ~:

...

.~\...

.. - 'CiIl1~_·1

~ lit)
,=c

~.,

, ':~~:

·Pl'· .

~'~.;

-, . aI"im)" ',-,
-

·'oiIiiIKliI ......... ';iiI;! ,',"


~~~.

.-

d' ~ .' .
.

keii'

. ':-A, , ...
..

R- l_, ~00" k .--1' I· '.


i"f' ~ J'
"1'1-"'1'-"

..."'.,,"

I'

, --

I.

:1~ ICltl.cu1c el v,alorde:~u :r-ais teneias de entrada.


do..,'o,,··'b··itiilli'I'li,~:4fl.oS R:'· -. 'z...01·. 'kry '\ ':' .'. ~lu,li;b ... ~ ) . "1 ·
e~ ~

rCSUI'll'le-s a

panilr' de :~aeeu ae,i6n (3 ..71b);;el resuha ..

I
I

'W" ,). .. :, -, .' ,J ,,,,

c~ .J!!\}

(..,0_, lUi; iii

~' di ,9 . dl'" ;, '. .···enilfo .... usa [10. S ,uponga. que ~ucsc ncce~.,lo 'me: 'If 'I" 'empe!F;,atu.ra, :prnme.lO en tres smos d e nai,

'.)1

'1l..;,·:g;~311..('n_ Prli~1S!m·.·. '''"'·a.'\I''.q,liii'iiilli' .... iIj"iin·''''~~r,!:l··r. ~~ r:o.n.·vO!S!~:dl"'rl'ii;l!~ [J.~JjIL_ilMlii-..lJU lill,~ ~IJJIJ~I~ ~_I. _.~ . ,~"Ii? ~'U ... -~ju.'u _IJ [I~,~. ~U) .. _ ~Il [LIlllJ.!.,'~a g
I J l I.

.d'-I~~~m""r".!lllii'u..,q,1~avr;.~iil'a··'J"'6 . _-~ "r~ .~Ia . _ ul,!L"_I:. ,v


ll.~ ~_ 11~1I· _
J ~

~~!iiiiIi, \~l

m.ifflii'l.'!'~'~""~:, .v.!IiIIL~riill Iii


_

eORlf):

hacedo en 18 ,secci6n ;5.. ,14l)~ 'Lltego,~s lIS ,saUdIS,Sf:, clonoc'g~,,I un amp'l j,n:eaa or pmnle''''

Copyriglhted material

57
,tiiaoor,'., :&to, :pnxlIJ.CcC~un Y~JJ~~je, saitid!a equi vuler:de, ai' pm"n'e~:dio' de ~ooosh}8 Yohajes, de ende 'bUd." ,S~, ay '~res,v,o'itajes de Icultrada~, e~ :p,romediad.or 1:01, 'sUM_D, ,Y doo.vidjlF.la, el ,rt:su]'uwo 1i!,llr' h ' tna ::t HI prfll11lCW,adtlr ,p~senta el mi:sm,o a.rFCg'hJI de eireuitg que el :sumador inv~,r,5l0f de la 'figum 3""'4~, d:G~ sumador lI]l¥er:solde :1:1 figura :3.,6~La di.leNDc la, esUi,e'l] ''Iue '13S,eslstencias 0 r
l

de I!;nitrada, se di;s,aI:at1de, 'modo (iJjUC, isean ,~:gualcs'8 oi~lljn''Yla'~or ,adcciOoon de ,R ,J ] a :resj sten~ill :retroalimcnlae i,on. 5e, Dee :iIUaJ, :3, II di vi dida elntr-ei e~ :mUim£fo, de 'I:ntradu", ~jemos dc,
quel,n, seo, j"R,ual a'l num,ero dei e,n't[,adas~, B:n,'u)!lcl!S,~,m el calo de Il.liiipll"oDKdiadnr' de, [res, en..1'"",,.., 'll.. ,. ..'lmw~,t. 11 ~ .]. y R- ~' =: R-,t-;! CI__AI_ IcomnrOuBr ,II'III ,susUtlLur ,en I leC~llIJa(ao'nl-3',- '\ (:IIUC '1!\\W"31 los ~~_: ,'i,,~' ~"_~';~'II~ :pu~, liB r '~,',a,j.l, fiji" _ _ rr
'I

~·!"lI'IOinil"t'!",iD'. ,~~ji-3-, w R'/ ~iliIiJiV,."'Iiio!;i;l! Hi '",I. ~ . -I

,~';~' ,~nl ,R:J n:2,

=:, ,A,!!, n!l!i'i"i!l; Iim.'"',,o.,iii:'!~~Ij!1 ,~_ r~"g II .... ,!OI!I'UIIA_I, ','I!"II""I


VI 1:\"1

Iq-~I~~I
).

+- v ~ &!.\ 'V,J;=: ...... ~" ..- .c.~ -r. -----1


(

n:~,'

'iIi.1

1"0

-.
1 riiiiiiiii -,

,'Co'

:5~·"

V ,..1:., '·_,-F

,-c·

S~ . :V,·It' ','
..

+ .(.... 'J . 'I'


'.,'," '-'
""V"

".'.,

.. ) .... ,

~
~l

9 'V'
._-, "
,._. __ I

~
=""""I

" 3

,,3.

-.::J ",./

'J

v""

,-

a_~ l' ""'I~,"*fIiJfIt!J4u'-'-'I!f4!i;IAn~~, .,.,fU. '.


[0',11.__
t : __ ',_ .. _.'

'81' Cln:Ullo de 13 '-'-,10-- '-- 3·'7' se denomina -' '-1101 U~_ - r d'~' '~-'Olm;id" fi~rnil":a _ '_- --' - _. ----- -'- J'8:'o-:·tM~- ,_0 v ----,;1- '!Ii . I . __ . __
J ._. ,_ . ,

~&I!ID,ioil~'..J!'-r '~;iJ! -A\I,.n't.dninll",-',;R",,~.,JD':·· "f' -' lii!l[~,D'".(K1lr.· ,,~~ JI[N_~~l'!I!."'~.. M-f'!J~r:[-' "!t.!Iiu=~~ '")' ,_-,I!ii _

"1' 'ji m lC=~ la' .J_~__ ~_'tJ"' 1C'1 V 'lih:ft<·· ,e: ~:o',MliJe 'd--'
oL

ure dlS, NI"iI n _'iI1UCS (+,)., ., (" .-. -. ~'6"" ._,.1 ··aJ· ~ c:1'~~1I ' 0' I~J~eou:" '~-.. ii\D!Pifti'- .. :~I- . ',,"': y ::- ')I-;0;1"·1 amp '1l,c-nuu:r o,peraeU)DL,pue~e..e 0 s{lflerarse I.e',. ~;
f;ii.~"-I -. ~.

in'

d';il!' al~'[",,-'~ -..1[""""fi-lW~'" pnM;iI'I", .. ,..... !ll, I'JiMi'ft:nln' i.ii"'


t:,"· .I'oii!~~, 5C ap,I!_IC-a
,£,,' ,.... .

'I'fIP-ID -. -' . . , ,t""",-,.

taJmb:ien - se- ICOUf)Ce -'-, .- ,---.. ..,


~_:"'.I

ClluJ~.,
·.·,;io

dl_.

d-\Ii - .-. It·· Ii'. .' .. I ',,,_r~,, :_J[CC;"aliDenl,e aI,-I" C :nt'- ..1.,.

[Hif,~j

n~,it'il'1'" J;"""I" 1~_iiI[~_ggol'!'

'iLII~"tOill'r;~ n ~ P'f) ~h'" W


'('.' 1-'
Iii ,

nm- 'r'l~-,,~'~"j _'".'~~ :n1'li~Ii'iI"-'.J()'.-. 'Or .~:, '"'

CQtTlH1 . --,['.

"\

s- V:.... que ~Ia ,.'.

el '. O~-, ' I. '_ \\".I


,i' ';:I: ~,~,g I, -il'",.

,,"vr~ ,~,
I,"

g'

s-

'"'I !.....

,_,

,. , . ~'
'II

'.'11>

I'"~

,3

-11 !'''_~l'''', __ .... :::-;, O·····:'..,.~';'.o;;n .,.-~:J' y o~'Wlle ,,..._'·~...iII;·-· ~i--~~-'I,-:-,··it'¥"G'I":o/"'-' d -C cnu,\~ 'iihr'liI"i~"··.::11-:-..-, ~ ,"~'I-l'-~' como e,n, , '"':', '.-~-' -e~"--/ e. ,_.'I~,~":-~: ~ ~Iun ~,p'~,-,O.,JJe. que -0, W!'I'I~Oen magll. UUl ',Ii- ....... SI,g.. 'IU)" Por l'ClIIIU:to~ camol e:II,Qm'bre del CifClIW '10 hldi,c, e11 'vrt'i:.a;je doe rsa~jda,.f,igu'r al 'Y'Dhaj,c de entrada 10de 'fttemte-... La ,D--- - . -- -.'-,,-. de']l voltaic, es I (:0 la unidad")I' como se euede ver.-,~n", --- --,. _' - _"-- ,-",_.- '-- - - - --' Duancia ~_.--'r.' .--... - -'--'.
,~-;o<: "_'-"'--,iJ-- -' '_ ._
1

'--

'----'-.--

;',., .-"

.---"

,-.

A-

'ilii' li'~
u ..... ,~,_
,

ifi C,,~~ _, ..

:£.

'..:c: '~'

'I "

Copyriqhted material

I.,

;5'~8"
.••.. :

c·· .nUN•. 3' ".,8t: ~.,'


"'hl.~lli"io.

,..-,D:.::.- .........

.... '''1.: 0

• IC'I'I·g·'ir.:n,.A. '2_'.'" .. I:. ._t. __ I.'


_ _

I.,..__ _

l~

_'id"'~' de""'-': 01'".


• ._-_

.1 _

I " _-_-:

y~ ',:.f ..-~ ~o.'I·'la···~··. '


l' ~ I __

~- FC·,.BeI,ulil D.I, --]1- -~A,-

... '.'. . iI.!IJlllnl I,;)"'oal~ ).. ., Q('" eon I it, 4:..

. 'I 'II' 'CD.;Clbe:

C'

'Vi :1i.I.) i,t.; t)· ,;:.0' ~,I,}.(:;Ii·; (Ik'" I,. (C:< l


'\

'it""
I'

. 111'

" il]jll

, if'

!Ii~U

"',...::l.

ii'~,

+
V:~4V
I!!'

£,(~ .'

"""',

'.

'V., . 'iIi!'
,,*,

;.:;r' " i,~ "Y: ., -

•.

4VT~
,'.

{,.~I SC,pidOl" '.,

•. ~I.pHibVO.

vol'~e pm UIl, ''10Uljc:

le,b)·kcUid.M· • ·"'tOlI•. :pam. un ,von•.


de 'B~
,!ilCP~',WI .•

"J_.. ..... . DUlu

lii~~.·i~.'llK.·,. '·--1 '(8.\ OIi.I. ",_

~I

A [r-~ ~ __de la ~... 'n"~'=r' ·'ilili""~i;o,('iti


~ I _ ~ I

~Ug~L~U't_lIl

I{'.,c.. :7... ~~
I:':

~oa··)··;o
I.~

'V iii. ,_, t: - 4". V-··, . . :.~ '.'


._, .'" ......... 1··.·..(

l'b)' r··.· -. '....-;,;""-''.''. 'I' '. 'I.· '''. d···· '0'·,"'II" ...• . ,_I, ~,ey e;.',; ,m,~ , \ >,' ,,--,om, ~ en .'

t'~) C'· 00 !j,}C" '. ..·,-

11l... ... ,.. ,

~e cn 1,tIii
, .' ::;
r,

,~q... CiUat;luQ
e'" . : .'.' ..... :~ •.. ~:

.'

(.,\,].'";li'\~.
·.~"'·';}.f~

Copyrig,hted material

,.
1~1(:J1

11/- ::::ii:'

.0'. " .~ . -,__

10,':'

. _.\~ "I

:4'-· ·-m-·.A'· =: ~.,.AI '-ir[!!~


" t.

.~;l,

-I~J~~

C,~IC'1i'i!, '~1~n1i~"""~'Aii"a'l .. ,~¥I ~ ,I!, :_.trI.U Il.KjI ,~' ·nn·lariid,-I.,;;;A,.;I .. il, 0Hi!' '....u u,~ ,£0'1,,~'~ih.~t~ ~ .. '1"'1 ;fl,a- -11l~IJJI~-~'UU ~nJ ,1iI1 lLlal1ll11 ~ ·iG!:&I· :")"_ O'lU_'~.1
~
L~ ...

la'

,V.i. ..: 'U' '. ,0 ',J'

'~.Ia" '.' .~[iCC~lun, I: c· '1--,-1 -.",. '". , ~,-.-:. ~ - ~ ·d··r~·~-:- d"-' _'aseom!:,n ~s' ;::l~-:

",~. '., , "d:·...:l,·· "1- .. 'ii...;~ . ,Sle ~nve..ld 1~~anam~JgD 'COO~Ul,se,


'!i

~-iilll~ 1ft

""I_~'

I;"U'_I

'~n:'" ,. ... J. ~'ua

t.

.•

·-·.··"~A,. ..
,"_ .:

_qf[f'i''_~'

.-'.....u'jWA- IUP uaHaItl ........ I'-f I.i~r-uv-

~.-.,-uwr

'Vq, == .£~, : .~pn =

mpliHtooJ(tt i.o·v·er'" :sor eu"I, ,saru.ai.a cs --I [ver Ia 'ij,sura 3..·glbl)'. C'o•O se loll'jeDI en, la ,secci,on 3-,'~".3~ resisla [,ancia de: el'uradla a un ampli:ficador ~AY.rsor leS ,R~~ :pm v001, q,UD el 'v 0'1ugG'de11,eneradorli' :8&[.0 .~p Ie d~l't/Q, en.'n, ,RbU ., Ri~ Ap~1Lwdo .18 I,., (II d.ivi.sJ:6n. del 'vc)l]tBp~SIt; CDCuentra, el 'v1ol:mje; C ·tenninaii, del Blnemd~ Ej.,
'Uft
=;1;

.AJwflt cOJlSideraremos '~n'f;I'jj~sma tuen:l~;.de sena), cOfieetad'a eon

.~ I!~ =

~'HbI ..

R,

,Il;

+D. X Ei'M ~ ":1•....•1r..n•.'+','~.I 'I~n,"X ([.,0 V) - It I V .., ~-0-·· M_'__ - 90"_ U.J;. ·.;I . R,o!!
I. ,_
1 J .. ,

' ..

10 'k'D

"

"':-:1

~.'I

,-

"

·IP~·:--'·~I.-:::-·::---···:-:I-.~ ..·-, ·O····J ._. s ~Oque Be con,_lcne "-:-::-:'\'<":"'-'--1 ,or ~O tanUl., este,!, e II'll'-f'L.,_._._., - ... ,,,--,,-. ," ,,- --.
Co ~

'v::-'I"·-·:-i· uC CIilu.uu,;g,uCL :-,-,,-r···II:·I~,,:, dor :;"'¥e;" O,T ... envo h;lcA1-,_·-· ..·_.d 1I-·1 n.HIP~~~tAU_~. nIl ,_rs..:_~ .. '-"1'- - '1-~'~ .-1'"'"'.... ye~rmr bene un·a,,1.811131),(113, d·--.oiCill- -.IJ e ..V\-:I'" ilIJe d- ~s:a_~_] . ~Il'"es -~,,~. ~V' -....... 0 'I . ... S-"e, ,a:mp\luCCNU,[ ~.n ~· J: SiUI,IO . '11-"1 : 01 }~.- ·e' ..·I:'d8 •.· ;; GnI ctOlelus~dn- si u·oo ruen~'ede· la·ba~:.~ABl1c'~a se Clll1eeta con un. amp-I~'ficadn]f hllver.. .. . .. _\, .' l_._ ,~. _ _.1 .,...._ , ., "... .11 . . .. , ,... _. tl, ,lananclB, w=i '.' :·1-t·.BJe ilL' i'rc~pce·-:t·· . 'S. R' , ICSUI, d-'_·A...,~ r .R/,' ',,"~RI~ iI('iI"""'i'iA, ,se :Ii j!i"d:~'~~ ra 'iI\'o ,SClf~~a ,,: ... ". :~:~I~ -~ YO, }'..~ "'0 .•.. .. 0 • ,DO ..~.c: .M!JtI, lY.... ,Ill'!!I.;;·u'!U"1iV n~.
._.1!._ t '_/~i'
I ., __
I .... .

'v ..··. .

~I

,I"""Q

,~Iit;

~'!l11

~.

ecuac'J On ~3~·2b)'·.._I,e"uane" ~.a 'leal d1ebe ~ La llc'luir,. RI.__,(Ie Ill, sigu'iene malHra'~ . .. _- . ':_ ...... ..'_. , I.·.' '11A!!i'
u r ---'''' . ". ,--_ -. __

,E•.

'V'~ . = ......._~ R,.;#:.~ ;' P


n

,Bi +, Ifni:

]-O~Ln·'~ ,~......''./,iii!. ~'. . =. . .... 'II ' I~)_ 100 kjD, .,.

Si U ClK.esDlio mp'li'fiar' e iu've.rth Boa sclal de 'un cliwwto d.cl:;EI~ta 'm,pedD'ncia ..'1 .(11)se "Am. ~. I""'om· . ,. ,'" '1"8 .~.'~:::-'1! 'nnl,m, am··. 1!I'~'if!.it ... la tC.·~.-n-iI!'iiI, ~..n.-n·' -'-n ii:",...tCn]"I'·~I~. ~"" V'ri''' -I'~"al'i;jj, 'L" r.lii~O·;n;. i U q. lu ~ ~OIU'~1 ,f"~-~----~~' ._.' :~'U_~ _'._~~ lUll ._' aI~menie :Ia SldEda, del. se,luhlor :8. '1/.111il1,Yersor~ ..Abara .se ,lbal izard, lI.OI circ1uilQI €I lIle 8lnpl~fica , .
'_':.~~I
:n~;@-.~

=~

!I!p.,_ -. ~.

~~!Y~

j!i;iI'i ........... '-,

_-.

_I

'M~"~,,£~

,_r!a

!lli.V

.1:1 liil.~l~~_

;Uutl

U JIll.

{J!~ll~

··~I~IV

:"'"'fI1' __ 1Il~ i&:,'I~D


g!l1

pe.. .!!!!JU
_,"

~iI'II~

If.'~

~ __

~linV. :~I~"!'I', ,U' iI!Ia·~"'.n~-, '_, I.IIM]


~I~ .

L'

~U~,,::,I""

~llii; gg

'5.-:11'811.: .'1'~ "'-Ili. :11i 'IIif


t

~am'·~·_.J_~_lI_lld'I.~~auu.~9n· If': I·'_~1i'5Of'. p~~~'~A~r' ... u ~. n..._._l


..

_I·!I!~II_.

~~!l

~1

Copyrlqhted material

~fn
UU

CaptulO ,3, f
.-

,-- ...

: --,

[,,",

- 't;.;' +,~,

n'_~, ~-I~[~J-

....... .Jt...., UC'

,~iII~'i

[~I-IAI

ll.crv',<
~,

.~I~!:Ii '-

E---,

'+
,,
"

,~

'

,II

~~"""""" __

}
-m_"!J"oJ

"

"'''-£pI

~.J."

+--o'

'~"9i~'B;ii["",-';-,&i'i!iwi!!oill;

la, "'' ",11 ,o~mciomll1 ,r-~~~~


w ,~

"~i!iU__I!C@u_:~I'I~~ ~ ~.,'l:~_1 _t;Qme~l~ ~ '~~i1. ft ,.,;-.'III;rI~ .~,,...-.lIi""".., - ;hI;,~" ~unll __ . _",," UQ!, ,,iI.,11 ,;00...... ,~ .. liI_~1!! i!lI!.!-~!r l~J~:
d,"

~-

",-;

'. 1'------,----·- .;--~

~ ---: .

..:i......

11:'"

1i!iIl,

i!iiA'Uii;~

I!!ImNlreioD"''; r· "_',rr'~wl ' ~


~ ~ ~,~",. 1..

~""":tjli., I_~!I!M

[.-;1

c: mn "~

"llDf\\'I~en~mdo lIfi1."VoJ]t~~ ...~~I'ailli ......ijjj; ,i&'" ~.5 -MlIJ~~ Y. il:i,f,'e-II-'


. . ~ -,

I I

II ,_

'--.....c~--"\.- .. -,_, - .... .... ,


j ~ -,

--

.
,
• _

.~ ;l;11!1I ...... , : . J" ·V-I." ,I


'I
w'

--

':!d~'IV [
T::c

I".

s,~'01, ,mY' U
'-I:' ....
.... _,.,:1

'=

....

;Q __ ,;jj!<
~iiIi

,,,.,,_..c:,:t-i'-, ii' ftI.I(I:.,.J.

,~"--:-JiI'IiNi,jil::~',CJ'iI!'~U"'IIO

C'IlJ

la :1.. guf8, ] .... se represents. 10


-V~· .' ~
..

l!Ul

8'mpJj'Oc-adorno 'i!nv.cF,sor~ 1,0 que, signifies. qu.e 0:1 'yol'blIJC Ide


1

'4,'(IIi'.I:iiIi SnlUA..
". ,,_ .•• l ~'

iI,i··· .~,~ ItlIiCnC


'_='~ '._'

~,a ,'!lj~~5"~uu. r""'Llu.II"I,·I'


._j_.~ .,_' __ "_'_'_' __ '

~1"~IiiIi'ii'i!ii1

'N"iI'~IOJiPid·"a...l

U, "U""
~:.

i!'Ii"'lIi,A -I

dl __ , urad I;]i;. r CI '\iiAi1t';i!'i,,"a U£i ',,",IilI,y.a.a!!! iD~.•, ~.;or;, "~'VJIWJ!U Loa,


"l_ •. _ ,_. _' _ .•.

i"d1i!1~'ir!'iI''''"i"i~'i!ii

1,,,",~,lalN-~I'\.,Iu;, I-_~
" ,_ ...
1 t',ll

de .~ iHil:P:;po,,,,l;<o; ...1 ... 11 !C-III;U,AUiI!, 1!;Jg!l!


•..•. __ .•••• _

amp·, ]ificadm' -i-nv ers.m' (.:HCC,l6n ;


__

·-11.·, ._.4] . ~, --'·"·--il'·~· ,.-.--~ ..--. -"1"-' ,U~.Y~rsnrM ~1 _ -_ J'. -- -. .,..~ - --, .(C +)".,('/ ,.,.......- .--I'·Cj-, ...... ', Ope;I.,~1 ona. es In 'ei;'H'ili'L.as iC~~l~lIlii ICV. 1-·:wop_b~Ca,uD~' . --",nil -- ., .',~WILlIll!lg::__, --eill,.o(: .c-n._ Je que 'L_",,-- - eoU. ~ 'I_liS conex~lones I:"· u~.y 1~~J""tad9SI ,rti;~1 mismo 'nn~~nc-'~'aJ' ,Ii -'v II _ ';Oi~ti'fi~, la'-p"a;_tl'fi~n, 'n; ·tr.l;:n;'VpI[OJ~ ,n; rn~ lnll;F!.iU'iiil~ p'f\i'1I,,,~'"aue a d • -_._y ,f"-'I!i!!!'~'~r' Por 110~·· .. '!!iIi'' ' u~ ,D~ ~ 'W_fl_l,
, ', . 1 " .... ,-' ... ", - .... ' .

'nPlm ~a.re5istenc:ia de e Elbada. dc;1 Am'plificadDr- no' p'~~ .... 1-·00:-·'···· M'--'n --"1 ". o~.(a'~ muy ,graIL'£1" e'~1 Dr - '-1·'-- ..' e-iX:c:-~e3, '._ .'.'._,.•., " ,-D:"-'d-' que pnlCdC rune lillie; e.. volta p' '0 ,Ben,emil! ..t3: _0 . '.1..,] )1. !IS If·.!'
_" "_"_'
_,.1_

l-

1-

---It_.

-'1.

:~

.', '_':

~'

.-fl;j(O;,.

,!L~'!Ii;tY 'e>

..
..

'~ I 3,COmeD "


.

l~

,. j

.,

'0-' como ,_:_,U,ya,


~ .

-.

I~' I'lL :u;:'a , 0 d~


.,e _. ...

iI_ _

-I 0, ,"uac,11 I).,. ~6I .. . ..... ~. .... ..•

~.I-Il_U:Vtl '&~I
,

.. ".IU'!II;!'!Io;

M_

[__cj

II;,!!'.

~~~

'--'

Copyriglhted material

A '",·i!"ft'S" ~"""iI"\iD;9' I 'U' -n" ft :l"lU1I~11t""- ~II'Y«I.:__Y'!I!!!=;! _, '1~1'~m ~,~ 1!~'!I;;i;I!I'ri:iI!~!IIg ~ :7 .-v

-"II~I'~~d,

- ---: InYIli,I'SO,Il1lS -, ~~-: -'-,-

61

,1--

,Il:~

,Iii

.'

,~

'I} rVfih.~_' 'lIniI!ju'ltu


\-'" -'""_'~I~_"-""_'-"'"

.,aul4a
1 _-.!II

\b1laje

res: ~pa1J ,a, B~

,I _'fis,

Ide I',

'":1

!Eli'

la
I :

1-- ,= l(ij

,lj'i'~~-

~I'·
'il,..

I)

1 •••••

:.::

Ir'
_lEt

.-'I!lii'

'~'~'~'

II..

L_:

n,l,

I, "'~'

,')

'-~IO"-~"Ii
.!I-a,!!

~- C:-OI I IC"--O'
l -, "_-. _ . I ~ _,' t.",

__ ,

IL_

Copyrlqhted material

&-2'"
...... i
. '-

Vo
,A'I- OrD.ED ar La (!t'l!iIBc:ioD l!l ..],'~~.~ ~ - ~ - -- --- - - --- ---- ~,~ llUI para
'_I_~J •

.~,

=, (',~, , ",'
t.'

!It):,,, .Bj R"··


. ", I.J:.

'~-

"

I'
,

:""i''Ii!''n~~'A"'i'"
~Ar"l~~

I·a·_'
~

} 1~~~~I~'~II~1

lilt·

~B-n:i:ii'iiil;f!:~Oi

Id·n~ tl~'i;~~, ~1iI!, 0,' U.-I!"IIi~"~ '~!'fll ,.11...1-n,.., i:iiIIi


-e ....

~Vll~~!Wi!l!

~~

l]iI"i;, '~';'!i.l:U· ';j!i; iII'!i't,\liIIil~' ~ Iv ~~e:._I>~IiJJ~!i!

ACt ,_ ,_, ,_
,1-, --

.. -

,.....Vo _,
,Bi

'[I I,

,~,.... +"!!L.,, ... -'-+ ,R~, . ,R!


R'~
,11:': •

(3..l~'bJ

.La, ecuaci:OI (,3-ll, b) :mueslla q,ue la, .aI'an.c~a de. 'wo:l~je de I.n am:p~ijfieador 'DO in\r'f;[soc siem ..
I

pe es maJ'or q;u'G ~ l.a coniente de cilia, ./Lt estal dada, 'pur 'V~R:t,~l :pDf' '10 mn!to~ ' ~pende s6lo de: 'V~ ,dB Ilit i>v' .1 corric:m.'tc que 'Ouye de la, le,na h:taJ, doe: ,subla de'l ampU o:eoom' ~peracllolilaleiui dada, por' I,
ii,

1-a-I .. ..-.1'1 a-r':i.tn ~'3-" i'J ''Ii W.,IUI~~ \[:':...~'~ 'It.


~!IJijI:_

II

'~',='unlol '],.,1,. ...... '-- ,P,_, .,


m--"-p.t:il'l!:l~,~~liIi'i,ri'_ :;lijJV,ji!T',E", Ide~llall._ "10'~'I~, '] .. '11'1- :S"'I~ ,'(. es una on- . ... ,; .J_ill_.l~i1Uu.. n-'t'i; llt"_' ~ ~tll ~Y. . .~. '.Jl'lCi!@.lil!l!!! v· da :uian''''ular de '100 H'l. COD , 'liD ,,-' -- de 2; V, '.g., _ra'ri.t:illJle: 'b),: 'v~ ,en funcl6:n, de ,. '~'IC):V en ~unc'l6,mIde p-~;i!C~o - -~ - ,'--'-'--'--"--\Cil-' .. ,, ..... -'l. --- ------ - -~ \: 'f} ' -~iI. ", )'-f.

'I__ -_"~ l~ .:
E~"
I~"

'l~a'- .C~~'a'il"'lu'I-J!III __ 11-]~liI!'!Ii'a- de ilLS-I.. ~~I_ :DPil'a_I~._ 1,

u"u-,ill'ta··· _~¥ U!llll!!~1. riJi;~ftt a"f.!' .. ,-II ..

,W'

!f.-

~Il

•.

II

~Wue",n.aJ- Ie-'lli :C";:-'~ base __ DI!II_ ...


~.-:1'- - -I:..if·-l

~i'i;

~!U

J-~~I :Aii'!'juaiii""~'~n·(/'~'- '_' 1'b-,·):·'-. """"-,"",,hJ .... c:J 1


,.,g. -.I--.f.

Act.
( '.~ =r '" " b,,-')" I'O'I"'''''~~~ ~ "~.l T
rllG: l~iIl"!liI;~ "1i_ ... I. 1~..:IO~j. L..J

....

.=
.=

,RI ,+ .Ri" ~ .1(40


n'l
II~ilil~' ~~~L'!
01,
= ..

'IO.::,.1 "'i'li
1

+, :101:)1 tn, .=.•~.,


1 -

' . ,U,1i
"'[I~' _ __ '~.~

,:5

':-1 '~i 'bl)' ~_ ~"


::",I!!I

~,~

r~~~"Pliifli

r!J"tJI, ~~

,II!Rft

(.c) Oltservc: :18,:figura ,3...l~ ..AjUSIC~cl osci~.QSCcpjoprtta, Q'bsenar:' .1""""'1 COb Ulla, cseaJa 'verb,eli de ,5 V/1liv (c) " ">-;,-,-'l.ald: '~ , ,. I,-~ .. 5eJ'Y. nne Ii'\P.ndiGn;l£ SC elc'~a bacia, la d!er,C!:c:ha,U' II!S 'nAJJ,i:li"B" La eseales ' y 00.n.Z.UD, .. ,. e .. 'V/d~v O'b-'-~~ '"I .., '10 r-"'" .-----~. -- ~ ----- rJ' -,...- ~---- ----------

dob1le tram", ~opl'ado a,ed,

~Ia_ '1~,'.1I"-'~ ~ onda U

.q;i11Ui; ~ ;ruiIi

,~ll'.lU:I~.

.~iI"i'~"

'\1*r-.e-:n
~ "P,

",[Ill]

'il'in-::'
!III

,~~[

Inl::'i:"'.'llo~Q::-"n'I~'ol 1:-: de~ _~iV~ , . yo, lU '... ,'

daD ganaJl1cjla, en una, Rl-a:l111tll,d.de. '+',S:r.

Copyriglhted material

-[ n_lm:;iIIi;_AftiPa.e A'm_- --t"tJ~UU!ll'~

'~_ LUUIiC!hi"·' Ii"n''_.·g~I~~-G ..

.... 'ACII

w )'

;r.11-U

["'U"'I

" .. _·_W_:~'~

;'nv---iiCii.r~,e:n~

6'-"3-,
I

"

I, ,l.

....

,'

',:)

'Ii

,.-, ,,

S" 9 "~'~"..L_ ,.iI,- t-. ''j ,1II_lIiiih",n,ull

j,'
"

",f)

'I'_' - - ~_~~'" 1" 'UM... '(J' " -, ,-, -'

en

IW ,__ I __ E

-Il_

B.,

___:__'~

If:

"-~A_...t... II ,IiUIQun UIIIii "

,~~Ic:nl

(~e)~

de ua _ifi-etdot

de 11DbId1~sd.,
DO

ia,w.~,

Copyrlqhted material

64

p,Pw!Wli....,..Ii~m-":' '1·;':"0- :~..ft, ~~~I ~!IV

p-

.•

.-pa ".. ,1"


e)'-

_.~.uv

I ~..I::....,~~

~7''.2' I I.-~~
", ; '.. -0

::-"--,_,,_--,',,;- ---:;---, .--;-'-La-' ~ IfueIJ·-· _ .. _,-,: •. .' _' -: :. _/ ",8 l_'.. _ .IW

IIS-

1faJe'"

_ .,-:-, --I

.._

i"_':

---,. '-'des'

.. ~' ,_,._

,----;--~. ~~---; t lif'III'n l~.'-~- lda-',,- ;_ ,__:_ _


.

flrV'

"-d~-!~ _-},n'it,il"\o: Uu-~_U,~~, pr.(K;e_lmJt\_,_,!;U' 1-i'i'~~l\ '.do


'[]~~:

E~, a O.,.2~ rms en cada 'medici6o". Se gcaJiea V-u, (} V /1:1:'" . C. ~. -~;( .... ~, .... I L-_' ,. - .'.'. 1""\., ..,-- d . '1'1-' ,- _. '-I . 'I iii' :C" '.' '-'Ql~QIIt, ,en '!I,unctYill ~, !I.a, _u·-~uenCUl., vuan' .0 se ' _,eg'o, a ,_'as iI;~c'w,en~',I;)S!milS il~,~as &l';1li11 em!plem a dism~o,'Ulr (',dcibido :8, I0, '~,e de I8, caeaelt ... c:ia de en.ad 8,\ 'Ra'u' n ua a IJl'me:D'i'at autom;Sll lea~~~8 , ll' mente ,.:10,'1I, ~~.;jJjm,~-1l vo,·~'Ii;'~-ml-JI;,o'd,.·.'!10:1 :rr~'Iil-·~~·d.·'1" d-'e, ,t~U'Cili"l~ij;:no:I:li'Ii!I':Q: D.'1IRl! ' ·m·~,-;iillilnl:~~~e-:~r'll!-- ~'~I-n" y,~'~IAif'de d,e ,...,' .. , ., I,u __ "" _ .1!Ii;,1 iOr~ . ,I., . r-' , ,L:;.C III -. a I illl!iliu , ......
J

mas bajo,~,MedU la ;wida, Vg~,MUlener


_u"
_j~

lDU_I'IIf...:ll~~~l ..

Q'I'I1;~;~ ~ft"J

;:: '. :'-~ JL fa. __- f:n el ,-'---<-11:1 -;,- -,-,~,n, e_ ,~"-'bCF- torso 10- 1-1- tt c~poj"" ,I,enc_ [,",'I me,n"c :..:;-, ,-SLiI'",:".~'en. ~~, ,.~ .. ... , --:-' t,-, COrti, -~S'Uii dl $. 4"'~n-::-';li'r ~,~ '!ii~~i",l':i:n11l4 Id'£I lty i!i:';ji!'n·~iI,CiI:-] ;i!i!-n:'~'IIi',,,,,,,~~...,~ ~ ~ 'V ~Ig -rl1~ '\f ,'nl 'iU'I!lIi'~', 'f~;i!'" 1~I"'D''''':I': ,a- 1litrim, _JI.1llw ;II i , '~~D' 1, ~ili'_ .. [I' ~J~, t
11M] .·I'~r·. g IlL1IIIIIUI . ~-:r.!P.. I.M u~
~l .•.. '_' .. ~l

U~I~

e-

~'1i1

Il~lll"irLr

._I~l'..oH

~"IW!I"'._.'II!i,

ifli_

Qj,

:VI .

1(,',

--

--

"-

•.

~'~--..r.

"1

- JLiIIii ~

~U;liI,1

.,"

",""

_ ..

,I!Ii;IJ U.

,UoI,

iIi'I!!WO;lU.'.,

ii2I!

li0ii. - .. '"

1101 ..

'U

'_'

t[\ q Ul~'~"
l!II!, __ -.':'

'V:·:..- 'pAili' ·d: ;iii; iii:: D-,'1!:"""~1n-- ;l'oiii; UII ·._'_~'U' __:_~lI!Y __ ~l ~~
'.,!p. '~ ••.. ~ ...:.·•..

'iIIi;~ii:li,L,a'

~AY.
: ..

__ ~l l
_~

.A...
"

~lilri!"
~iIL~~

'iIIi,~t'

~I,

U~'iI!"i,;jj, '~'IIIi .. iI'lo,t'A 1 IkIU, ,IU~.llil,~, __


-~!i_., ' ..

,iiiiitl~

IIU~_~I~·
I

'a:I,~', ui;'li;l:.i'];,~ Iiii!:U ~~Ii( r 'tlu:I,'~~~


III 1···""'1'·'."' -_,I_l~_

niili'rnn'i!li ~l!!!!'-. .~g __

'ii"'....J GI, "IIII!lJI'~'!!!!'W!1 ._,~:-

nmte la s.ecue;ncla de' nFllleba 'P- r ,aflUide 'ue sea ~aeorriente cue ~ Ie 'ba~a ex tra f.d o 'I' ".,," :un,e1em:~'~O' una, 'fue,n~e,ide's;[ de 'Yiolta ~e no. retonoc:idl, como 'tal ~ de
:..:.1.~· __
·.1_. :\_ ..
'_J~.

r1!!!"

-iI!

D,l

. :__ q. _.

'.,1._.:.".

0, ·_I:__,·~,i;

'Bste es
_.~_,I:___" ._._

,~

I~'

l:t!

",-,

"!I--"~..'. .3--

,r,ilf.d~'_1 ,~:'-~MW,fl'l;" ~

~"jj..\tla~--. r·vfl'_',p
~ ~ ... ,
._-_-_l~~

n'~~OI~~. I,vera,' r"'I~U~


'm·.,....
'C'!h,.~.
•.

'i~""n.·,it~-,r"'''a· 1""'"'Jim, ......~-;c;,,~ S--··u·,fi"ioci!"~ -"",I , ~lgl,l~"d~ _-_"U ~~ _ I~V l"I!;.;) Yrio ._ ,::-,----:~,::'~-ji(i :ad~:ec.-~;-d::··,::o~, _ _ __ __ de CQns~sttra,;~J... ~_;_.-I-,,---;- 'h;--~,:-~--:-"-I--:-'~uora,en ,,seer Ina~ ,~'~ ·d->i:--:l--~ 4-: un ,_. us. _0 ¥-;;'I'm~e de ali'-~"eDiDC~lon _,+,']C V' ~ .._i_ s,pone ~ ,_ -JJ ~m__ I__ - ,_,..1. , ,__
~_II!!!!

C,Pil; 'iil~,.' 1~':'!CIiO~"!",,,!1"I; uO W~JllY~1A1

'_~

d·'·'.

,"""iC~ll'~~~ ~u~~-~.Il~

el
~

~'I'"~I\. ..... 11(!i,~, ~_,I~I!-~lJYJ~ ~

,k--'~~;li;.. , ,,~, UQ_"~',I

F1i;

L_

~~

J' on di'yj50f sc~nciUo volmj e qlue ,Ielilem 7" 5,'Y~'coroo se puede vier CD. '18'fig]Uf,Q 3..12 (~a);C'OD de, , 'ts.fuen.' de 1 ~:S;'V' DOl :Si'ii~iC 'l'idntrUh, .,robllewa,Ilem~re '~"euando rnunca se 'lu~]i,ce al mi~Il'O ~IIJ la If Ir,1 [I
'I'_~·._ 'ml 'l,r'II!i" niU'.t!i! ~ ~'te:' Inn ,,' _"~
._. l~l

~t

!E;~'

~nn~~!t'CIi ~u _"~~

._.

· 10 L~ll~W. ,. 'n".rM1 rAFOi!:II


!Ii 'I

__

Copyriglhted material

6~ 5
"'.

'

,.............. iiiiiiiiiioooii·iii'"\" ..~


"

Rt= ~'Illkll
'\i"" -~.

~V
" D._ .t.... t ;, ,iu!G ,I!II. ( ilill... lIf~ltc _-- " . " .......Ji'.~- ..... ,.i"" ,",!Iii" _ ~~ I .. __ " . "_" __

'.m

15' '..,'
-l!

1f1i..;~1

l)U:J.!

'La fbc:ru.e de VO'lfaiP! dc, "'~; V


1_ 1 ~ _~ _-_-~. " "_ ._" ~_~ __ • _"

..
.. _.-"

iii ,5 'V' ,~A"" ~iii I~ IO:<IH'O:I~ ~ 6, -~ ~ ~~,t!!!Ii.o-D"''''Aj

l!"_~

I~

"iI; ,~gJ._~ ,~ll

'

,n·."

Itt::!) ~.Q ,t£]


~""""""'..!!'!I;

v........... .........,.,

'.

mar

A ~ ,jiij;_f .... ,'_j"~'I, _, ~."U:UlR'".- ~

Como SiC 'mueSII,a. en la ,iguIa. 3~:12c(1b)~ did ~tD.,e'Il',sor· eSla,'t,m par,a_~c:lo con R., para for,R~ ,as" IllIln_H, rns~_stc;Rc~a u.~""8.llnl-e; de '~,I kn II :10.tD =. .5 :kn-. M:sia 'tu_cote dc' :~ eq 5;'V so ttl vi..,
1

ue

D...,....
1

10' COD' un ma m~r de vo~b1'~ lEl~¥o'~taie .' "mrermoia de 7' 5 'V estd.. eoaeetado a IIII'J :'-~IClr '_.''', sc,guid Dr. '.> '_"':"-~_:":!I'"""'~ ,_ .~.-=--- '.. '-,- ,_..... de, 'vol",jD' 'eD la fipra 3..·:~(c:)~. a salida dell SlIJuidor cs ilua'i a Vrn:,j' ,A I~n 2 L sa'ii;da del Ie,RtP idot·
"~"">~' ~.I,,_..:o'~ ,.:__,_.~1_-:, '.J

i£' M 11,
_.;'

,.pader '.'
•• ~ •~

"] 0:-' k'iI'll ~., JI 't."n'-n~ '~.-~) .. :,;1[, II c· lllli. [Ii p~r
il'
1

'qil'IiA ~'.·:.I .. I~~lP

110"

cOlIscrvar
• ._. _ ••

•_

CJ 'v'~'or'
••

II'

....:~...:I
_.!l

·tAft~~ '1I.... 1;:' iUn.. ~ll~.~ ~ QI-r.~~~ aI. - -,Ulll!lll!l . _. " _, ... uC 'l!lD \1'0'1Ibtll'!!· ,caB'I'-m'lilcm ~~
;jij;jiii,ti;;;iii ... '.
_.. _ _, .•
1 .• I.

¥lmUIl, Ale ,C' . ~'~l U'_-' ~


-'~nllIAp.!, •_

.Qej 1:'G1"mllcUI ~ta ~ con ,fUJitar.. ..iIl...."· "L ........ ~ ,r


.1 .• 1 .... ~. ,
l.

'V'

!II

...

.. _~

~~

_:_"=~-:.r'.:::'

<':___.,I.".::U.:~·':~":__

__ ~'·:__

.~'

1,_.,

.,,'~:

','

II,

_·I

ilitft

1'.• - NJI"",,-:di'--' ..,", ,,'~' ,r--QUG


,~

.'-I.;·t-""'iiA>li"
~UI~~

••

'i!'n''(C'

'~1" gilii:l!il.uy" '_""n'~~':lilll~iU~ 'U.·n·~'~'"""iiII!':I~'''''D'';iIIII: ;i!i;i~I;m;'iiL;ii;,..J""ii-1I'" .:.;I!!!i.!lilli.'~;if ~ .~ 'lI!;!O


","V~ ~ ",,"''''''~\_,!Ii;;-: __
-

!,.~.-. .At... C' 'mA:'~" .....u.;:; ~


I.,

.,~

". r\lll'~ln q':--u-' 'i;J.~j!U:,_.

0. IE-A

'~'

p~~..4iiioji·r.a~'ilIIO-' ,~!iU-_I'-II., u' ni~niiii;b"I"n .'(~~..

-0:-'W,

el 'v,' "I!'Cf'
!!p,"

.d''-w "m,,-"!!Ii'n-e,r--:-,DI 'iq'· ·i·~e:'0' 0.· f,if'lii~ma~-, eom '~';illllft'lIhiil; ,AiI"I,p~I:'Il'j'i~ii'ii'i~n;_ iIi[~·~In ~'a~ ;iIIII,. __ '; 'IP·~·:(' I)' I",;if;;;. u-~l "Sl,-,-,~C 'd__ ""', " -I' '1-" ,,. 11- '1-' -. m'~ - .~.cc ~m~o,.
e;'n't~;ii;"'a=
II

• ..1: q~l!le(:1~
.1:_ll'LIlail
i . ~~

_Ail d SUCW_)en~uO
.-aII..
i

~;i '.' ::::::1_ ~.' 1 ~ An' enl cU'itQq1!Wl.er 'pu_n~'Q de-..'~..e Irculto~ '1D~sep "d It_te:ne:n a_'lD, :I'mpewnc I,a A :, ' '~I" ~ ·.~Ol" ue
r",

lI!;O~,

iiII!"iII'p,~§, 1.... ]'~_·a'·~·r .... ~_~ III.,;

.4.... · .u~ S'~'~i"'~, 1i-iI"'~IU'.

'iii' "'"I ~~,~'I'lIli!, ,~ !I:"',_,U_!lfU

IL'!I;O ~

_:Iiil

unn.
.~

lI!J' ~!I!'!I! V ~~=

~~n:ilto~a'['' '!Iio< _ "'Yl'L

h~,
_ U!'

_ ..

L~

!iii...

..

1IrU,

~U,

II

r,

'!!IP.,._~ll-w

!I!ii!I ...:1l W_;i!lUill .....

L!"

""'U 11i __

J'~VIi ~~

iI!~

n·r,dil"~~'i~MnGnlE:m-p··. ]_ '_" i C~~ r __ Itp\.:_~ __ ~_ - __ ~-_. ~ __ -_

I.

I_

:_.:~,,'

Copyrlqhted material

[.

88'.'
.
.

.' '. - ...

vel.

,
,m"c;l'\QS,

tlI-u'-.a; ,~,

vmor
III

de

pm.els "I'
i

'i'Ii ,~

'V' ".,,I

Ref,.,l-

. 11:0

I6
1-1 -.... -------~:.' .. , '}-:-"

12

. '10 lli_Q
__ _

'

'.

liiJi'
'iFQ~

,_

.-!L,j!' t1,~

i!!!Il 'T:~

'f.ImD,

4,
..
I,', ':

¢
6
'.,'_.

t,,' -

'.

'._.".~':} ",_ 'V_


.I '.'I!.!l:

i!!!Ili -~ _'

~
~111ilI'C; 'III

..

'yO

(b),

"I:C;,'(JrRA,3-:13 1(1,,) 'V011~iG01 sa.tida :p.reciso, ,de ....S Y'~II(b) Ian '~ob~jcde , Uda de :1:5 v., ..

SOi""

Copyriqhted material

6-'7--:'
. :"

Para eOI1Smdf''~n 's:umad·(l['Inverser de tres e;n,'wadas ~5G udU.za un 'pmDlldJad.or' pasivo y un ampli'ficadof' no c~nvm-of~al eemo se g'uestm ~;nl la 'figum 3,..14(a)'., 'E)~ cif'-eui~o pltlmedi 3)'''' t de~
der pu;i:vu coasta de 'b'e~ :ms.~sten:e'ias, ilSlUule-s ,RA y los lffts 'y'ollaj~$ QiuedoDen ~ILlIm3f8e~La. sa.. ' 'Iida del,,pmmediadar paivo es ,E~,~,leo.dOI1iuJe Bent;es el 'pm,medio de E'h ,Ei ,'I' ,E~!,es d~ch::~, ,l!~nl

"""'"': +, '&2. +:- ~ (.'~' :~'- ,~,


, ,,1;;',1, -

)1,',,,;}.' ,~'' ": 1i'!i'U. '..... , \1- ~ "'" ,,f1ioo!!W.,. 'U,'I;" ~~ _ 11:'~oi'lJ'" til..... _ ~", Q-:e:U', ~U~nl ~a!
:i"'"itq

,,,,,oolll"8it;illi, '," uli _ ~u

~iII, ,~,_ Ui &~

,A'n"
!W _

:Ptl;~~ ""~

~""" I!jJI '"'

,~:~r n·eeesarie,~ io?!!ioO,_" ""-"'~u.J1

'1111:n' ~L,

poo.ediador' no hlVoermr (en. oontras,te com 10 q,De ,5uccde ea la sectl:on :3',...4,)1,0, La, ssm ida, V~,se ()DtiGfiC de: ]a ,om" Ulcaei6:IJ do lf~; Cio:n una gmulri,c'i D, que, es ~guII :8 :ta c-amIldad, de en'lradas, n~,Bn !a 'fi,I,ur-a, 3 ...14(,a)i' n' ~' :3~rara disci .. el amp UfiCI-(llor' se 'C,S;COle g'n Y,alor ad!ec1uadQI pm, '~a reslsmncI8 R~Ahara SCi elcuell!a, 1/8, 'IUHtirde:: ,Rt
,S,I,8'1'
~2, Y
'~i

,Ill'"' ~ ,1)1

(3,,,·'12:)
,~, kD(~, ~ I.) ~ 2.0 i;:;Q., 0

Como se 'muestra,t'n la, 'figur-a, ,],..'1,4(.a),t. ,e] 'vla]of de RI deberd ser ",-:
t

E.'3 'no son 'Fuentes de' volta,je Jdeahuh :10que' ,~f'seri:an una ba'l:eriiia 0 ~,asalida del un ;ampli'fi:eadoli' opcraeiQ(lal agregue 'los SC:1,uidoms, como ,en ~8, fi,.,unl :]CM '] ,4(b)..

COPY- riqhted m atorial

j!~a,

uv

CB"'J"'~Io'.,." :~ - "_ -rl.~'1.U"' ~.l!'l:

Bill, plltC de],cimulm


"

,sedenomm& ,promed iador.' piliNG

..

, ,
1

.3

(b), Sijl ,E ~I'~I Y E,~


': '!i.;nI__!!

,E, Ilu, :sOdl It.\vcnta, del yo.lt,~je idf:d:s,. basta ,~,On ,1i~1.u' ~da,MI, de: e'II~, '
(:_ un __
~;or;..-~

'-lUluOf'
L

~I

~-

A'... w.;:

.' 'i!i< .. :~ .. w.~"Je:.

FI,GURA, ~l' TOcias:tu: :R'tlS~~IS de 'Ull cmuJdad de entrado 11: de; un sumaOO,li' 'nD iD~enor :son; 'i pales,. eJ~epkllIa ~i:stencia, de' mroali'niMIBCiomr;, eU .., ji, R = llO kC Y ,R(4 :~: ~,O kg. :&l oonso:ueM',ia" I~J'~'R ~: la, taDlidad ,de ee.~ .• .' rmet't.OS,. ~~,,-. nJ' - ""n -atlas -~---.',- uno", ,D ~ D~'~ . U:.
-,,~ \ ,.;I" "

it·,~,...iI"'~T; : ,:,1 "~"fi~',;"lA,c u.bereHC;l 11 ~J ~~-Oo"U ~~~~, ,~mso ",' pall,cn,f,e.,-'e,~ • , '~:-:, :sc ~,uul,alra C ' ,am,lfb1.. CIlUQf -' 14';~~,~-:.I;~}'a' ,~,;;iiJ:!ij' CQHL" :i_ m,;if;,1l!' '~n,,.. 1;1 ,mnp~'i.ricador de instnm-el:mcion., ,S,b), e'lJIlbUI,Ot :31 iIJ.lJ,D.j q,UG t;D ;;:1CflSO de 0 tras aplieaoioae s, de 'ul1j~lU' cadoreslnrVGliSores, '~' ItO invenore,s,!, p~,r.eSGJD:lamos ejc;wp'] es de t1Jm-pli I1 codor Idil~f~n~ r ~' . . . tJ·[~ ,tidE 'rC:D I~Stao secei o:m, ',..:' con, -- se'fV,oolflnli.#;cndo\r' e;:oJ la s iaui ente,~ ....... J .... -- ...-'"'.._,~ ~-_.. ~ .~. r '6-_l....
IB':n' ..' -; ..1'·':1 ,-He,"1 capil',u~oI' 'D'
I~ . , . ".....
'f ':,
,~.--c

un

,J.j

_'

l_,

,~Ii

"

Copyriglhted material

Amp·.·lll...,.,ad"O'-Ii'~I 1n--; ~~r-;as-,H v~e_____ ,,__'WU ._IVG' .. __ "~.g_

,,.

1!"Ii~1 '1~1'II"!I!iin~_.'W~ ii':li!ii'!iI!ii: 111!t'Y'

;mM"rih!i;i"liiI!!'O',

88

,.,bll::
'.-'-T.~

"l!' T

'IO~~ ~"
.~

'k1'.-}-. 20·'·
..'-. I, '.,"_"
_ l!! . '.-

.I

. ,c: ,t';J

'V-..
'~.I_.:~'W}'h'A'1l.

:rl~ ~.
,-.

'~.,

,....,

I 2,5:. '.::
-""--'"

'~iJ

v "'' ,
r' '~'

.....::....:__.
.

........ :'
Iiiii-'

fl.r.1ii \IY'J

ReURA, .LIS: 131, ADI:1l ~

ium:;ionar'lm ,ap'lieaci:QnBSI de una sola, "Hnte: de alhncntICi6n[I' co;mo ,semuaua en ('8) " (b,)\i'

'~

1IJdo" l~" .. ~I'IJ- ,.- SJ" lre.~·~,,


'. I " I.,' I ' ," -',.' '_-'. ," . '-' .. I~JI[~_"J I , )~.I

Cmno ,H 'D),lRStta. ~1l' '10 'fiaW"8 3... ~J--I~l- H,. ~¥[a"',-si, -]1 ·--~--··~-----~----~--~~-,D·~--·~IO"-'1~ Ft.} 'W~, m".··'U\or·~- ili'''''r "",J!_~ ,- ~ ,;;I""" ,iQj" "~iIl!!~ - 'q .~ ,(1' iI .. I --.," ... I .
,_~I

Z,:

,R·-,'···,~- iiIIi' 'I_I~~ I-' r ,.C!i!tA,.Io.-r 'll:nmii iD atUDlci a'W..~un.IIV1!!' ._ ~


=-.' ,iI!i---'---.-

2 V' '~'B;; _. ,31'V, V.[0 '~ '2 ~ 3 ~ '~I ,1-1 _


ill

v. g'l .ai"UCM
-

_- .'

Copyrlqhted material

..

I,

,
__ -......;;.""'\

,I:t~ "~~, 't;U

A.r===~~~,

,!(-:2 V-:,'":,:____"", ~~

...-~~

:2

,R,'=;lOHl
I ...................... ~' "!

ij;,...--"""l

II

-rsv
"

,t h,), ,' A ~I;. ,,", __ ~~

.....

:--~'"';""' .. ~;~

oo;

.. :

:..1--;11' U'!j~I.

IMI!I:'

"

,-"

'1-1~,~lj'Ii.-"''''''' '"C~ .1._I~h,.~V'I, 1_.111

en la, el;diof.Kioo, de' DD a;mpfific.ldor qtJG £0, diicr.endl- caire 2E:j ,',11:,
I J

"_'m- -pL.;:A= .
'!Iii< _, ,lOAIU_lID
,

~UI,I'

~,'IG(J,RA,J.'I,' :OM le~emp-c-'Ios de Imp~lifieadormdifereBti:aJ~i SOl el :S!Llbslrac~, ,!Ii .~ nlli • [a) , la utnh:aci6il 'de.I'i1mp'lilcadof' ope rK~ioal ~anto como, DlmpU:ficad iU
:invetlor C-QrnOM hl.'vemor' en ~b).

,g "I, - III ~I
l~ I

/u.&

Am',:'

..,~

":-,

,~,p,-~'liIi~' ,_' __ _~'''',I.,~u.,-' _ j'


I J

.I"·'·~w...,
@
I:.

-e

rllp~

~1!'1'\.~r-'
"VL,

'1 ','-,' ft',,-.8, ," ,_.~ v

1:,

n',-~"
t.....

-iI"','e,ft~ I~·VV~

En :18, 'H,pm 3...I,fi(b).~ ,sefial B'~Be ap:Uca, a la e nttad_l, no io.Y'e:rsora, de'l ,ampUlcador y la : :Ia
,~..iU, £l'~~ Mr'tlYIH. .....iIi .£" .. iii:'.' nlnlll,:i~a a '-18-; ,w· !u·:._ ..··. All--,itl"'Sdla ~'~'RI,
,i.-,
,"=

,S8'-'

'-po '"r"d,p, a.. ;::,,


_. .lll.~_"",

,t-::::,.,-:~_ 'f ,_ q ',U.a,~, ve ..... 'U'liD '!IIi'W,",'I~'tr,~'iIII .., Y'\io',-""Q .. ~_ ._ ,""" '~1,1 iQiIitl!'Lyt1I!;~,~iQ, dor no in,vl!r,sor OOD una DM~:iD, £1£ (."R" + R'· '\IR.~0, 2:, E~ dec:I.'r:- llcyardj, a 'V' . .so:lo ,8 2E' ,A, - -- - - .... --- -- - -- ------,~----------- --·-1 -. -._== ---1.+ '" conti!!l~_J. "_' __ ' se reeonecta 8'- 1-' B'· se menlpl8!Z8 ,P'I!!!!!' Uel'r8· ,B.~~e U__.. ,aR)"n] ificador 'I Dli'iCrsOf Icon nor Il . '_' . __ lluaci6n '_" 11 v' I" ,2, ~" . ~ ,1 __ '_ ~'~~'a···, :Q\G'~':a··.~~.a'" ,...... 111., 'C!I ,U .. ,,"' a V'- ,~,~J:?,- .C:._jU-:4ind'lol.a"n·.·'~o·.:'&1,. i'"i~m;:-ft. £i~l .e·:_,;c··,A:n- ~·O'.'·~~'·'"'~~- 'f/0' '~J~i"" ,d·· I_II; ,1:1' ' UgH'-. iC:!ifAl!l: iii,., ,r' '~~·e···.~~a',0' • ... &:riI2,.'·.. au, .. .V ..?.~ta ,"'. u~!laU'U:~t ·tf __
I.u._
i.

g ''''r- ,p,gm--.~ es "1:-"" [5;l'ia .q::''i_~~~.a·~ '\ii' .S-:C-; .. ·.:,Ii'imn-,:.\ ~ , .... J;io2,~ _.
1011;· _!!I,S~ n~r~.fi
lil,__
l_l, , __ " __ I

'-n1-,·'":.· .. ilf'rr 01 'V etS


••

y',~g+ '~-~I~

'itll',arrJiij;m--.-~c 'IU'iI,'riI ~_nl~iI'V\!i;'~Ij'>,~,.(,ft U"·IA Ili!HJ.Il}IJ~,r-~ '~J~UJIl"J


~~

'n~~~ '!i'lI," ....iI!.·'''''ft'iI!''' IrP-~I'!IA


~-i'l"._~
"'11,01~!;I!

1di;;E'~P 'cioil' ~-~'~~ ,.~ !I!!!!ICJ' __ 111i ..

"u",i .

I~JiIoJ.""[nil'1l''''-';.i;i; nn'" 'U, 'n:DI '1!i'~iI'I",t'~~, ,I"'_~' _ ,_ q

;i:'lj;iIi!'

".,!' - -.
1 ._-_. ,=1

----~, --- - ---- e, _ '_l,rr ll~'~'.

i{~

l_l,.

"_'

_, __

'

"'_'_'

e=e-

"~!!"!.l

.1.iIl!iwI,l.

,.'Ii.i

;1•...

I: ..

!Il.;U' -

.~,I'Ii,;'"

:__ '

.13.. 14)
IC'=I.... ..omo
,C'" ..•.

;.D;;;

se

~'iri\Q~:,""',a-IIA'Jn :.I!I;!!!,,",,,,,,~·W ,LtU,

:I-a,!l_llb''''- a ~ ,1l~'~)", 'V~:::' =' r'rl~~r··., ?l.. Ii 'U\ _


llil. iii
I

0.'

jl Ii

V cu :'~1[Iid:,~rr-'= '2. V ~'~'. :=' ,3:·': 'V~ _ tl'-:! - -""'~_III U ,~~ , _,~

Copyriqhted material

1"'I1I,t.'_PlICBuuI\8S

'.'-"--'I~'·f'.:'-' ,.......--.- lllmvsrsorasl y lno, ~nY8rsor9S1 ,01 .. , -" ., "" ,'~. _ .•. " ,,-

71

1.;11'

I".-....
;!,r,'

.AI ''I;''
'r,'

j',,,.-

'.' .. r

-----,

",' ..

I,G.,

~",",I~,"lRI1~,. ,~"". j,-,- 1i;~,L: -1"


~ .Ai ...,

11- Pili'1"'lllt:~
=

'1'11111'8' !l!l!P.'!il,r-ft-'P IQ' ll~t_11IftII-~~~_tIQll "HI_'.I !l

:~iI!"JIIIsta, n ~
." .. !p.-·V

'~i~.~, Jt'~I~

I, l!i

~'meambio!;, de ,E,;". ,ml Sl1


~ ~ ~
~l~. _~

't'· ;R''""'''''d el_~luto ~ ,K"OImP~'u,~~ OC,


"

,,-,f,' ".

'.-""1"

"

A'" ~n.','.fS',,_. .,'1 ,-,M_J._ -"":'~'-I· ,-II,' Cd'iCUuv gg


.:1-

.-

,;,1\:1"':..._ .. -· .,...",p",,~ar
I --

1I..-,-'I,i;~'IIi-:m·~'~~, l~o"'m!l'W\~ai:r:n1~"II;'l'Iii~~"IJ' "",;11',,"\11 l:1U1_~~~~~'Y'~ 1Il;,;~-=-F--' !!.-_U~~'j~l!!.lIi,lJ' ueo~ !!Iio\__:._ ""U-:'~""':

:m-uera:

~'~I-

:d'-.,;(-"8""''10 J__ ..,1'7~ ,RiD,Uf_ '8"~ ' '"


'W ~
c_;,

I.... ""'" __

n,-

iLJ'nJIj;,t:I~'~~""-l:~~ la ·d~-:~ ~"ifMo!!l_iI!U,


_II;!!"

_'!io"

~, __

'it!,:iOilil'.;Dn- ,1Ii;'!W ~'';'', ~,I!,o'!Io.iII- 'W,

Copyrlqhted material

7~'~2'-"
:1" .....
( I~' ~
I

4.. V,·'PI1100UOC una Icome:o'tc que pasa :po.rr'.Rs ,J Iq.ue 'v,lle t ~ VFlRg• ,Bsta Ic,lcmen,'[e; nIU,J~ptlt ,il.~Vd, se cma CUIl'b.11o ". Hllye 1(J~ i'ra~l1eSde, R~, , de RB. -_,I ,

'Vt')t:= " (flA" ,. " '.

V' + R'II) ) ~ ,R:B'" (Btl(,' + '1'8). ,.... ~ ~- .,' " ' ',,~

Rnuman
("3-"
"c ;...

''lie' ')': ,II";;;PU,,

V~-lP B~ .._ JIll


.::!:

:=:

],Ej
-

(,] ..

l5b)

1St! ha dado mspuestD a, I'a,,p,regumtal de la seocio:n, :3~111., A.bQI"iI m,e(ii:a:l.te des cje:~m'p:to~ dl~

m'~~ respuesta a''.'1-,&- "P- ~mt~~'fi I.~e-:nl~


- .. u.;t; ~"~,.' ~... '_~ _ ,_~ ,_;_

"" ,,,".

I?,=·m- -'p--III0"- LiiJ 'I-:'~; up. __:.I .. " [',


1' ...

. , V, 'fi'~~. ,~-~.- a, V '~~I¥"",i"c -,~ 'If' ,uer:za -' a'l - ,.Qf ,L


I,""
,~I,.,

I" .. ~Il ,

:rr;_

= 2~'~V: ~Cfuena
.. 'I,., .. -. ':"_~"

·8-:__

V~"...· Fl~_.
~

01· '~a-'~,~II'"'2·... ~~~r


'!r'[ __
I~-

'" Y',!]
I, . .'

'-I

_" V ';f·'·~· - -,.", a, '·'"I a un. ..,,:,... 1..·.-' =·4-·.1',., ~ \, '-0 .uena ,-. V·.... ,,-. '·~··I v",(l,r
'V"
.J'1i

fj

'V·': F := ,4~' "V' ..... ... .' ,•

:4:l

_. .!N.iP '!i)~ ......

i!!H:!i.iAii..r.I--i,~iliji,g, :..,.il
~1U'J.tJI_~~l III

'\".•.. Qn;i,or:r-:
_-='

jIi,'~'
I~~l~

=. V ~

'v..~ .':~

,e"' 'V" '.... -,-", •._ I'· ...- nue~i(lS, ~~."-1'·,~. . ' e e(jfuJ ... ,-',. .-"'J':t.._ -"., '. S-~ ,&~:,.-. -, -- . -. de ,--.': J, aumenia,' - ,pfO:n:IO a,'~"/~ eneuemre ',ns ... - '.' IV" " ' ,VQ,!;.4i1lJ,eg de .'..'~ luJ,UL
i!i;1
I

'1.4

II

:SO"~' ' . ~.~,,-" .....1:-IICI,ODI


,.... I' ,-

,il, •
l •

.r=' .c.·1
.

!-.

~'-

'V ~. ,"-- ,I : V '..,.1-'~- -, 4~1 V' U.lIc:rza, . I_~~"p'iiIJ V,a~,'Df


':-j_,~
l__ . ,_. _. _. ~

L~-

.U.lCJza-.

...'~ '_3 ,(),[ a 'y....Q' ,WI,v ·'-1:"" I'

:8-" V.'.I, ..•• ::

';0;

'2, lIr'~._ _ __ __._14- e. baslB ,-,8 V ,R Ictismh1uv


iii

"'~

""101 'YiQP I.'

1'1

'd,~ :1;..- I"; '. ' ~ - 'h··-;ttol laJCBJlZaI' e!I;)G CBJg1use , , 8iS!Ia, i""'11, ~ .
"'1

..

~"" ,I,£

V ,_"

Copyriglhted

atorial

73
'-.:

,';;' ~ d uem po-~~,'"


gv _
'.,

1iio, . _,~ "_' -.11;,_.


l_

"'I"bri V. [aq~-'lili:I' ~: ',',"". _'

s"r'~
",.
~I

.,1 II..... "1i')- 'I" ,~emp..,~, ,',"

I'

~',C',',4'~'.(~I-'O" ~I,... -·UUlI... UIJ


-

j;\ ...

~J

'V'_ An U
u

"'1::1]

, - __f. _,-,

'a,'IC8lI';;~'Ji!irji
i~1

el ,P-it1-U':i11"I"~IO;C:: _~.:I-_1IJlr~· _
~~_I~'

;iiIli'Ifi, ~'~

'¥ !!lUI! ~J.

tr@~J"Iiiarll'!l"lip'I-'~II:;o:-Aor" :..:lii... ial '~m'liP!lIII' .' ...,~", ~_~ V-M!l~'__:_'_ 1r.f1p ...... [I. [I"
I"

.,1

,·1,

!J

'_~~~jll. ,;}

ill

S:fJlucMn.

COB bue Icn :185 eeu ac~iomes,(3 ..,'i~6a)Y. 1(,]...16:b): T' t.= ,3,R~, ' C
.

= ,3( I. x :[ ~

0.)(:),
'5~,,"T:-; __
.[!.

:x '10....,6 'F) == 0,..3 s


t." ~ •__

liemnn ..... "l"-~I!!tft.L'--.·~ de Mlilj'I[~I,,""'::O" ~ _~

,=~C' X J

'0' "
.~~

~: g

=~ ~.J! ]

~,;I!i

!.:II

S[~i'2
_

.u_.

[~·IJ':_ __:·. _

CAill'O-· DI[S-'-E,~I·I,ID ,_"_.:FI' ...·"---~",R-.Iw:._·.. I!III'IW :",".IWWI.'jD'-'.",'~'O---N-!rA,ft,."-' nE- li1l.~~f_"'l.1'* ._ ... ~.·[ .J~:·_H"'W.);. aE-;~'·" ............. _-_,_.fIR:n [U~-\&,'C ·.... '~U~I~:~IA,",~' ..lW~.,
_:_·J _/~

,I_"i.

1iI,'__:,

iiiIiiiiiili!ii!iiiiiiiiiii!!l~~

'.

~~, ~~
_

ii:~ ....
••

,'G,M,dfrlli.nlitM tmd,Pmc~J& C,,.'rtJ'l"WJ,'r!:., HEBel "k~.'&I',dlri


r
.• " .•.• _ .-. __ . _.. _"_" __ ..

*a [com:aiI~~' ~
~ - - ," ~
_ ••

ll_~J
_.

,~~.......J~ ~r-.-"-~~'
_"',_ •..•

iCl!bm ,"';1 [r.)~-g_&_~_MV . __ ~ 'n~I;_. .


j
l.!
_,_,I_

..... iiiiii;"

,~ ~
,

~~--~ •• n........ """'mtll!l_'" w.~~ tv ,dII_~-I_.~jW ·I'~ U~[~lIIl ;o;L.. ...__'!1j!I~__ .~ ~ ~_4i ,~
__ ••

illir L@!, ~,

,!f:'li-,•.

'I'jj\io;.""--~U"flil 'D.,... tiii.N~Aa'~\;".. l ~:_,_. __ ~ .:- U.!UI~_:_~el ~~,

Jf ._~·"I@

'N"~;a

,'

•.

__

.•....••...

v,......... 7~~ '-IDoniA, Lilj'_J.~~1


L!

p; ~uJr.._,-._ ...

_.~

,R C-oo~;n '\Ii' 'I,.. Y1UwnJeci ~u. ~ _" ..._....


..
=@ __ •••

Copyrlqhted material

..

't., ,:.J '...'~--. V

rs

-" E...!!i,

Jl~'

~.

. =====-

'U

iI!:'" '~

'~',[.

D'~

iU

"'.tI< ,;::;: 1\- ._.J 6.~ "~~~) ! ,ciid Ili~ R~, ~ ...
.JJ" '~

~.:::1. \.iF. 111

~"

.' .I!'~_lif.

.11::"

'iL:.!,-_ ..... [[-$ -... i,:. ,.~-, T-

I'IGVRA ;J..18 :9 !full"lador :iDl'mM

pfid.u tao ccuati6n die una lfnM. trecta4 .1 -- .no:' .+ b.o.

"t· disala. de: .manera

que :5al'is[aga Jas :cxi.,.-

Si b~G,1nUe8I'I\O d~Jetivo es dise:nar el C_AS-.~ que ~5, un c;i~ui,lo de' mupli.-, ficador opullCi owal., e~:punlO de 'p-at1ida £I: el sensor 'Y SUI ecuaei6ml c~rre~spondh:'ru~j ado. ,que d I a salida did 'scusor' 1;:5: hI ·cnl_md_o, .,IICAS'. Por :110 ·tanlOi ul1-a vez ,e:le,g,ido el :sen_~ol'~, IiCpre-, ~s~e Be 1m, II!'l e Ie;Mento con el q:-ue,''In:l(J1a U'IW' 'tF,aba~ar,·]en lan to q-:-Iue el clernent-:-; oon 1 Ci, que uno._' ).~ .::- -,~ -:-; 6' - - --- -. - -- - -- '--, .":":- -., - .-.- --- - --- ---.J _.'0 ,"---=:---:-' sea 'ltabajar es uno,salida e'n el CAS q,u~,quepa, dCDb'D de'l 'mqen d~~CODv,e n:id~r ,AID dell mi.. , cRlContro'ladot., Em Icoomc,Deitc1a el diseiio del C'AS ,r~ pmsenlm, una eS,pecie de eu ia 1:fl:1m aquc:~ 'iii~Iln_. to ',n••• ' ~~; ,;t:~.""'"''''''' !fW!.~a\!liIi'~Jw, ~~J~;jiO;,i]"'lI;,. ,;J ,nl'lIU'__ .,'11' "0.", ""':J,ii'lii'n- 'I~~'!I.i!!""'" ~·JeU~ uut!'Q: '.~'i4a· i!ii•.-. .!U:.pelJlllemOS, 'U n,t'~~,'li'~L._+~'~,..J!::,--·:__.:--; ~ !Iv '~II,~ ~:II!!.O """' .... ' ~ ~;L __.... Ujr.tU,Ju:I!~ POI' exa~dlUU' un 'o,PO' de SIUlsor de 't-GmpGm~ura, y como 'Om'G'lIer SiD «gaei,on ,respecli,va.
--11-'-._' ,,------

SoI:uCi'6n'.,

1.-:.

"I

,j!'!iinii'iiil V ~Y'J_iI!

A: ,...,-:., M

"

y_~,

~.~

"F"-_-_'~"I'I-I'."--'.:.1 -

-- ~ -. .- "'.__ '

La lecUllchSn Ique rep .... nta _I .. nsor~ 'Bn hi fig~um,J,~ m,9(c) se muestra una ,g_rd.1:'-..:1""1-' -1i,~,;..}'- d', I " A-I ~)ia;.,,' d''....~'" Ie:mpe-ra,,!um~ ,Ld pcnule\nd~; ,..:il_ =;;], ,_" ~ea ~"""'" ..... M I' Ifn '.'. :1,lC3, ~,~ ¥O),uiJC',~ ,.......]:'ida-- ee , I' ~iiL~'1:ce ~~, en, ,~-.IurU::~!uA.e II,a,'., .-.... !I--. UCi·
.!,I{ . '.'1"

le~ uivale ,

sado en o'K es el si,guielillte:

a ~Ia. uitiY'jdDd d-el dhi~osib'VIO':: :~ H 0 r

,m V I~IK.,

:Por 10 tan't,o,~,eJIv'Olm:~e de salida,


:.f

C'lC"ll(!gr. ,r .

'V-:r"=no m,V'FK).1 ~'1~~u'~


.:) ~, •. _ l ••

y.

_.

1.

'll~lMLln..J

~I ,~~, en 'I:~ eual ',1_':es la - ji'~m-!1"IiPJra,- ~D-;Q'K-"".A,' :"~ ,",,~_, :"' IL ,,~.'.. ;1"--'-' :ii',U:'rl~1 !\
_ii! _ai, '!!i#. __,-~ .. --

".~-

;Q'K'"'?, ,(,[}OC(::).,,_~ '~Dhale :J de: ,saUd_a del, sensor e .'. ,t 'J


l, ' .. ,

es:

t:.t ,y:o:1-, ..

I" •.

(1--0 ." : "


".-.'

'm -V ,10 IT') "~ Ii.


'.' .. l.

'I'

(1"1i"1ILl!IDV ,.l.,l.)! 'A''*'


'.Il _ .. '

"..

=:

,_i1~",_

2-' "V "";J 1-~' '_i


....

Copyriglhted material

ptislkoiO-92

,EDeIpS llbtde

Bor6D1 de. &vtliiSn


(I)

""'==F=~""""'""""""""

I"~ ~-

.-.'

'l~", ~-} (,U) rrJV

" J"~., 2.,7], ..,.' ... '.: '-,:, V

~~~--_~""""'_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiloo..iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii"""""'

__

_""';.~"~' '_1lD~gUIr.1

Q1
~

zrs -""""'' ,

'213'
1":",-,·
"r.

32]; .SO
(~JI

Ilt,l(
[COC

. ,-,GUrRA, 3-l9 Ltd 33 5:: 1(")[ tl,po' [en e-nelPw[tM[O~ (bill ~[~o
vfl;tlt-~l
''Ii'u~\d!~~

~.=. .

Jl~_ ....

:t.lI~-iPi.&Ol;~li*nA-[ UI~!I~

Ila;i' '""..... r.,.,._i!_-ti!!t-:::",.!iii~ ,4'[~~ ~~,~~I,~L_~till~gai ~,~

'.-~m-~~*",lir~~1 - ,r~III!!!!I~-~U.

.J'

(Ie:)

Irl6ca dId

'tt

- l'IO~'-" --'--"'V-;:~' J!!\ ' ' 13~. 'iilVro: "1' """"~L, mv M['C<)-" .(..,T"~' 'IL 1'_.1 .,lltllr.C1 '_-'" ss » L,.,

6V (5'- O~)=V= .~, 10 - [~, o '-.1- -'. (,l.23 '2,13),Y ....... - ~ .6,'V;,.. ''~.< ,_ (1-' "1,,,,'
0"1',_,:

'I

(3 19:') ,>~:_-.I
" I
I .

'-~

,ll

Copyrlqhted material

También podría gustarte