INTERMEDIATE ALGEBRA, Third Edition

C H A P T E R P
Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Algebra
Section P.1 The Real Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Section P.3 Properties of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Section P.4 Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Section P.5 Constructing Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C H A P T E R P
Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Algebra
Section P.1 The Real Number System
Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises
1. H 210, 2 !5, 2 23, 2 14, 0, 58, 1, !3, 4, 2p, 6J 3. H 23.5, 2 !4, 2 12, 20.3, 0, 3, !5, 3p, 25.2J
(a) Natural numbers: H1, 4, 6J (a) Natural numbers: H3J
(b) Integers: H210, 0, 1, 4, 6J (b) Integers: H 2 !4, 0, 3J
(c) Rational numbers: H 210, 2 23, 2 14, 1, 4, 6J (c) Rational numbers: H 23.5, 2 !4, 2 2, 20.3, 0, 3, 25.2J
5 1
0, 8,
(d) Irrational numbers: H 2 !5, !3, 2pJ (d) Irrational numbers: H !5, 3pJ
5. H25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3J 7. H1, 3, 5, 7, 9J
9. (a) The point representing the real number 3 lies between 2 and 4.
3
0 1 2 3 4
5
(b) The point representing the real number 2 lies between 2 and 3.
5
2
0 1 2 3 4
7
(c) The point representing the real number 2 2 lies between 24 and 23.
7
2
4 3 2 1 0
(d) The point representing the real number 25.2 lies between 26 and 25.
5.2
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
11. a 5 21, b 5 3 13. a 5 2 92, b 5 22

9
21 < 3 2 2 < 22
15. 2 < 5 because 2 is to the left of 5 on the number line. 17. 10 > 4 because 10 is the right of 4 on the number line.
19. 27 < 22 because 27 is to the left of 22 on the number line.
21. 25 < 22 because 25 is to the left of 22 on the number line.
25. 2 58 < 1
23. 1
3 >
1
4 because 31 is to the right of 14 on the number line. 2 because 2 58 is to the left of 12 on the number line.
72
Section P.1 The Real Number System 73
27. 2 23 > 2 10 2 10
3 because 2 3 is to the right of 2 3 on the number line.
29. 2.75 < p because 2.75 is to the left of p on the number line.
31. Distance 5 10 2 4 5 6 33. Distance 5 7 2 s212d 5 7 1 12 5 19
35. Distance 5 18 2 s232d 5 18 1 32 5 50 37. Distance 5 0 2 s28d 5 0 1 8 5 8
39. Distance 5 35 2 0 5 35 41. Distance 5 s26d 2 s29d 5 s26d 1 9 5 3
| |
43. 10 5 10 | |
45. 2225 5 225 |
47. 2 285 5 285 | | |
49. 2 16 5 216
| |
51. 2 2 34 5 2 34 | |
53. 2 3.5 5 23.5 | |
55. 2 p 5 p
| | ||
57. 26 > 2 since 6 > 2. | | |
59. 47 > 227 since 47 > 27. |
| | |
61. 2 216.8 5 2 16.8 since 216.8 5 216.8. | 63. 2 34 > 2| | | | since
4
5
3
4 > 2 5.
4
65. Opposite: 234 67. Opposite: 160 69. Opposite:

3
71. Opposite: 2 54
11
Absolute value: 34 Absolute value: 160 Absolute value:
3
Absolute value:
5
11 4
73. Opposite: 24.7 ||

75. 7 5 7 | |
77. 25 5 5
Absolute value: 4.7 7 7 −5 5
8 4 0 4 8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
| |
79. 2 35 5 35 81. Opposite of 53 is 2 53. 83. Opposite of 24.25 is 4.25.
−4.25 4.25
3 3 − 53 5
3
5 5
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
1 0 1 −2 −1 0 1 2
85. Opposite of 0.7 is 20.7. 87. x < 0 89. x ≥ 0
−0.7 0.7
−2 −1 0 1 2
2
91. 2 < z ≤ 10 93. p < $225 95. True 97. False. 3 is not an integer.
|
99. False. 3 1 s22d 5 1 Þ 5 5 3 1 22 | || | |
101. The set of integers includes the natural numbers, zero, and the negative integers.
103. Yes, the nonnegative real numbers include 0.
105. Place them on the real number line. The number on the right is greater.
74 Chapter P Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Algebra
Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers
1. 13 1 32 5 45 3. 213 1 32 5 1s32 2 13d 5 19 5. 13 1 s232d 5 2 s32 2 13d 5 219
7. 27 2 15 5 27 1 s215d 9. 213 1 s28d 5 2 s13 1 8d 5 221

5 2 s7 1 15d 5 222
11. 4 2 16 1 s28d 5 4 1 s216d 1 s28d 13. 5.8 2 6.2 1 1.1 5 5.8 1 s26.2d 1 1.1
5 2 s16 2 4d 1 s28d 5 2 s6.2 2 5.8d 1 1.1
5 212 1 s28d 5 20.4 1 1.1
5 2 s12 1 8d 5 1s1.1 2 0.4d
5 220 5 0.7
3 7 317 3 1 321 3s2d 1s5d

15. 1 5
8 8 8
17. 2 5
4 4 4
19.
3
5
1
21 2
1 2 5 2
5s2d 2s5d
10 2 1 6 5
5 5 5 5 2
8 4 2 10 10
5 625
5 5
4 10
1
5
10
5 1 5 5s3d 1s6d 5s4d 3 3 23 59

21. 1 2 5 1 2 23. 5 1 7 5 1
8 4 6 8s3d 4s6d 6s4d 4 8 4 8
15 6 20 23s2d 59s1d
5 1 2 5 1
24 24 24 4s2d 8s1d
15 1 6 2 20 46 1 59
5 5
24 8
1 105 1
5 5 or 13
24 8 8
| |
25. 85 2 225 5 85 2 25 5 60 | |
27. 2 s211.325d 1 34.625 5 11.325 1 34.625
5 45.95
| |
29. 2 215.667 2 12.333 5 215.667 2 12.333 31. 4s5d 5 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
5 215.667 1 s212.333d
5 228.000
5 228
33. 3s24d 5 s24d 1 s24d 1 s24d 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 14 5 6s14 d

1
35. 4
37. s215d 1 s215d 1 s215d 1 s215d 5 4s215d 39. 5s26d 5 230
43. 26s12d 5 272 45. s2 8 ds2 5 d 5 2

5 4 1
41. s28ds26d 5 48
Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers 75
47. 2 12
3 8
2 5
5
224 212
10
5
5
49. 12
1 1
2 6
5
1
12
51.
29 16
8 27 1 21122 5 298 ??92??38??21
1
52
3
218 248 63
53. 56 55. 5 23 57. 63 4 s27d 5 5 29
23 16 27
12132 4 12562 5 1213 4 2562 5 1213 ? 2652 5 52

4 8 4 25 5
59. 2 4
5 25
52
5
? 8
52
2
61.
63. 534 4 218 5 23 17 1 3 33 9

4 4 8 65. 48 4 32 5 8 4 2
5 23
4 ? 178 5 33
8 ? 29
5 46
17
11
5 12
12342 5 12342123421234212342
4
67. 43 5 s4ds4ds4d 69.
71. s20.8d6 5 s20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8d 73. s27d 3 s27d 3 s27d 5 s27d3
75. s25ds25ds25ds25d 5 s25d4 77. 2 s7 3 7 3 7d 5 273 79. s22d4 5 s22ds22ds22ds22d

5 16
81. s22d3 5 s22ds22ds22d 83. 243 5 2 s4ds4ds4d 85. s45 d3 5 s45 ds45 ds45 d
64
5 28 5 264 5 125
87. 2 s2 12 d 5 2 s2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 d

5
89. s0.3d3 5 s0.3ds0.3ds0.3d
5 2 s2 32 d
1
5 0.027
1
5 32
91. 5s20.4d3 5 5s20.4ds20.4ds20.4d 93. 16 2 6 2 10 5 s16 2 6d 2 10

5 5s20.064d 5 10 2 10
5 20.32 50
95. 24 2 5 ? 22 5 24 2 5 ? 4 97. 28 4 4 1 3 ? 5 5 s28 4 4d 1 s3 ? 5d

5 24 2 s5 ? 4d 5 7 1 15
5 24 2 20 5 22
54
99. 14 2 2s8 2 4d 5 14 2 2s4d 101. 45 1 3s16 4 4d 5 45 1 3s4d

5 14 2 8 5 45 1 12
56 5 57
103. 2 1 f8 2 s14 4 2dg 5 2 1 f8 2 7g 105. 52 2 2f9 2 s18 2 8dg 5 25 2 2f9 2 10g

5211 5 25 2 2f21g
53 5 25 1 2
5 27
817 15
|
107. 53 1 214 1 4 5 125 1 210| | | 109. 5
12 2 15 23
5 25
5 125 1 10
5 135
111.
42 2 5
275
16 2 5
27 113.
6 ? 22 2 12 5 6 ? 4 2 12
11 11 32 1 3 913
11 24 2 12
5 27 5
11 12
5127 12
5
12
5 26
51
115. 5.6f13 2 2.5s26.3dg 5 5.6f13 1 15.75g 117. 56 2 3s400d 5 15,625 2 1200 5 14,425
5 5.6f28.75g
5 161
500 500
119. 5 5 171.36448 < 171.36
s1.055d20 2.9177575
1 2 1 1
121. 1 1 1x1 51
4 9 10 3
Thus:
x512 114 1 92 1 101 1 312

45 1 40 1 18 1 60
512 1180
45
1
180 180 180 2
40
1
18
1
60
5121
180 2 5 1 2 180
163 180 163
5 2 5
17
180 180 180
.
123. $2618.68 1 $1236.45 2 $25.62 2 $455.00 2 $125.00 2 $715.95 5 $2533.56
125. (a)
Day Daily Gain or Loss
Tuesday 15
Wednesday 18
Thursday 25
Friday 116
(b) s15d 1 s18d 1 s25d 1 s116d 5 124 5 the sum of the daily gains and losses. The sum of the daily gains and losses
is equal to the difference of the value of the stock on Friday and the value of the stock on Monday. This sum could be
determined from the graph by $524 svalue on Fridayd 2 $500 svalue on Mondayd 5 $24.
Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers 77
127. (a) $50s12ds18d 5 $10,800 129. l 5 5m, w 5 3m

A 5 lw
3 11 1 0.09
12 2 41 2
216 12
(b) 50 21 11 < 27,018.71558 < 27,018.72
0.09
A55 ? 3 5 15 square meters
The fund would have $27,018.72.
(c) 27,018.72 2 10,800 5 $16,218.72
131. b 5 8 cm, h 5 5 cm 133. V 5 l ? w ? h 5 14" ? 18" ? 42" 5 10,584 in3 4 1728 in3 5 6.125 ft3
A 5 12bh
A 5 12s8ds5d 5 20 square inches
135. (a) 20 3 3 1 18 5 20 3 21 5 420 137. True. A rational number is an integer divided by an

integer. The reciprocal of such a number is still an
Student incorrectly added the 3 and the 18 instead
integer divided by an integer, and thus, a rational
of multiplying the 20 and the 3 first. Order of
number.
operations must be followed.
20 3 3 1 18 5 60 1 18 5 78
(b) UPC of 07673720012 9
1. s0 1 6 1 3 1 2 1 0 1 2d 3 3 5 39
2. 7 1 7 1 7 1 0 1 1 5 22
3. 39 1 22 5 61
4. Next highest multiple of 10 5 70
70 2 61 5 9 which is the check digit
Yes, it checks.
(c) UPC of 04180048700 3
1. s0 1 1 1 0 1 4 1 7 1 0d 3 3 5 36
2. 4 1 8 1 0 1 8 1 0 5 20
3. 36 1 20 5 56
4. Next highest multiple of 10 5 60
60 2 56 5 4 which is not the check digit
No, it does not check.
139. False. If a negative number is raised to an odd power, 141. Yes. For example, s23d 1 s24d 5 27
the result will be negative.
27 < 23 and 27 < 24
143. If the numbers have like signs, the product or quotient 145. Evaluate additions and subtractions from left to right.
is positive.
6 2 5 2 2 5 s6 2 5d 2 2 not 6 2 s5 2 2d
If the numbers have unlike signs, the product or quotient
5122 623
is negative.
5 21 3
147. Only common factors (not terms) of the numerator and 149. The squaring of the four must be performed before
denominator can be canceled. multiplying by the three by order of operations.
3 ? 42 5 3 ? 16
5 48
Section P.3 Properties of Real Numbers
1. 3 1 s25d 5 25 1 3 3. 25 2 25 5 0 5. 6s210d 5 210s6d

Commutative Property of Addition Additive Inverse Property Commutative Property of
Multiplication
7. 7 ? 1 5 7 9. 25 1 35 5 35 1 25 11. 3 1 s12 2 9d 5 s3 1 12d 2 9

Multiplicative Identity Property Commutative Property of Addition Associative Property of Addition
13. s8 2 5ds10d 5 8 ? 10 2 5 ? 10 15. s10 1 8d 1 3 5 10 1 s8 1 3d 17. 5s2ad 5 s5 ? 2da

Distributive Property Associative Property of Addition Associative Property of
Multiplication
19. 1 ? s5td 5 5t 21. 3x 1 0 5 3x 23. 4 1 s3 2 xd 5 s4 1 3d 2 x

Multiplicative Identity Property Additive Identity Property Associative Property of Addition
25. 3s6 1 bd 5 3 ? 6 1 3 ? b 27. 6sx 1 3d 5 6 ? x 1 6 ? 3 29. 3s6yd 5 s3 ? 6dy

Distributive Property Distributive Property
31. 15s23d 5 s23d15 33. 5s6 1 zd 5 5 ? 6 1 5 ? z 35. 25 1 s2xd 5 s2xd 1 25
37. sx 1 8d ? 1 5 sx 1 8d 39. (a) Additive Inverse: 210 41. (a) Additive Inverse: 16
1
(b) Multiplicative Inverse: 1
10
(b) Multiplicative Inverse: 2
16
43. (a) Additive Inverse: 26z 45. (a) Additive Inverse: 2 sx 1 1d or 2x 2 1

1 1
(b) Multiplicative Inverse: (b) Multiplicative Inverse:
6z x11
47. sx 1 5d 2 3 5 x 1 s5 2 3d 49. 32 1 s4 1 yd 5 s32 1 4d 1 y 51. 3s4 ? 5d 5 s3 ? 4d5
53. 6s2yd 5 s6 ? 2d ? y 5 12y 55. 20s2 1 5d 5 20 ? 2 1 20 ? 5
57. 5s3x 2 4d 5 5 ? 3x 2 5 ? 4 or 5 ? 3x 1 5 ? 24 59. sx 1 6ds22d 5 x ? s22d 1 6 ? s22d
61. 26s2y 2 5d 5 26s2yd 1 s26ds25d 63. 3sx 1 5d 5 3x 1 15
65. 22sx 1 8d 5 22x 2 16 67. ac 5 bc, c Þ 0 Original equation

1 1
sacd 5 sbcd Multiplication Property of Equality
c c
1 1
scad 5 scbd Commutative Property of Multiplication
c c
11c ? c2a 5 11c ? c2b Associative Property of Multiplication
1?a51?b Multiplicative Inverse Property

a5b Multiplicative Identity Property
Section P.3 Properties of Real Numbers 79
69. x1553 Original Equation

sx 1 5d 1 s25d 5 3 1 s25d Addition Property of Equality
x 1 s5 1 s25dd 5 3 2 5 Associative Property of Addition
x 1 0 5 22 Additive Inverse Property
x 5 22 Additive Identity Property
71. 2x 2 5 5 6 Original equation

s2x 2 5d 1 5 5 6 1 5 Addition Property of Equality
2x 1 s25 1 5d 5 11 Associative Property of Addition
2x 1 0 5 11 Additive Inverse Property
2x 5 11 Additive Identity Property
2 s2xd 5 12s11d
1
Multiplication Property of Equality
s ? 2dx 5
1
2
11
2 Associative Property of Multiplication
1 ?x5 11
2 Multiplicative Inverse Property
11
x5 2 Multiplicative Identity Property
73. 16s1.75d 5 16s2 2 14 d 5 16s2d 2 16s14 d 75. 7s62d 5 7s60 1 2d

5 32 2 4 5 7s60d 1 7s2d
5 28 5 420 1 14
5 434
77. 9s6.98d 5 9s7 2 0.02d 79. asb 1 cd 5 ab 1 ac, Distributive Property

5 9s7d 2 9s0.02d
5 63 2 0.18
5 62.82
81. Use the graph to approximate the dividend paid in 1995. 83. Dividend per share 5 0.08t 1 0.21
According to the graph, the dividend paid in 1995 was
2000 dividend per share 5 0.08s10d 1 0.21 5 $1.01
approximately $0.60.
85. Given two real numbers a and b, the sum a plus b is the same as the sum b plus a.
1
87. The multiplicative inverse of a real number asa Þ 0d is the number . The product of a number and its multiplicative inverse is
a
1
the multiplicative identity 1. For example, 8 ? 5 1.
8
89. 0 ? a 5 0 is the Multiplicative Property of zero.

91. let a 5 1 & b 5 2 let a 5 1, b 5 2, c 5 3

a(bÞb(a a ( sb ( cd Þ sa ( bd ( c
1(2Þ2(1 1 ( s2 ( 3d Þ s1 ( 2d ( 3
2?112Þ2 ?211 2 ? 1 1 s2 ? 2 1 3d Þ s2 ? 1 1 2d ( 3
4Þ5 217Þ4(3
So, the Commutative Property is not true. 9Þ2?413
9Þ813
9 Þ 11
So, the Associative Property is not true.
Mid-Chapter Quiz for Chapter P
1. 24.5 > 26 2.
3
4 <
3
2
−6 −4.5 3 3
4 2
−7 −6 −5 −4
−1 0 1 2
|
3. 23.2 5 3.2 | | |
4. 2 5.75 5 25.75 | | |
5. 215 2 7 5 222 5 22 |
|
6. s210.5d 2 s26.75d 5 210.5 1 6.75 | | | 7. 32 1 s218d 5 14
5 |23.75| 5 3.75
3 7 3 1 7 10 5
8. 210 2 12 5 s210d 1 s212d 5 2 s10 1 12d 5 222 9. 1 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 2
11. s212ds24d 5 48 s24ds15d

12 542115
32 2
2 1 4 1
10. 2 2 5 2 12. 5
3 6 6 6 s5ds32d
21 3
421 3 1 s24ds15d 3
5 5 5 5 52
6 6 2 s5ds32d 8
1 8
12 232 5 12 23212 23212 232

3
7 5 7 6
13. 4 5
12 6 12
?5 14. 15. 3 2 22 1 25 4 5 5 3 2 4 1 25 4 5
1 532415
s7ds6d s7ds6d 7 s23ds23ds23d 27
5 5 5 5 52
s12ds5d s12ds5d 10 s2ds2ds2d 8 5 21 1 5
2
54
18 2 2s3 1 4d 18 2 2s7d
16. 5 17. (a) 8su 2 5d 5 8 ? u 2 8 ? 5 Distributive Property
62 2 s12 ? 2 1 10d 36 2 s24 1 10d
(b) 10x 2 10x 5 0 Additive Inverse Property
18 2 14
5
36 2 s34d
4
5
2
52
91. let a 5 1 & b 5 2 let a 5 1, b 5 2, c 5 3

a(bÞb(a a ( sb ( cd Þ sa ( bd ( c
1(2Þ2(1 1 ( s2 ( 3d Þ s1 ( 2d ( 3
2?112Þ2 ?211 2 ? 1 1 s2 ? 2 1 3d Þ s2 ? 1 1 2d ( 3
4Þ5 217Þ4(3
So, the Commutative Property is not true. 9Þ2?413
9Þ813
9 Þ 11
So, the Associative Property is not true.
Mid-Chapter Quiz for Chapter P
1. 24.5 > 26 2.
3
4 <
3
2
−6 −4.5 3 3
4 2
−7 −6 −5 −4
−1 0 1 2
|
3. 23.2 5 3.2 | | |
4. 2 5.75 5 25.75 | | |
5. 215 2 7 5 222 5 22 |
|
6. s210.5d 2 s26.75d 5 210.5 1 6.75 | | | 7. 32 1 s218d 5 14
5 |23.75| 5 3.75
3 7 3 1 7 10 5
8. 210 2 12 5 s210d 1 s212d 5 2 s10 1 12d 5 222 9. 1 5 5 5
4 4 4 4 2
11. s212ds24d 5 48 s24ds15d

12 542115
32 2
2 1 4 1
10. 2 2 5 2 12. 5
3 6 6 6 s5ds32d
21 3
421 3 1 s24ds15d 3
5 5 5 5 52
6 6 2 s5ds32d 8
1 8
12 232 5 12 23212 23212 232

3
7 5 7 6
13. 4 5
12 6 12
?5 14. 15. 3 2 22 1 25 4 5 5 3 2 4 1 25 4 5
1 532415
s7ds6d s7ds6d 7 s23ds23ds23d 27
5 5 5 5 52
s12ds5d s12ds5d 10 s2ds2ds2d 8 5 21 1 5
2
54
18 2 2s3 1 4d 18 2 2s7d
16. 5 17. (a) 8su 2 5d 5 8 ? u 2 8 ? 5 Distributive Property
62 2 s12 ? 2 1 10d 36 2 s24 1 10d
(b) 10x 2 10x 5 0 Additive Inverse Property
18 2 14
5
36 2 s34d
4
5
2
52
Section P.4 Algebraic Expressions 81
18. (a) s7 1 yd 2 z 5 7 1 sy 2 zd Associative Property of Addition

(b) 2x ? 1 5 2x Multiplicative Identity Property
19. 1522.76 2 328.37 2 65.99 2 50.00 1 413.88 5 $1492.28
20. s$30ds2ds12ds5d 5 $3600 21. 1 5 13 1 14 1 18 1 x

1 2 13 2 14 2 18 5 x
24 8 6 3
24 2 24 2 24 2 24 5x
7
24 5x
The sum of the parts of a circle is equal to 1.
Section P.4 Algebraic Expressions
1. Terms: 10x, 5 3. Terms: 23y2, 2y, 28 5. Terms: 4x2, 23y2, 25x, 2y
1 3 3
7. Terms: x2, 22.5x, 2 9. The coefficient of 5y3 is 5. 11. The coefficient of 2 t2 is 2 .
x 4 4
13. 4 2 3x 5 23x 1 4 illustrates the 15. 25s2xd 5 s25 ? 2dx illustrates the 17. 5sx 1 6d 5 5x 1 30
Commutative Property of Addition Associative Property of
Multiplication
19. 6x 1 6 5 6sx 1 1d 21. x3 ? x4 5 x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
23. z2 ? z5 5 z ? z ? z ? z ? z ? z ? z 25. s25xds25xds25xds25xd 5 s25xd4
27. sx ? x ? xdsy ? y ? yd 5 x3y3 29. 223 ? 24 5 22314

5 227
31. x5 ? x7 ? x 5 x51711 5 x13 33. 33y4 ? y2 5 33y412 5 27y6
35. s24xd2 5 s24d2 ? x2 5 16x2 37. 24s2xd2 5 24s4x2d

5 216x2
39. s25z2d3 5 s25z2ds25z2ds25z2d 41. s2xyds3x2y3d 5 s2 ? 3d ? sx ? x2d ? sy ? y3d

5 s25 ? 25 ? 25dsz21212d 5 6 ? sx112d ? sy113d
5 2125z6 5 6x3y4
43. s5y2ds2y4ds2y3d 5 s5 ? 21 ? 2dsy21413d 45. 25z4s25zd4 5 25z4s625z4d

5 210y9 5 s25 ? 625dsz414d
5 23125z8
18. (a) s7 1 yd 2 z 5 7 1 sy 2 zd Associative Property of Addition

(b) 2x ? 1 5 2x Multiplicative Identity Property
19. 1522.76 2 328.37 2 65.99 2 50.00 1 413.88 5 $1492.28
20. s$30ds2ds12ds5d 5 $3600 21. 1 5 13 1 14 1 18 1 x

1 2 13 2 14 2 18 5 x
24 8 6 3
24 2 24 2 24 2 24 5x
7
24 5x
The sum of the parts of a circle is equal to 1.
Section P.4 Algebraic Expressions
1. Terms: 10x, 5 3. Terms: 23y2, 2y, 28 5. Terms: 4x2, 23y2, 25x, 2y
1 3 3
7. Terms: x2, 22.5x, 2 9. The coefficient of 5y3 is 5. 11. The coefficient of 2 t2 is 2 .
x 4 4
13. 4 2 3x 5 23x 1 4 illustrates the 15. 25s2xd 5 s25 ? 2dx illustrates the 17. 5sx 1 6d 5 5x 1 30
Commutative Property of Addition Associative Property of
Multiplication
19. 6x 1 6 5 6sx 1 1d 21. x3 ? x4 5 x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
23. z2 ? z5 5 z ? z ? z ? z ? z ? z ? z 25. s25xds25xds25xds25xd 5 s25xd4
27. sx ? x ? xdsy ? y ? yd 5 x3y3 29. 223 ? 24 5 22314

5 227
31. x5 ? x7 ? x 5 x51711 5 x13 33. 33y4 ? y2 5 33y412 5 27y6
35. s24xd2 5 s24d2 ? x2 5 16x2 37. 24s2xd2 5 24s4x2d

5 216x2
39. s25z2d3 5 s25z2ds25z2ds25z2d 41. s2xyds3x2y3d 5 s2 ? 3d ? sx ? x2d ? sy ? y3d

5 s25 ? 25 ? 25dsz21212d 5 6 ? sx112d ? sy113d
5 2125z6 5 6x3y4
43. s5y2ds2y4ds2y3d 5 s5 ? 21 ? 2dsy21413d 45. 25z4s25zd4 5 25z4s625z4d

5 210y9 5 s25 ? 625dsz414d
5 23125z8
47. s22a2d3s28ad 5 s28a6ds28ad 49. s3uvd2s26u3vd 5 s32u2v2ds26u3vd

5 s28 ? 28dsa611d 5 s32 ? 26d ? su2 ? u3d ? sv2 ? vd
5 64a7 5 s9 ? 26d ? su213d ? sv211d
5 254u5v3
51. sxnd4 5 xn ? 4 5 x 4n 53. xn11 ? x3 5 xn1113 5 xn14
55. 3x 1 4x 5 s3 1 4dx 5 7x 57. 9y 2 5y 1 4y 5 s9 2 5 1 4dy 5 8y
59. 3x 2 2y 1 5x 1 20y 5 s3x 1 5xd 1 s22y 1 20yd 61. 7x2 2 2x 2 x2 5 7x2 2 x2 2 2x

5 s3 1 5dx 1 s22 1 20dy 5 s7 2 1dx2 2 2x
5 8x 1 18y 5 6x2 2 2x
63. 23z4 1 6z 2 z 1 8 1 z4 5 23z4 1 z4 1 6z 2 z 1 8 65. 2uv 1 5u2v2 2 uv 2 suvd2 5 s2uv 2 uvd 1 s5u2v2 2 u2v2d
5 s23 1 1dz4 1 s6 2 1dz 1 8 5 s2 2 1duv 1 s5 2 1du2v2
5 22z4 1 5z 1 8 5 uv 1 4u2v2
67. 4s2x2 1 x 2 3d 5 8x2 1 4x 2 12 69. 23s6y2 2 y 2 2d 5 218y2 1 3y 1 6
71. 10sx 2 3d 1 2x 2 5 5 10x 2 30 1 2x 2 5 73. 23s3y 2 1d 1 2sy 2 5d 5 29y 1 3 1 2y 2 10

5 s10x 1 2xd 1 s230 2 5d 5 29y 1 2y 1 3 2 10
5 s10 1 2dx 1 s230 2 5d 5 s29 1 2dy 2 7
5 12x 2 35 5 27y 2 7
75. 23sy2 2 2d 1 y2sy 1 3d 5 23y2 1 6 1 y3 1 3y2 77. y2sy 1 1d 1 ysy2 1 1d 5 y3 1 y2 1 y3 1 y

5 s23 1 3dy2 1 6 1 y3 5 sy3 1 y3d 1 sy2d 1 syd
5 6 1 y3 5 2y3 1 y2 1 y
79. 3f2x 2 4sx 2 8dg 5 3f2x 2 4x 1 32g 81. 8x 1 3xf10 2 4s3 2 xdg 5 8x 1 3xf10 2 12 1 4xg
5 3f22x 1 32g 5 8x 1 3xf22 1 4xg
5 26x 1 96 5 8x 2 6x 1 12x2
5 2x 1 12x2
83. 2f3sb 2 5d 2 sb2 1 b 1 3dg 5 2f3b 2 15 2 b2 2 b 2 3g

5 6b 2 30 2 2b2 2 2b 2 6
5 s22b2d 1 s6b 2 2bd 1 s230 2 6d
5 22b2 1 4b 2 36
85. 2xs5x2d 2 4x3sx 1 15d 5 10x3 2 4x4 2 60x3 87. (a) Substitution: 5 2 3s23 d
5 2 s10 2 60dx3 2 4x4 Value of expression: 3
5 24x4 2 50x3 (b) Substitution: 5 2 3s5d
Value of expression: 210
0
89. (a) Substitution: 10 2 4s21d2 91. (a) Substitution:
02 1 1
Value of expression: 10 2 4 5 6
(b) Substitution: 10 2 4s2 d
1 2 Value of expression: 0
Value of expression: 10 2 4s4 d 5 10 2 1 5 9

1
3
(b) Substitution:
32 1 1
3
Value of expression:
10
93. (a) Substitution: 3s1d 1 2s5d

(b) Substitution: 3s26d 1 2s29d
95. (a) Substitution: 22 2 s2ds21d 1 s21d2 5 4 2 s22d 1 1

57
(b) Substitution: s23d2 2 s23ds22d 1 s22d2 5 9 2 6 1 4
57
| | ||
97. (a) Substitution: 5 2 2 5 3 5 3 99. (a) Substitution: 40s514 d
Value of expression: 3 Value of expression: 210
| | |
(b) Substitution: 22 2 s22d 5 22 1 2 5 0 5 0 | || (b) Substitution: 35s4d
Value of expression: 0 Value of expression: 140
101. A 5 12bsb 2 3d 103. A 5 lw
2 s15ds15 2 3d
1
A5 b−3 A 5 s2x 1 3dx
2 s15ds12d
1
5 A 5 2x2 1 3x
5 90 b
105. Graphically, the sales in 1995 is approximately $2800 107. Graphically, the median sale price in 1995 is
million. approximately $134 thousand.
Let t 5 5. Let t 5 5.
Sales 5 193.89s5d 1 1830.89 Sale price 5 5.9s5d 1 106.0
5 969.45 1 1830.89 5 29.5 1 106.0
5 $2800.34 5 $135.5 thousand
Area of Area of
109. Total area 52 ? 12 ?
trapezoid triangle
3 2 ? hsb 4 3 2 ? b ? h4
1 1
Area 5 1 1 b2d 1 2
Area 5 12s60 1 40d 1 20 ? 12

5 12s100d 1 240
5 1200 1 240
5 1440 square feet
111. (d) s0 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 7d3 1 s4 1 8 1 9 1 3 1 ad

(e) 81 1 a, the next-highest multiple of 10 will be 90.
90 2 s81 1 ad 5 4 92a54 a55
90 2 81 2 a 5 4 2a 5 25 No. The work shows the only possible answer.
113. To combine like terms add (or subtract) their respective coefficients and attach the common variable factor.
Example: 5x4 2 3x4 5 s5 2 3dx4 5 2x4
115. The Distributive Property is used to simplify 5x 1 3x as follows: 5x 1 3x 5 s5 1 3dx 5 8x.
x12 7
117. It is not possible to evaluate when x 5 5 and y 5 3 because is undefined.
y23 0
Section P.5 Constructing Algebraic Expressions
1. The sum of 8 and a number n is translated into the 3. The sum of 12 and twice a number n is translated into
algebraic expression 8 1 n. the algebraic expression 12 1 2n.
5. Six less than a number n is translated into the algebraic 7. Four times a number n minus 3 is translated into the
expression n 2 6. algebraic expression 4n 2 3.
9. One-third of a number n is translated into the algebraic 11. The quotient of a number x and 6 is translated into the
1 x
expression n. algebraic expression .
3 6
13. Eight times the ratio of N and 5 is translated into the 15. The number c is quadrupled and the product is increased
N by 10 is translated into the algebraic expression 4c 1 10.
algebraic expression 8 ? .
5
17. Thirty percent of the list price L is translated into the 19. The sum of a number and 5 divided by 10 is translated
algebraic expression 0.30L. n15
into the algebraic expression .
10
21. The absolute value of the difference between a number 23. The product of three and the square of a number decreased
|
and 5 is translated into the algebraic expression n 2 5 . | by 4 is translated into the algebraic expression 3x2 2 4.
Area of Area of
109. Total area 52 ? 12 ?
trapezoid triangle
3 2 ? hsb 4 3 2 ? b ? h4
1 1
Area 5 1 1 b2d 1 2
Area 5 12s60 1 40d 1 20 ? 12

5 12s100d 1 240
5 1200 1 240
5 1440 square feet
111. (d) s0 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 6 1 7d3 1 s4 1 8 1 9 1 3 1 ad

(e) 81 1 a, the next-highest multiple of 10 will be 90.
90 2 s81 1 ad 5 4 92a54 a55
90 2 81 2 a 5 4 2a 5 25 No. The work shows the only possible answer.
113. To combine like terms add (or subtract) their respective coefficients and attach the common variable factor.
Example: 5x4 2 3x4 5 s5 2 3dx4 5 2x4
115. The Distributive Property is used to simplify 5x 1 3x as follows: 5x 1 3x 5 s5 1 3dx 5 8x.
x12 7
117. It is not possible to evaluate when x 5 5 and y 5 3 because is undefined.
y23 0
Section P.5 Constructing Algebraic Expressions
1. The sum of 8 and a number n is translated into the 3. The sum of 12 and twice a number n is translated into
algebraic expression 8 1 n. the algebraic expression 12 1 2n.
5. Six less than a number n is translated into the algebraic 7. Four times a number n minus 3 is translated into the
expression n 2 6. algebraic expression 4n 2 3.
9. One-third of a number n is translated into the algebraic 11. The quotient of a number x and 6 is translated into the
1 x
expression n. algebraic expression .
3 6
13. Eight times the ratio of N and 5 is translated into the 15. The number c is quadrupled and the product is increased
N by 10 is translated into the algebraic expression 4c 1 10.
algebraic expression 8 ? .
5
17. Thirty percent of the list price L is translated into the 19. The sum of a number and 5 divided by 10 is translated
algebraic expression 0.30L. n15
into the algebraic expression .
10
21. The absolute value of the difference between a number 23. The product of three and the square of a number decreased
|
and 5 is translated into the algebraic expression n 2 5 . | by 4 is translated into the algebraic expression 3x2 2 4.
Section P.5 Constructing Algebraic Expressions 85
25. A verbal description of t 2 2 is a number decreased by 2. 27. A verbal description of y 1 50 is the sum of a number
and 50.
29. A verbal description of 3x 1 2 is the sum of three times a 31. A verbal description of
z
is the ratio of a number
number and two. 2
to two.
33. A verbal description of 45x is four-fifths of a number. 35. A verbal description of 8sx 2 5d is eight times the
difference of a number and five.
x 1 10
37. A verbal description of is the sum of a number 39. A verbal description of xsx 1 7d is some number times the
3
sum of the same number and seven.
and ten, divided by three.
41. Verbal Description: The amount of money (in dollars) represented by n quarters
Label: n 5 number of quarters
Algebraic Description: 0.25n 5 amount of money (in dollars)
43. Verbal Description: The amount of money (in dollars) represented by m dimes
Label: m 5 number of dimes
m
Algebraic Description:
10
45. Verbal Description: The amount of money (in cents) represented by m nickels and n dimes
Label: m 5 number of dimes
n 5 number of dimes
Algebraic Description: 5m 1 10n
47. Verbal Description: The distance traveled in t hours at an average speed of 55 miles per hour
Label: t 5 number of hours
Algebraic Description: 55t
49. Verbal Description: The time to travel 100 miles at an average speed of r miles per hour
Label: r 5 average speed
100
Algebraic Description:
r
51. Verbal Description: The amount of antifreeze in a cooling system containing y gallons of coolant that is 45% antifreeze
Label: y 5 number of gallons
Algebraic Description: 0.45y
53. Verbal Description: The amount of wage tax due for a taxable income of I dollars that is taxed at the rate of 1.25%
Label: I 5 number of dollars
Algebraic Description: 0.0125I
55. Verbal Description: The sale price of a coat that has a list price of L dollars if the sale is a “20% off” sale
Label: L 5 number of dollars
Algebraic Description: 0.80L
57. Verbal Description: The total hourly wage for an employee when the base pay is $8.25 per hour plus 60 cents for each of
q units producted per hour
Label: q 5 number of units produced
Algebraic Description: 8.25 1 0.60q
59. Verbal Description: The sum of a number n and three times the number
Label: n 5 the number
3n 5 three times the number
Algebraic Description: n 1 3n 5 4n
61. Verbal Description: The sum of two consecutive odd integers, the first of which is 2n 1 1.
Labels: 2n 1 1 5 first odd integer
2n 1 3 5 second odd integer
Algebraic Description: s2n 1 1d 1 s2n 1 3d 5 4n 1 4
63. Verbal Description: The product of two consecutive even integers, divided by 4
Labels: 2n 5 first even integer

2n 1 2 5 second even integer
2ns2n 1 2d 4nsn 1 1d
Algebraic Description: 5
4 4
5 nsn 1 1d
65. Area 5 side ? side 67. Area 5 2sbasedsheightd

1
69. Perimeter 5 2s2wd 1 2swd 5 4w 1 2w 5 6w
5s?s 2 sbds0.75bd ? w 5 2w2
1
5 Area 5 2w
5 s2 5 0.375b2
71. Perimeter 5 3 1 2x 1 6 1 x 1 3 1 x 5 4x 1 12 73. l ? sl 2 6d 5 area of billiard table
Area 5 sx ? 3d 1 s3 ? 2xd 5 3x 1 6x 5 9x The unit of measure for the area is feet2 or square feet.
75. 77. The third row difference for the algebraic expression
n 0 1 2 3 4 5 an 1 b would be a.
5n 2 3 23 2 7 12 17 22
Differences 5 5 5 5 5
79. The phrase reduced by implies subtraction. 81. 4x is the equivalent to (a) x multiplied by 4 and (c) the
product of x and 4.
83. Using a specific case may make it easier to see the form of the expression for the general case.
Review Exercises for Chapter P 87
Review Exercises for Chapter P
1. 25 < 3 3. 2 85 < 2 25
−6 −4 −2 0 2 4 − 85 − 25
−3 −2 −1 0 1
|
5. d 5 9 2 s22d | |
7. d 5 213.5 2 s26.2d | | |
9. 25 5 5
5 |11| 5 |213.5 1 6.2|
5 11 5 |27.3|
5 7.3
|
11. 2 27.2 5 27.2 | 13. 15 1 s24d 5 11 15. 340 2 115 1 5 5 230
4 7
17. 263.5 1 21.7 5 241.8 19. 21 1 21 5 11
21 21. 2 56 1 1 5 2 56 1 66 5 16
23. 834 2 658 5 35 25. 27 ? 4 5 228

53 70 53 17
4 2 8 5 8 2 8 5 8 27. 120s25ds7d 5 24200
3 22 26 21 256 7 7 7 30
29.
8
? 15
5
120
5
20
31.
24
5 14 33. 2
15
42 52
30 15
? 27 5 2
35. s26d3 5 s26ds26ds26d 5 2216 37. 242 5 21 ? 4 ? 4 5 216 39. 2 s2 12 d 5 21 ? s2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 d 5 18
41. 120 2 s52 ? 4d 5 120 2 s25 ? 4d 43. 8 1 3f62 2 2s7 2 4dg 5 8 1 3f36 2 2s3dg
5 120 2 100 5 8 1 3f36 2 6g
5 20 5 8 1 3f30g
5 8 1 90
5 98
45. Additive Inverse Property justifies 13 2 13 5 0. 47. Distributive Property justifies 7s9 1 3d 5 7 ? 9 1 7 ? 3.
49. Associative Property of Addition justifies 51. su 2 vds2d 5 2su 2 vd illustrates the Commutative
5 1 s4 2 yd 5 s5 1 4d 2 y. Property of Multiplication.
53. 8sx 2 yd 5 8 ? x 2 8 ? y illustrates the Distributive 55. 2 s2u 1 3vd 5 u 2 3v

Property.
57. 2ys3y 2 10d 5 23y2 1 10y 59. x2 ? x3 ? x 5 x21311 5 x6
61. sxyds23x2y3d 5 23 ? x112 ? y113 63. s5abds25a3d 5 125a4b

5 23x3y4
65. 7x 2 2x 5 s7 2 2dx 67. 3u 2 2v 1 7v 2 3u 5 s3u 2 3ud 1 s22v 1 7vd

5 5x 5 5v
69. 5sx 2 4d 1 10 5 5x 2 20 1 10 71. 3x 2 sy 2 2xd 5 3x 2 y 1 2x

5 5x 2 10 5 5x 2 y
73. 3fb 1 5sb 2 adg 5 3fb 1 5b 2 5ag 75. (a) x 5 3

5 3b 1 15b 2 15a Substitute: 32 2 2s3d 2 3
5 18b 2 15a Value of expression: 0
(b) x 5 0
Substitute: s0d2 2 2s0d 2 3
77. 200 2 3n 79. n2 1 49 81. The sum of twice a number and

seven
83. The difference of a number and five, all divided by four 85. 0.18I 5 tax on I dollars at 18%
87. l ? sl 2 5d 5 area of rectangle with length l and width sl 2 5d
89. Combined expenditures 5 12.1 1 10.8 1 38.6 1 9.2 1 40.3 5 $111.0
91. Difference between the airports with the greatest and smallest passenger volumes
5 30.8 2 15.2
5 15.6 million
93. Airports from greatest to smallest volume:

Passengers (in millions)
40
1. Atlanta/Hartsfield 30.8 30
2. Chicago/O’Hare 30.5 20
10
3. Dallas/Ft. Worth 26.6
Atlanta
Chicago
Los Angeles
Denver
San Francisco
4. Los Angeles 22.7

Dallas
5. Denver 15.2
6. San Francisco 15.2
Chapter Test for Chapter P 89
Chapter Test for Chapter P
1. (a) 2 52 > 2 23 | | |
2. d 5 26.2 2 5.7 5 11.9 |
2
(b) 23 > 2 32
3. 214 1 9 2 15 5 s214 1 9d 2 15 1 s2 76 d 5 46 1 s2 76 d 5 2 36 5 2 12
2
4. 3
5 25 2 15
5 220
5. 22s225 2 150d 5 22s75d 5 2150 6. s23ds4ds25d 5 s212ds25d

5 60
7. s2 16 ds2 218 d 5 16 ? 158 5 274

5
4 15 5
8 5 18
7
8 18
227 42 2 6 16 2 6
12 532
3
9. 5 10. 1 13 5 1 13
125 5 5
10
5 1 13
5
5 2 1 13
5 15
11. (a) s23 ? 5d ? 6 5 23s5 ? 6d demonstrates the 12. 5s2x 2 3d 5 5s2xd 2 5s3d
Associative Property of Multiplication.
1
(b) 3y ? 5 1 demonstrates the Multiplicative
3y
Inverse Property.
13. s3x2yds2xyd2 5 s3x2ydsx2y2d 5 3x4y3 14. 3x2 2 2x 2 5x2 1 7x 2 1 5 22x2 1 5x 2 1
15. as5a 2 4d 2 2s2a2 2 2ad 5 5a2 2 4a 2 4a2 1 4a 16. 4t 2 f3t 2 s10t 1 7dg 5 4t 2 f3t 2 10t 2 7g
5a
2 5 4t 2 f27t 2 7g
5 4t 1 7t 1 7
5 11t 1 7
17. Evaluating an expression means to substitute numerical values for each of the variables in the expression and then to simplify
according to the rules for order of operations.
(a) x 5 21 ⇒ 4 2 s21 1 1d2 (b) x 5 3 ⇒ 4 2 s3 1 1d2

4 2 s0d2 4 2 s4d2
4 4 2 16
212
18. “The product of a number n and 5 is decreased by 8” is 19. Perimeter 5 2sld 1 2s0.6ld 5 2l 1 1.2l 5 3.2l
translated into the algebraic expression 5n 2 8.
Area 5 ls0.6ld 5 0.6l2
20. Verbal Description: The sum of two consecutive even integers, the first of which is 2n.
Labels: 2n 5 first even integer
2n 1 2 5 second even integer
Algebraic Description: 2n 1 s2n 1 2d 5 4n 1 2
21. Verbal model: 9 ? Length of each piece 5 Total length

Equation: 9 ? n 5 144
n 5 16 feet
22. Verbal model: Volume of 1 cord 5 Length ? Width ? Height

Equation: V54?4 ?8
V 5 128 cubic feet
Verbal model: Volume of 5 cords 55 ? Volume of 1 cord
Equation: V55 ? 128
5 640 cubic feet
C H A P T E R 1
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Section 1.1 Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Section 1.2 Linear Equations and Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Section 1.3 Business and Scientific Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Section 1.4 Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Section 1.5 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities . . . . . . . . 122
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

C H A P T E R 1
Linear Equations and Inequalities
Section 1.1 Linear Equations
1. (a) x50 (b) x53 3. (a) x54 (b) x 5 24

? ? ? ?
3s0d 2 7 5 2 3s3d 2 7 5 2 4 1 8 5 3s4d 24 1 8 5 3s24d
27 Þ 2 92752 12 5 12 4 Þ 212
No Yes
252 No
Yes
5. (a) x 5 211 (b) x55

? ?
3s211d 1 3 5 2s211 2 4d 3s5d 1 3 5 2s5 2 4d
233 1 3 5 2s215d 15 1 3 5 2s1d
230 5 230
18 Þ 2
Yes
No
7. (a) x 5 24 (b) x 5 12 9. 3sx 2 1d 5 3x Original equation

? ?
4 s24d
1
4 s12d
1
53 53 3x 2 3 5 3x Distributive Property
21 Þ 3 353 3x 2 3 2 3x 5 3x 2 3x Subtract 3x from both sides.
No
Yes 23 5 0 Simplify.
No solution since 23 Þ 0.
11. 5sx 1 3d 5 2x 1 3sx 1 5d Original equation 13. 3x 1 4 5 10 is linear since variable has exponent 1.
5x 1 15 5 2x 1 3x 1 15 Distributive Property
5x 1 15 5 5x 1 15 Combine like terms.
Identity since both sides equal.
4
15. 2 3 5 5 is not linear since variable has exponent 21 17. 3x 1 15 5 0 Original equation
x
not 1. 3x 1 15 2 15 5 0 2 15 Subtract 15 from both sides.
3x 5 215 Combine like terms.
3x 215
5 Divide both sides by 3.
3 3
x 5 25 Simplify.
92
Section 1.1 Linear Equations 93
19. 22x 1 5 5 12 Original equation ?

21. x2350 Check: 3 2 3 5 0
22x 1 5 2 5 5 12 2 5 Subtract 5 from both sides.
x23135013 050
22x 5 7 Combine like terms.
x53
22x 7
5 Divide both sides by 22.
22 22
7
x52 Simplify.
2
? ?
23. 3x 5 12 Check: 3s4d 5 12 25. 26y 5 4.2 Check: 26s20.7d 5 4.2
3x 12 12 5 12 26y 4.2 4.2 5 4.2
5 5
3 3 26 26
x54 y 5 20.7
27. 6x 1 4 5 0 Check: 29. 22u 1 5 5 7 Check:

?
6x 1 4 2 4 5 0 2 4 22u 1 5 2 5 5 7 2 5 22s21d 1 5 5 7
6x 5 24
1 2
6 2
2
3
1450
?
22u 5 2 21557
?
?
24 1 4 5 0 757
6x 24 22u 2
5 5
6 6 050 22 22
4 u 5 21
x52
6
2
x52
3
31. 4x 2 7 5 211 Check: 33. 23x 2 4 5 42 Check:

? ?
4x 2 7 1 7 5 211 1 7 4s21d 2 7 5 211 23x 2 4 1 4 5 42 1 4 23s2d 2 4 5 42
? ?
4x 5 24 24 2 7 5 211 23x 5 46 46 2 4 5 42
4x 24 211 5 211 23x 46 42 5 42
5 5
4 4 23 23
x 5 21 x52
35. 3t 1 8 5 22 Check:
3t 1 8 2 8 5 22 2 8
3t 5 210
1
3 2
10
32 ?
1 8 5 22
?
210 1 8 5 22
3t 210
5
3 3 22 5 22
10
t52
3
94 Chapter 1 Linear Equations and Inequalities
37. 8 2 5t 5 20 1 t Check:
?
8 2 5t 1 5t 5 20 1 t 1 5t 8 2 5s22d 5 20 1 s22d
?
8 5 20 1 6t 8 1 10 5 18
8 2 20 5 20 1 6t 2 20 18 5 18
212 5 6t
212 6t
5
6 6
22 5 t
39. 4x 2 5 5 2x 2 1 Check: 41. 7 2 8x 5 13x Check:

?
4x 2 2x 2 5 5 2x 2 2x 2 1 4s2d 2 5 5 2s2d 2 1 7 2 8x 1 8x 5 13x 1 8x
?
728 1132 5? 131132
2x 2 5 5 21 8255421 7 5 21x
8 ? 13
2x 2 5 1 5 5 21 1 5 353 7 21x 72 5
5 3 3
21 21
2x 5 4
21 8 ? 13
1 2 5
2x 4 5x 3 3 3
5 3
2 2
13 13
5
x52 3 3
43. 4y 2 3 5 4y 45. 28t 5 216t Check:

?
4y 2 3 1 3 5 4y 1 3 28t 1 16t 5 216t 1 16t 28s0d 5 216s0d
4y 5 4y 1 3 8t 5 0 050
4y 2 4y 5 4y 1 3 2 4y 8t 0
5
8 8
053
t50
0Þ3
No solution
47. 29y 2 4 5 29y

29y 1 9y 2 4 5 29y 1 9y
24 5 0
24 Þ 0
No solution
49. 8sx 2 8d 5 24 Check: 51. 24st 1 2d 5 0 Check:

? ?
8x 2 64 5 24 8s11 2 8d 5 24 24t 2 8 5 0 24fs22d 1 2g 5 0
? ?
8x 2 64 1 64 5 24 1 64 8s3d 5 24 24t 2 8 1 8 5 0 1 8 24f0g 5 0
8x 5 88 24 5 24 24t 5 8 050
8x 88 24t 8
5 5
8 8 24 24
x 5 11 t 5 22
53. 3sx 2 4d 5 7x 1 6 Check:

3x 2 12 5 7x 1 6
3x 2 7x 2 12 5 7x 2 7x 1 6
1 9
2
? 9
3 2 24 57 2 16
2 2 1 2
24x 2 12 5 6 1 9 8 ? 63 12
3 2 2
2 2
52 1
2 2 2
24x 2 12 1 12 5 6 1 12
24x 5 18 1
3 2
2 2
17 ? 51
52
2
24x 18 51 51
5 2 52
24 24 2 2
9
x52
2
55. 8x 2 3sx 2 2d 5 12 Check: 57. 5 2 s2y 2 4d 5 15 Check:

?
8x 2 3x 1 6 5 12 5 2 2y 1 4 5 15 5 2 f2s23d 2 4g 5 15
5x 1 6 5 12
8 1652 2 3165 2 22 5? 12 22y 1 9 5 15
?
5 2 f26 2 4g 5 15
5x 1 6 2 6 5 12 2 6
48
5
6 10 ?
23 2
5 5 1
5 12 2 22y 1 9 2 9 5 15 2 9
?
5 2 f210g 5 15
?
5x 5 6 22y 5 6 5 1 10 5 15
5x 6
5
48
5
4 ?
2 3 2 5 12
5 1 2 22y
5
6 15 5 15
5 5 22 22
48 12 ?
1 5 12
6 5 5 y 5 23
x5
5
60 ?
5 12
5
12 5 12
59. 12sx 1 3d 5 7sx 1 3d Check:

?
12x 1 36 5 7x 1 21 12fs23d 1 3g 5 7fs23d 1 3g
?
12x 1 36 2 7x 5 7x 1 21 2 7x 12f0g 5 7f0g
5x 1 36 5 21 050
5x 1 36 2 36 5 21 2 36
5x 5 215
5x 215
5
5 5
x 5 23
Check:
61. 2sx 1 7d 2 9 5 5sx 2 4d
2x 1 14 2 9 5 5x 2 20 2 1253 1 72 2 9 5? 51253 2 42
2x 1 5 5 5x 2 20
2x 1 5 2 2x 5 5x 2 20 2 2x 2 1253 1 2132 2 9 5? 51253 2 1232
5 5 3x 2 20
5 1 20 5 3x 2 20 1 20
2 14632 2 9 5? 511332
25 5 3x 92 27 ? 65
2 5
25 3x 3 3 3
5
3 3 65 65
5
25 3 3
5x
3
u 2 3
63. 5 10 Check: 65. t2 5 Check:
5 5 2
50 ? 19 2 ? 3
5 10 2 5
5 12
u
5
5 s10d5 5 10 t 2 1 2
5
5 2 12
3
2
10 10 5 2
10 5 10 19 4 ? 15
u 5 50 10t 2 4 5 15 2 5
10 10 10
10t 2 4 1 4 5 15 1 4
15 15
5
10t 5 19 10 10
10t 19
5
10 10
19
t5
10
t t 8x x
67. 2 51 Check: 69. 2 5 23 Check:
5 2 5 4
2 10 2 10
10 1 t
2
t
25 s1d10
3
5
2
2
3 ?
51
20 1 8x
2
x
2
5 s23d20 51
8 20
2
92 1 20 ?
2 2
4 9 1
5 23 2
5 2 5 4
10 10 ? 32 5 ?
2t 2 5t 5 10 1 51 4s8xd 2 5x 5 260 2 1 5 23
215 6 9 9
23t 5 10 32x 2 5x 5 260
2 5 ? 27 ?
2 1 51 2 5 23
23t 10 3 3 27x 5 260 9
5
23 23
3 ? 27x 260 23 5 23
51 5
10 3 27 27
t5
23
151 20
x52
9
1 1
71. x115 x24 Check:
3 12
1 ? 1
s220d 1 1 5 s220d 2 4
12 113 x 1 12 5 1121 x 2 4212 3 12
220 3 ? 220
4x 1 12 5 x 2 48 1 5 24
3 3 12
4x 1 12 2 x 5 x 2 48 2 x
217 ? 25 12
5 2
3x 1 12 5 248 3 3 3
3x 1 12 2 12 5 248 2 12 17 17
2 52
3 3
3x 5 260
3x 260
5
3 3
x 5 220
25 2 4u 5u 1 12 Check:
73. 5 16
25 2 4s2 31 d ? 5s2 31 d 1 12
3 4 8 8
5 16
125 23 4u2 5 15u 14 12 1 6212
3 4
12 32 40
25 1 31 ? 2 31 1 12
5 16
4s25 2 4ud 5 3s5u 1 12d 1 72 3 4
100 2 16u 5 15u 1 36 1 72 25 32 ? 210

1 5 1316
3 93 31
100 2 16u 5 15u 1 108
775 32 ? 210 93 186
100 2 16u 1 16u 5 15u 1 108 1 16u 1 5 1 1
93 93 31 31 31
100 5 31u 1 108 807 ? 269
5
100 2 108 5 31u 1 108 2 108 93 31
28 5 31u 269 269

5
31 31
28 31u
5
31 31
8
2 5u
31
75. 0.3x 1 1.5 5 8.4 Check: 77. 1.2sx 2 3d 5 10.8 Check:

? ?
10s0.3x 1 1.5d 5 s8.4d10 0.3s23d 1 1.5 5 8.4 1.2x 2 3.6 5 10.8 1.2s12 2 3d 5 10.8
? ?
3x 1 15 5 84 6.9 1 1.5 5 8.4 10s1.2x 2 3.6d 5 s10.8d10 1.2s9d 5 10.8
3x 1 15 2 15 5 84 2 15 8.4 5 8.4 12x 2 36 5 108 10.8 5 10.8
3x 5 69 12x 2 36 1 36 5 108 1 36
3x 69 12x 5 144
5
3 3
12x 144
5
x 5 23 12 12
x 5 12
2 1
79. s2x 2 4d 5 sx 1 3d 2 4 Check:
3 2
312 4 1 2
2 1 ? 1 1
24 5 13 24
3 4 3 4
2 1 2
6 s2x 2 4d 5 sx 1 3d 2 4 6 3 5 2 5
3 2
4s2x 2 4d 5 3sx 1 3d 2 24 1
3 5 5
5
2 5 2
2 2 20 ? 1 1 15
2 1
5
24 1 2
8x 2 16 5 3x 1 9 2 24
8x 2 16 5 3x 2 15 1
3 5
5 2
2 18 ? 1 16
2
2 5
24 1 2
8x 2 3x 2 16 5 3x 2 3x 2 15 12 ? 8 20
2 5 2
5 5 5
5x 2 16 5 215
12 12
5x 2 16 1 16 5 215 1 16 2 52
5 5
5x 5 1
5x 1
5
5 5
1
x5
5
Verbal First Second Verbal First even Second even

81. 1 5 251 83. 1 5 166
Model: integer integer Model: integer integer
Labels: n 5 first integer Labels: n 5 first even integer

n 1 1 5 second integer n 1 2 5 second even integer
Equation: n 1 sn 1 1d 5 251 Equation: n 1 sn 1 2d 5 166
2n 1 1 5 251 2n 1 2 5 166
2n 1 1 2 1 5 251 2 1 2n 1 2 2 2 5 166 2 2
2n 5 250 2n 5 164
2n 250 2n 164
5 5
2 2 2 2
n 5 125 n 5 82
n 1 1 5 126 n 1 2 5 84
Verbal Number
85. 162 1 32 ? 5 210 87. The fountain reaches its maximum height when the veloc-
Model: of hours
ity of the stream of water is zero.
Label: n 5 number of hours for the repair 0 5 48 2 32t
Equation: 162 1 32n 5 210 0 1 32t 5 48 2 32t 1 32t
162 2 162 1 32n 5 210 2 162 32t 5 48
32n 5 48 32t 48
5
32 32
32n 48
5 3
32 32 t5 seconds 5 1.5 seconds
2
3
n5
2
The repairs took 1.5 hours to complete.
t t
89. 1 51
10 15
3t 2t
1 51
30 30
5t
51
30
t
51
6
6 16t 2 5 6s1d
t 5 6 hours
91. (a)
t 1 1.5 2 3 4 5
Width 300 240 200 150 120 100
Length 300 360 400 450 480 500
Area 90,000 86,400 80,000 67,500 57,600 50,000
—CONTINUED—
Section 1.2 Linear Equations and Problem Solving 99
91. (a) —CONTINUED—

If t 5 1: 1200 5 2w 1 2w If t 5 1.5: 1200 5 2w 1 2s1.5wd If t 5 2: 1200 5 2w 1 2s2wd
1200 5 4w 1200 5 5w 1200 5 6w
300 5 w 240 5 w 200 5 w
300 5 l 360 5 l 400 5 l
If t 5 3: 1200 5 2w 1 2s3wd If t 5 4: 1200 5 2w 1 2s4wd If t 5 5: 1200 5 2w 1 2s5wd
1200 5 8w 1200 5 10w 1200 5 12w
150 5 w 120 5 w 100 5 w
450 5 l 480 5 l 500 5 l
(b) Since the length is t times the width and the perimeter is fixed, as t gets larger, the length gets larger and the area gets
smaller. The maximum area occurs when the length and width are equal.
93. 5500 5 207t 1 4962 95. A conditional equation is an equation whose solution set
is not the entire set of real numbers. An identity is an
5500 2 4962 5 207t 1 4962 2 4962
equation whose solution set is all real numbers.
538 5 207t
538 207t
5
207 207
2.6 < t
From the graph, 1993 is the year in which expenditures
reached $5500.
97. Evaluating an expression means finding its value when its variables are replaced by real numbers. Solving an equation means
finding all values of the variable for which the equation is true.
99. Equivalent equations have the same solution set. For example, 3x 1 4 5 10 and 3x 2 6 5 0 are equivalent.
101. False. Multiplying both sides of an equation by zero does not yield an equivalent equation.
Section 1.2 Linear Equations and Problem Solving
Verbal Verbal Annual Amount of

1. Model: Number 1 30 5 82 3. Model: 5 26 ? 1 Bonus
salary each paycheck
Label: Number 5 x Labels: Annual salary 5 30,500
Equation: x 1 30 5 82 Amount of each paycheck 5 x
x 1 30 2 30 5 82 2 30 Bonus 5 2300
x 5 52 Equation: 30,500 5 26x 1 2300

30,500 2 2300 5 26x 1 2300 2 2300
28,200 5 26x
28,200 26x
5
26 26
$1084.62 5 x
91. (a) —CONTINUED—

If t 5 1: 1200 5 2w 1 2w If t 5 1.5: 1200 5 2w 1 2s1.5wd If t 5 2: 1200 5 2w 1 2s2wd
1200 5 4w 1200 5 5w 1200 5 6w
300 5 w 240 5 w 200 5 w
300 5 l 360 5 l 400 5 l
If t 5 3: 1200 5 2w 1 2s3wd If t 5 4: 1200 5 2w 1 2s4wd If t 5 5: 1200 5 2w 1 2s5wd
1200 5 8w 1200 5 10w 1200 5 12w
150 5 w 120 5 w 100 5 w
450 5 l 480 5 l 500 5 l
(b) Since the length is t times the width and the perimeter is fixed, as t gets larger, the length gets larger and the area gets
smaller. The maximum area occurs when the length and width are equal.
93. 5500 5 207t 1 4962 95. A conditional equation is an equation whose solution set
is not the entire set of real numbers. An identity is an
5500 2 4962 5 207t 1 4962 2 4962
equation whose solution set is all real numbers.
538 5 207t
538 207t
5
207 207
2.6 < t
From the graph, 1993 is the year in which expenditures
reached $5500.
97. Evaluating an expression means finding its value when its variables are replaced by real numbers. Solving an equation means
finding all values of the variable for which the equation is true.
99. Equivalent equations have the same solution set. For example, 3x 1 4 5 10 and 3x 2 6 5 0 are equivalent.
101. False. Multiplying both sides of an equation by zero does not yield an equivalent equation.
Section 1.2 Linear Equations and Problem Solving
Verbal Verbal Annual Amount of

1. Model: Number 1 30 5 82 3. Model: 5 26 ? 1 Bonus
salary each paycheck
Label: Number 5 x Labels: Annual salary 5 30,500
Equation: x 1 30 5 82 Amount of each paycheck 5 x
x 1 30 2 30 5 82 2 30 Bonus 5 2300
x 5 52 Equation: 30,500 5 26x 1 2300

30,500 2 2300 5 26x 1 2300 2 2300
28,200 5 26x
28,200 26x
5
26 26
$1084.62 5 x
5. Percent: 30% 7. Percent: 7.5% 9. Percent: 12.5%

Parts out of 100: 30 Parts out of 100: 7.5 Parts out of 100: 12.5
Decimal: 0.30 Decimal: 0.075 Decimal: 0.125
30 3 75 3 1
Fraction: 100 5 10 Fraction: 1000 5 40 Fraction: 8
Verbal Compared Base Verbal Compared Base

11.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number
13.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number
Labels: Compared number 5 a Labels: Compared number 5 a

Percent 5 p Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p?b Equation: a5p?b
a 5 s0.35ds250d a 5 s0.085ds816d
a 5 87.5 a 5 69.36

15.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number
17.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number

a 5 s0.004ds150,000d 84 5 s0.24dsbd
a 5 600 84
5b
0.24
350 5 b

19.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number
21.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number

42 5 s0.105dsbd 96 5 s0.008dsbd
42 96
5b 5b
0.105 0.008
400 5 b 12,000 5 b

23.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number
25.
Model: number
5 Percent ? number

1650 5 s pds5000d 2100 5 s pds1200d
1650 2100
5000 5p 1200 5p
3313% 5p 175% 5 p
120 meters 12 2 36 inches 36 3 40 milliliters 0.04 liter

27. 5 5 29. 5 5 31. 5
180 meters 18 3 48 inches 48 4 1 liter 1
4 1
5 5
100 25
5 pounds 80 ounces 10 x 2 t 3
33. 5 5 35. 5 37. 5
24 ounces 24 ounces 3 6 3 4 2
2 3
x56 ?3 t54?
2
x54 t56
5 t y y22 y11 y21

39. 5 41. 5 43. 5
4 6 6 4 10 6
5 4y 5 6s y 2 2d 6s y 1 1d 5 10s y 2 1d
t5
4
?6
4y 5 6y 2 12 6y 1 6 5 10y 2 10
15 1
t5 5 7 5 7.5 12 5 2y 16 5 4y
2 2
65y 45y
Verbal Total Verbal Students Total

45.
Model:
Freshmen 5 Percent ? 47.
Model: failing test
5 Percent ? students
enrollment
Labels: Freshmen 5 a Labels: Students failing test 5 a
Total enrollment 5 b Total students 5 b
a 5 s0.38ds3000d a 5 s1 2 0.95ds40d
a 5 1140 a 5 s0.05ds40d
a52
Verbal Number Number of Verbal Cost of

49.
Model:
5 Percent ? 51.
Model:
Tip 5 Percent ? meal
laid off employees
Labels: Number laid off 5 a Labels: Tip 5 a

Number of employees 5 b Cost of meal 5 b
Equation: a5p?b Equation: 10 2 8.45 5 p ? 8.45
25 5 s pds160d 1.55 5 p ? 8.45

25 1.55 p ? 8.45
5p 5
160 8.45 8.45
15.625% 5 p 0.18 < p

18% < p
Verbal Price of Verbal Defective Total

53.
Model:
Commission 5 Percent ? 55.
Model:
5 Percent ? parts
home parts
Labels: Commission 5 a Labels: Defective parts 5 a

Price of home 5 b Total parts 5 b
Equation: 12,250 5 p ? 175,000 Equation: a5p?b
12,250 p ? 175,000 3 5 s0.015dsbd
5
175,000 175,000
3
0.07 5 p 5b
0.015
7% 5 p 200 5 b total parts
Verbal Area of Area of Verbal Area of Area of

57. (a)
Model: larger floor
5 Percent ? smaller floor
(b)
Model: smaller floor
5 Percent ? larger floor
Labels: Area of larger floor 5 a Labels: Area of smaller floor 5 a

Area of smaller floor 5 b Area of larger floor 5 b
320 5 s pds180d 180 5 s pds320d
320 ps180d 180 ps320d
5 5
180 180 320 320
1.7778 < p 0.5625 < p
177.78% < p 56.25% < p
Verbal County’s Total

59.
Model: population
5 Percent ? population
Labels: County's population 5 a

Percent 5 p
Total population 5 b
Equation: a5p?b
Monroe: Spring: Washington:
457,500 5 ps1,483,700d 258,700 5 ps1,483,700d 89,100 5 ps1,483,700d
457,500 258,700 89,100
5p 5p 5p
1,483,700 1,483,700 1,483,700
0.3084 < p 0.1744 < p 0.0601 < p
30.84% < p 17.44% < p 6.01% < p
West: Howard: Clark:

189,400 5 ps1,483,700d 167,700 5 ps1,483,700d 321,300 5 ps1,483,700d
189,400 167,700 321,300
5p 5p 5p
1,483,700 1,483,700 1,483,700
0.1277 < p 0.1130 < p 0.2166 < p
12.77% < p 11.30% < p 21.66% < p
61. Using the bar graph, the decrease in the per capita consumption of beef from 1980 to 1995 is approximately 8 pounds. The
approximate percent decrease is:
Verbal Amount of Beef consumption

Model: decrease
5 Percent ? in 1980
Labels: Amount of decrease 5 a

Percent 5 p
Beef consumption in 1980 5 b
Equation: a5p ?b
8 5 p ? 70
8
70 5 p < 11%
Verbal Total number of pounds Number of pounds of pork Number of

63. Model: of pork consumed
5
consumed per capita
? persons
Equation: x 5 47 ? 250,000,000
x < 11,750 million pounds
Tax 12.50 125 1 Expanded volume 425 cu cm 85

65. 5 5 5 67. 5 5
Pay 625 6250 50 Compressed volume 20 cu cm 4
Area 1 ps4d2 16p 4 Total price 0.95 90

69. 5 5 5 71. 5 5 5 $0.0475 per ounce
Area 2 ps6d2 36p 9 Total units 20 2000
Total price 1.69 169 2.32

73. 5 5 5 $0.0845 per ounce 75. (a) Unit price 5 5 $0.16 per ounce
Total units 20 2000 14.5
0.99
(b) Unit price 5 5 $0.18 per ounce
5.5
1
The 142-ounce bag is a better buy.
1.69 x 4
77. (a) Unit price 5 5 $0.4225 per ounce 79. Proportion: 5
4 7 5.5
2.39 4
(b) Unit price 5 5 $0.3983 per ounce x57?
6 5.5
1
The 6-ounce tube is a better buy. x 5 511
x 2 h 6
81. Proportion: 5 83. Proportion: 5
6 4 86 11
x56
2
?4 h5
6 ? 86
11
x53 516
h5
11
h < 46.9 feet
5 x Verbal Tax Tax

85. Proportion: 5 87. 5
105 360 Model: Assessed value Assessed value
5 ? 360 x 1650
x5 Proportion: 5
105 160,000 110,000
1800 1650
x5
105
x 5 160,000 ? 110,000
x < 17.1 gallons x 5 $2400 taxes
Verbal Defective units Defective units

89. 5
Model: Total units Total units
x 1
Proportion: 5
200,000 75
1
x 5 200,000 ?
75
x 5 2667 defective units
91. Percent means parts out of 100. 93. No, 12 % Þ 50%.

0.5% 5 0.005
50% 5 0.5
95. No. It is necessary to know one of the following: the total 97. Mathematical modeling is using mathematics to solve
number of students in the class, the number of boys in problems that occur in real-life situations. For examples
the class, or the number of girls in the class. review the real-life problems in the exercise set.
Section 1.3 Business and Scientific Problems 105
Section 1.3 Business and Scientific Problems
Verbal Selling Verbal Selling

1. Model: 5 Cost 1 Markup 3. Model: 5 Cost 1 Markup
price price
Labels: Selling price 5 64.33 Labels: Selling price 5 250.80

Cost 5 45.97 Cost 5 x
Markup 5 x Markup 5 98.80
Equation: 64.33 5 45.97 1 x Equation: 250.80 5 x 1 98.80
x 5 64.33 2 45.97 250.80 2 98.80 5 x
x 5 $18.36 $152.00 5 x
Verbal Markup Verbal Markup

Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost
Labels: Markup 5 18.36 Labels: Markup 5 98.80

Markup rate 5 x Markup rate 5 x
Cost 5 45.97 Cost 5 152.00
Equation: 18.36 5 x ? 45.97 Equation: 98.80 5 x ? 152.00
18.36 98.80
5x 5x
45.97 152.00
40% 5 x 65% 5 x
Verbal Selling Verbal Markup

5. Model: price
5 Cost 1 Markup 7. Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost
Labels: Selling price 5 26,922.50 Labels: Markup 5 x

Cost 5 x Markup rate 5 85.2%
Markup 5 4672.50 Cost 5 225.00
Equation: 26,922.50 5 x 1 4672.50 Equation: x 5 85.2% ? 225.00
26,922.50 2 4672.50 5 x x 5 $191.70
$22,250.00 5 x
Verbal Selling
Model: 5 Cost 1 Markup
price
Verbal Markup
Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost
Labels: Selling price 5 x
Labels: Markup 5 4672.50 Cost 5 225.00
Markup rate 5 x Markup 5 191.70
Cost 5 22,250.00 Equation: x 5 225.00 1 191.70
Equation: 4672.50 5 x ? 22,250.00 x 5 $416.70
4672.50
5x
22,250.00
21% 5 x
Verbal Sale List Verbal Sale List

9. 5 2 Discount 11. 5 2 Discount
Model: price price Model: price price
Labels: Sale price 5 25.74 Labels: Sale price 5 x

List price 5 49.95 List price 5 300.00
Discount 5 x Discount 5 189.00
Equation: 25.74 5 49.95 2 x Equation: x 5 300.00 2 189.00
x 5 49.95 2 25.74 x 5 $111.00
x 5 $24.21
Verbal Discount List
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price Labels: Discount 5 189.00
Labels: Discount 5 24.21 Discount rate 5 x
Discount rate 5 x List price 5 300.00
List price 5 49.95 Equation: 189.00 5 x ? 300.00
Equation: 24.21 5 x ? 49.95 189.00
5x
300.00
24.21
5x
49.95 63% 5 x
48.5% < x
Verbal Discount List Verbal Sale List

13.
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
15.
Model: price
5
price
2 Discount
Labels: Discount 5 x Labels: Sale price 5 893.10

Discount rate 5 65% List price 5 x
List price 5 95.00 Discount 5 251.90
Equation: x 5 65% ? 95.00 Equation: 893.10 5 x 2 251.90
x 5 $61.75 893.10 1 251.90 5 x
$1145.00 5 x
Verbal Sale List
5 2 Discount
Model: price price
Model:
Discount 5
rate
?
Labels: Sale price 5 x price
List price 5 95.00 Labels: Discount 5 251.90
Discount 5 61.75 Discount rate 5 x
Equation: x 5 95.00 2 61.75 List price 5 1145.00
x 5 $33.25 Equation: 251.90 5 x ? 1145.00
251.90
5x
1145.005
22% 5 x

price price
Labels: Selling price 5 85 Labels: Selling price 5 25

Cost 5 62.95 Cost 5 15
Markup 5 x Markup 5 x
Equation: 85 5 62.95 1 x Equation: 25 5 15 1 x
x 5 85 2 62.95 10 5 x
x 5 $22.05
Verbal Markup
Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost
Labels: Markup 5 10
Markup rate 5 x
Cost 5 15
Equation: 10 5 x ? 15
10
15 5x
66 23 % 5x

Labels: Sale price 5 50 Labels: Sale price 5 16

List price 5 75 List price 5 20
Discount 5 x Discount 5 x
Equation: 50 5 75 2 x Equation: 16 5 20 2 x
x 5 75 2 50 x 5 20 2 16
x 5 $25 x 5 $4

Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
Labels: Discount 5 4
Discount rate 5 x
List price 5 20
Equation: 4 5 x ? 20
4
20 5x
20% 5 x
Verbal Total Cost of Cost of

25. Model: 5 1
cost first minute additional minutes
Labels: Total cost 5 5.15
Cost of first minute 5 0.75
Cost of additional minutes 5 0.55x
Equation: 5.15 5 0.75 1 0.55x
4.40 5 0.55x
85x
Length of call 5 9 minutes
—CONTINUED—
25. —CONTINUED—
Verbal Discount List Verbal Selling List

Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price Model: price
5
price
2 Discount
Labels: Discount 5 x Labels: Selling price 5 x

Discount rate 5 60% List price 5 5.15
List price 5 5.15 Discount 5 3.09
Equation: x 5 60% ? 5.15 Equation: x 5 5.15 2 3.09
x 5 $3.09 x 5 $2.06
Verbal Selling Verbal Sales Sales

27. Model: Cost 1 Markup 5
price
29. Model: tax 5 tax rate ? Cost
Labels: Cost 5 x Labels: Sales tax 5 x

Markup 5 0.10x Sales tax rate 5 6%
Selling price 5 59.565 Cost 5 4450
(Each tire costs $19.855, so three tires cost Equation: x 5 6% ? 4450
$59.565.)
x 5 $267
Equation: x 1 0.10x 5 59.565
1.10x 5 59.565 Verbal Total Sales
Model: bill 5 Cost 1 tax
x 5 $54.15
Labels: Total bill 5 x
Cost 5 4450
Sales tax 5 267
Equation: x 5 4450 1 267
x 5 $4717
Verbal Amount Total

Model: financed 5 bill 2 Down payment
Labels: Amount financed 5 x

Total bill 5 4717
Down payment 5 1000
Equation: x 5 4717 2 1000
x 5 $3717
Verbal Total Bill for Bill for Verbal Total Bill for Bill for
bill 5 parts 1 labor bill 5 parts 1 labor
31. Model: 33. Model:
Labels: Total bill 5 216.37 Labels: Total bill 5 380

Bill for parts 5 136.37 Bill for parts 5 275
Bill for labor 5 32x Bill for labor 5 35x
Number of hours of labor 5 x Number of hours of labor 5 x
Equation: 216.37 5 136.37 1 32x Equation: 380 5 1275 1 35x
80 5 32x 105 5 35x
105
80
32 5x 35 5x
2.5 hours 5 x 3 hours 5 x
Verbal Amount of Amount of Amount of Verbal Amount of Amount of Amount of

35. Model: 1 5 37. Model: 1 5
solution 1 solution 2 final solution solution 1 solution 2 final solution
Labels: Percent of solution 1 5 20% Labels: Percent of solution 1 5 15%

Gallons of solution 1 5 x Quarts of solution 1 5 x
Percent of solution 2 5 60% Percent of solution 2 5 60%
Gallons of solution 2 5 100 2 x Quarts of solution 2 5 24 2 x
Percent of final solution 5 40% Percent of final solution 5 45%
Gallons of final solution 5 100 Quarts of final solution 5 24
Equation: 0.20x 1 0.60s100 2 xd 5 0.40s100d Equation: 0.15x 1 0.60s24 2 xd 5 0.45s24d
0.20x 1 60 2 0.60x 5 40 0.15x 1 14.4 2 0.60x 5 10.8
20.40x 5 220 20.45x 5 23.6
x 5 50 gallons at 20% x 5 8 quarts at 15%
100 2 x 5 50 gallons at 60% 24 2 x 5 16 quarts at 60%
Verbal Cost of Cost of Cost of final Verbal Total Adult Children

39. Model: 1 5 41. 5 1
seed 1 seed 2 seed mix Model: sales sales sales
Labels: Number of pounds of seed 1 5 x Labels: Total sales 5 2200
Cost per pound of seed 1 5 12 Number of adult tickets 5 3x
Number of pounds of seed 2 5 100 2 x Price of adult tickets 5 6
Cost per pound of seed 2 5 20 Number of children tickets 5 x
Number of pounds of final seed mix 5 100 Price of children tickets 5 4
Cost per pound of final seed mix 5 14 Equation: 2200 5 6s3xd 1 4x
Equation: 12x 1 20s100 2 xd 5 14s100d 2200 5 18x 1 4x
12x 1 2000 2 20x 5 1400 2200 5 22x
28x 5 2600 100 children tickets 5 x
x 5 75 pounds at $12 per pound
100 2 x 5 25 pounds at $20 per pound
Original Some Final

Verbal
43. antifreeze 2 antifreeze 1 Pure 5 antifreeze
Model: antifreeze
solution solution solution
Labels: Number of gallons of original antifreeze 5 5

Percent of antifreeze in original mix 5 40%
Number of gallons antifreeze withdrawn 5 x
Number of gallons of pure antifreeze 5 x
Percent of pure antifreeze 5 100%
Number of gallons of final solution 5 5
Percent of antifreeze in final solution 5 50%
Equation: 0.40s5d 2 0.40x 1 1.00x 5 0.50s5d
2 2 0.40x 1 1.00x 5 2.5
0.60x 5 0.5
x 5 56 gallon
Verbal Verbal
45.
Model:
Distance 5 Rate ? Time 47.
Model:
Distance 5 Rate ? Time
Labels: Distance 5 d Labels: Distance 5 1000

Rate 5 650 Rate 5 110
Time 5 3.5 Time 5 t
Equation: d 5 650 ? 3.5 Equation: 1000 5 110 ? t
1000
d 5 2275 miles 110 5t
100
11 hour 5 t
Verbal Verbal
49.
Model:
Model:
Labels: Distance 5 1000 Labels: Distance 5 30

Rate 5 r Rate 5 12
Time 5 32 Time 5 x
3 Equation: 30 5 12x
Equation: 1000 5 r ?
2
30
5x
1000 12
5r
3y2
2.5 hours 5 x
2000
ftysec 5 r
3
Verbal Verbal
53.
Model:
Model:
Labels: Distance 5 x Labels: Distance 5 5000

Rates 5 480 and 600 Rate 5 17,000
Time 5 43 Time 5 t
Equation: x 5 480s43 d 1 600s43 d Equation: 5000 5 17,000 ? t
5000
x 5 1440 miles 17,000 5t
5
17 hour 5 t
17.65 minutes < t
Verbal
57.
Model:
Distance 5 Rate ? Time 59. (a) Printer’s rate 5 8 pages per minute
Labels: Distance 5 317 (b) Shop’s rate 5 30 units in 8 hours

30
Rate for first part of trip 5 58 5 8 units per hour
Time for first part of trip 5 x 5
15
4 units per hour
Rate for second part of trip 5 52
Time for second part of trip 5 534 2 x
Equation: 58x 5 58 ? x s1st part of tripd
52s 534 2 xd 5 52 ? s534 2 xd s2nd part of tripd
317 5 58x 1 52s534 2 xd
317 5 58x 1 299 2 52x
18 5 6x
3 hours 5 x s1st part of trip at 58 mphd
24 hours 5 54 2 x s2nd part of trip at 52 mphd
3 3
61. (a) Your rate 5 13 job per hour

1
Friend’s rate 5 4 job per hour
Verbal Work Work done Work done
(b) 5 1
Model: done by you by friend
Labels: Work done 5 1

1
Your rate 5 3
Your time 5 t
Friend’s rate 5 14
Friend’s time 5 t
Equation: 15 1132std 1 1142std

15 113 1 412t
15 1127 2t
1
5t
7y12
5 12
1 hours 5 hours 5 t
7 7
1
63. E 5 IR 65. S 5 L 2 rL 67. h 5 48t 1 at 2
2
E S 5 Ls1 2 rd
5R 1
I h 2 48t 5 at 2
S 2
5L
12r
2sh 2 48td 5 at 2
2h 2 96t 5 at 2
2h 2 96t
5a
t2
69. Common formula: V 5 lwh 71. Common formula: V 5 p r 2h

Equation: V 5 3 ? 4 ?2 Equation: V 5 p s312 d 12
2
V 5 24 cubic units V 5 147p

V < 461.8 cubic centimeters
Verbal Verbal
73.
Model: Perimeter 5 2 Width 1 2 Height 75. Model: Perimeter 5 Side 1 Side 1 Side
Labels: Perimeter 5 3 Equation: 129 5 x 1 x 1 x

Height 5 x 129 5 3x
Width 5 0.62x
43 5 x 43 cm 43 cm
Equation: 3 5 2s0.62xd 1 2sxd
x 5 43 centimeters
3 5 1.24x 1 2x
3 5 3.24x 43 cm
0.926 feet < x

Verbal Verbal
77. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time 79. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time
Labels: Interest 5 I Labels: Interest 5 500

Principal 5 5000 Principal 5 P
Rate 5 9.5% Rate 5 7%
Time 5 6 Time 5 2
Equation: I 5 s5000ds0.095ds6d Equation: 500 5 sPds0.07ds2d
I 5 $2850 500 5 Ps0.14d
500
5P
0.14
$3571.43 < P
Verbal
81. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time 83. (a) y 5 9.24 1 0.307t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7
From the graph, 1993 was the year when the average
Labels: Interest 5 3500
hourly wage was $10.15.
Principal at 10% 5 x
10.15 5 9.24 1 0.307t
Principal at 8% 5 40,000 2 x
Time 5 1 0.91 5 0.307t
Equation: 3500 5 0.10x 1 0.08s40,000 2 xd 2.9641 < t
3500 5 0.10x 1 3200 2 0.08x 3<t
300 5 0.02x Yes, the result would be the same, 1993.
300 (b) The average annual hourly raise for bus drivers during
5x this 8-year period is $0.307. Determine the average
0.02
hourly wage for each year using the model. The differ-
$15,000 5 x ence between each two consecutive years is $0.307.
85. The bus drivers’ average salaries were increasing at a 87. Markup is the difference between the cost a retailer pays
greater annual rate at $0.307 compared to $0.209 for the for a product and the price at which the retailer sells the
cafeteria workers. product. Markup rate is the percent increase of the
markup.
89. If it takes you t hours to complete a task, you can com- 91. No, it quadruples. The area of a square of side s is s2. If
plete 1yt of the task in 1 hour. the length of the sides is 2s, the area is s2sd2 5 4s2.
Mid-Chapter Quiz for Chapter 1
1. 4x 1 3 5 11 Check: 2. 23sz 2 2d 5 0 Check:

? ?
4x 1 3 2 3 5 11 2 3 4s2d 1 3 5 11 23sz 2 2d 0 23s2 2 2d 5 0
5
4x 5 8
? 23 23 ?
8 1 3 5 11 23s0d 5 0
z2250
4x 8 11 5 11 050
5
4 4 z22125012
x52 z52
Verbal Verbal
Labels: Interest 5 I Labels: Interest 5 500

Principal 5 5000 Principal 5 P
Rate 5 9.5% Rate 5 7%
Time 5 6 Time 5 2
Equation: I 5 s5000ds0.095ds6d Equation: 500 5 sPds0.07ds2d
I 5 $2850 500 5 Ps0.14d
500
5P
0.14
$3571.43 < P
Verbal
81. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time 83. (a) y 5 9.24 1 0.307t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7
From the graph, 1993 was the year when the average
hourly wage was $10.15.
Principal at 10% 5 x
10.15 5 9.24 1 0.307t
Principal at 8% 5 40,000 2 x
Time 5 1 0.91 5 0.307t
Equation: 3500 5 0.10x 1 0.08s40,000 2 xd 2.9641 < t
3500 5 0.10x 1 3200 2 0.08x 3<t
300 5 0.02x Yes, the result would be the same, 1993.
300 (b) The average annual hourly raise for bus drivers during
5x this 8-year period is $0.307. Determine the average
0.02
hourly wage for each year using the model. The differ-
$15,000 5 x ence between each two consecutive years is $0.307.
85. The bus drivers’ average salaries were increasing at a 87. Markup is the difference between the cost a retailer pays
greater annual rate at $0.307 compared to $0.209 for the for a product and the price at which the retailer sells the
cafeteria workers. product. Markup rate is the percent increase of the
markup.
89. If it takes you t hours to complete a task, you can com- 91. No, it quadruples. The area of a square of side s is s2. If
plete 1yt of the task in 1 hour. the length of the sides is 2s, the area is s2sd2 5 4s2.
1. 4x 1 3 5 11 Check: 2. 23sz 2 2d 5 0 Check:

? ?
4x 1 3 2 3 5 11 2 3 4s2d 1 3 5 11 23sz 2 2d 0 23s2 2 2d 5 0
5
4x 5 8
? 23 23 ?
8 1 3 5 11 23s0d 5 0
z2250
4x 8 11 5 11 050
5
4 4 z22125012
x52 z52
Mid-Chapter Quiz for Chapter 1 113
3. 2s y 1 3d 5 18 2 4y Check: 4. 5t 1 7 5 7st 1 1d 2 2t
?
2y 1 6 5 18 2 4y 2s2 1 3d 5 18 2 4s2d 5t 1 7 5 7t 1 7 2 2t
?
2y 1 4y 1 6 5 18 2 4y 1 4y 2s5d 5 18 2 8 5t 1 7 5 5t 1 7
6y 1 6 2 6 5 18 2 6 10 5 10 Identity
6y 5 12
6y 12
5
6 6
y52
1 3 u u
5. x165 x21 Check: 6. 1 51 Check:
4 2 4 3
1 2 1 2
1 28 ? 3 28 12 12
165 21 ?
1
1 3
2 1 2 1
u u
2 1 51
7 7
4 x16 54 x21 4 5 2 5 12 1 5 12s1d 4 3
4 2 4 3
7 30 ? 42 5 3 4 ?
x 1 24 5 6x 2 4 1 5 2 3u 1 4u 5 12 1 51
5 5 5 5 7 7
x 2 x 1 24 5 6x 2 4 2 x 7u 5 12
37 37 7 ?
5 51
24 5 5x 2 4 5 5 7u 12 7
5
7 7
24 1 4 5 5x 2 4 1 4 151
12
28 5 5x u5
7
28 5x
5
5 5
28
5x
5
42x 5
7. 155 Check: 8. 0.2x 1 0.3 5 1.5 Check:
5 2
42 33 ?
2 ? 5 10s0.2x 1 0.3d 5 10s1.5d 0.2s6d 1 0.3 5 1.5
42x 155
10
51 1 5 5 10
5
2 2 12 5
8
2
2x 1 3 5 15
?
1.2 1 0.3 5 1.5
2 33 ? 5
2s4 2 xd 1 50 5 25
2 2
155 2x 1 3 2 3 5 15 2 3 1.5 5 1.5
5 2
8 2 2x 1 50 5 25 2x 5 12
25 1 ? 5
22x 1 58 5 25
2
2
?51552 2x 12
5
2 2
22x 1 58 2 58 5 25 2 58 5 10 ? 5
2 1 5
2 2 2 x56
22x 5 233
5 5
22x 233 5
5 2 2
22 22
33
x5
2
11 5
9. 3x 1 5 10. 0.42x 1 6 5 5.25x 2 0.80
12 16
0.42x 1 6 2 5.25x 5 5.25x 2 0.80 2 5.25x
11 11 5 11
3x 1 2 5 2
12 12 16 12 24.83x 1 6 5 20.80
15 44 24.83x 1 6 2 6 5 20.80 2 6
3x 5 2
48 48 24.83x 5 26.80
29
3x 5 2 24.83x 26.80
48 5
24.83 24.83
3x 29
52 43 x < 1.41
3 48
29 1
x52
48
?3
29
x52 < 20.20
144
Verbal Compared Base

45
11. 0.45 is 45 hundredths so 0.45 5 100 9
which reduces to 20 12. Model:
number
5 Percent ? number
and since percent means hundredths, 0.45 5 45%.
Labels: Compared number 5 a
Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p?b
500 5 s2.50dsbd
500
5b
2.50
200 5 b
Total price 2.35 235 Verbal Defective units Defective units

13. 5 5 < $0.1958 per ounce 14. 5
Total units 12 1200 Model: Total units Total units
x 1
Proportion: 5
600,000 300
1
x 5 600,000 ?
300
x 5 2000 defective units
15. Store computer:

Verbal Discount List Verbal Selling List
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price Model: price
5
price
2 Discount
Labels: Discount 5 x Labels: Selling price 5 x

Discount rate 5 0.25 List price 5 1750
List price 5 1750 Discount 5 437.50
Equation: x 5 s0.25ds1750d Equation: x 5 1750 2 437.50
x 5 $437.50 x 5 $1312.50
—CONTINUED—
15. —CONTINUED—
Mail-order catalog computer
Verbal Selling List
5 1 Shipping
Model: price price
Labels: Selling price 5 x

List price 5 1250
Shipping 5 24.95
Equation: x 5 1250 1 24.95
x 5 $1274.95
The mail-order catalog computer is the better buy.
Verbal Total Regular Overtime Verbal Amount of Amount of Amount of

16. Model: 5 1 17. Model: 1 5
wages wages wages solution 1 solution 2 final solution
Labels: Total wages 5 616 Labels: Percent of solution 1 5 25%

Regular wages 5 40s12.25d Gallons of solution 1 5 x
Overtime wages 5 xs18d Percent of solution 2 5 50%
Number of hours 5 x Gallons of solution 2 5 50 2 x
Percent of final solution 5 30%
Equation: 616 5 40s12.25d 1 xs18d
Gallons of final solution 5 50
616 5 490 1 18x
Equation: 0.25x 1 0.50s50 2 xd 5 0.30s50d
126 5 18x
0.25x 1 25 2 0.50x 5 15
7 hours 5 x
25 2 0.25x 5 15
20.25x 5 210
x 5 40 gallons at 25%
50 2 x 5 10 gallons at 50%
Verbal
18.
Model:
Labels: Distance 5 500

Rate of first part 5 62
Time for first part 5 x
Rate of second part 5 46
Time for second part 5 6 2 x
Equation: 300 5 62x 1 46s6 2 xd
300 5 62x 1 276 2 46x
24 5 16x
1.5 hours 5 x sfirst part of trip at 62 mphd
4.5 hours 5 6 2 x ssecond part of trip at 46 mphd
Verbal Work Portion done Portion done by

5
by first person 1 second person
19.
Model: done

Rate of first person 5 16
Rate of second person 5 18
Time for both 5 t
Equation: 1 5 s16 dstd 1 s18 dstd
1 5 s16 1 18 dstd
1 5 s14
48 dstd
24
3.43 hours < 7 5 48
14 5 t
20. Perimeter of square I 5 20 Perimeter of square II 5 32

4s 5 20 4s 5 32
s55 s58
Length of side of square III 5 5 1 8 Area 5 s2
5 13 5 132
5 169 square inches
Section 1.4 Linear Inequalities
(c) 7s52 d 2 10 > 0 (d) 7s2 d 2 10 > 0

1
1. (a) 7s3d 2 10 > 0 (b) 7s22d 2 10 > 0
7
21 2 10 > 0 214 2 10 > 0 35
2 2 10 > 0 2 2 10 > 0
7
11 > 0 224 > 0 35
2 2 20
2 > 0 2 2 20
2 > 0
13
Yes No 15
2 > 0 22 > 0
Yes No
10 1 5 415 015 26 1 5
3. (a) 0 < < 2 (b) 0 < < 2 (c) 0 < < 2 (d) 0 < < 2
6 6 6 6
15 9 5 21
0 < < 2 0 < < 2 0 < < 2 0 < < 2
6 6 6 6
3 3 Yes No
0 < 2 < 2 0 < 1 < 2
6 6
No Yes
5. Matches graph (d). 7. Matches graph (a). 9. Matches graph (f).

4 −4 4 −1 2
x x x
0 1 2 3 4 5 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 −2 −1 0 1 2
11. Matches graph (a). 13. Matches graph (d). 15. x ≤ 2

−1 1 −2 1 x
x x −2 −1 0 1 2 3
−2 −1 0 1 2 −2 −1 0 1 2
Section 1.4 Linear Inequalities 117
17. x > 3.5 19. 25 < x ≤ 3 21. 4 > x ≥ 1
3.5 −5 3 x
x x 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
23.
3
≥ x > 0 25. x < 25 or x ≥ 21 27. x ≤ 3 or x > 7
2
3 −5 −1 3 7
2 x x
x −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 0 2 4 6 8
−1 0 1 2 3
29. 5 2 13 x > 8 31. x24 ≥ 0 33. x17 ≤ 9

23s5 2 13 xd < s8d 2 3 x2414 ≥ 014 x1727 ≤ 927
215 1 x < 224 x ≥ 4 x ≤ 2
x
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3
3
35. 2x < 8 37. 29x ≥ 36 39. 2 x < 26
4
2x 8 29x 36
< ≤ 4 3 4
2 2 29 29 2
3
? 24x > 26 ? 23
x < 4 x ≤ 24
x > 8
x x
−2 0 2 4 6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 x
0 2 4 6 8 10
41. 5 2 x ≤ 22 43. 2x 2 5 > 9 45. 5 2 3x < 7

5 2 x 2 5 ≤ 22 2 5 2x 2 5 1 5 > 9 1 5 5 2 3x 2 5 < 7 2 5
2x ≤ 27 2x > 14 23x < 2
21 ?x ≥ 27 ? 21 2x 14
>
23x
>
2
2 2 23 23
x ≥ 7
x > 7 2
x > 2
x 3
5 6 7 8 9 x
2
5 6 7 8 9
3
x
2 1 0 1
47. 3x 2 11 > 2x 1 7 49. 23x 1 7 < 8x 2 13

3x 2 11 1 x > 2x 1 7 1 x 23x 2 8x 1 7 < 8x 2 8x 2 13
4x 2 11 > 7 211x 1 7 < 213
4x 2 11 1 11 > 7 1 11 211x 1 7 2 7 < 213 2 7
4x > 18 211x < 220 20
11
4x 18 211x 220 x
> 9 > 0 1 2 3
4 4 2 211 211
x
0 2 4 6
9 20
x > x >
2 11
x x x24 x
51. > 22 53. 13 ≤
4 2 3 8
4 14x 2 > 12 2 2x 24 8
3
24 1x 23 4 1 32 ≤ 18x 224
x
x > 8 2 2x 0 1 2 3 8sx 2 4d 1 72 ≤ 3x x
−12 −10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0
x 1 2x > 8 2 2 1 2x 8x 2 32 1 72 ≤ 3x
3x > 8 8x 1 40 ≤ 3x
3x 8 8x 2 3x 1 40 ≤ 3x 2 3x
>
3 3
5x 1 40 ≤ 0
8
x > 5x 1 40 2 40 ≤ 0 2 40
3
5x ≤ 240
5x 40
≤ 2
5 5
x ≤ 28
3x 2x
55. 24 < 23 57. 0 < 2x 2 5 < 9
5 3
0 1 5 < 2x 2 5 1 5 < 9 1 5
15 13x5 2 42 < 12x3 2 3215 5 < 2x < 14
9x 2 60 < 10x 2 45 5 2x 14
< <
2 2 2
9x 2 10x 2 60 < 10x 2 45 2 10x
5
2x 2 60 < 245 < x < 7
2
2x 2 60 1 60 < 245 1 60
5
2 7
2x < 15 −15 x
x 0 2 4 6 8
x > 215 −20 −16 −12 −8 −4 0
x
59. 8 < 6 2 2x ≤ 12 61. 21 < 2 < 1
6
8 2 6 < 6 2 6 2 2x ≤ 12 2 6
2 < 22x ≤ 6 x
s26ds21d > s26d 2 1 6x 2 > s26ds1d
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
2 22x 6 6 > x > 26
> ≥
22 22 22
−6 6
21 > x ≥ 23 x
−8 −4 0 4 8
23 ≤ x < 21
2x 2 3 x24
63. 23 < < 3 3 9 65. 1 > > 22
2 2 2 23
x
26 < 2x 2 3 < 6 2 0 2 4 6 23 < x 2 4 < 6
26 1 3 < 2x 2 3 1 3 < 6 1 3 23 1 4 < x 2 4 1 4 < 6 1 4
23 < 2x < 9 1 < x < 10
23 2x 9 1 10
< < x
2 2 2
0 3 6 9 12
3 9
2 < x <
2 2
67. 2x 2 4 ≤ 4 and 2x 1 8 > 6 x

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5
2x 2 4 1 4 ≤ 4 1 4 and 2x 1 8 2 8 > 6 2 8
2x ≤ 8 and 2x > 22
2x 8 2x 22
≤ and >
2 2 2 2
x ≤ 4 and x > 21
21 < x ≤ 4
69. 7 1 4x < 25 1 x and 2x 1 10 ≤ 22 x

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
7 1 4x 2 x < 25 1 x 2 x and 2x 1 10 2 10 ≤ 22 2 10
7 1 3x < 25 and 2x ≤ 212
2x 212
7 2 7 1 3x < 25 2 7 and ≤
2 2
3x < 212 and x ≤ 26
3x 212
<
3 3
x < 24 and x ≤ 26
x ≤ 26
x 5
71. 62 > 1 or x26 ≥ 4 x
2 4 7 8 9 10 11
x 5
6262 > 126 or x2616 ≥ 416
2 4
x 5
2 > 25 or x ≥ 10
2 4
1 2x 2 < s25ds22d
22 2 or 1 2
4 5
5 4
x ≥ s10d
x < 10 or x ≥ 8
2` < x < `
5 3
73. 7x 1 11 < 3 1 4x or x21 ≥ 92 x − 83 5
2 2 2
x
5 3 3 3 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
7x 2 4x 1 11 < 3 1 4x 2 4x or x1 x21 ≥ 92 x1 x
2 2 2 2
3x 1 11 < 3 or 4x 2 1 ≥ 9
3x 1 11 2 11 < 3 2 11 or 4x 2 1 1 1 ≥ 9 1 1
3x < 28 or 4x ≥ 10
3x 8 4x 10
< 2 or ≥
3 3 4 4
8 5
x < 2 or x ≥
3 2
75. 23s y 1 10d ≥ 4s y 1 10d 77. 24 ≤ 2 2 3sx 1 2d < 11

23y 2 30 ≥ 4y 1 40 24 ≤ 2 2 3x 2 6 < 11
3y 2 3y 2 30 ≥ 3y 1 4y 1 40 24 ≤ 4 2 3x < 11
230 ≥ 7y 1 40 24 1 4 ≤ 24 2 3x 1 4 < 11 1 4
240 2 30 ≥ 7y 1 40 2 40 0 ≤ 23x < 15
270 ≥ 7y 0 23x 15
≥ >
23 23 23
210 ≥ y
0 ≥ x > 25
y
15 10 5 0 −5
x
−6 −4 −2 0 2
79. x < 23 or x ≥ 2 81. 25 ≤ x < 4 83. x ≤ 22.5 or x ≥ 20.5

Hx|x < 23J < Hx|x ≥ 2J Hx|x ≥ 25J > Hx|x < 4J Hx|x ≤ 22.5J < Hx|x ≥ 20.5J
|
85. Hx x ≥ 27J > Hx x < 0J | | |
87. Hx x < 25J < Hx x > 3J 89. H x x > 2 92J > H x x ≤ 2 32J
| |
91. “x is nonnegative” using inequali- 93. “z is at least 2” using inequality 95. “n is at least 10, but no more than
ty notation is x ≥ 0. notation is z ≥ 2. 16” using inequality notation is
10 ≤ n ≤ 16.
97. A verbal description of x ≥ 5

2 is x 99. A verbal description of 3 ≤ y < 5 101. A verbal description of
is at least 52. is y is at least 3 and less than 5. 0 < z ≤ p is z is greater than 0
and no more than p.
Verbal Transportation Other Total money Verbal Temp in > Temp in > Temp in
103. Model: 1 ≤ 105. Model:
costs costs for trip Miami Washington New York
Labels: Transportation costs 5 1900 The average temperature in Miami, therefore, is greater
Other costs 5 C than (>) the average temperature in New York.
Total money 5 4500
Inequality: 1900 1 C ≤ 4500
1900 1 C 2 1900 ≤ 4500 2 1900
C ≤ 2600
Verbal Operating
107. Model: < $12,000 Verbal
cost 109. Revenue > Cost
Model:
Label: Operating cost 5 0.35m 1 2900 Revenue 5 89.95x
Labels:
Inequality: 0.35m 1 2900 < 12,000 Cost 5 61x 1 875
0.35m 1 2900 2 2900 < 12,000 2 2900 Inequality: 89.95x > 61x 1 875
0.35m < 9100 89.95x 2 61x > 61x 1 875 2 61x
0.35m 9100 28.95x > 875
<
0.35 0.35
28.95x 875
>
m < 26,000 miles 28.95 28.95
x > 30.224525
x ≥ 31
111. Verbal Cost of

1
Cost of additional
≤ $5.00
Model: first minute minutes
Label: Number of additional minutes 5 x

Inequality: $0.96 1 $0.75 ≤ $5.00
0.96 1 0.75x 2 0.96 ≤ 5.00 2 0.96
0.75x ≤ 4.04
0.75x 4.04
≤
0.75 0.75
x ≤ 5.386667
Since x represents the additional minutes after the first minute, the call must be less than
6.38 minutes. If a portion of a minute is billed as a full minute, then the call must be less
than or equal to 6 minutes.
Verbal
113. 36 ≤ Perimeter ≤ 64 115. 12 ≤ 4n ≤ 30
Model:
12 4n 30
Label: Perimeter 5 2x 1 32 ≤ ≤
4 4 4
Inequality: 36 ≤ 2x 1 32 ≤ 64
15
3 ≤ n ≤
36 2 32 ≤ 2x 1 32 2 32 ≤ 64 2 32 2
4 ≤ 2x ≤ 32
4 2x 32
≤ ≤
2 2 2
2 ≤ x ≤ 16
Verbal Verbal Air pollutant

117. Model: Second plan > First plan 119. > 6
Model: emission
Labels: First payment plan: $12.50 per hour Label: Air pollutant emission 5 5.890 2 0.276t
Second payment plan: $8 1 $0.75n per
hour where n represents the number of Inequality: 5.890 2 0.276t > 6
units produced. 5.890 2 5.890 2 0.276t > 6 2 5.890
Inequality: 8 1 0.75n > 12.5 20.276t > 0.11
0.75n > 4.5 20.276t 0.11
<
n > 6 20.276 20.276
If more than 6 units are produced per hour, the second t < 20.399
payment plan yields the greater hourly wage. t 5 21 → year 1989
t 5 22 → year 1988
t 5 23 → year 1987
121. (f) C 5 31.20 1 11.91x ≤ 50 (g) C 5 34.19 1 3.95x ≤ 50

11.91x ≤ 18.8 3.95x ≤ 15.81
18.8 x ≤ 4.00
x ≤
11.91
At most, you can purchase four pay-per-view movies.
x ≤ 1.58
At most, you can purchase one premium movie
channel.
123. Yes, dividing both sides of an inequality by 5 is the same 125. The multiplication and division properties differ. The
as multiplying both sides by 15. inequality symbol is reversed if both sides of the
inequality are multiplied or divided by a negative real
5x 5 15 5x 5 15
number.
5x 15 1 1
5
5
5 5
? 5x 5 15 ? 5
x53 x53
127. If 25 ≤ t < 8, then s21ds25d ≥ s21dstd > s21ds8d and 5 ≥ 2t > 28 or 28 < 2t ≤ 5.
Section 1.5 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
| |
1. 4x 1 5 5 10, x 5 23 | |
3. 6 2 2w 5 2, w 5 4 5. x 2 10 5 17 or x 2 10 5 217
? ?
|
4s23d 1 5 5 10 | | |
6 2 2s4d 5 2
? ?
|
212 1 5 5 10 | |
628 52 |
? ?
27 5 10 | | | |
22 5 2
7 Þ 10 252
No Yes
7. 4x 1 1 5 12 or 4x 1 1 5 2 12 ||
9. x 5 4 ||
11. t 5 245
x 5 4 or x 5 24 No solution
||
13. h 5 0 | |
15. 5x 5 15 | |
17. x 2 16 5 5
h50 5x 5 15 or 5x 5 215 x 2 16 5 5 or x 2 16 5 25
x53 x 5 23 x 5 21 x 5 11
|
19. 2s 1 3 5 25 | |
21. 32 2 3y 5 16 |
2s 1 3 5 25 or 2s 1 3 5 225 32 2 3y 5 16 or 32 2 3y 5 216
2s 5 22 2s 5 228 23y 5 216 23y 5 248
16
s 5 11 s 5 214 y5 3 y 5 16
|
23. 3x 1 4 5 216 | | |
25. 4 2 3x 5 0
No solution 4 2 3x 5 0
23x 5 24
x 5 43
27. | x 1 4| 5 9
2
3
2 2
|
29. 0.32x 2 2 5 4 |
3x 1459 or 3x 1 4 5 29 0.32x 2 2 5 4 or 0.32x 2 2 5 24
2 2
3x 55 3x 5 213 0.32x 5 6 0.32x 5 22
2x 5 15 2x 5 239 6 22
x5 x5
15 0.32 0.32
x5 2 x 5 2 39
2
x 5 18.75 x 5 26.25
123. Yes, dividing both sides of an inequality by 5 is the same 125. The multiplication and division properties differ. The
as multiplying both sides by 15. inequality symbol is reversed if both sides of the
inequality are multiplied or divided by a negative real
5x 5 15 5x 5 15
number.
5x 15 1 1
5
5
5 5
? 5x 5 15 ? 5
x53 x53
127. If 25 ≤ t < 8, then s21ds25d ≥ s21dstd > s21ds8d and 5 ≥ 2t > 28 or 28 < 2t ≤ 5.
Section 1.5 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
| |
1. 4x 1 5 5 10, x 5 23 | |
3. 6 2 2w 5 2, w 5 4 5. x 2 10 5 17 or x 2 10 5 217
? ?
|
4s23d 1 5 5 10 | | |
6 2 2s4d 5 2
? ?
|
212 1 5 5 10 | |
628 52 |
? ?
27 5 10 | | | |
22 5 2
7 Þ 10 252
No Yes
7. 4x 1 1 5 12 or 4x 1 1 5 2 12 ||
9. x 5 4 ||
11. t 5 245
x 5 4 or x 5 24 No solution
||
13. h 5 0 | |
15. 5x 5 15 | |
17. x 2 16 5 5
h50 5x 5 15 or 5x 5 215 x 2 16 5 5 or x 2 16 5 25
x53 x 5 23 x 5 21 x 5 11
|
19. 2s 1 3 5 25 | |
21. 32 2 3y 5 16 |
2s 1 3 5 25 or 2s 1 3 5 225 32 2 3y 5 16 or 32 2 3y 5 216
2s 5 22 2s 5 228 23y 5 216 23y 5 248
16
s 5 11 s 5 214 y5 3 y 5 16
|
23. 3x 1 4 5 216 | | |
25. 4 2 3x 5 0
No solution 4 2 3x 5 0
23x 5 24
x 5 43
27. | x 1 4| 5 9
2
3
2 2
|
29. 0.32x 2 2 5 4 |
3x 1459 or 3x 1 4 5 29 0.32x 2 2 5 4 or 0.32x 2 2 5 24
2 2
3x 55 3x 5 213 0.32x 5 6 0.32x 5 22
2x 5 15 2x 5 239 6 22
x5 x5
15 0.32 0.32
x5 2 x 5 2 39
2
x 5 18.75 x 5 26.25
Section 1.5 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities 123
| |
31. 5x 2 3 1 8 5 22 |
33. 3x 1 9 2 12 5 28|
|5x 2 3| 5 14 |3x 1 9| 5 4
5x 2 3 5 14 or 5x 2 3 5 214 3x 1 9 5 4 or 3x 1 9 5 24
5x 5 17 5x 5 211 3x 5 25 3x 5 213
17
x5 5 x5 2 11
5 x5
5
23 x 5 2 13
3
| |
35. 22 7 2 4x 5 216 |
37. 3 2x 2 5 1 4 5 7 |
|7 2 4x|58 | |
3 2x 2 5 5 3
7 2 4x 5 8 or 7 2 4x 5 28 |2x 2 5| 5 1
24x 5 1 24x 5 215 2x 2 5 5 1 or 2x 2 5 5 21
x5 2 14 x5 15
4 2x 5 6 2x 5 4
x53 x52
| | |
39. x 1 8 5 2x 1 1 | |
41. x 1 2 5 3x 2 1 | | |
x 1 8 5 2x 1 1 or x 1 8 5 2 s2x 1 1d x 1 2 5 3x 2 1 or x 1 2 5 2 s3x 2 1d
85x11 x 1 8 5 22x 2 1 3 5 2x x 1 2 5 23x 1 1
3
75x 3x 1 8 5 21 2 5x 4x 5 21
3x 5 29 x 5 2 14
x 5 23
| | |
43. 45 2 4x 5 32 2 3x | |
45. 4x 2 10 5 2 2x 1 3 | | |
45 2 4x 5 32 2 3x or 45 2 4x 5 2 s32 2 3xd 4x 2 10 5 2s2x 1 3d or 4x 2 10 5 22s2x 1 3d
45 5 32 1 x 45 2 4x 5 232 1 3x 4x 2 10 5 4x 1 6 4x 2 10 5 24x 2 6
13 5 x 45 5 232 1 7x 210 5 6 8x 2 10 5 26
77 5 7x No solution 8x 5 4
11 5 x x 5 48 5 12
| |
47. x 2 5 5 3
49. (a) x 5 2 (b) x 5 24 (c) x 5 4 (d) x 5 21
|2| < 3 |24| < 3 |4| < 3 |21| < 3

2 < 3 4 < 3 4 < 3 1 < 3
Yes No No Yes
51. (a) x 5 9 (b) x 5 24 (c) x 5 11 (d) x 5 6
|9 2 7| ≥ 3 |24 2 7| ≥ 3 |11 2 7| ≥ 3 |6 2 7| ≥ 3
|2| ≥ 3 |211| ≥ 3 |4| ≥ 3 |21| ≥ 3
2 ≥ 3 11 ≥ 3 4 ≥ 3 1 ≥ 3
No Yes Yes No
|
53. y 1 5 < 3 | |
55. 7 2 2h ≥ 9 | 57. “All x greater than 22 and less
than 5.”
23 < y 1 5 < 3 7 2 2h ≥ 9 or 7 2 2h ≤ 29
5
x
4 2 0 2 4 6
59. “All x less than or equal to 4 or 61. |y| < 4 ||

63. x ≥ 6
greater than 7.”
24 < y < 4 x ≥ 6 or x ≤ 26
7
x
0 2 4 6 8
65. |2x| < 14

214 < 2x < 14
67.
|| y
3
≤ 3
y
|
69. y 2 2 ≤ 4 |
24 ≤ y 2 2 ≤ 4
23 ≤ ≤ 3
27 < x < 7 3 22 ≤ y ≤ 6
29 ≤ y ≤ 9
|
71. x 1 6 > 10 | |
73. 2x 2 1 ≤ 7 | |
75. 6t 1 15 ≥ 30 |
x 1 6 > 10 or x 1 6 < 210 27 ≤ 2x 2 1 ≤ 7 6t 1 15 ≤ 230 or 6t 1 15 ≥ 30
x > 4 x < 216 26 ≤ 2x ≤ 8 6t ≤ 245 6t ≥ 15
2 45 15
23 ≤ x ≤ 4 t ≤ 6 t ≥ 6
t ≤ 2 15
2 t ≥ 5
2
|
77. 2 2 5x > 28 | |
79. 3x 1 10 < 21 | 81. |x 1 2| ≤ 8
10
2` < x < ` No solution
|x 1 2| ≤ 80
Absolute value is always positive. Absolute value is never negative.
280 ≤ x 1 2 ≤ 80
282 ≤ x ≤ 78
83. |y 2 16| < 30

4
85.
| | z
10
23 > 8 |
87. 0.2x 2 3 < 4 |
24 < 0.2x 2 3 < 4
|y 2 16| < 120 z
2 3 < 28 or
z
23 > 8
10 10 21 < 0.2x < 7
2120 < y 2 16 < 120
z z 21 7
2104 < y < 136 < 25 > 11 < x <
10 10 0.2 0.2
z < 250 z > 110 25 < x < 35
| |
3
89. 6 2 x ≤ 0.4
5 |
91. 22 3x 1 6 < 4 |
|3x 1 6| > 22
| |
93. 9 2
x
2
27 ≤ 4
3
20.4 ≤ 6 2 x ≤ 0.4
5 2` < x < ` | | 92
x
2
≤ 11
22 ≤ 30 2 3x ≤ 2 Absolute value is always positive. x

211 ≤ 9 2 ≤ 11
2
232 ≤ 23x ≤ 228
x
32 28 220 ≤ 2 ≤ 2
≥ x ≥ 2
3 3
40 ≥ x ≥ 24
28 32
≤ x ≤
3 3 24 ≤ x ≤ 40
Review Exercises for Chapter 1 125
|
95. 3x 1 2 < 4 | |
97. 2x 1 3 > 9 |
Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x 3 X,T, u 1 2 < 4 GRAPH Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS 2 X,T, u 1 3 > 9 GRAPH
x
x
x
2
22 < x < 3 x < 26 or x > 3
| |
99. x 2 5 1 3 ≤ 5
Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x X,T, u 2 5 1 3 ≤ 5 GRAPH
x
3 ≤ x ≤ 7
101. Matches graph (d). 103. Matches graph (b). 105. f22, 2g
|x 2 4| ≤ 4 1
2 |x 2 4| > 4 |x| ≤ 2
24 ≤ x 2 4 ≤ 4 |x 2 4| > 8
0 ≤ x ≤ 8 x24 > 8 or x 2 4 < 28
0 8 x > 12 x < 24
x
0 2 4 6 8
−4 12
x
−4 0 4 8 12
107. s16, 22d 109. x < 3|| | |

111. x 2 5 > 6
16 < x < 22
23 < x 2 19 < 3
|x 2 19| < 3
|
113. t 2 72 < 10 | 115. (a) s 2 x ≤| | 3
16 117. The absolute value of a real num-
210 < t 2 72 < 10 (b) | 518 2x ≤
3
| 3
16
1 3
ber measures the distance of the
real number from zero.
62 < t < 82 2 16 ≤ 58 2 x ≤ 16
3 41 3
62 82 2 16 ≤ 8 2x ≤ 16
t
2 85 79
50 60 70 80 90 16 ≤ 2x ≤ 2 16
85 79
16 ≥ x ≥ 16
119. The solutions of x 5 a are || 121. The graph of x 2 4 < 1 can be | | | |

123. x 2 3 ≤ 3 since
x 5 a and x 5 2a. For example, described as all real numbers less
23 ≤ x 2 3 ≤ 3
|
to solve x 2 3 5 5: | than one unit from 4.
0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
x2355 or x 2 3 5 25
x58 x 5 22
Review Exercises for Chapter 1
1. (a) 45 2 7s3d 5 3 (b) 45 2 7s6d 5 3

45 2 21 5 3 45 2 42 5 3
24 5 3 353
Not a solution Solution
|
95. 3x 1 2 < 4 | |
97. 2x 1 3 > 9 |
Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x 3 X,T, u 1 2 < 4 GRAPH Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS 2 X,T, u 1 3 > 9 GRAPH
x
x
x
2
22 < x < 3 x < 26 or x > 3
| |
99. x 2 5 1 3 ≤ 5
Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x X,T, u 2 5 1 3 ≤ 5 GRAPH
x
3 ≤ x ≤ 7
101. Matches graph (d). 103. Matches graph (b). 105. f22, 2g
|x 2 4| ≤ 4 1
2 |x 2 4| > 4 |x| ≤ 2
24 ≤ x 2 4 ≤ 4 |x 2 4| > 8
0 ≤ x ≤ 8 x24 > 8 or x 2 4 < 28
0 8 x > 12 x < 24
x
0 2 4 6 8
−4 12
x
−4 0 4 8 12
107. s16, 22d 109. x < 3|| | |

111. x 2 5 > 6
16 < x < 22
23 < x 2 19 < 3
|x 2 19| < 3
|
113. t 2 72 < 10 | 115. (a) s 2 x ≤| | 3
16 117. The absolute value of a real num-
210 < t 2 72 < 10 (b) | 518 2x ≤
3
| 3
16
1 3
ber measures the distance of the
real number from zero.
62 < t < 82 2 16 ≤ 58 2 x ≤ 16
3 41 3
62 82 2 16 ≤ 8 2x ≤ 16
t
2 85 79
50 60 70 80 90 16 ≤ 2x ≤ 2 16
85 79
16 ≥ x ≥ 16
119. The solutions of x 5 a are || 121. The graph of x 2 4 < 1 can be | | | |

123. x 2 3 ≤ 3 since
x 5 a and x 5 2a. For example, described as all real numbers less
23 ≤ x 2 3 ≤ 3
|
to solve x 2 3 5 5: | than one unit from 4.
0 ≤ x ≤ 6.
x2355 or x 2 3 5 25
x58 x 5 22
1. (a) 45 2 7s3d 5 3 (b) 45 2 7s6d 5 3

45 2 21 5 3 45 2 42 5 3
24 5 3 353
35 35 2
2 35 22
3. (a) 12
1 12
51 (b) 1 35 5 1
7 5 7 5
5 7 2 2
1 51 2 12 51
12 12 245 175
12 10 14
51 2 12 51
12 1225 1225
151 24
2 51
1225
Solution
Not a solution
5. x1255 Check: 7. 23x 5 36 Check:

? ?
x12225522 31255 23x 36 23s212d 5 36
5
23 23
x53 555 36 5 36
x 5 212
1
9. 2 x53 Check: 11. 5x 1 4 5 19 Check:
8
?
1 ? 5x 1 4 2 4 5 19 2 4 5s3d 1 4 5 19
2 s224d 5 3
11
8 2
s28d 2 x 5 s3ds28d 8
5x 5 15
?
15 1 4 5 19
353
x 5 224 5x 15 19 5 19
5
5 5
x53
13. 17 2 7x 5 3 Check: 15. 7x 2 5 5 3x 1 11 Check:

? ?
17 2 7x 2 17 5 3 2 17 17 2 7s2d 5 3 7x 2 3x 2 5 5 3x 2 3x 1 11 7s4d 2 5 5 3s4d 1 11
? ?
27x 5 214 17 2 14 5 3 4x 2 5 5 11 28 2 5 5 12 1 11
27x 214 353 4x 2 5 1 5 5 11 1 5 23 5 23
5
27 27
4x 5 16
x52
4x 16
5
4 4
x54
17. 3s2y 2 1d 5 9 1 3y Check:

?
6y 2 3 5 9 1 3y 3s2s4d 2 1d 5 9 1 3s4d
?
6y 2 3y 2 3 5 9 1 3y 2 3y 3s7d 5 9 1 12
3y 2 3 5 9 21 5 21
3y 2 3 1 3 5 9 1 3
3y 5 12
3y 12
5
3 3
y54
19. 4y 2 6s y 2 5d 5 2 Check: 21. 4s3x 2 5d 5 6s2x 1 3d

?
4y 2 6y 1 30 5 2 4s14d 2 6s14 2 5d 5 2 12x 2 20 5 12x 1 18
?
22y 1 30 5 2 56 2 6s9d 5 2 12x 2 12x 2 20 5 12x 2 12x 1 18
?
22y 1 30 2 30 5 2 2 30 56 2 54 5 2 220 5 18
22y 5 228 252 No solution
22y 228
5
22 22
y 5 14
4 1 3
23. x2 5 Check:
5 10 2
4 1 ? 3
s2d 2 5
3 4 34
4 1 3
10 x2 5 10 5 10 2
5 10 2
8 1 ? 3
8x 2 1 5 15 2 5
5 10 2
8x 2 1 1 1 5 15 1 1
16 1 ? 3
2 5
8x 5 16 10 10 2
8x 16 15 ? 3
5 5
8 8 10 2
x52 3 3
5
2 2
25. 1.4t 1 2.1 5 0.9t Check:

?
1.4t 1 2.1 2 0.9t 5 0.9t 2 0.9t 1.4s24.2d 1 2.1 5 0.9s24.2d
?
0.5t 1 2.1 5 0 25.88 1 2.1 5 23.78
0.5t 1 2.1 2 2.1 5 0 2 2.1 23.78 5 23.78
0.5t 5 22.1
0.5t 22.1
5
0.5 0.5
t 5 24.2
Verbal Compared Base

27. 29. Model:
number 5 Percent ? number
Parts out
Percent of 100 Decimal Fraction
87
87% 87 0.87 100 Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p ?b
a 5 1.30 ? 50
a 5 65

31. Model:
number 5 Percent ? number 33. Model:
number 5 Percent ? number

Equation: a5p ?b Equation: a5p ?b
645 5 0.215 ? b 250 5 p ? 200
645 250
5b 5p
0.215 200
3000 5 b 1.25 5 p or 125%
16 feet 16 feet 16 4 45 seconds 45 seconds 45 3

35. 5 5 5 37. 5 5 5
4 yards 12 feet 12 3 5 minutes 300 seconds 300 20
7 y b 51b
39. 5 41. 5
8 4 6 15
8y 5 28 15b 5 6s5 1 bd
28 15b 5 30 1 6b
y5
8
9b 5 30
7
y5 30
2 b5
9
10
b5
3

price price
Labels: Selling price 5 149.93 Labels: Selling price 5 125.85

Cost 5 99.95 Cost 5 x
Markup 5 x Markup 5 44.13
Equation: 149.93 5 99.95 1 x Equation: 125.85 5 x 1 44.13
149.93 2 99.95 5 x 125.85 2 44.13 5 x
$49.98 5 x $81.72 5 x
Verbal Markup Verbal Markup

Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost Model: Markup 5 rate ? Cost
Labels: Markup 5 49.98 Labels: Markup 5 44.13

Markup rate 5 x Markup rate 5 x
Cost 5 99.95 Cost 5 81.72
Equation: 49.98 5 x ? 99.95 Equation: 44.13 5 x ? 81.72
49.98 44.13
5x 5x
99.95 81.72
50% < x 54% < x

Labels: Sale price 5 53.96 Labels: Sale price 5 x

List price 5 71.95 List price 5 1995.50
Discount 5 x Discount 5 598.65
Equation: 53.96 5 71.95 2 x Equation: x 5 1995.50 2 598.65
x 5 71.95 2 53.96 x 5 $1396.85
x 5 $17.99
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price Labels: Discount 5 598.65
Labels: Discount 5 17.99 Discount rate 5 x
Discount rate 5 x List price 5 1995.50
List price 5 71.95 Equation: 598.65 5 x ? 1995.50
Equation: 17.99 5 x ? 71.95 598.65
5x
1995.50
17.99
5x
71.95 30% 5 x
25% < x
51. 2x 2 7y 1 4 5 0 53. V 5 p r 2h 55. x 2 5 ≤ 21

2x 5 7y 2 4 V x 2 5 1 5 ≤ 21 1 5
5h
7 pr2
x5 2y 22 x ≤ 4
x 5 2 s7y 2 4d
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5
57. 25x < 30 59. 5x 1 3 > 18 61. 8x 1 1 ≥ 10x 2 11

25x 30 5x > 15 8x 2 10x 1 1 ≥ 10x 2 10x 2 11
>
25 25
x > 3 22x 1 1 ≥ 211
x > 26
22x 1 1 2 1 ≥ 211 2 1
x
22x ≥ 212
x 0 1 2 3 4
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2
22x 212
≤
22 22
x ≤ 6
x
−2 0 2 4 6 8
1 1
63. 2 y < 12 65. 26 ≤ 2x 1 8 < 4
3 2
26 2 8 ≤ 2x 1 8 2 8 < 4 2 8
2 2 3y < 72
214 ≤ 2x < 24 −7
23y < 70 x
214 2x 24 −8 −6 −4 −2 0
70 ≤ <
y > 2 2 2 2
3
27 ≤ x < 22
70
3
y
25 24 23 22
x11 69. 5x 2 4 < 6 and 3x 1 1 > 28

67. 5 > > 0
23
5x 2 4 1 4 < 6 1 4 3x 1 1 2 1 > 28 2 1
215 < x 1 1 < 0
5x < 10 3x > 29
216 < x < 21
5x 10 3x 29
< >
1 5 5 3 3
x
20 16 12 8 4 0 x < 2 and x > 23
23 < x < 2 −3
x
−4 −2 0 2
71. 24s3 2 2xd ≤ 3s2x 2 6d

212 1 8x ≤ 6x 2 18
212 1 8x 2 6x ≤ 6x 2 6x 2 18
212 1 2x ≤ 218
212 1 12 1 2x ≤ 218 1 12
2x ≤ 26
2x 26 x
≤ −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
2 2
x ≤ 23
73. z ≤ 10 75. 7 ≤ y < 14 ||

77. x 5 6
x 5 6 or x 5 26
|
79. 4 2 3x 5 8 | |
81. 5x 1 4 2 10 5 26 |
4 2 3x 5 8 or 4 2 3x 5 28 |
5x 1 4 5 4 |
4 2 4 2 3x 5 8 2 4 4 2 4 2 3x 5 28 2 4 5x 1 4 5 4 or 5x 1 4 5 24
23x 5 4 23x 5 212 5x 1 4 2 4 5 4 2 4 5x 1 4 2 4 5 24 2 4
23x 4 23x 212 5x 5 0 5x 5 28
5 5
23 23 23 23
5x 0 5x 28
5 5
4 5 5 5 5
x5 x54
23
8
x50 x52
5
|
83. 3x 2 4 5 x 1 2 | | | |
85. x 2 4 > 3 |
3x 2 4 5 x 1 2 or 3x 2 4 5 2 sx 1 2d x 2 4 < 23 or x 2 4 > 3
2x 5 6 3x 2 4 5 2x 2 2 x < 1 or x > 7
x53 4x 5 2
2 1
x5452
| |
87. 3x > 9 |
89. 2x 2 7 < 15 |
3x < 29 or 3x > 9 215 < 2x 2 7 < 15
x < 23 or x > 3 28 < 2x < 22
24 < x < 11
| |
91. b 1 2 2 6 > 1 |
93. 2x 2 5 ≥ 1 |
|b 1 2| > 7 Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x 2 X,T, u 2 5
x
≥ 1 GRAPH
b 1 2 < 27 or b 1 2 > 7 x ≤ 2 or x ≥ 3
b < 29 or b > 5
95. s1, 5d
1 < x < 5
123 < x23 < 523
22 < x 2 3 < 2
|x 2 3| < 2
Verbal First Second Verbal Percent
97.
Model: integer
1
integer
5 Sum 99.
Model:
Commission 5
rate
? Sales
Labels: First integer 5 x Labels: Commission 5 9000

Second integer 5 x 1 1 Percent rate 5 x
Sum 5 147 Sales 5 150,000
Equation: x 1 sx 1 1d 5 147 Equation: 9000 5 x ? 150,000
2x 1 1 5 147 9000
5x
150,000
2x 1 1 2 1 5 147 2 1
6% 5 x
2x 5 146
2x 146
5
2 2
x 5 73, x 1 1 5 74
101. Verbal Total

5
List
1 Shipping
Model: price price
Labels: Total price 5 x

List price 5 24.95
Shipping 5 6.95
Equation: x 5 24.95 1 6.95
x 5 $31.90

Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
Labels: Discount 5 x
Discount rate 5 30%
List price 5 35.95
Equation: x 5 0.30 ? 35.95
x 5 $10.79
—CONTINUED—
101. —CONTINUED—
Verbal Sale List
5 2 Discount
Model: price price
Labels: Sale price 5 x

List price 5 $35.95
Discount 5 $10.79
Equation: x 5 35.95 2 10.79
x 5 $25.16
The department store price is the better buy.
Verbal Sales Percent Verbal Cups Cups

103. Model: 5 rate ? Cost 105. 5
tax Model: Batches Batches
1
Labels: Sales tax 5 x 12 x
Proportion: 5 1
Percent rate 5 714% 1 22
Cost 5 34 x 5 112 ? 212
Equation: x 5 0.0725 ? 34 x 5 334 cups
x 5 $2.47
Verbal Gasoline Gasoline Verbal Base Base

107. 5 109. 5
Model: Oil Oil Model: Side Side
50 x 3 4
Proportion: 51 Proportion: 5
1 2 3.5 x
x 5 25 pints 3x 5 14
14
x5
3
Verbal Silo’s height Your height Verbal Base

111.
Model: Silo’s shadow
5
Your shadow
113.
Model:
Increase 5 Percent ? number
x 6 Labels: Increase 5 x
Proportion: 5
20 112 Percent 5 5 2 %
1
120 Base number 5 25,750

x5
112
Equation: x 5 0.055 ? 25,750
x 5 80 feet
x 5 $1416.25
Verbal New Old

5 1 Increase
Model: model price
Labels: New model 5 x

Old price 5 25,750
Increase 5 1416.25
Equation: x 5 25,750 1 1416.25
x 5 $27,166.25
Verbal Selling Verbal Total List

115. Markup 5 price 2 Cost 117. 5 1 Shipping
Model: Model: price price
Labels: Markup 5 x Labels: Total price 5 x

Selling price 5 175.00 List price 5 99.97
Cost 5 95.00 Shipping 5 4.50
Equation: x 5 175.00 2 95.00 Equation: x 5 99.97 1 4.50
x 5 $80.00 x 5 $104.47

Verbal Markup
Markup 5 rate ? Cost Model:
Discount 5
rate
? price
Model:
Labels: Markup 5 80.00 Labels: Discount 5 x
Markup rate 5 x Discount rate 5 20%
Cost 5 95.00 List price 5 125.95
Equation: 80.00 5 x ? 95.00 Equation: x 5 0.20 ? 125.95
80.00 x 5 $25.19
5x
95.00
Verbal Sale List
84.21% 5 x 5 2 Discount
Model: price price

List price 5 125.95
Discount 5 25.19
Equation: x 5 125.95 2 25.19
x 5 $100.76
The department store price is the better buy.
Verbal Amount of Amount of Amount of

119. Model: 1 5
solution 1 solution 2 final solution
Labels: Percent of solution 1 5 30%

Liters of solution 1 5 x
Percent of solution 2 5 60%
Liters of solution 2 5 10 2 x
Percent of final solution 5 50%
Liters of final solution 5 10
Equation: 0.30x 1 0.60s10 2 xd 5 0.50s10d
0.30x 1 6 2 0.60x 5 5
20.30x 5 21
x 5 313 liters of 30% solution
2
10 2 x 5 63 liters of 60% solution
Verbal
121.
Model:
Labels: Distance 5 d
Rate 5 1200 mph
Time 5 2 13 hours
Equation: d 5 1200 ? 2 13
d 5 2800 miles
Verbal Verbal Work Work done Work done

123.
Model:
Model: done
5
by person 1
1
by person 2
Labels: Distance 5 100 miles
Rates 5 48 mph and 40 mph
1
Time 5 t Rate of person 1 5
4.5
Equation: d 5 rt 1
Rate of person 2 5
6
d
t5 Time 5 t
r
1 1
100 100 Equation: 15 std 1 std
t5 1 4.5 6
48 40
27 5 6t 1 4.5t
55
t 5 4.583 or 27 5 10.5t
12
27
Verbal Average Total Total 5t
5 4 10.5
Model: speed distance time
2.57 hours 5 t
Labels: Average speed 5 r
Total distance 5 200 miles
Total time 5 4.583 hours
Equation: r 5 200 4 4.583
r < 43.6 mph
Verbal Verbal
Labels: Interest 5 i Labels: Interest 5 $20,000

Principal 5 $1000 Principal 5 p
Rate 5 8.5% Rate 5 9.5%
Time 5 4 Time 5 1
Equation: i 5 1000 ? 0.085 ?4 Equation: 20,000 5 p ? 0.095 ?1
i 5 $340 20,000
5p
0.095
$210,526.32 5 p
Verbal Verbal
131. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time 133.
Model:
Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Interest 5 4700 Labels: Area 5 48

Principal 1 5 p Length 5 x
Rate 1 5 8.5% Width 5 6
Principal 2 5 50,000 2 p Equation: 48 5 x ? 6
Rate 2 5 10%
8 inches 5 x
Time 5 1
Equation: 4700 5 0.085p 1 0.10s50,000 2 pd
4700 5 0.085p 1 5000 2 0.10p
2300 5 20.015p
2300
5p
20.015
$20,000 5 p
$30,000 5 50,000 2 p
Chapter Test for Chapter 1 135
Verbal
135.
Model:
50 ≤ Perimeter ≤ 100 |
137. t 2 78.3 < 38.3 |
238.3 < t 2 78.3 < 38.3
Label: Perimeter 5 2x 1 2s23d
40 < t < 116.6
Inequality: 50 ≤ 2x 1 2s23d ≤ 100
4 ≤ 2x ≤ 54 116.6
t
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2 ≤ x ≤ 27
Chapter Test for Chapter 1
1. 6x 2 5 5 19 2. 5x 2 6 5 7x 2 12
6x 2 5 1 5 5 19 1 5 5x 2 7x 2 6 5 7x 2 7x 2 12
6x 5 24 22x 2 6 5 212
6x 24 22x 2 6 1 6 5 212 1 6
5
6 6 22x 5 26
x54 22x 26
5
22 22
x53
2x x
3. 15 2 7s1 2 xd 5 3sx 1 8d 4. 5 14
3 2
15 2 7 1 7x 5 3x 1 24
8 1 7x 5 3x 1 24
6 12x3 2 5 12x 1 426
8 1 7x 2 3x 5 3x 1 24 2 3x 4x 5 3x 1 24
8 2 8 1 4x 5 24 2 8 4x 2 3x 5 3x 1 24 2 3x
4x 5 16 x 5 24
4x 16
5
4 4
x54

5. Model:
number
5 Percent ? number
6. Model:
number
5 Percent ? number

x 5 0.27 ? 3200 1200 5 x ? 800
1200
x 5 864 800 5x
1.5 5 x
150% 5 x
Verbal
135.
Model:
50 ≤ Perimeter ≤ 100 |
137. t 2 78.3 < 38.3 |
238.3 < t 2 78.3 < 38.3
Label: Perimeter 5 2x 1 2s23d
40 < t < 116.6
Inequality: 50 ≤ 2x 1 2s23d ≤ 100
4 ≤ 2x ≤ 54 116.6
t
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
2 ≤ x ≤ 27
1. 6x 2 5 5 19 2. 5x 2 6 5 7x 2 12
6x 2 5 1 5 5 19 1 5 5x 2 7x 2 6 5 7x 2 7x 2 12
6x 5 24 22x 2 6 5 212
6x 24 22x 2 6 1 6 5 212 1 6
5
6 6 22x 5 26
x54 22x 26
5
22 22
x53
2x x
3. 15 2 7s1 2 xd 5 3sx 1 8d 4. 5 14
3 2
15 2 7 1 7x 5 3x 1 24
8 1 7x 5 3x 1 24
6 12x3 2 5 12x 1 426
8 1 7x 2 3x 5 3x 1 24 2 3x 4x 5 3x 1 24
8 2 8 1 4x 5 24 2 8 4x 2 3x 5 3x 1 24 2 3x
4x 5 16 x 5 24
4x 16
5
4 4
x54

5. Model:
number
5 Percent ? number
6. Model:
number
5 Percent ? number

x 5 0.27 ? 3200 1200 5 x ? 800
1200
x 5 864 800 5x
1.5 5 x
150% 5 x
Verbal Sale List Total price 2.49 249

7.
Model: price
5 Percent ? price
8.
Total units
5
12
5
1200
5 0.2075 per ounce
Sale price 5 6400 Total price 2.99 299

Labels: 5 5 5 0.1993 per ounce
Total units 15 1500
Percent 5 80%
List price 5 x The 15-ounce can is the better buy.
Equation: 6400 5 0.80 ? x

6400
5x
0.80
$8000 5 x
Verbal Tax Tax Verbal Total Cost of Cost of

5
9. Model:
Assessed value Assessed value
10. Model: bill 5 parts 1 labor
1200 x Labels: Total bill 5 165

Proportion: 5
90,000 110,000 Cost of parts 5 85
s1200ds110,000d Number of hours of labor 5 x
x5
90,000 Cost of labor 5 6x
x < $1466.67 Equation: 165 5 85 1 6x
80 5 16x
5 half hours 5 x
1
x 5 22 hours
Verbal Amount of Amount of Amount of Verbal Distance Distance

11. Model: 1 5 12. Model: 1 10 miles 5
solution 1 solution 2 final solution of car 1 of car 2
Labels: Number of liters of solution 1 5 x Labels: Time 5 x

Percent concentration of solution 1 5 10% Distance of car 1 5 40x
Number of liters of solution 2 5 100 2 x Distance of car 2 5 55x
Percent concentration of solution 2 5 40% Equation: 40x 1 10 5 55x
Number of liters of final solution 5 100
10 5 15x
Percent concentration of final solution 5 30% 10
15 5x
Equation: 0.10x 1 0.40s100 2 xd 5 0.30s100d 2
3 hour or 40 minutes 5 x
0.10x 1 40 2 0.40x 5 30
20.30x 5 210
x 5 3313 liters at 10%
2
100 2 x 5 663 liters at 40%
Verbal
13. Model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time |
14. (a) 2x 1 6 5 16|
2x 1 6 5 16 or 2x 1 6 5 216
Principal 5 p 2x 5 10 2x 5 222
Rate 5 7.5% x55 x 5 211
Time 5 2
| | |
(b) 3x 2 5 5 6x 2 1 |
Equation: 300 5 p ? 0.075 ? 2 3x 2 5 5 6x 2 1 or 3x 2 5 5 2 s6x 2 1d
$2000 5 p 23x 2 5 5 21 3x 2 5 5 26x 1 1
23x 5 4 9x 2 5 5 1
x5 2 43 9x 5 6
x 5 69 5 23
| |
(c) 9 2 4x 2 10 5 1
|9 2 4x| 5 11
9 2 4x 5 11 or 9 2 4x 5 211
24x 5 2 24x 5 220
x5 2 24 x55
x5 2 12
12x
15. (a) 3x 1 12 ≥ 26 (b) 1 1 2x > 7 2 x (c) 0 ≤ < 2
4
3x 1 12 2 12 ≥ 26 2 12 3x > 6
0 ≤ 12x < 8
3x ≥ 218 x > 2
21 ≤ 2x < 7
x ≥ 26 x
1 ≥ x > 27
0 1 2 3 4
x
−7 1
−8 −6 −4 −2 0
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4
(d) 27 < 4s2 2 3xd ≤ 20

27 < 8 2 12x ≤ 20
215 < 212x ≤ 12
15
> x ≥ 21
12
5
21 ≤ x <
4
5
4
x
−2 −1 0 1 2
|
16. (a) x 2 3 ≤ 2 |
22 ≤ x 2 3 ≤ 2
| |
(b) 5x 2 3 > 12
5x 2 3 > 12 or 5x 2 3 < 212
(c)
| |
x
4
1 2 < 0.2
x
20.2 < 1 2 < 0.2
1 ≤ x ≤ 5 5x > 15 5x < 29 4
9 20.8 < x 1 8 < 0.8
x > 3 x < 2
5
28.8 < x < 27.2
44 36
2 < x < 2
5 5
17. t ≥ 8 denotes the phrase “t is at least 8.”
Verbal Operating
18. ≤ 11,950
Model: cost
Label: Number of miles 5 m

Equation: 0.37m 1 2700 ≤ 11,950
0.37m ≤ 9250
m ≤ 25,000 miles
Integrated Reviews 3
CHAPTER 1 Linear Equations and Inequalities
SECTION 1.1 Linear Equations
1. 5 1 x 5 x 1 5 illustrates the Commutative Property of 2. 10 ? 10

1
5 1 illustrates the Multiplicative Inverse Property.
Addition.
3. 6sx 2 2d 5 6x 2 6 ? 2 illustrates the Distributive 4. 3 1 s4 1 xd 5 s3 1 4d 1 x illustrates the Associative

Property. Property of Addition.
| |
5. 4 2 23 5 4 2 3 5 1 6. 210 2 s4 2 18d 5 210 2 s214d
5 210 1 14
54
7.
3 2 s5 2 20d 3 2 s215d 3 1 15 18 9
5 5 5 5 8. |3 2 18| 5 |215| 5 15 5 5
4 4 4 4 2 3 3 3
1152 2 5 3 5? 2? 3? 2 5 54
7 5 7 16
9. 6 10. 4 5
12 16 12
? 5
5
7 ?4?4
4 ?3?5
28
5
15
135 feet
11. Money saved 5 $75s20ds12d 5 $18,000 12. Length of each piece 5 5 9 feet
15
SECTION 1.2 Linear Equations and Problem Solving
1. An algebraic expression is a collection of letters (called 2. The terms of an algebraic expression are those parts sepa-
variables) and real numbers (called constants) combined, rated by addition or subtraction.
using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplica-
tion, and division.
3. a m ? a n 5 a m1n 4. sabdm 5 a mb m 5. 2360 1 120 5 2240
4 15 4?5?3 3 5 3 16
6. 5s57 2 33d 5 5s24d 5 120 7. 2 ? 16 5 2 5 8. 4 5 ?
15 ?3?4?4 8 16 8 5
52
1
5
3 ?8?2
4 8?5
6
5
5
9. s12 2 15d3 5 s23d3 5 227 10. s58 d2 5 s58 ds58 d 5 2564

4 Integrated Reviews
11. Perimeter 5 x 1 x 1 sx 1 3d 1 s3x 2 2d 12. Perimeter 5 s4x 1 1d 1 s2xd 1 s3x 2 1d 1 x 1 sx 1 2d 1 s3xd

5 sx 1 x 1 x 1 3xd 1 s3 2 2d 5 s4x 1 2x 1 3x 1 x 1 x 1 3xd 1 s1 2 1 1 2d
5 6x 1 1 5 14x 1 2
SECTION 1.3 Business and Scientific Problems
1. The sign of s27d 1 s23d is negative. The rule used is to 2. The sign of the sum of 27 1 3 is negative. The rule used
add two real numbers with like signs, add their absolute is to add two real numbers with unlike signs, subtract the
values and attach the common sign to the result. smaller absolute value from the greater absolute value and
attach the sign of the number with the greater absolute
value.
3. The sign of s26ds22d is positive. The rule used is to 4. The sign of the product 6s22d is negative. The rule used
multiply two real numbers with like signs, find the is to multiply two real numbers with unlike signs, find the
product of their absolute values. product of their absolute values. The product is negative.
5. 2x 2 5 5 x 1 9 6. 6x 1 8 5 8 2 2x 7. 2x 1 32 5 32
2x 2 x 2 5 5 x 2 x 1 9 6x 1 2x 1 8 5 8 2 2x 1 2x 2x 1 32 2 32 5 32 2 32
x2559 8x 1 8 5 8 2x 5 0
x25155915 8x 1 8 2 8 5 8 2 8 x50
x 5 14 8x 5 0
8x 0
5
8 8
x50
x
8. 2 5 1000 9. 20.35x 5 70 10. 0.60x 5 24
10
20.35x 70 0.60x 24
x 5 5
s210d ? 2 5 1000s210d 20.35 20.35 0.60 0.60
10
x 5 2200 x 5 40
x 5 210,000
Verbal Length Length of Length of

11. Model: 5 1
of race first part last part
Labels: Length of race 5 2.5

Length of first part 5 1.8
Length of last part 5 x
Equation: 2.5 5 1.8 1 x
2.5 2 1.8 5 x
0.7 mile 5 x
Verbal Total Soybeans Soybeans Soybeans

12. Model: 5 1 1
soybeans in January in February in March
Equation: x 5 3413 1 1815 1 2556

x 5 3410 6 25
30 1 1830 1 2530
x 5 s34 1 18 1 25d 1 s10

30 1 30 1 30 d
6 25
x 5 77 41 11
30 5 7830 tons
SECTION 1.4 Linear Inequalities
1. 3yx 5 3xy illustrates the Commu- 2. 3xy 2 3xy 5 0 illustrates the 3. 6sx 2 2d 5 6x 2 6 ? 2 illustrates
tative Property of Multiplication. Additive Inverse Property. the Distributive Property.
4. 3x 1 0 5 3x illustrates the 5. x 2 2 y 2, x 5 4, y 5 3 6. 4s 1 st, s 5 3, t 5 24

Additive Identity Property.
42 2 32 5 16 2 9 5 7 4s3d 1 3s24d 5 12 1 212 5 0
x z2 1 2 a 1
7. , x 5 0, y 5 3 8. , x 5 2, z 5 21 9. , a 5 2, r 5
x2 1 y2 x2 2 1 12r 2
0 0 s21d2 1 2 1 1 2 3 2 2
5 50 5 5 51 51 54
02 1 32 9 22 2 1 421 3 1 2 12 2
10. 2l 1 2w, l 5 3, w 5 1.5 11. A 5 12sb1 1 b2 dh 12. A 5 12sb1 1 b2 dh

2s3d 1 2s1.5d 5 6 1 3 5 9 A 5 12s7 1 4d3.6 A 5 2s16 1 10d8
1
A 5 19.8 square meters A 5 104 square feet
SECTION 1.5 Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
1. If n is an integer, 2n is an even integer and 2n 1 1 is an 2. 22x 4 and s22xd4 are not equal. By order of operations
odd integer. 22x 4 5 22x 4 and s22xd4 5 16x 4.
35 7 ? 5 5 4 z 4 3 12
3. 5 5
14 7 ? 2 2
4. 4 5
5 3 5
? z
5
5z
Divide the numerator and denominator by 7 to put the To divide fractions, multiply by the reciprocal of the
fraction in simplified form. divisor.
5. 23.2 < 2 because 23.2 is to the left of 2 on the number 6. 23.2 > 24.1 because 23.2 is to the right of 24.1 on the
line. number line.
7. 2 34 > 25 because 2 34 is to the right of 25 on the 8. 2 15 > 2 13 because 2 15s2 15 d is to the right of 2 13s2 155 d on
3
number line. the number line.
10. 6 < 2 because 6 is to the left of 2 s62 d on the number

13 13 1
9. p > 23 because p is to the right of 23 on the number
line. line.
Verbal Actual Budgeted Verbal Actual Budgeted

11. Model: Difference 5 2 12. Model: Difference 5 2
expense amount expense amount
Equation: x 5 163,356 2 162,700 Equation: |
x 5 42,335 2 42,640 |
x 5 $656 which is more than $500. | |
x 5 2305 5 $305 which is less than $500.
CHAPTER 2 Graphs and Functions
SECTION 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate System
1. 3x 5 7 is a linear equation because it can be written in the 2. To check x 5 3 is a solution of the equation 5x 2 4 5 11
form ax 1 b 5 0. Since x2 1 3x 5 2 cannot be written in substitute 3 for x in the equation. If the result is true,
the form ax 1 b 5 0, it is not a linear equation. x 5 3 is a solution.
3. 6xs2x2d 5 s6 ? 2d ? sx ? x2d 5 12x3 4. 3t2 ? t4 5 3t214 5 3t6
5. 2 s23x2d3s2x4d 5 s21ds23d3s2dsx2d3sx4d 6. s4x3y2ds22xy3d 5 s4ds22dsx3dsxdsy2dsy3d

5 s21ds227ds2dsx6dsx4d 5 28x4y5
5 54x10
7. 4 2 3s2x 1 1d 5 4 2 6x 2 3 5 1 2 6x 8. 5sx 1 2d 2 4s2x 2 3d 5 5x 1 10 2 8x 1 12

5 23x 1 22
9. 24 13y 1 6y 2 5 8y 1 4y 5 12y 10. 0.12x 1 0.05s2000 2 2xd 5 0.12x 1 100 2 0.1x

5 0.02x 1 100
1
11. Your rate 5 4 job per hour
1
Work Work done Work done

Verbal model: done 5 by you 1 by friend

1
Your rate 5
4
1
Friend’s rate 5
5
Time 5 t
—CONTINUED—
C H A P T E R 2
Graphs and Functions
Section 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Section 2.2 Graphs of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Section 2.3 Slope and Graphs of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Section 2.4 Equations of Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Section 2.5 Relations and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Section 2.6 Graphs of Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

C H A P T E R 2
Graphs and Functions
Section 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate System
1. y 3. y
6 8
( 5, 3) 6
4 (4, 3) (6, 5)
4
2
2
x
6 4 2 2 4 6 x
2 8 6 4 2 2 4 6
2
4
( 8, 2) (6, 2)
4
(3, 5)
6 6
s4, 3d is 4 units to the right of the vertical axis and 3 units s28, 22d is 8 units to the left of the vertical axis and 2
above the horizontal axis. units below the horizontal axis.
s25, 3d is 5 units to the left of the vertical axis and 3 units s6, 22d is 6 units to the right of the vertical axis and 2
s3, 25d is 3 units to the right of the vertical axis and 5 s6, 5d is 6 units to the right of the vertical axis and 5 units
units below the horizontal axis. above the horizontal axis.
5. y 7. y
2 (− 43, 37 ) 3
1
2, 1 2
4
x 1 ( 23 , 1)
3 2 1 1 2 3
1 x
5 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
2, 2
−1
2
3 7 −2
3 2, 2
−3 (4, −3)
4
s52, 22d is 52 units to the right of the vertical axis and 2 s32, 1d is 32 units to the right of the vertical axis and 1 unit
s22, d is 2 units to the left of the vertical axis and units
1
4
1
4 s4, 23d is 4 units to the right of the vertical axis and 3
s32, 2 72 d is 32 units to the right of the vertical axis and 72 s2 43, 73 d is 43 units to the left of the vertical axis and 73 units
9. Point Position Coordinates 11. Point Position Coordinates

A 2 left, 4 up s22, 4d A 4 right, 2 down s4, 22d
B 0 right or left, 2 down s0, 22d B 3 left, down
5
2 s23, 2 52 d
C 4 right, 2 down s4, 22d C 3 right, 2 up
1
s3, 12 d
140
Section 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate System 141
13. y 15. y
(3, 5)
5
(0, 6)
4
( 3, 3) 4
3
(3, 3) ( 1, 2 )
2
(0, 0) 1
x (2, 0)
4 2 2 4 x
2 1 1 2 3 4
2 1
17. y 19. y
5 (5, 5)
2
4
(4, 0) (2, 3)
x 3
( 2, 2) 4 6
2 (3, 2)
(6, 2) 1
4 x
(0, 4) −1 (0, 0) 2 3 4 5
−1
6
21. Point 5 units left of y-axis and 2 units above 23. Point 3 units right of y-axis and 2 units below
x-axis 5 s25, 2d x-axis 5 s3, 22d
25. The coordinates of the point are equal and located in 27. Point on positive x-axis 10 units from the
Quadrant III, 10 units left of y-axis 5 s210, 210d. origin 5 s10, 0d.
29. s23, 25d is in Quadrant III. 31. s3, 2 58 d is in Quadrant IV.
33. s200, 1365.6d is in Quadrant I. 35. sx, yd, x > 0, y < 0 is in Quadrant IV.
37. sx, 4d is in Quadrants I or II. 39. s23, yd is in Quadrants II or III.
41. sx, yd, xy > 0 is in Quadrants I or III. 43. y
100
90
80
70
x
2 4 6 8
45. y The relationship 47. s22, 21d shifted 2 units right and 5 units up 5 s0, 4d
between x and y is as
70
x increases from 1 to s23, 24d shifted 2 units right and 5 units up 5 s21, 1d
60
50 7, y also increases, but s1, 23d shifted 2 units right and 5 units up 5 s3, 2d
40 as x increases from 7
30 to 12, y decreases.
20
10
x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
142 Chapter 2 Graphs and Functions
49.
x 22 0 2 4 6
y 5 5x 2 1 211 21 9 19 29
30 (6, 29)
25
20 (4, 19)
15
10 (2, 9)
5
x
–3 –2 –1 (0, −1) 4 5 6 7
(−2, −11)
51. 2
y
x 24 5 4 8 12 (−4, 14)
14
5
y 5 2 2x 1 4 14 3 26 216 226 7 ( 2 , 3)
5
x
−6 −3 3 12
25 25 2 25 (4, −6)
12
−7
y5 s24d 1 4 y5 14 y5 s4d 1 4
2 2 5 2 −14
(8, −16)
−21
5 10 1 4 5 21 1 4 5 210 1 4
−28
(12, −26)
5 14 53 5 26
25 25
y5 s8d 1 4 y5 s12d 1 4
2 2
5 220 1 4 5 230 1 4
5 216 5 226
53.
x 22 0 2 4 6
y 5 4x2 1 x 2 2 12 22 16 66 148
Keystrokes: Y 5 4 X,T, u x2 1 X,T, u 2 2 GRAPH
55. x2 1 3y 5 25
(a) s3, 22d (b) s22, 23d
? ?
32 1 3s22d 5 25 s22d2 1 3s23d 5 25
? ?
9 2 6 5 25 4 2 9 5 25
3 Þ 25 25 5 25
(c) s3, 25d (d) s4, 27d

? ?
32 1 3s25d 5 25 42 1 3s27d 5 25
? ?
9 2 15 5 25 16 2 21 5 25
26 Þ 25 25 5 25
57. 4y 2 2x 1 1 5 0
(a) s0, 0d (b) s12, 0d
4s0d 2 2s2 d 1 1 5 0
? 1 ?
4s0d 2 2s0d 1 1 5 0
?
1Þ0 0211150
Not a solution 050
Solution
(c) s23, 2 74 d (d) s1, 2 34 d
4s2 74 d 2 2s23d 1 1 5 0 4s2 34 d 2 2s1d 1 1 5 0
? ?
? ?
27 1 6 1 1 5 0 23 2 2 1 1 5 0
050 24 Þ 0
Solution Not a solution
59. y 5 78x 1 3
(a) s87, 4d (b) s8, 10d
?
4 5 78s87 d 1 3 10 5 78s8d 1 3
?
? ?
45113 10 5 7 1 3
454 10 5 10
Solution Solution
(c) s0, 0d (d) s216, 14d

? 7 ? 7
0 5 8s0d 1 3 14 5 8s216d 1 3
? ?
05013 14 5 214 1 3
0Þ3 14 Þ 211
Not a solution Not a solution
|
61. d 5 5 2 s22d | 63. d 5 10 2 3 | |
5 |7| 5 7 ||
57 57
y y
6 (3, 5)
3
4
(3, 2)
2 2
(10, 2)
x
4 2 2 4 6 1
2
(3, 2)
4 x
4 8 12
Vertical line Horizontal line

65. d 5 | 3
2 2 94 | 67. d 5 | 2 s24d|
5
2
5| | 5| 1 |
6
2 94 5 8
4 2 2
5 34 5| | 13
2
y 5 13
2
3 y
( −3, 94 ) 2
6
5
( −3, 2
3
) 4
1
3
2
x
−3 −2 −1 (−4 , 31) 1 ( 52 , 31)
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
Vertical line −1
Horizontal line
69. d 5 !s3 2 4d2 1 s7 2 5d2 71. d 5 !s1 2 5d2 1 s3 2 6d2

5 !s21d2 1 s2d2 5 !1 1 4 5 !5 5 !16 1 9 5 !25 5 5
73. d 5 !s23 2 4d2 1 f0 2 s23dg2 75. d 5 !s22 2 4d2 1 s23 2 2d2

5 !s27d2 1 s3d2 5 !49 1 9 5 !58 5 !36 1 25 5 !61
77. d 5 !s1 2 3d2 1 f3 2 s22dg2 5 !4 1 25 5 !29
79. y 81. y
7 4
(3, 6) (9, 4)
6 3
d1
5 d1 2
(−1, 1)
4 d3
3 x
−4 −3 −2 d2 1
d3 3 4
2
d2 (4, 1)
1 (1, 3) −2
x −3
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (1, −3)
−4
d1 5 !s1 2 3d2 1 s3 2 6d2 5 !4 1 9 5 !13 d1 5 !s21 2 3d2 1 s1 2 3d2 5 !16 1 4 5 !20

d2 5 !s1 2 4d2 1 s3 2 1d2 5 !9 1 4 5 !13 d2 5 !s21 2 1d2 1 f1 2 s23dg2 5 !4 1 16 5 !20
d3 5 !s3 2 4d2 1 s6 2 1d2 5 !1 1 25 5 !26 d3 5 !s1 2 3d2 1 s23 2 3d2 5 !4 1 36 5 !40
s!13d2 1 s!13d2 5? s!26d2 s!20d2 1 s!20d2 5? s!40d2

? ?
13 1 13 5 26 20 1 20 5 40
26 5 26 40 5 40
By the Pythagorean Theorem, it is a right triangle. By the Pythagorean Theorem, it is a right triangle.
83. d 5 !s2 2 2d2 1 s3 2 6d2 5 !0 1 9 5 3 3 1 4 Þ 5 Not collinear

d 5 !s2 2 6d2 1 s3 2 3d2 5 !16 1 0 5 4
d 5 !s2 2 6d2 1 s6 2 3d2 5 !16 1 9 5 5
85. d 5 !s8 2 5d2 1 s3 2 2d2 5 !9 1 1 5 !10 !10 1 !10 5 2!10 Collinear
d 5 !s8 2 2d2 1 s3 2 1d2 5 !36 1 4 5 !40 5 2!10

d 5 !s5 2 2d2 1 s2 2 1d2 5 !9 1 1 5 !10
87. M 5 12221 4, 0 12 82 5 s1, 4d 89. M 5 11 12 6, 6 12 32 5 172, 922

y y
10 7
6
(1, 6)
8 (4, 8)
7 9
5
6 2, 2
4
4 (1, 4)
3
(6, 3)
( 2, 0) 2
x 1
4 2 2 4 6 8
2 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
91.
x 100 150 200 250 300
c 5 28x 1 3000 5800 7200 8600 10,000 11,400
y 5 28s100d 1 3000 y 5 28s150d 1 3000 y 5 28s200d 1 3000

5 2800 1 3000 5 4200 1 3000 5 5600 1 3000
5 5800 5 7200 5 8600
y 5 28s250d 1 3000 y 5 28s300d 1 3000

5 7000 1 3000 5 8400 1 3000
5 10,000 5 11,400
For each additional 50 units produced, costs increase by $1400.
93. x2 5 72 1 152 95. d 5 !s22 2 0d2 1 s0 2 5d2 5 !4 1 25 5 !29

x2 5 49 1 225 d 5 !s0 2 1d2 1 s5 2 0d2 5 !1 1 25 5 !26
x 5 !274 < 16.55294536 d 5 !s22 2 1d2 1 s0 2 0d2 5 !9 5 3
Rafter 5 2 1 x < 18.55294536 < 18.55 feet P 5 !29 1 !26 1 3 < 13.48
97. The word ordered is significant because each number in the pair has a particular interpretation. The first measures horizontal
distance and the second measures vertical distance.
99. The x-coordinate of any point on the y-axis is 0.

The y-coordinate of any point on the x-axis is 0.
101. No. The scales on the x and y-axes are determined by the magnitudes of the quantities being measured by x and y.
103. y
8
6
(−3, 5) (3, 5)
4
(−2, 1) 2 (2, 1)
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(−7, −3) −4 (7, −3)

−6
−8
When the sign of the x-coordinate is changed, the point is on the opposite side of the y-axis as the original point.
Section 2.2 Graphs of Equations
1. y 5 2 matches graph (e). 3. y 5 2 2 x matched graph (f) 5. y 5 x2 2 4 matches graph (d).
7. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
9
y 5 3x 26 23 0 3 6 6
Solution s22, 26d s21, 23d s0, 0d s1, 3d s2, 6d 3
x
−9 −6 −3 3 6 9
−9
9. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
4
y542x 6 5 4 3 2
3
x
1 1 2 3 4 5
1
11. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
3
y 5 2x 2 3 27 25 23 21 1 2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
101. No. The scales on the x and y-axes are determined by the magnitudes of the quantities being measured by x and y.
103. y
8
6
(−3, 5) (3, 5)
4
(−2, 1) 2 (2, 1)
x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
(−7, −3) −4 (7, −3)

−6
−8
When the sign of the x-coordinate is changed, the point is on the opposite side of the y-axis as the original point.
Section 2.2 Graphs of Equations
1. y 5 2 matches graph (e). 3. y 5 2 2 x matched graph (f) 5. y 5 x2 2 4 matches graph (d).
7. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
9
y 5 3x 26 23 0 3 6 6
x
−9 −6 −3 3 6 9
−9
9. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
4
y542x 6 5 4 3 2
3
x
1 1 2 3 4 5
1
11. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
3
y 5 2x 2 3 27 25 23 21 1 2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
Section 2.2 Graphs of Equations 147
13. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
3
y 5 2 32x 1 1 4
5
2 1 2 12 22
Solution s22, 4d s21, 52 d s0, 1d s1, 2 12 d s2, 22d 1
x
−3 −2 −1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
15. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
2
y 5 2x2 24 21 0 21 24 1
Solution s22, 24d s21, 21d s0, 0d s1, 21d s2, 24d –3 –2 2 3
x
–1
–2
–3
–4
17. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
1
y 5 x2 2 4 0 23 24 23 0
x
3 1 1 3
19. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
3
y 5 x2 1 3x 22 22 0 4 10
2
x
−4 −2 −1 1 2
−2
−3
21. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
4
y 5 x2 2 2x 2 1 7 2 21 22 21 3
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
23. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
||
5
y5 x 2 1 0 1 2
4
x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
25. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
5
||
y5 x 13 5 4 3 4 5 4
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
27. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
6
y5 x13| | 1 2 3 4 5 5
4
1
x
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1
–2
29. y
x 22 21 0 1 2
3
y 5 2x3 8 1 0 21 28
2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
−3
31. y 5 6x 2 3 33. y 5 34x 1 15

y-intercept: y 5 6s0d 2 3 y-intercept: y 5 4s0d 1 15
3
y 5 23 s0, 23d y 5 15 s0, 15d

x-intercept: 0 5 6x 2 3 x-intercept: 05 3
4x 1 15
3 5 6x 215 5
3
4x
3
6 5x 220 5 x s220, 0d
1
2 5x s 1
2, 0d
35. x 1 2y 5 10 37. 4x 2 y 1 3 5 0
y-intercept: 0 1 2y 5 0 y-intercept: 4s0d 2 y 1 3 5 0
y55 s0, 5d 35y s0, 3d
x-intercept: x 1 2s0d 5 10 x-intercept: 4x 2 0 1 3 5 0
x 5 10 s10, 0d 4x 5 23
x 5 2 34 s2 34, 0d
||
39. y 5 x 2 1 |
41. y 5 x 1 2 |
y-intercept: y 5 0 2 1 || y-intercept: y 5 0 1 2| |
y 5 21 s0, 21d y52 s0, 2d
x-intercept: ||
05 x 21 x-intercept: 05 x12| |
1 5 |x| 05x12
±1 5 x s1, 0d, s21, 0d 22 5 x s22, 0d
|
43. y 5 x 2 1 2 3 |
|
y-intercept: y 5 0 2 1 2 3 |
y5123
y 5 22 s0, 22d
| |
x-intercept: 0 5 x 2 1 2 3
3 5 |x 2 1|
3 5 x 2 1 or 23 5 x 2 1
45x 22 5 x s4, 0d, s22, 0d
45. 2x 1 3y 5 6
Estimate: y-intercept < 2 Check: 2s0d 1 3y 5 6
x-intercept < 3 3y 5 6
y52 s0, 2d
2x 1 3s0d 5 6
2x 5 6
x53 s3, 0d
47. y 5 x2 1 3
Estimate: y-intercept < 3 Check: y 5 02 1 3 5 3 s0, 3d
no x-intercepts 0 5 x2 1 3
23 5 x2 no real solution
49. y 5 4x 2 6 3
Keystrokes: Y 5 4 X,T, u 2 6 GRAPH

−3 7
Estimate: y-intercept < 26

3
x-intercept < 2
−7
Check: y 5 4s0d 2 6 Check: 0 5 4x 2 6
y 5 26 s0, 26d 6 5 4x
6
4 5x
3
2 5x s32, 0d
51. y 5 sx 2 1dsx 2 6d
Keystrokes: Y 5 x X,T, u 2 1 d x X,T, u 2 6 d GRAPH
Estimate: y-intercept < 6 12
x-intercepts < 1, 6
−6 14
−8
Check: y 5 s0 2 1ds0 2 6d Check: 0 5 sx 2 1dsx 2 6d

y56 s0, 6d x51 x56 s1, 0d, s6, 0d
| |
53. y 5 4x 1 6 2 2
Keystrokes: Y 5 ABS x 4 X,T, u 1 6 d 2 2 GRAPH
Estimate: y-intercept < 4 16
x-intercepts < 21, 22
−12 8
−4
|
Check: y 5 4s0d 1 6 2 2 | Check: | |
0 5 4x 1 6 2 2
y5622 2 5 |4x 1 6|
y54 s0, 4d 2 5 4x 1 6 or 4x 1 6 5 22
24 5 4x 4x 5 28
21 5 x x 5 22
s21, 0d, s22, 0d
55. y5320 y 57. y 5 2s0d 2 3 y
y 5 3 s0, 3d 4 y 5 23 s0, 23d 3 (3, 3)

2
0532x 3 (0, 3)
0 5 2x 2 3
1 3
(1, 2) 2, 0
x53 s3, 0d 2
3 5 2x x
2 1 2 3 4
1
y5321 (3, 0)
x
3
2 5x s 3
2, 0d
1
2
y52 s1, 2d 1
1
1 2 3 4
y 5 2s3d 2 3 3 (0, 3)
y53 s3, 3d
59. 4x 1 y 5 3 y 61. 2x 2 3y 5 6 y
(0, 3)
2s0d 2 3y 5 6
3
4s0d 1 y 5 3 1
2 (3, 0)
y53 s0, 3d 23y 5 6 x
1 2 3 4
1
4x 1 0 5 3 3 y 5 22 s0, 22d 1
4, 0 4
x 1, 3
4x 5 3 2 1 2 2x 2 3s0d 5 6 (0, 2)
(1, 1)
s34, 0d
1
x 5 34 2x 5 6 3
4s1d 1 y 5 3 x53 s3, 0d

y 5 21 s1, 21d 2s1d 2 3y 5 6
23y 5 4
y 5 2 43 s1, 2 43 d
63. x 1 5y 5 10 y 65. y 5 x2 2 9
0 1 5y 5 10 6 0 5 x2 2 9
y52 s0, 2d 4
0 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 3d
(0, 2)
(5, 1)
x 1 5s0d 5 10 (10, 0) 3 5 x x 5 23 s3, 0ds23, 0d
x
2 4 6 8 10
x 5 10 s10, 0d 2
y5 02 29
5 1 5y 5 10 4 y 5 29 s0, 29d
5y 5 5 y
y51 s5, 1d 3
( 3, 0) (3, 0)
x
6 6
9 (0, 9)
67. y 5 1 2 x2 69. y 5 xsx 2 2d
y5120 y 5 02 2 2s0d
y51 s0, 1d y50 s0, 0d

y 5 1 2 s1d2 0 5 x2 2 2x
y5121 0 5 xsx 2 2d
y50 s1, 0d 05x x52 s0, 0d, s2, 0d

y 5 1 2 s21d2 y
y5121
3
y50 s21, 0d 2
(0, 0) (2, 0)
x
1 1 3
1
(1, 1)
71. y5 x 23|| 73. y5 x12 | |

y 5 23 s0, 23d 52 s0, 2d
||
05 x 23 y 5 22 1 2 | |
3 5 |x| 50 s22, 0d
3 5 x x 5 23 s3, 0d, s23, 0d y 5 24 1 2 | |
y
52 s24, 2d
y
2
1 5
( 3, 0) (3, 0)
x 4
3 2 1 1 2 3
1 3
(1, 3)
2
(0, 2)
3 (0, 3)
4 x
–5 –4 (−2, 0) 1
75. || | |
y52 x 1 x11 y52 3 1 311|| | | 77. y 5 225,000 2 20,000t
y 5 2 |0| 1 |0 1 1| y 5 23 1 4 y 5 225,000 2 20,000s0d
y51 s0, 1d y51 s3, 1d 5 225,000 s0, 225,000d
|| |
052 x 1 x11 | y 5 225,000 2 20,000s8d
|x| 5 |x 1 1| 5 225,000 2 160,000
x5x11 or 2x 5 x 1 1 5 65,000 s8, 65,000d

0Þ1 22x 5 1 y
y x5 2 12 s 2 12, 0d 225,000
200,000
175,000
4
150,000
3 125,000
2 (3, 1) 100,000
(0, 1)
(−12, 0) 1 75,000
50,000
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3 4 25,000
t
−2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
−3
−4
79. 0 ≤ x ≤ 7 y
s0, 40,000d, s7, 5000d 40,000
40,000 2 5,000 35,000

m5 5 5 25000 30,000
027 27
20,000
y 5 25000x 1 40,000
10,000
t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Section 2.3 Slope and Graphs of Linear Equations 153
81. (a) (b) F

x 0 3 6 9 12
15
4
3x 0 4 8 12 16
12
x
3 6 9 12 15
(c) F doubles.
83. The scales on the y-axes are different. From graph (a) it appears that sales have not increased. From graph (b) it appears that
sales have increased dramatically.
85. The graph of an equation is the set of all solutions of the equation plotted on a rectangular coordinate system.
87. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0 and solve the equation for x. To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0 and solve the equation for y.
Example: 2x 2 y 5 4
2x 2 0 5 4 2s0d 2 y 5 4
2x 5 4 2y 5 4
x 5 2 s2, 0d y 5 24 s0, 24d
x-intercept y-intercept
89. (a) It is 6 miles from the person’s home.

(b) For time 4 < t < 6 the person is stopped since the graph is a constant line.
(c) The person’s speed was greatest during 6 ≤ t ≤ 10 because the graph is steepest there.
Section 2.3 Slope and Graphs of Linear Equations
1. s0, 2d and s6, 6d 3. s0, 8d and s4, 0d

622 4 2 0 2 8 28
m5 5 5 m5 5 5 22
620 6 3 420 4
3
5. s3, 0d and s3, 8d 7. (a) m 5 ⇒ L3 (b) m 5 0 ⇒ L2
4
820 8
m5 5 5 undefined (c) m 5 23 ⇒ L1
323 0
81. (a) (b) F

x 0 3 6 9 12
15
4
3x 0 4 8 12 16
12
x
3 6 9 12 15
(c) F doubles.
83. The scales on the y-axes are different. From graph (a) it appears that sales have not increased. From graph (b) it appears that
sales have increased dramatically.
85. The graph of an equation is the set of all solutions of the equation plotted on a rectangular coordinate system.
87. To find the x-intercepts, let y 5 0 and solve the equation for x. To find the y-intercepts, let x 5 0 and solve the equation for y.
Example: 2x 2 y 5 4
2x 2 0 5 4 2s0d 2 y 5 4
2x 5 4 2y 5 4
x 5 2 s2, 0d y 5 24 s0, 24d
x-intercept y-intercept
89. (a) It is 6 miles from the person’s home.

(b) For time 4 < t < 6 the person is stopped since the graph is a constant line.
(c) The person’s speed was greatest during 6 ≤ t ≤ 10 because the graph is steepest there.
Section 2.3 Slope and Graphs of Linear Equations
1. s0, 2d and s6, 6d 3. s0, 8d and s4, 0d

622 4 2 0 2 8 28
m5 5 5 m5 5 5 22
620 6 3 420 4
3
5. s3, 0d and s3, 8d 7. (a) m 5 ⇒ L3 (b) m 5 0 ⇒ L2
4
820 8
m5 5 5 undefined (c) m 5 23 ⇒ L1
323 0
520 5 24 2 0 24
9. m 5 5 Line rises. 11. m 5 5 Line falls.
720 7 520 5
y y
(0, 0)
x
8
1 2 3 4 5
–1
6 (7, 5)
–2
4
–3
2
(0, 0) –4 (5, −4)
x
2 4 6 8 –5
2
325 22 4 2 s23d 7
13. m 5 5 51 Line rises. 15. m 5 5 5 undefined
24 2 s22d 22 25 2 s25d 0
y Line is vertical.
(−2, 5) 5 y
4
(−4, 3) ( 5, 4)
3 4
2 2
1
x
x 6 4 2 2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1 2
( 5, 3)
4
25 2 s25d 0 25
17. m 5 5 50 Line is horizontal. 22
722 5 2 4 8 1 10 18
19. m 5
3
? 4 5 3 2 20 5 217 Line falls.
25
y 4
2
y
x
2 2 4 6 8
2 3
2 4, 2
4 (2, 5) (7, 5)
1
6 x
1 1 2 4 5
8 1
2
5
5, 2
3
1 1
2
4 8 8 221 1 5.25 2 s22d 7.25 725 29
21. m 5
3 23
? 8 5 6 1 12 5 18 Line rises. 23. m 5
4.75 2 2.5
5 5
2.25 225
5
9
Line rises.
2
4 2
y
6
y
(4.75, 5.25)
4
2
2
1 3, 1 x
(− 32 , 18 ( ( 4 4 ( 2 2 4 6 8
x 2 (2.5, 2)
−2 −1 1 2
4
−1
−2
25. y 27. y
2 6
(0, 4)
1 (1, 1)
2
x (8, 0)
−2 −1 1 2 x
−2 2 4 6 8
−1 (0, −1)
−2
−4
x 21 0 1 x 21 0 1
2 12x 9 7
y 5 2x 2 1 23 21 1 y5 14 2 4 2
Solution s21, 23d s0, 21d s1, 1d Solution s21, 92 d s0, 4d s1, 72 d
1 2 s21d 2 7
m5 5 52 24
120 1 2 7 8
m5 5 2
120 2 2
1
52
2
29. y 4x 1 5y 5 10
4 5y 5 24x 1 10
3
4
(0, 2) y52 x12
5
1
x 6
−2 −1 1 2 4 22
−1 5 6 10
(4, − 65( m5 5 2
−2 120 5 5
4
52
5
x 21 0 1
2 45x 14 6
y5 1 10 5 2 5
Solution s21, 145 d s0, 2d s1, 65 d

22 7 2 5 3 32y y22
31. 5 33. 5 35. 0 5
3 x24 2 9 2 s23d x25
22sx 2 4d 5 6 3s12d 5 2s3 2 yd Horizontal line: s1, 2d, s0, 2d, s3, 2d
22x 1 8 5 6 36 5 6 2 2y Any points with a y-coordinate of 2
22x 5 22 30 5 22y
x51 215 5 y
y14 y23 4 y20

37. 3 5 39. 21 5 41. 5
x23 x20 3 x15
s4, 21d, s5, 2d s1, 2d, s2, 1d s22, 4d, s1, 8d
let x 5 4, solve for y: let x 5 1, solve for y: let x 5 22, solve for y:
y14 y23 4 y
35 21 5 5
423 120 3 22 1 5
35y14 21 5 y 2 3 45y
21 5 y 25y let x 5 1, solve for y:
let x 5 5, solve for y: let x 5 2, solve for y: 4 y
5
3 115
y14 y23
35 21 5
523 220 85y
65y14 22 5 y 2 3
25y 15y
43. 6x 2 3y 5 9 45. 4y 2 x 5 24 47. 2x 1 5y 2 3 5 0

23y 5 26x 1 9 4y 5 x 2 4 5y 5 22x 1 3
23y 26x 9 4y x 4 5y 22x 3
5 1 5 2 5 1
23 23 23 4 4 4 5 5 5
y 5 2x 2 3 1 22 3
y5 x21 y5 x1
4 5 5
49. y 5 12x 1 2 51. y 5 3x 2 2 53. 3y 2 2x 5 3

m 5 3; s0, 22d 3y 5 2x 1 3
y 5 23x 1 1
m 5 23; s0, 1d
55. 5x 1 3y 2 2 5 0 57. 3x 2 y 2 2 5 0 y
3y 5 25x 1 2 2y 5 23x 1 2 3
25 2 y 5 3x 2 2 2
y5 x1 1
3 3
slope 5 3 x
25
1 2
3 2 1 1 2 3
2
m5 ; 0, y-intercept 5 22 1
3 3 2 (0, 2)
59. x 1 y 5 0 y 61. 3x 1 2y 2 2 5 0 y
y 5 2x 1 0 2y 5 23x 1 2
2 2
slope 5 21 23
1 y5 x11 1 (0, 1)
2
y-intercept 5 0 (0, 0)
x x
2 1 1 2 23 2 1 2
1
slope 5 1
2
2
y-intercept 5 1 2
63. x 2 4y 1 2 5 0 y 65. y
24y 5 2x 2 2 4
2
1 1 1 3
y5 x1 1 0, 2
4 2 2 (3, 2)
x
1 2 1 1 2
slope 5 1
1
4
x
2
1 1 3 4
y-intercept 5
2
Locate a second point with the slope of 3.
3 Change in y
m5 5
1 Change in x
67. y 69. y
4 3
2 (3, 2)
1
2
(3, 2) x
1 −1 1 2 4
−1
x
1 2 3 4 −2
21
Locate a second point with the slope of . m is undefined so the line is vertical.
3
21 Change in y
m5 5
3 Change in x
71. 2x 2 y 1 4 5 0 y
2s0d 2 y 1 4 5 0
6
4 5 y s0, 4d (0, 4)
4
2x 2 0 1 4 5 0 2
2x 5 24 ( 2, 0)
x
4 2 4
x 5 22 s22, 0d 2
73. 25x 1 2y 2 20 5 0 y 1
75. L1: y 5 x 2 2
2
25s0d 1 2y 2 20 5 0 12
10 (0, 10)
1
2y 5 20 L2: y 5 x 1 3
2
6
y 5 10 s0, 10d
4 1 1
m1 5 and m2 5
25x 1 2s0d 2 20 5 0 ( 4, 0)
2 2 2
x
25x 5 20 10 8 6 2
2
2 4
L1 5 m2 so the lines are parallel.
x 5 24 s24, 0d
3 12 22000 3 h
77. L1: y 5 x 2 3 79. 2 5 81. 5
4 100 x 4 15
24 212x 5 2200,000 45 5 4h
L2: y 5 x11
3
x < 16,667 45
5h
3 24 4
m1 5 and m2 5 The change in horizontal
4 3
position is 16,667 feet.
The maximum height in
m1 ? m2 5 21 so the lines 45
are perpendicular. the attic is feet 5 11.25 feet.
4
83. y 5 192.64t 1 2015.79
(a)
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y $2015.79 $2208.43 $2401.07 $2593.71 $2786.35 $2978.99 $3171.63
(b) y
3000
2500
2000
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) On the average, tuition and fees increased $192.64 each year from 1990 to 1996. The increase is the slope of the graph.
(d) for 2005, t 5 15 so y 5 192.64s15d 1 2015.79
5 $4905.39
15,900 2 10,200
85. (a) y (b) m 5 5 21900
023
20,000
(0, 15,900) (c) The slope is the annual depreciation.
15,000
10,000
(3, 10,200)
5,000
x
1 2 3
87. Negative slope: line falls to the right.

Zero slope: line is horizontal
Positive slope: line rises to the right
89. In the form y 5 mx 1 b, m represents the slope and b represents the y-intercept.
91. No, it is not possible for two lines with positive slopes to be perpendicular to each other. Their slopes must be negative
reciprocals of each other.
1. Quadrants I or II. Since x can be any real number and y is 2. s10, 23d
4, the point sx, 4d can only be located in quadrants in
which the y coordinate is positive.
3. 4x 2 3y 5 10
? ?
(a) s2, 1d 4s2d 2 3s1d 5 10 (b) s1, 22d 4s1d 2 3s22d 5 10
? ?
8 2 3 5 10 4 1 6 5 10
5 Þ 10 not a solution 10 5 10 solution
(d) s2, d 4s2d 2 3s2 23 d 5 10
?
(c) s2.5, 0d
?
4s2.5d 2 3s0d 5 10 2 23
?
?
10 2 0 5 10 8 1 2 5 10
10 5 10 solution
10 5 10 solution
4. y d 5 !s21 2 3d2 1 s5 2 2d2 5. y d 5 !s23 2 2d2 1 s22 2 10d2

(−1, 5) 5 !16 1 9 10 (2, 10) 5 !25 1 144
4 8
3 5 !25 6 5 !169
2 (3, 2) 4
1
55 5 13
x x
−3 −2 1 2 3 −6 − 4 2 4 6
−1
(−3, −2)
6. 6x 2 8y 1 48 5 0 7. y 5 2x 2 3 y
y 5 2s0d 2 3
2
x-intercept: 6x 2 8s0d 1 48 5 0
1 (2, 1)
6x 5 248 5 23 s0, 23d x
−3 −2 −1 ( 3 , 0)
−1
x 5 28 s28, 0d 0 5 2x 2 3 2
−2
y-intercept: 6s0d 2 8y 1 48 5 0 3 5 2x −3 (0, −3)
28y 5 248
3
2 5x s32, 0d
y56 s0, 6d y 5 2s2d 2 3
51 s2, 1d
87. Negative slope: line falls to the right.

Zero slope: line is horizontal
Positive slope: line rises to the right
89. In the form y 5 mx 1 b, m represents the slope and b represents the y-intercept.
91. No, it is not possible for two lines with positive slopes to be perpendicular to each other. Their slopes must be negative
reciprocals of each other.
1. Quadrants I or II. Since x can be any real number and y is 2. s10, 23d
4, the point sx, 4d can only be located in quadrants in
which the y coordinate is positive.
3. 4x 2 3y 5 10
? ?
(a) s2, 1d 4s2d 2 3s1d 5 10 (b) s1, 22d 4s1d 2 3s22d 5 10
? ?
8 2 3 5 10 4 1 6 5 10
5 Þ 10 not a solution 10 5 10 solution
(d) s2, d 4s2d 2 3s2 23 d 5 10
?
(c) s2.5, 0d
?
4s2.5d 2 3s0d 5 10 2 23
?
?
10 2 0 5 10 8 1 2 5 10
10 5 10 solution
10 5 10 solution
4. y d 5 !s21 2 3d2 1 s5 2 2d2 5. y d 5 !s23 2 2d2 1 s22 2 10d2

(−1, 5) 5 !16 1 9 10 (2, 10) 5 !25 1 144
4 8
3 5 !25 6 5 !169
2 (3, 2) 4
1
55 5 13
x x
−3 −2 1 2 3 −6 − 4 2 4 6
−1
(−3, −2)
6. 6x 2 8y 1 48 5 0 7. y 5 2x 2 3 y
y 5 2s0d 2 3
2
x-intercept: 6x 2 8s0d 1 48 5 0
1 (2, 1)
6x 5 248 5 23 s0, 23d x
−3 −2 −1 ( 3 , 0)
−1
x 5 28 s28, 0d 0 5 2x 2 3 2
−2
y-intercept: 6s0d 2 8y 1 48 5 0 3 5 2x −3 (0, −3)
28y 5 248
3
2 5x s32, 0d
y56 s0, 6d y 5 2s2d 2 3
51 s2, 1d
8. 3x 1 y 2 6 5 0 y
3s0d 1 y 2 6 5 0
y56 s0, 26d (0, 6)
6
3x 1 0 2 6 5 0 4
(1, 3)
3x 5 6 2
(2, 0)
x
x52 s2, 0d –4 –2
–2
4 6 8
3s1d 1 y 2 6 5 0
y53 s1, 3d
9. y 5 6x 2 x2 y
(3, 9)
y 5 6s0d 2 02 9
6
50 s0, 0d
3
(0, 0) (6, 0)
y 5 6s6d 2 62 x
–6 –3 3 9 12
50 s6, 0d –3
y 5 6s3d 2 32
5 18 2 9
59 s3, 9d
10. y 5 x2 2 4 y
y5 02 24 1
x
5 24 s0, 24d (−2, 0) –1 1 (2, 0)
–1
y 5 22 2 4 –2
50 s2, 0d –3
y 5 s22d2 2 4 –5
(0, −4)
50 s22, 0d
||
11. y 5 x 1 1 y
y 5 |0| 1 1 (−2, 3)
3
(2, 3)
51 s0, 1d 2
||
y5 1 11 (0, 1)
52 s1, 2d x
−2 −1 1 2
| |
y 5 21 1 1 −1
52 s21, 2d
|
12. y 5 x 2 2 2 3 | y
|
y5 022 23 | 4
3
5 21 s0, 21d (−1, 0)
1 (5, 0)
|
y5 522 23 | (0, −1) 1 2 3 5 6
x
−2
50 s5, 0d −3
(2, −3)
| |
−4
y5 222 23
5 23 s2, 23d
22 2 3 25 828 0
13. m 5 5 5 undefined 14. m 5 5 50 Line is horizontal.
525 0 7 2 s23d 10
Line is vertical.
520 5 26 2 4 210 25
15. m 5 5 Line rises. 16. m 5 5 5 Line falls.
623 3 5 2 s21d 6 3
17. 3x 1 6y 5 6 18. 22x 1 y 5 8 19. x 2 2y 5 4

6y 5 23x 1 6 y 5 2x 1 8 22y 5 2x 1 4
21 m 5 2; s0, 8d 1
y5 x11 y5 x22
2 2
y
21 1
m5 ; s0, 1d 8 (0, 8) m 5 ; s0, 22d
2 2
6
4 y
y
2
1
3
x
−8 −6 −2 2 x
2 −1 1 2 4
−2
(0, 1) −1
(0, −2)
x
−1 1 2 4 −3
−1
−4
−2
21 1
20. y 5 3x 1 2; y 5 x24 21. y 5 2x 1 3; y 5 22x 2 3 22. y 5 4x 1 3; y 5 s8x 1 5d
3 2
m1 5 2 m2 5 22
21 m1 5 4 m2 5 4
m1 5 3 m2 5
3 m1 Þ m2
m1 5 m2
m1 ? m2 5 21 m1 ? m2 Þ 21 Lines are parallel.
Lines are perpendicular. Lines are neither.
23. s0, $85,000d, s10, $4000d

4000 2 85,000 281,000
m5 5 5 28100
10 2 0 10
V 5 28100t 1 85,000, 0 ≤ t ≤ 10
V
100,000
80,000
60,000
40,000
20,000
t
2 4 6 8 10
Section 2.4 Equations of Lines
1. y 5 23x 1 2 matches graph (b). 3. y 5 2 32x 1 2 matches graph (a).
y25 1 y21 4 y 2 s21d

5. 35 7. 2 5 9. 5
x22 2 x 2 s23d 5 3
x2
4
3sx 2 2d 5 y 2 5 x 1 3 5 22sy 2 1d
3x 2 6 5 y 2 5 x 1 3 5 22y 1 2 1
4 x2
3
425 5sy 1 1d
3x 2 y 5 1 x 1 2y 5 21
4x 2 3 5 5y 1 5
4x 2 5y 5 8
11. y 2 0 5 2 2sx 2 0d
1
13. y 1 4 5 3sx 2 0d 15. y 2 6 5 2 4sx 2 0d
3
1 3
y 5 2 2x y 1 4 5 3x y 2 6 5 2 4x
17. y 2 8 5 22fx 2 s22dg 19. y 2 s27d 5 4fx 2 s24dg

5
21. y 2 2 5 24fx 2 s22dg
7
y 2 8 5 22sx 1 2d y 1 7 5 4sx 1 4d
5
y 2 72 5 24sx 1 2d
23. y 2 52 5 43sx 2 34 d 25. y 2 s21d 5 0sx 2 2d

y1150
320 3 0 2 4 24
27. m 5 5 29. m 5 5 5 21
220 2 420 4
3 y 2 4 5 21sx 2 0d
y 2 0 5 sx 2 0d
2
y 2 4 5 2x
3
y5 x x1y2450
2
2y 5 3x
3x 2 2y 5 0
023 23 21 22 2 2 4 2
31. m 5 5 5 33. m 5 52 52
4 2 s22d 6 2 515 10 5
21 2
y205 sx 2 4d y 2 2 5 2 sx 1 5d
2 5
21 2
y5 x12 y2252 x22
2 5
2y 5 2x 1 4 2
y52 x
5
x 1 2y 2 4 5 0
5y 5 22x
2x 1 5y 5 0
Section 2.4 Equations of Lines 163
423 1 1 7 1
35. m 5 5 5 2
9 3 6 3 4 2 4 722 5
2 37. m 5 ? 4 5 6 2 40 5 234
2 2 2 3
2 12
2 10
y235
1
3
x213
2 2 1 5
y2 5 2 sx 2 10d
2 34
1 1
y235 x2
3 2 1 5 50
y2 52 x1
2 34 34
6y 2 18 5 2x 2 3
34y 2 17 5 25x 1 50
2x 2 6y 1 15 5 0
5x 1 34y 2 67 5 0
21.4 2 9 210.4 2104 252 24.2 2 0.6 4.8

39. m 5 5 5 5 41. m 5 52 5 20.8
825 3 30 15 822 6
252 y 2 0.6 5 20.8sx 2 2d
y295 sx 2 5d
15
y 2 0.6 5 20.8x 1 1.6
252 52
y295 x1 0.8x 1 y 2 2.2 5 0
15 3
8x 1 10y 2 22 5 0
15y 2 135 5 252x 1 260
4x 1 5y 2 11 5 0
52x 1 15y 2 395 5 0
522 3 1 323 0
43. m 5 5 5 45. m 5 5 50 47. x 5 21 because every
412 6 2 412 6
x-coordinate is 21.
1 y 2 3 5 0sx 2 4d
y 2 5 5 sx 2 4d
2
y2350
1
y255 x22 y53
2
1
y5 x13
2
49. y 5 6 because every y-coordinate 51. x 5 27 because both points have

is 6. an x-coordinate of 27.
53. 6x 2 2y 5 3 slope 5 3 55. 5x 1 4y 5 24

22y 5 26x 1 3 4y 5 25x 1 24
3
y 5 3x 2 2 y 5 2 54x 1 6 slope 5 2 54
(a) y 2 1 5 3sx 2 2d (a) y 2 4 5 2 4fx 2 s25dg
5
y 2 1 5 3x 2 6 y 2 4 5 2 54sx 1 5d
y 5 3x 2 5 y 2 4 5 2 54x 2 25
4
(b) y 2 1 5 2 3sx 2 2d y 5 2 54x 2 25

1 16
4 1 4
y 2 1 5 2 13x 1 23 y 5 2 54x 2 94
y 5 2 13x 1 23 1 33 (b) y 2 4 5 45fx 2 s25dg
y 2 4 5 45sx 1 5d
1 5
y 5 2 3x 1 3
y 2 4 5 45x 1 4
y 5 45x 1 8
57. 4x 2 y 2 3 5 0 slope 5 4 59. x 2 5 5 0

4x 2 3 5 y x55 The slope is undefined.
(a) y 2 7 5 4sx 2 3d (a) x5 2
3
y 2 7 5 4x 2 12 x 2 23 5 0 or
y 5 4x 2 5 3x 2 2 5 0
(b) y 2 7 5 2 14sx 2 3d (b) y 5 43
y 2 7 5 2 14x 1 34 y 2 43 5 0 or
y 5 2 14x 1 34 1 28
4 3y 2 4 5 0
y5 2 14x 1 31
4
x y
61. y 1 5 5 0 63. 1 5 1, a Þ 0, b Þ 0
a b
y 5 25 The slope is zero.
x y
1 51
(a) y 2 2 5 0sx 1 1d 3 2
y2250
(b) x 5 21
x1150
x y
1 5 1, a Þ 0, b Þ 0 6000 2 5000 1000
65. 67. M 5 5 5 20
a b 50 2 0 50
x
1
y
51 C 2 5000 5 20sx 2 0d
25 27
6 3 C 5 20x 1 5000
6x 3y C 5 20s400d 1 5000
2 2 51
5 7 5 $13,000
200,000 2 500,000 1530 2 1500

69. M 5 71. M 5
225 1000 2 0
2300,000 30
5 5
23 1000
5 100,000 3
5
100
S 2 500,000 5 100,000st 2 5d
3
S 2 500,000 5 100,000t 2 500,000 S 2 1500 5 sM 2 0d
100
S 5 100,000t
3
S5 M 1 1500 or
S 5 100,000s6d 5 $600,000 100
S 5 0.03M 1 1500
0.03 5 3%
Section 2.4 Equations of Lines 165
73. (a) S 5 0.70L 75. (a) s0, 7400d s4, 1500d

(b) S 5 0.70s135d 7400 2 1500 5900
m5 5 5 21475
S 5 $94.50 024 24
V 2 7400 5 21475st 2 0d
V 2 7400 5 21475t
V 5 21475t 1 7400
(b) V 5 21475s2d 1 7400
V 5 22950 1 7400
V 5 4450
Thus, after 2 years, the photocopier has a
value of $4450.
77. (a) N 5 1500 1 60t (b) N 5 1500 1 60s15d (c) N 5 1500 1 60s5d
5 1500 1 900 5 1500 1 300
5 2400 5 1800
79. (a) & (b) (c) Two points taken from the “best-fitting” line sketched in
E
part (b) are 0 and 10.
38.3 2 21.1 17.2
100
m5 5 5 20.86
40 2 60 220
60 E 2 38.3 5 20.86sA 2 40d

40 E 5 20.86A 1 72.7
20
E 5 20.86A 1 74.56
A
20 40 60 80
(d) E 5 20.86s30d 1 74.56

E 5 225.8 1 74.56
E < 48.8 years
81. s0, 0d, s40, 5d

Distance from deep end 0 8 16 24 32 40
520 5 1
m5 5 5 Depth of water 9 8 7 6 5 4
40 2 0 40 8
y 2 0 5 18sx 2 0d
y 5 18x
8y 5 x
x 2 8y 5 0
—CONTINUED—
81. —CONTINUED—
Depth of water 5 9 2 y
(a) Depth 5 9 2 y (b) Depth 5 9 2 y (c) Depth 5 9 2 y
9592y 8592y 7592y
05y 21 5 2y 22 5 2y
x 2 8s0d 5 0 15y 25y
x50 x 2 8s1d 5 0 x 2 8s2d 5 0
x58 x 5 16
(d) Depth 5 9 2 y (e) Depth 5 9 2 y (f) Depth 5 9 2 y

6592y 5592y 4592y
23 5 2y 24 5 2y 25 5 2y
35y 45y 55y
x 2 8s3d 5 0 x 2 8s4d 5 0 x 2 8s5d 5 0
x 5 24 x 5 32 x 5 40
83. Yes. When different pairs of points are selected, the change in y and the change in x are the lengths of the sides of similar
triangles. Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
85. In the equation y 5 3x 1 5, 3 is the slope and 5 is the y-intercept.
Section 2.5 Relations and Functions
1. Domain 5 H22, 0, 1J 3. Domain 5 H0, 2, 4, 5, 6J

Range 5 H21, 0, 1, 4J Range 5 H23, 0, 5, 8J
y y
(1, 4)
4 8 (2, 8)
6
3 (5, 5) (6, 5)
4
2
2
1 (0, 1) (0, 0)
(−2, 0) x
x −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−3 −2 1 2 −2
(4, −3)
(0, −1) −4
5. s3, 150d, s2, 100d, s8, 400d, s6, 300d, s12, 25d 7. s1, 1d, s2, 8d, s3, 27d, s4, 64d, s5, 125d, s6, 216d, s7, 343d
9. (1995, Atlanta Braves), (1996, New York Yankees), 11. No, this relation is not a function because 21 in the
(1997, Florida Marlins), (1998, New York Yankees) domain is paired to 2 numbers s6 and 7d in the range.
13. Yes, this relation is a function as each number in the 15. No, this relation is not a function as 0 in the domain is
domain is paired with exactly one number in the range. paired with 2 numbers in the range s5 and 9d.
81. —CONTINUED—
Depth of water 5 9 2 y
(a) Depth 5 9 2 y (b) Depth 5 9 2 y (c) Depth 5 9 2 y
9592y 8592y 7592y
05y 21 5 2y 22 5 2y
x 2 8s0d 5 0 15y 25y
x50 x 2 8s1d 5 0 x 2 8s2d 5 0
x58 x 5 16
(d) Depth 5 9 2 y (e) Depth 5 9 2 y (f) Depth 5 9 2 y

6592y 5592y 4592y
23 5 2y 24 5 2y 25 5 2y
35y 45y 55y
x 2 8s3d 5 0 x 2 8s4d 5 0 x 2 8s5d 5 0
x 5 24 x 5 32 x 5 40
83. Yes. When different pairs of points are selected, the change in y and the change in x are the lengths of the sides of similar
triangles. Corresponding sides of similar triangles are proportional.
85. In the equation y 5 3x 1 5, 3 is the slope and 5 is the y-intercept.
Section 2.5 Relations and Functions
1. Domain 5 H22, 0, 1J 3. Domain 5 H0, 2, 4, 5, 6J

Range 5 H21, 0, 1, 4J Range 5 H23, 0, 5, 8J
y y
(1, 4)
4 8 (2, 8)
6
3 (5, 5) (6, 5)
4
2
2
1 (0, 1) (0, 0)
(−2, 0) x
x −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−3 −2 1 2 −2
(4, −3)
(0, −1) −4
5. s3, 150d, s2, 100d, s8, 400d, s6, 300d, s12, 25d 7. s1, 1d, s2, 8d, s3, 27d, s4, 64d, s5, 125d, s6, 216d, s7, 343d
9. (1995, Atlanta Braves), (1996, New York Yankees), 11. No, this relation is not a function because 21 in the
(1997, Florida Marlins), (1998, New York Yankees) domain is paired to 2 numbers s6 and 7d in the range.
13. Yes, this relation is a function as each number in the 15. No, this relation is not a function as 0 in the domain is
domain is paired with exactly one number in the range. paired with 2 numbers in the range s5 and 9d.
Section 2.5 Relations and Functions 167
17. No, this relation is not a function because both CBS and 19. Yes, this relation is a function as each number in the
ABC in the domain are each paired to 3 different TV domain is paired with exactly one number in the range.
shows in the range.
21. No, this relation is not a function as the 4 and the 7 in the domain are each paired with 2 different numbers in the range.
23. (a) Yes, this relation is a function as each number in the domain is paired with exactly one number in the range.
(b) No, this relation is not a function as the 1 in the domain is paired with 2 different numbers in the range.
(c) Yes, this relation is a function as each number in the domain is paired with exactly one number in the range.
(d) No, this relation is not a function as each number in the domain is not paired with a number.
25. x2 1 y2 5 25 ||
27. y 5 x 1 2
? ? ? ?
02 1 52 5 25 02 1 s25d 5 25
2
||
3 5112 |23| 5 1 1 2
25 5 25 25 5 25 353 353
Both s0, 5d and s0, 25d are solutions of x2 1 y2 5 25 ||
Both s1, 3d and s1, 23d are solutions of y 5 x 1 2
which implies y is not a function of x. which implies y is not a function of x.
29. y 5 10x 1 12 represents y as a function of x because there is one value of y associated with one value of x.
31. 3x 1 7y 2 2 5 0 represents y as a function of x because there is one value of y associated with one value of x.
33. y 5 xsx 2 10d represents y as a function of x because there is one value of y associated with one value of x.
35. f sxd 5 3x 1 5 37. f sxd 5 3 2 x2

(a) f s2d 5 3s2d 1 5 5 11 (a) f s0d 5 3 2 02 5 3
(b) f s22d 5 3s22d 1 5 5 21 (b) f s23d 5 3 2 s23d2 5 3 2 9 5 26
(c) f skd 5 3skd 1 5 5 3k 1 5 (c) f smd 5 3 2 m2
(d) f sk 1 1d 5 3sk 1 1d 1 5 5 3k 1 3 1 5 5 3k 1 8 (d) f s2td 5 3 2 s2td2 5 3 2 4t2
x
39. f sxd 5
x12
3 3
(a) f s3d 5 5
312 5
24 24
(b) f s24d 5 5 52
24 1 2 22
s
(c) f ssd 5
s12
s22 s22
(d) f ss 2 2d 5 5
ss 2 2d 1 2 s
41. f sxd 5 12x 2 7

(a) f s3d 5 12s3d 2 7 5 29
(b) f s32 d 5 12s32 d 2 7 5 11
(c) f sad 1 f s1d 5 f12sad 2 7g 1 f12s1d 2 7g 5 12a 2 7 1 12 2 7 5 12a 2 2
(d) f sa 1 1d 5 12sa 1 1d 2 7 5 12a 1 12 2 7 5 12a 1 5
43. gsxd 5 2 2 4x 1 x2
(a) gs4d 5 2 2 4s4d 1 42 5 2 2 16 1 16 5 2
(b) gs0d 5 2 2 4s0d 1 02 5 2
(c) gs2yd 5 2 2 4s2yd 1 s2yd2 5 2 2 8y 1 4y2
(d) gs4d 1 gs6d 5 f2 2 4s4d 1 42g 1 f2 2 4s6d 1 62g 5 s2 2 16 1 16d 1 s2 2 24 1 36d 5 2 1 14 5 16
45. f sxd 5 !x 1 5
(a) f s21d 5 !21 1 5 5 2 (b) f s4d 5 !4 1 5 5 3
(c) f sz 2 5d 5 !z 2 5 1 5 5 !z (d) f s5zd 5 !5z 1 5
47. gsxd 5 8 2 x 2 4 | |
| |
(a) gs0d 5 8 2 0 2 4 5 8 2 4 5 4
(b) gs8d 5 8 2 |8 2 4| 5 8 2 4 5 4
(c) gs16d 2 gs21d 5 s8 2 |16 2 4|d 2 s8 2 |21 2 4|d 5 s8 2 12d 2 s8 2 5d 5 24 2 3 5 27
(d) gsx 2 2d 5 8 2 |x 2 2 2 4| 5 8 2 |x 2 6|
3x
49. f sxd 5
x25
3s0d
(a) f s0d 5 50
025
3
5
12
(b) f
5
312
5
5
3 3 15 15
? 3 5 5 2 15 5 210 5 22
3
25
3
3s2d 3s21d 23 25
3 2 2 54 2 3 21 2 54 5 23 5 26 5 22 2 2 5
6 1
(c) f s2d 2 f s21d 5
2
3sx 1 4d 3x 1 12
(d) f sx 1 4d 5 5
x1425 x21
51. f sxd 5 5x10128,2x, ifif x < 0

x ≥ 0
(a) f s4d 5 10 2 2s4d 5 10 2 8 5 2
(b) f s210d 5 210 1 8 5 22
(c) f s0d 5 10 2 2s0d 5 10
(d) f s6d 2 f s22d 5 f10 2 2s6dg 2 f22 1 8g 5 10 2 12 2 6 5 28
Section 2.5 Relations and Functions 169
5x4 22 2,x , ifif x ≤ 2

2
53. hsxd 5
x > 2
(a) hs2d 5 4 2 22 5 0
(b) hs2 32 d 5 4 2 s2 32 d 5 4 2 94 5 16
2 9 7
4 2 4 5 4
(c) hs5d 5 5 2 2 5 3
(d) hs23d 1 hs7d 5 f4 2 s23d2g 1 f7 2 2g 5 4 2 9 1 5 5 0
55. f sxd 5 2x 1 5
f sx 1 2d 2 f s2d f2sx 1 2d 1 5g 2 f2s2d 1 5g 2x 1 4 1 5 2 4 2 5 2x
(a) 5 5 5 52
x x x x
f sx 2 3d 2 f s3d f2sx 2 3d 1 5g 2 f2s3d 1 5g 2x 2 6 1 5 2 6 2 5 2x 2 12
(b) 5 5 5
x x x x
57. Domain of f sxd 5 5 2 2x is all real numbers x.
2x
59. Domain of f sxd 5 is all real numbers x such that x Þ 3 because x 2 3 Þ 0 means x Þ 3.
x23
t13
61. Domain of f std 5 is all real numbers t such that t Þ 0, 22 because tst 1 2d Þ 0 means t Þ 0 and t Þ 22.
tst 1 2d
63. Domain of gsxd 5 !x 1 4 is all real numbers x such that x ≥ 24 because x 1 4 ≥ 0 means x ≥ 24.
65. Domain of f sxd 5 !2x 2 1 is all real numbers x such that x ≥ 1

2 because 2x 2 1 ≥ 0 means x ≥ 12.
| |
67. Domain of f std 5 t 2 4 is all real numbers t.
69. Domain 5 H0, 2, 4, 6J 71. Domain 5 H23, 21, 4, 10J 73. Domain 5 r > 0 75. Domain 5 r > 0
Range 5 H0, 1, 8, 27J 517 5
Range 5 2 , 2 , 2, 11
2 2 6 Range 5 C > 0 Range 5 A > 0
77. Verbal model: Perimeter 5 4 ? Length of side
Labels: Perimeter 5 P sxd

Length of side 5 x
Function: P sxd 5 4x
3
79. Verbal model: Volume 5 Length of side
Labels: Volume 5 V sxd

Length of side 5 x
Function: V sxd 5 x3
81. Verbal model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time
Labels: Distance 5 d std

Rate 5 230
Time 5 t
Function: d std 5 230t
83. Verbal model: Volume 5 Length ? Width ? Height
Labels: Volume 5 V sxd

Length 5 s24 2 2xd
Width 5 s24 2 2xd
Height 5 x
Function: V sxd 5 xs24 2 2xd2 or 4xs12 2 xd2
85. Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Area 5 A sxd

Length 5 s32 2 xd
Width 5 s32 2 xd
Function: A sxd 5 s32 2 xds32 2 xd
Asxd 5 s32 2 xd2
128,160
87. SsLd 5
L
128,160 128,160
(a) Ss12d 5 5 10,680 pounds (b) Ss16d 5 5 8010 pounds
12 16
89. Yes to both questions. For each year there is associated one public school enrollment and one private school enrollment.
91. (g) y sxd 5 15,900 2 1900x (h) Straight-line depreciation might not be a fair model for
automobile depreciation because the car depreciates more
y s7d 5 15,900 2 1900s7d
slowly as the car ages.
5 15,900 2 13,300
y
5 $2600
16,000
(i) Domain: all real numbers x such that 0 < x ≤ 8.37

12,000
Range: all real numbers y such that 0 < y ≤ 15,900

8,000
4,000
x
2 4 6 8 10
93. (a) This is not a correct mathematical use of the word function.
(b) This is a correct mathematical use of the word function.
Section 2.6 Graphs of Functions 171
95. No, every relation is not a function because some relations have more than one y value paired with each x value.
For example,Hs4, 3d, s4, 22dJ is a relation, but not a function.
97. You can name the function sf, g, etc.d. That is convenient when there is more than one function used in solving a problem.
The values of the independent and the dependent variables are easily seen in function notation.
Section 2.6 Graphs of Functions
1. y 3. y
2 5
4
x
4 2 2 4 6
3
2
2
4
1
6 x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Range: 2 ` < y < ` Range: f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < `
5. y 7. y
1 10
8
x
–1 1 2 3 6
–1
4
x
–3 4 2 2 4 6 8
2
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Range: s2 `, 0g or 2 ` < y ≤ 0
Range: f21, `d or 21 ≤ y < `
9. y 11. y
3
6
2
4
1
2
x
−1 1 2 3 4
t
−1
2 2 4 6
−2 2
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ` Domain: f2, `d or 2 ≤ t < `

Range: 21 ≤ y < ` Range: f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < `
95. No, every relation is not a function because some relations have more than one y value paired with each x value.
For example,Hs4, 3d, s4, 22dJ is a relation, but not a function.
97. You can name the function sf, g, etc.d. That is convenient when there is more than one function used in solving a problem.
The values of the independent and the dependent variables are easily seen in function notation.
Section 2.6 Graphs of Functions
1. y 3. y
2 5
4
x
4 2 2 4 6
3
2
2
4
1
6 x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Range: 2 ` < y < ` Range: f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < `
5. y 7. y
1 10
8
x
–1 1 2 3 6
–1
4
x
–3 4 2 2 4 6 8
2
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Range: s2 `, 0g or 2 ` < y ≤ 0
Range: f21, `d or 21 ≤ y < `
9. y 11. y
3
6
2
4
1
2
x
−1 1 2 3 4
t
−1
2 2 4 6
−2 2
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ` Domain: f2, `d or 2 ≤ t < `

Range: 21 ≤ y < ` Range: f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < `
13. y 15. y
10 4
6 2
2 s
−3 −2 1 2 3
x −1
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −2
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < s < `

Range: y 5 8 Range: 2 ` < y < `
17. y 19. y
8 8
4 4
2
x
8 6 4 2 2 s
2 4 6 8
2
Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Domain: 2 ` < x < `
Range: f1, `d or 1 ≤ y < `
Range: f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < `
21. y 23. y
8 8
6
6 4
4 2
x
2 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
4 2 2 4 6
2
Domain: 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 or f0, 2g Domain: 22 ≤ x ≤ 2 or f22, 2g

Range: 0 ≤ y ≤ 6 or f0, 6g Range: 28 ≤ y ≤ 8 or f28, 8g
25. y 27. y
f (x) = x 2 − 4x
5 4 x>0
h(x) = 3 − x 3
4
x≥0 2
f (x) = −x
h(x) = 2x + 3 3 x≤0
x<0 x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 5
1 −2
x −3
−1 1 2 3 −4
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` Domain: 2 ` < x < `

Range: s2 `, 3g or ` < y ≤ 3 Range: 24 ≤ y < ` or f24, `d
29. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 1 2 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
Domain 5 2 ` < x < ` Range 5 s2 `, 1g or 2 ` < y ≤ 1 −10 10
−10
31. Keystrokes: 10
Y5 ! x X,T, u 2 2 d GRAPH
Domain 5 f2, `d or x ≥ 2 Range 5 f0, `d or 0 ≤ y < ` −10 10
2 ≤ x < `
−10
33. Yes, y 5 13x3 passes the Vertical Line Test and is a 35. Yes, y is a function of x by the Vertical Line Test.
function of x.
37. No, y is not a function of x by the Vertical Line Test. 39. No, y2 5 x does not pass the Vertical Line Test and y is
not a function of x.
41. y 43. y
1 3
x 2
1 1 2 3 5
1 1
2 x
2 1 1 2 3 4
3
1
4 2
5 3
y is a function of x. y is not a function of x.
45. (b) graph matches f sxd 5 x2 2 1. 47. (a) graph matches f sxd 5 2 2 x . ||
49. (b) shows the most complete graph.
30 60 60
0 20 15 30
0 10
0 −10 −10
(a) (b) (c)

51. (a) Vertical shift 2 units upward (b) Vertical shift 4 units downward
y y
7 2
6
1
5
x
4 –3 –1 1 3
3 –1
–2
1
x
4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4
1
(c) Horizontal shift 2 units to the left (d) Horizontal shift 4 units to the right
y y
5 8
4
6
1 2
x
5 4 3 2 1 1 x
1 2 4 6 8
(e) Reflection in the x-axis. (f) Reflection in the x-axis and a vertical shift 4 units upward
y y
x 3
3 2 2 3
1 2
1
2
x
3 –3 –1 1 3
–1
4
–2
5
(g) Horizontal shift 3 units to the right and a vertical shift 1 (h) Reflection in the x-axis, a horizontal shift 2 units to the
unit upward left, and a vertical shift 3 units downward
y y
6 1
5 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
4 −1
3 −2
2 −3
1 −4
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
53. Keystrokes: 55. Keystrokes:
Y 5 ABS x X,T, u 2 5 d GRAPH Y 5 ABS X,T, u 2 5 GRAPH
10 10
−10 10 −10 10
−10 −10
Horizontal shift 5 units to the right Vertical shift 5 units downward
57. Keystrokes: 59. Graph is shifted 3 units left

Y 5 x2 c ABS X,T, u GRAPH hsxd 5 sx 1 3d2
10
−10 10
−10
Reflection in the x-axis
61. Graph is reflected in the x-axis 63. Graph is shifted 3 units left and reflected in the x-axis
hsxd 5 2x2 hsxd 5 2 sx 1 3d2
65. Graph is reflected in 67. f sxd 5 2 !x 69. f sxd 5 !x 1 2 71. f sxd 5 !2x
the x-axis and shifted
up 2 units
hsxd 5 2x2 1 2
73. (a) y 5 f sxd 1 2 (b) y 5 2f sxd

y y
5 2
(4, 4) (0, 1)
4 1
(1, 0)
3 x
(3, 3) 1 3 4 5
2 −1
(1, 2) (3, −1)
1 −2
(0, 1) (4, −2)
x −3
1 2 3 4 5
—CONTINUED—
73. —CONTINUED—
(c) y 5 f sx 2 2d (d) y 5 f sx 1 2d
y y
4 3
3
(2, 2)
2
(6, 2)
2
1
(1, 1)
1
(5, 1) (− 1, 0)
(3, 0) x
x −3 −2 1 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
−1
−1
(2, −1) (− 2, −1)
−2 −2
(e) y 5 f sxd 2 1 (f) y 5 f s2xd

y y
2 3
(4, 1) (− 4, 2)
1 2
(3, 0)
x
1 3 4 5 (−3, 1) (−1, 0)
−1 x
(1, −1) −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−2 (0, −2)
(0, −1)
−3 −2
75. (a) Keystrokes:

Y 5 26 2 .0242 X,T, u x2 4 x X,T, u ≥ 20 AND X,T, u ≤ 60 d GRAPH
20
20 60
−50
(b) < 46%
77. (a) Let x 5 length P 5 2l 1 2w

100 − x 100 2 x 5 width 200 5 2l 1 2w
100 5 l 1 w
x
100 2 l 5 w
A5l?w
A 5 xs100 2 xd
Keystrokes:
Y 5 X,T, u x 100 2 X,T, u d GRAPH
(b) 3000 (c) When x 5 50, the largest value of A is 2500. s50, 2500d is
the highest point on the graph of A giving the largest value
of the function.
0 100
0
79. (a) Keystrokes:

Y 5 x2 c 5.46 X,T, u x2 1 2665.56 X,T, u 1 153,363 GRAPH
280,000
0 48
150,000
(b) t 5 0 corresponds to the year 1970 (20 years later).

(c) Keystrokes:
Y 5 x2 c 5.46 x X,T, u 1 20 d x2 1 2665.56 x X,T, u 1 20 d 1 153,363 GRAPH
280,000
−20 28
150,000
81. If the domain of the function f sxd 5 2x changes from f0, 2g to f0, 4g, then the range changed from f0, 4g to f0, 8g.
83. The four types of shifts of the graph of a function are vertical shift upward, vertical shift downward, horizontal shift to the left,
horizontal shift to the right.
85. gsxd 5 f s2xd is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f sxd.
1. y 3. y
5
5 2, 5 (4, 20)
20
4
3 16
2
1 12
x (12, 9)
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 8
1
2 4
( 2, 4) 3 (0, 3) (1, 1)
x
4 4 8 12 16 20
5. Quadrant IV 7. Quadrant I, IV
y y
6 6
(4, y)
4 4
2 2
x x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
–2 −2
(4, y)
–4 −4
−6
–6 (2, −6)
79. (a) Keystrokes:

Y 5 x2 c 5.46 X,T, u x2 1 2665.56 X,T, u 1 153,363 GRAPH
280,000
0 48
150,000
(b) t 5 0 corresponds to the year 1970 (20 years later).

(c) Keystrokes:
Y 5 x2 c 5.46 x X,T, u 1 20 d x2 1 2665.56 x X,T, u 1 20 d 1 153,363 GRAPH
280,000
−20 28
150,000
81. If the domain of the function f sxd 5 2x changes from f0, 2g to f0, 4g, then the range changed from f0, 4g to f0, 8g.
83. The four types of shifts of the graph of a function are vertical shift upward, vertical shift downward, horizontal shift to the left,
horizontal shift to the right.
85. gsxd 5 f s2xd is a reflection in the y-axis of the graph of f sxd.
1. y 3. y
5
5 2, 5 (4, 20)
20
4
3 16
2
1 12
x (12, 9)
4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 8
1
2 4
( 2, 4) 3 (0, 3) (1, 1)
x
4 4 8 12 16 20
5. Quadrant IV 7. Quadrant I, IV
y y
6 6
(4, y)
4 4
2 2
x x
–6 –4 –2 2 4 6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
–2 −2
(4, y)
–4 −4
−6
–6 (2, −6)
? ?
9. (a) s4, 2d 2 5 4 2 12s4d (b) s21, 5d 5 5 4 2 12s21d
? ?
25422 5 5 4 1 12
2 5 2 yes 5 Þ 412 no
? ?
(c) s24, 0d 0 5 4 2 12s24d (d) s8, 0d 0 5 4 2 12s8d
? ?
05412 05424
0 Þ 6 no 0 5 0 yes
11. d 5 !s4 2 4d2 1 s3 2 8d2 13. d 5 !s25 2 1d2 1 s21 2 2d2

5 !0 1 25 5 !36 1 9
5 !25 5 !45
55 5 3!5
15. y 5 5 2 32x matches graph (c). ||

17. y 5 x 1 4 matched graph (a).
19. y 5 6 2 13x y
y 5 6 2 13s0d 20
16
y 5 6 s0, 6d
12
0 5 6 2 13x 8 (0, 6)
1 4
3x 56 (18, 0)
x
x 5 18 s18, 0d 4
4
4 8 12 16 20
21. 3y 2 2x 2 3 5 0 y
3y 2 2s0d 2 3 5 0 2
3y 5 3 1 (0, 1)
3
2, 0
y51 s0, 1d x
3 1 1
3s0d 2 2x 2 3 5 0 1
22x 5 3 2
x5 2 32 s 2 32, 0d
23. y 5 x2 2 1 y
y 5 02 2 1 4
5 21 s0, 21d 3
2
0 5 x2 2 1 1
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
0 5 sx 2 1dsx 1 1d −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
x
(0, −1)
x51 x 5 21 s1, 0d, s21, 0d −2
25. ||
y5 x 22 y
y 5 |0| 2 2 3
5 22 2
1
||
05 x 22
−3
(−2, 0)
−2 −1
(2, 0)
1 2 3
x
2 5 |x|
−2 (0, −2)
±2 5 x s2, 0d, s22, 0d
−3
27. y 5 4x 2 6 29. 7x 2 2y 5 214

y-intercept y-intercept
y 5 4s0d 2 6 7s0d 2 2y 5 214
5 26 s0, 26d 22y 5 214
x-intercept y57 s0, 7d
0 5 4x 2 6 x-intercept
6 5 4x 7x 2 2s0d 5 214
6
4 5x 7x 5 214
3
2 5x s 3
2, 0d x 5 22 s22, 0d
|
31. y 5 x 2 5 | 33. y 5 2x 1 1 2 5 | |
y-intercept y-intercept
y5 025| | |
y 5 2s0d 1 1 2 5 |
55 s0, 5d 5 25
x-intercept
5 24 s0, 24d
05 x25| | x-intercepts
05x25 | |
0 5 2x 1 1 2 5
55x s5, 0d 5 5 |2x 1 1|

5 5 2x 1 1 or 25 5 2x 1 1
4 5 2x 26 5 2x
25x 23 5 x
s2, 0d, s23, 0d

Y5 x X,T, u 2 3 d x2 2 3 GRAPH Y 5 x2 c ABS x X,T, u 2 4 d 2 7 GRAPH
10 0
0 8
−4 10
−4 −12
s1.27, 0d, s4.73, 0d, s0, 6d s0, 211d
no x-intercepts
321 2
39. Keystrokes: 41. m 5 5
6 2 s21d 7
Y5 ! x 3 2 X,T, u d GRAPH
4
−6 4
−1
s3, 0d, s0, 1.73d
323 0 0 2 6 26 23 3 3 2 s23d 6 3
43. m 5 5 50 45. m 5 5 5 52 47. m5 5 5
4 2 s21d 5 820 8 4 4 1 2 s23d 4 2
3 32t
5
2 120
3 5 6 2 2t
23 5 22t
3
5t
2
y14 5 y21
49. 23 5 51. 5 53. Since m is undefined the line is
x22 4 x23
a vertical line so points such as
s0, 2d, s1, 21d s7, 6d, s11, 11d s3, 0d, s3, 1d, and s3, 22d are on
this line.
55. 5x 2 2y 2 4 5 0 57. x 1 2y 2 2 5 0
22y 5 25x 1 4 2y 5 2x 1 2
y5 5
2x 22 y 5 2 12x 1 1
y y
3
3
2
2
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 x
−1 1 2
−2
−1
3
59. L1: y 5 2x 1 1 61. L1: y 5 32x 2 2 63. L1: 2x 2 3y 2 5 5 0
L 2: y 5 23x 2 1 L 2: y 5 2 23x 11 L 2: x 1 2y 2 6 5 0
3
m1 5 3
2, m2 5 2
3 m1 5 2, m2 5 2 23 L1: 23y 5 22x 1 5
m1 Þ m2, m1 ? m2 Þ 21 m1 ? m2 5 21 y 5 23x 2 53
So lines are neither So lines are perpendicular m1 5 23
L 2: 2y 5 2x 1 6
y 5 2 12x 1 3
m2 5 2 12
m1 Þ m2, m1 ? m2 Þ 21
So lines are neither
65. y 1 4 5 2sx 2 1d 67. y 2 4 5 24sx 1 1d 69. y 2 4 5 2 23sx 2 52 d

y 1 4 5 2x 2 2 y 2 4 5 24x 2 4 y 2 4 5 2 23x 1 53
2x 2 y 2 6 5 0 4x 1 y 5 0 3y 2 12 5 22x 1 5
2x 1 3y 2 17 5 0
013 3 1 6 2 s23d 6 1 3 9 3
71. y 2 5 5 0fx 2 s26dg 73. m 5 5 52 75. m 5 5 5 5
26 2 0 26 2 4 2 s22d 4 1 2 6 2
y2550
1 3
y 2 0 5 2 sx 1 6d y 2 6 5 sx 2 4d
2 2
1 3
y52 x23 y265 x26
2 2
2y 5 2x 2 6
x 1 2y 1 6 5 0
2sy 2 6d 5 2 132x 2 62
2y 2 12 5 3x 2 12
3x 2 2y 5 0
7 1
2
6 6 6 721 6 3
77. m 5
4
? 6 5 24 2 8 5 16 5 8 79. 3x 1 y 5 2
42
3 y 5 23x 1 2
y2
7 3
5 sx 2 4d
6 8
(a) y 1
4
5 1
5 23 x 2
3
5 2
or 3x 1 y 2 1 5 0
y2
7 3
5 x2
6 8
12
8
(b) y 1
4 1
5 x2
5 3 13
5 2
or x 2 3y 2 3 5 0
48y 2 56 5 18x 2 72
18x 2 48y 2 16 5 0
9x 2 24y 2 8 5 0
81. 5x 5 3 83. No, this relation is not a function 85. Yes, this relation is a function
because the 8 in the domain is because each number in the
x 5 35 m 5 undefined
paired to two numbers (1 and 2) domain is paired to only one
(a) x 5 12 or x 2 12 5 0 in the range. number in the range.
(b) y 5 1 or y 2 1 5 0
87. f sxd 5 4 2 52x

(a) f s210d 5 4 2 52s210d 5 4 1 25 5 29
(b) f s25 d 5 4 2 52s25 d 5 4 2 1 5 3
(c) f std 1 f s24d 5 s4 2 2td 1 f4 2 2s24dg 5 4 2 2t 1 4 1 10 5 18 2 2t
5 5 5 5
(d) f sx 1 hd 5 4 2 2sx 1 hd 5 4 2 2x 2 2h
5 5 5
89. f std 5 !5 2 t
(a) f s24d 5 !5 2 s24d 5 !9 5 3
(b) f s5d 5 !5 2 5 5 0
(c) f s3d 5 !5 2 3 5 !2
(d) f s5zd 5 !5 2 5z
91. 523x, if
1 2 x , if 2
x ≤ 0
x > 0 6
(a) f s2d 5 1 2 22 5 23
(b) f s2 3 d 5 23s2 3 d 5 2
2 2
(c) f s1d 5 1 2 12 5 0
(d) f s4d 2 f s3d 5 s1 2 42d 2 s1 2 32d 5 1 2 16 2 1 1 9 5 27
f sx 1 2d 2 f s2d f3 2 2sx 1 2dg 2 f3 2 2s2dg 3 2 2x 2 4 2 3 1 4 22x

93. (a) 5 5 5 5 22
x x x x
f sx 2 3d 2 f s3d f3 2 2sx 2 3dg 2 f3 2 2s3dg 3 2 2x 1 6 2 3 1 6 22x 1 12
(b) 5 5 5
x x x x
95. Find the domain of hsxd 5 4x2 2 7. 97. Find the domain of f sxd 5 !5 2 2x.
Domain: 2 ` < x < ` or s2 `, `d Domain: s2 `. 2 g or 2 ` < x ≤
5 5
2
99. y 101. y 103. y
4 5 8
2 4 6
x 3 4
–2 2 4 6 8
2 2
–2
1 x
–4 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
–6
−1 −4
105. y 107. y 109. No, y is not a function of x.
12 4
3
4
y = 2 + (x − 1) 2
2
x x≥1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−4
1 y = 2 − (x − 1) 2
x<1
−8 x
−1 1 2 3
111. Yes, y is a function of x. 113. hsxd 5 2 !x is a reflection in the x-axis of f sxd 5 !x
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−1
−2
−3
−4
−5
115. hsxd 5 !x 2 1 is a horizontal 117. y 5 x2 2 2 119. y 5 2 sx 1 3d2

shift 1 unit to the right
Vertical shift 2 units downward Reflection in the x-axis and a
of f sxd 5 !x
horizontal shift 3 units to the left
Rise Rise
121. Verbal model:
Run 5 Run
1 3
Proportion: 5
12 x
x 5 36
2 2
Leg Leg 2
Verbal model:
1 1 2 5 Hypotenuse
Labels: Leg 1 5 3
Leg 2 5 36
Hypotenuse 5 x
Equation: 32 1 362 5 x2
9 1 1296 5 x2
!1305 5 x
3!145 5 x < 36.12 feet
123. s0, $20,000d, s7, $6000d V
6,000 2 20,000 214,000 25,000

m5 5 5 22,000
720 7 20,000
V 2 20,000 5 22,000st 2 0d 15,000
V 2 20,000 5 22,000t
10,000
5,000
V 5 22,000t 1 20,000, 0 ≤ t ≤ 7
t
2 4 6 8 10
20.88 2 4.75 25.63

125. m 5 5 5 21
4.75 2 s20.88d 5.63
y 1 0.88 5 21sx 2 4.75d
y 5 2x 1 4.75 2 0.88
y 5 2x 1 3.87
127. 150 − 2x Verbal model: Perimeter 5 2 Length 1 2 Width

2
150 5 2Length 1 2x
x x 150 2 2x
5 Length
2
150 − 2x 75 2 x 5 Length
2
Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Area 5 Asxd

Length 5 75 2 x
Width 5 x
Function: Asxd 5 s75 2 xdx
75
Domain: 0 < x <
2
129. (a) v 5 232s2d 1 80 (b) 0 5 232t 1 80 (c) v 5 232s3d 1 80

v 5 264 1 80 32t 5 80 v 5 296 1 80
80
v 5 16 feet per second t5 32 v 5 216 feet per second
5
t 5 seconds
2
1. sx, yd lies in Quadrant IV if x > 0 and y < 0. 2. d 5 !s0 2 3d2 1 s5 2 1d2 5 !9 1 16 5 !25 5 5
y
5 (0, 5)
1 (3, 1)
x
1 2 3 4 5
3. (a) y 5 23s0 1 1d 5 23 s0, 23d; y-intercept 4. y
(b) 0 5 23sx 1 1d 4
x 5 21, s21, 0d; x-intercept 3
x
1 2 3 4
127. 150 − 2x Verbal model: Perimeter 5 2 Length 1 2 Width

2
150 5 2Length 1 2x
x x 150 2 2x
5 Length
2
150 − 2x 75 2 x 5 Length
2
Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Area 5 Asxd

Length 5 75 2 x
Width 5 x
Function: Asxd 5 s75 2 xdx
75
Domain: 0 < x <
2
129. (a) v 5 232s2d 1 80 (b) 0 5 232t 1 80 (c) v 5 232s3d 1 80

v 5 264 1 80 32t 5 80 v 5 296 1 80
80
v 5 16 feet per second t5 32 v 5 216 feet per second
5
t 5 seconds
2
1. sx, yd lies in Quadrant IV if x > 0 and y < 0. 2. d 5 !s0 2 3d2 1 s5 2 1d2 5 !9 1 16 5 !25 5 5
y
5 (0, 5)
1 (3, 1)
x
1 2 3 4 5
3. (a) y 5 23s0 1 1d 5 23 s0, 23d; y-intercept 4. y
(b) 0 5 23sx 1 1d 4
x 5 21, s21, 0d; x-intercept 3
x
1 2 3 4
327 4 2
5. (a) m 5 52 52 6.
214
y
6 3
x
612 8 −2
(b) m 5 5 5 undefined
2 6
323 0 −2
−4
−6 (0, − 6)
−8
7. 2x 1 5y 5 10 y 8. 5x 1 3y 2 9 5 0
2s0d 1 5y 5 10 4
3y 5 25x 1 9
3
5y 5 10 (0, 2) 25
y5 x13
3
y52 s0, 2d 1
(5, 0)
x
3
2x 1 5s0d 5 10 −1
1 2 3 4 5 m5
5
2x 5 10 −2
x55 s5, 0d
10 1 15 25 1
9. m 5 5 5 10. y 2 s24d 5 22sx 2 2d
75 2 25 50 2
y 1 4 5 22x 1 4
1
y 2 10 5 sx 2 75d
2 2x 1 y 5 0
1 75
y 2 10 5 x 2
2 2
2y 2 20 5 x 2 75
x 2 2y 2 55 5 0
11. x 5 22 12. No, y2s4 2 xd 5 x3 is not a function of x, because the

graph does not pass the Vertical Line Test.
x1250
13. (a) The relation is a function because each x number is paired with exactly one y number.
(b) The relation is not a function because 0 is paired with two numbers, 0 and 24.
2 x11
14. (a) gs2d 5 5 22 15. (a) hstd 5 !9 2 t
223 (b) f sxd 5 x 2 4
7 92t ≥ 0 Domain: x Þ 4
(b) g12
7
2
5
7
2
5
7
726
57 2t ≥ 29
23 t ≤ 9
2
x12 x12 Domain: t ≤ 9 or s2 `, 9g
(c) gsx 1 2d 5 5
sx 1 2d 2 3 x 2 1
16. y 17. gsxd 5 2 sx 2 2d2 1 1 is a reflection in the x-axis,

horizontal shift 2 units to the right and a vertical shift
4
1 unit upward.
3
x
−3 −2 1 2 3
−2
18. s0, $26,000d, s4, $10,000d | |

19. (a) y 5 x 2 2
10,000 2 26,000 216,000 (b) y 5 |x| 2 2
m5 5 5 24000
420 4
(c) y 5 2 |x| 1 2 or 2 2 |x|
V 2 26,000 5 24000st 2 0d
V 5 24000t 1 26,000
16,000 5 24000t 1 26,000
210,000 5 24000t
210,000
5t
24000
5
2.5 5 5t
2
Verbal Actual Budgeted Verbal Actual Budgeted

11. Model: Difference 5 2 12. Model: Difference 5 2
expense amount expense amount
Equation: x 5 163,356 2 162,700 Equation: |
x 5 42,335 2 42,640 |
x 5 $656 which is more than $500. | |
x 5 2305 5 $305 which is less than $500.
CHAPTER 2 Graphs and Functions
SECTION 2.1 The Rectangular Coordinate System
1. 3x 5 7 is a linear equation because it can be written in the 2. To check x 5 3 is a solution of the equation 5x 2 4 5 11
form ax 1 b 5 0. Since x2 1 3x 5 2 cannot be written in substitute 3 for x in the equation. If the result is true,
the form ax 1 b 5 0, it is not a linear equation. x 5 3 is a solution.
3. 6xs2x2d 5 s6 ? 2d ? sx ? x2d 5 12x3 4. 3t2 ? t4 5 3t214 5 3t6
5. 2 s23x2d3s2x4d 5 s21ds23d3s2dsx2d3sx4d 6. s4x3y2ds22xy3d 5 s4ds22dsx3dsxdsy2dsy3d

5 s21ds227ds2dsx6dsx4d 5 28x4y5
5 54x10
7. 4 2 3s2x 1 1d 5 4 2 6x 2 3 5 1 2 6x 8. 5sx 1 2d 2 4s2x 2 3d 5 5x 1 10 2 8x 1 12

5 23x 1 22
9. 24 13y 1 6y 2 5 8y 1 4y 5 12y 10. 0.12x 1 0.05s2000 2 2xd 5 0.12x 1 100 2 0.1x

5 0.02x 1 100
1
11. Your rate 5 4 job per hour
1
Work Work done Work done

Verbal model: done 5 by you 1 by friend

1
Your rate 5
4
1
Friend’s rate 5
5
Time 5 t
—CONTINUED—
11. —CONTINUED—
1 1
Equation: 15 t1 t
4 5
15 114 1 512t
15 1209 2t
1
5t
9
20
20
5 t < 2.2 hours
9
Labels: Distance 5 200 miles at 50 mph

200 miles at 42 mph
400 miles at x mph
Rate 5 50, 42, x
200 200 400
Time 5 1 or
50 42 x
200 200 400
Equation: 1 5
50 42 x
100 400
41 5
21 x
184 400
5
21 x
21s400d
x5 < 45.65 mph
184
SECTION 2.2 Graphs of Equations
1. If t 2 3 > 7 and c is an algebraic expression, then 2. If t 2 3 < 7 and c < 0, then st 2 3dc > 7c.
t 2 3 1 c > 7 1 c.
3. Multiplicative Inverse Property: 4. u 1 v 5 v 1 u illustrates the Commutative Property of

Addition.
y 11y 2 5 1
5. 2x 1 3 ≥ 5 6. 5 2 3x > 14
2x 1 3 2 3 ≥ 5 2 3 5 2 5 2 3x > 14 2 5
2x ≥ 2 23x > 9
2x 2 23x 9
≥ <
2 2 23 23
x ≥ 1 x < 23
7. 24 < 10x 1 1 < 6 8. 22 ≤ 1 2 2x ≤ 2

24 2 1 < 10x 1 1 2 1 < 6 2 1 22 2 1 ≤ 1 2 1 2 2x ≤ 2 2 1
25 < 10x < 5 23 ≤ 22x ≤ 1
25 10x 5 23 22x 1
< < ≥ ≥
10 10 10 22 22 22
21 1 3 21
< x < ≥ x ≥
2 2 2 2
21 3
≤ x ≤
2 2
9. 23 ≤ 2
x
≤ 3 10. 25 < x 2 25 < 5
2
25 1 25 < x 2 25 1 25 < 5 1 25
x
2 ? 23 ≤ 2 ? 2 ≤ 3 ?2 20 < x < 30
2
26 ≤ 2x ≤ 6
26 2x 6
≥ ≥
21 21 21
6 ≥ x ≥ 26
26 ≤ x ≤ 6
Compared Base
11. Verbal model: number 5 Percent ? number

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
32,500 5 1.12b
32,500
1.12 5b
$29,018 < b
Compared Base
12. Verbal model: number 5 Percent ? number

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
a 5 s0.035ds3100d
a 5 $108.50
SECTION 2.3 Slope and Graphs of Linear Equations
1. Two equations having the same set of solutions are called 2. 12x 2 5 5 13
equivalent.
12x 5 13 1 5
x 1
3. x1 54 4. x 1 1 5 10
2 3
1
2 x1
x
2 2
5 s4d2 3 113x 1 12 5 s10d3
2x 1 x 5 8 x 1 3 5 30
3x 5 8 x 5 27
3x 8
5
3 3
8
x5
3
3 3
5. 24sx 2 5d 5 0 6. x1 52
8 4
24x 1 20 5 0
24x 5 220
8 138x 1 432 5 s2d8
24x 220 3x 1 6 5 16
5
24 24
3x 5 10
x55
10
x5
3
7. 8sx 2 14d 5 32 8. 12s3 2 xd 5 5 2 7s2x 1 1d

8x 2 112 5 32 36 2 12x 5 5 2 14x 2 7
8x 5 144 36 2 12x 5 214x 2 2
8x 144 36 1 2x 5 22
5
8 8
2x 5 238
x 5 18
x 5 219
1
9. 2 s2x 1 8d 1 s6x 1 5d 5 0 10. s1 1 rd500 5 550
3
550
5 11r5
22x 2 8 1 2x 1 50 500
3
1 1 r 5 1.1
224 5
1 50
3 3 r 5 1.1 2 1
219 r 5 0.1
Þ0
3
No solution
Number of
Total Cost of
5
first minute 1 0.45
additional
11. Verbal model: cost
minutes
Labels: Total cost 5 $11
Cost of first minute 5 $1.10
Number of additional minutes 5 x
Inequality: 11 ≥ 1.10 1 0.45t > 1.10
9.9 ≥ 0.45t > 0
22 ≥ t > 0
0 < t ≤ 22
0 < t ≤ 23 (with first minute)
12. 0.65m 1 4500 < 20,000

0.65m < 15,500
m < 23,846
SECTION 2.4 Equations of Lines
a 4 12
1. The ratio of the real number a to the real number b is . 2. 5 is a proportion.
b 5 u
Compared
3. Verbal model: number 5 Percent ? Base number

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p ?b
a 5 0.075 ? 25
a 5 1.875
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
a 5 1.50s6000d
a 5 9000
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p ?b
225 5 p ? 150
225
150 5p
1.5 5 p
150% 5 p
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
93 5 p ? 600
93
600 5p
0.155 5 p
15.5% 5 p
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a5p ?b
160 5 p ? 240
160
240 5p
0.6623 5p
6623% 5p
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
42 5 0.12b
42
0.12 5b
350 5 b
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
400 5 0.005b
400
0.005 5b
80,000 5 b
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
132 5 0.48b
132
0.48 5b
275 5 b
Cement Cement
11. Verbal model: 5
Sand Sand
1 90 2 x
Proportion: 5
4 x
4s90 2 xd 5 x
360 2 4x 5 x
360 5 5x
72 5 x pounds
12. 96 2 32t 5 0
96 5 32t
96
32 5t
3 5 t seconds
SECTION 2.5 Relations and Functions
1. If a < b and b < c, then a < c by the Transitive Property. 2. 9x 5 36

9x 5 19s36d
x54
3. “y is no more than 45” translates into y ≤ 45. 4. “x is at least 15” can be expressed in inequality notation
as x ≥ 15.
5. 6y 2 3x 1 3x 2 10y 5 s6y 2 10yd 1 s23x 1 3xd 6. 8sx 2 2d 2 3sx 2 2d 5 8x 2 16 2 3x 1 6

5 24y 5 5x 2 10
5 5sx 2 2d
7. 23t 2 58 1 56t 5 s23 1 56 dt 2 58 8. 38x 2 12

1
x 1 8 5 s38 2 12
1
dx 1 8
5 s46 1 56 dt 2 58 5 s24 dx 1 8
9 2
2 24
5 96t 2 58 7
5 24x 1 8
5 32t 2 58
9. 3x2 2 5x 1 3 1 28x 2 33x2 5 s3x2 2 33x2d 1 s25x 1 28xd 1 3

5 230x2 1 23x 1 3
10. 4x3 2 3x2y 1 4xy2 1 15x2y 1 y3 5 4x3 1 s23 1 15dsx2yd 1 4xy2 1 y3

5 4x3 1 12x2y 1 4xy2 1 y3
Cups flour Cups flour

11. Verbal model: 5
Batches cookies Batches cookies
1
2
2 x
Proportion: 5
1 1
3
2
1 1
x52
2
? 32
5 7
x5
2
?2
35 3
x5 5 8 cups
4 4
Gasoline Gasoline
12. Verbal model: 5
Oil Oil
32 x
Proportion: 5
1 1
2
1
x 5 32 ?
2
x 5 16 pints or 4 gallons
SECTION 2.6 Graphs of Functions
1
1. 8x ? 5 1 illustrates the Multiplicative Inverse Property. 2. 3x 1 0 5 3x illustrates the Additive Identity Property.
8x
3. 24sx 1 10d 5 24 ? x 1 s24ds10d illustrates the 4. 5 1 s23 1 xd 5 s5 2 3d 1 x illustrates the Associative

Distributive Property Property of Addition.
5. 5x4sx2d 5 5x412 5 5x6 6. 3sx 1 1d2sx 1 1d3 5 3sx 1 1d213 5 3sx 1 1d5
7. s24t 3d 5 s24d3std3 5 264t 3 8. 2 s22xd4 5 2 s22d4x4 5 2 s116dx4 5 216x4
9. su2vd4 5 su2d4v4 5 u8v4 10. s3a2bd2s2b3d 5 32sa2d2b2s2dsb3d

5 s9 ? 2dsa4dsb213d
5 18a4b5
11. Verbal model: Discount 5 Discount rate ? List price
Labels: Discount 5 x
Discount rate 5 20%
List price 5 $239.95
Equation: x 5 0.20s239.95d
x 5 $47.99
Verbal model: Total cost 5 List price 1 Shipping
Labels: Total cost 5 x

Shipping 5 $4.32
Equation: x 5 188.95 1 4.32
x 5 $193.27
Verbal model: Sale price 5 List price 2 Discount

Discount 5 $47.99
Equation: x 5 239.95 2 47.99
x 5 $191.96
The department store price is a better bargain.
Compared

Percent 5 p
Base number 5 b
Equation: a 5 pb
a 5 1.30s739d
a 5 $960.70
C H A P T E R 3
Polynomials and Factoring
Section 3.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Section 3.2 Multiplying Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Section 3.3 Factoring Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Section 3.4 Factoring Trinomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Section 3.5 Solving Polynomial Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Cumulative Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

C H A P T E R 3
Polynomials and Factoring
Section 3.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
1. Standard form: 10x 2 4 3. Standard form: 3x2 2 x 1 2

Degree: 1 Degree: 2
Leading coefficient: 10 Leading coefficient: 3
5. Standard form: y5 2 3y4 2 2y3 1 5 7. Standard form: 23x3 2 2x2 2 3

Degree: 5 Degree: 3
9. Standard form: 24 11. Standard form: 216t2 1 v0t

Degree: 0 Degree: 2
13. 12 2 5y2 is a binomial. 15. x3 1 2x2 2 4 is a trinomial. 17. 5 is a monomial.
19. A monomial of degree 3 is any term of form ax3 where a 21. A binomial of degree 2 and leading coefficient of 8 is any
is any real number. binomial beginning 8x2 and containing one other term of
degree less than 2 such as 8x2 1 4 or 8x2 1 x.
23. y23 2 2 is not a polynomial because the first term is not of the form axk (k must be nonnegative).
8
25. is not a polynomial because the term is not of the form axk (k must be nonnegative).
x
27. 5 1 s2 1 3xd 5 s5 1 2d 1 3x 5 7 1 3x 29. s2x2 2 3d 1 s5x2 1 6d 5 s2x2 1 5x2d 1 s23 1 6d 5 7x2 1 3
31. s5y 1 6d 1 s4y2 2 6y 2 3d 5 4y2 1 s5y 2 6yd 1 s6 2 3d 5 4y2 2 y 1 3
33. s2 2 8yd 1 s22y4 1 3y 1 2d 5 s22y4d 1 s28y 1 3yd 1 s2 1 2d 5 22y4 2 5y 1 4
35. s8 2 t 4d 1 s5 1 t 4d 5 s8 1 5d 1 s2t 4 1 t 4d 5 13
37. sx2 2 3x 1 8d 1 s2x2 2 4xd 1 3x2 5 sx2 1 2x2 1 3x2d 1 s23x 2 4xd 1 s8d 5 6x2 2 7x 1 8
39. s23x3 2 4x 1 1d 1 s2 35 1 7x 2 12x3d 5 s23x3 2 12x3d 1 s24x 1 7xd 1 s1 2 35 d 5 s46x3 2 36x3d 1 3x 1 s55 2 35 d 5 16x3 1 3x 1 25
41. s6.32t 2 4.51t2d 1 s7.2t2 1 1.03t 2 4.2d 5 s24.51t2 1 7.2t2d 1 s6.32t 1 1.03td 2 4.2 5 2.69t2 1 7.35t 2 4.2
188
Section 3.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 189
43. 5x2 2 3x 1 4 45. 4x3 2 2x2 1 8x 47. 5p2 2 4p 1 2

23x2 24 4x2 1 x 2 6 23p2 1 2p 2 7
2x2 2 3x 4x3 1 2x2 1 9x 2 6 2p2 2 2p 2 5
49. 23.6b2 1 2.5b 51. s4 2 y3d 2 s4 1 y3d 5 s4 2 y3d 1 s24 2 y3d

22.4b2 2 3.1b 1 7.1 5 s4 2 4d 1 s2y3 2 y3d
6.6b2 5 22y3
0.6b2 2 0.6b 1 7.1
53. s3x2 2 2x 1 1d 2 s2x2 1 x 2 1d 5 s3x2 2 2x 1 1d 1 s22x2 2 x 1 1d

5 s3x2 2 2x2d 1 s22x 2 xd 1 s1 1 1d
5 x2 2 3x 1 2
55. s6t3 2 12d 2 s2t3 1 t 2 2d 5 s6t3 2 12d 1 st3 2 t 1 2d

5 s6t3 1 t3d 2 t 1 s212 1 2d
5 7t3 2 t 2 10
57. s14 y2 2 5yd 2 s12 1 4y 2 32 y2d 5 s14 y2 2 5yd 1 s212 2 4y 1 32 y2d

5 s14 y2 1 32 y2d 1 s25y 2 4yd 2 12
7
5 4 y2 2 9y 2 12
59. s10.4t 4 2 0.23t 5 1 1.3t2d 2 s2.6 2 7.35t 1 6.7t2 2 9.6t 5d 5 s10.4t 4 2 0.23t5 1 1.3t2d 1 s22.6 1 7.35t 2 6.7t2 1 9.6t5d
5 s20.23t 5 1 9.6t 5d 1 10.4t 4 1 s1.3t2 2 6.7t2d 1 7.35t 2 2.6
5 9.37t 5 1 10.4t 4 2 5.4t 2 1 7.35t 2 2.6
61. sx3 2 3xd 2 f3x3 2 sx2 1 5xdg 5 sx3 2 3xd 2 f3x3 2 x2 2 5xg 63. x2 2 x 1 3 ⇒ x2 2 x 1 3
5 x3 2 3x 2 3x3 1 x2 1 5x 2 sx 2 2d ⇒ 2 x12
5 22x3 1 x2 1 2x x2 2 2x 1 5
65. 25 2 15x 2 2x3 ⇒ 22x3 2 15x 1 25 67. 23x7 1 6x4 1 4 ⇒ 23x7 1 6x4 1 4
2 s12 2 13x 1 2x3d ⇒ 22x3 1 13x 2 12 2 s8x7 1 10x5 2 2x4 2 12d ⇒ 28x7 2 10x5 1 2x4 1 12
24x3 2 2x 1 13 211x7 2 10x5 1 8x4 1 16
69. 2 s2x3 2 3d 1 s4x3 2 2xd 5 22x3 1 3 1 4x3 2 2x

5 s22x3 1 4x3d 1 s22xd 1 s3d
5 2x3 2 2x 1 3
71. s4x5 2 10x3 1 6xd 2 s8x5 2 3x3 1 11d 1 s4x5 1 5x3 2 x2d 5 s4x5 2 10x3 1 6xd 1 s28x5 1 3x3 2 11d 1 s4x5 1 5x3 2 x2d
5 s4x5 2 8x5 1 4x5d 1 s210x3 1 3x3 1 5x3d 2 x2 1 6x 2 11
5 22x3 2 x2 1 6x 2 11
190 Chapter 3 Polynomials and Factoring
73. s5y2 2 2yd 2 fsy2 1 yd 2 s3y2 2 6y 1 2dg 5 s5y2 2 2yd 2 fsy2 1 yd 1 s23y2 1 6y 2 2dg
5 s5y2 2 2yd 2 fsy2 2 3y2d 1 sy 1 6yd 2 2g
5 s5y2 2 2yd 2 f22y2 1 7y 2 2g
5 s5y2 2 2yd 1 s2y2 2 7y 1 2d
5 s5y2 1 2y2d 1 s22y 2 7yd 1 2
5 7y2 2 9y 1 2
75. s8x3 2 4x2 1 3xd 2 fsx3 2 4x2 1 5d 1 sx 2 5dg 5 s8x3 2 4x2 1 3xd 2 fx3 2 4x2 1 xg
5 s8x3 2 4x2 1 3xd 1 s2x3 1 4x2 2 xd
5 s8x3 2 x3d 1 s24x2 1 4x2d 1 s3x 2 xd
5 7x3 1 2x
77. 3s4x2 2 1d 1 s3x3 2 7x2 1 5d 5 12x2 2 3 1 3x3 2 7x2 1 5

5 3x3 1 5x2 1 2
79. 2st2 1 12d 2 5st2 1 5d 1 6st2 1 5d 5 2t2 1 24 2 5t2 2 25 1 6t2 1 30

5 s2t2 2 5t2 1 6t2d 1 s24 2 25 1 30d
5 3t2 1 29
81. 15v 2 3s3v 2 v2d 1 9s8v 1 3d 5 15v 2 9v 1 3v2 1 72v 1 27

5 s3v2d 1 s15v 2 9v 1 72vd 1 27
5 3v2 1 78v 1 27
83. 5s 2 f6s 2 s30s 1 8dg 5 5s 2 f6s 2 30s 2 8g

5 s5s 2 6s 1 30sd 1 s8d
5 29s 1 8
85. Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 x X,T, u 3 2 3 X,T, u x2 2 2 d 2 x X,T, u x2 1 1 d
>
ENTER
y2 X,T, u 3 2 4 X,T, u x2 2 3 GRAPH

>
−10 11
−13
y1 and y2 represent equivalent expressions since the graphs of y1 and y2 are identical.
87. hsxd 5 f sxd 1 gsxd

5 s4x3 2 3x2 1 7d 1 s9 2 x 2 x2 2 5x3d
5 s4x3 2 5x3d 1 s23x2 2 x2d 2 x 1 s7 1 9d
5 2x3 2 4x2 2 x 1 16
Section 3.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials 191
89. Polynomial Value Substitute Simplify

hstd 5 216t2 1 64 (a) t 5 0 216s0d2 1 64 64 feet
(b) t 5
1
2 216s 2d
1 2
1 64 60 feet
(c) t 5 1 216s1d 1 64 2
48 feet
(d) t 5 2 216s2d2 1 64 0 feet
At time t 5 0, the object is at 64 feet and continues to fall, reaching the ground at time t 5 2.
91. Polynomial Value Substitute Simplify

hstd 5 216t2 1 80t 1 50 (a) t 5 0 216s0d2 1 80s0d 1 50 50 feet
(b) t 5 2 216s2d 1 80s2d 1 50
2 146 feet
(c) t 5 4 216s4d 1 80s4d 1 50
2 114 feet
(d) t 5 5 216s5d2 1 80s5d 1 50 50 feet
At time t 5 0, the object is at a height of 50 feet. The object moves upward, reaches a maximum height and returns down-
ward. At time t 5 5, object is again at a height of 50 feet.
93. The free-falling object was dropped. 95. The free-falling object was thrown downward.
216s0d2 1 100 5 100 feet 216s0d2 2 24s0d 1 50 5 50 feet
97. h 5 216s1d2 1 40s1d 1 200 5 224 feet

h 5 216s2d2 1 40s2d 1 200 5 216 feet
h 5 216s3d2 1 40s3d 1 200 5 176 feet
99. Verbal model: Profit 5 Revenu 2 Cost
Equation: P5R2C
P 5 14x 2 s8x 1 15,000d
P 5 6x 2 15,000
P 5 6s5000d 2 15,000
P 5 $15,000
101. Perimeter of region 5 2s2x 1 4d 1 4x 1 2s3xd 103. Area of region 5 s6 ? 32xd 1 s6 ? 92xd or 6 ? f32x 1 92xg
5 4x 1 8 1 4x 1 6x 5 9x 1 27x or 6f12
2 xg
5 14x 1 8 5 36x or 36x
105. Area 5 12sx 1 6d 2 7x

5 12x 1 72 2 7x
5 5x 1 72
Per capita
consumption Per capita
of all bever- consumption Per capita
107. (a) Verbal model: age 5 of all 2 consumption
milks other beverage of whole
than whole milks milk
Equation: y 5 s231.06 1 0.009t 2 0.095t2d 2 s171.17 2 11.415t 1 0.325t2d

y 5 231.06 1 0.009t 2 0.095t2 1 s2171.17 1 11.415t 2 0.325t2d
5 s231.06 2 171.17d 1 s0.009t 1 11.415td 1 s20.095t2 2 0.325t2d
5 59.89 1 11.424t 2 0.42t2
5 20.42t2 1 11.424t 1 59.89
(b) Keystrokes:
Y 5 59.89 1 11.4141 X,T, u 2 .42 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
150
6 16
100
No, this model was increasing over the interval 6 ≤ t ≤ 13.6.
109. The degree of the term axk is k. The term of highest degree in a polynomial has the same degree as the polynomial.
111. 8x2 2 3x2 5 s8 2 3dx2 5 5x2
113. No, not every trinomial is a second-degree polynomial. For example, x3 1 2x 1 3 is a trinomial of third-degree.
Section 3.2 Multiplying Polynomials
1. t 3 ? t 4 5 st ? t ? tdst ? t ? t ? td 5 t 314 5 t7 3. s25xd5 5 25x ? 25x ? 25x ? 25x ? 25x

5 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
5 s25d5x5 5 23125x5
x6 x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
5. su4d2 5 u4 ? u4 7.
x4
5
x?x?x?x
5 x624 5 x2
5 u414
5 u8
y?y?y?y
15y 2
4
y y y y y4 y4
9. 5 ?5?5?555 5 45
5 ? 5 ? 5 ? 5 5 625
Per capita
consumption Per capita
of all bever- consumption Per capita
107. (a) Verbal model: age 5 of all 2 consumption
milks other beverage of whole
than whole milks milk
Equation: y 5 s231.06 1 0.009t 2 0.095t2d 2 s171.17 2 11.415t 1 0.325t2d

y 5 231.06 1 0.009t 2 0.095t2 1 s2171.17 1 11.415t 2 0.325t2d
5 s231.06 2 171.17d 1 s0.009t 1 11.415td 1 s20.095t2 2 0.325t2d
5 59.89 1 11.424t 2 0.42t2
5 20.42t2 1 11.424t 1 59.89
(b) Keystrokes:
Y 5 59.89 1 11.4141 X,T, u 2 .42 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
150
6 16
100
No, this model was increasing over the interval 6 ≤ t ≤ 13.6.
109. The degree of the term axk is k. The term of highest degree in a polynomial has the same degree as the polynomial.
111. 8x2 2 3x2 5 s8 2 3dx2 5 5x2
113. No, not every trinomial is a second-degree polynomial. For example, x3 1 2x 1 3 is a trinomial of third-degree.
Section 3.2 Multiplying Polynomials
1. t 3 ? t 4 5 st ? t ? tdst ? t ? t ? td 5 t 314 5 t7 3. s25xd5 5 25x ? 25x ? 25x ? 25x ? 25x

5 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? 25 ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
5 s25d5x5 5 23125x5
x6 x ? x ? x ? x ? x ? x
5. su4d2 5 u4 ? u4 7.
x4
5
x?x?x?x
5 x624 5 x2
5 u414
5 u8
y?y?y?y
15y 2
4
y y y y y4 y4
9. 5 ?5?5?555 5 45
5 ? 5 ? 5 ? 5 5 625
Section 3.2 Multiplying Polynomials 193
11. (a) 23x3 ? x5 5 23sx3 ? x5d 5 23x315 5 23x8 (b) s23xd2 ? x5 5 9x2 ? x5 5 9x215 5 9x7
13. (a) s25z2d3 5 s25d3 ? sz2d3 5 2125z2 ? 3 5 2125z6 (b) s25z4d2 5 s25d2sz4d2 5 25z4 ? 2 5 25z8
15. (a) su3vds2v2d 5 2 ? u3 ? v112 5 2u3v3 (b) s24u4dsu5vd 5 24 ? u415 ? v 5 24u9v
17. (a) 5u2 ? s23u6d 5 5 ? 23 ? u2 ? u6 5 215u216 5 215u8 (b) s2ud4s4ud 5 24u4 ? 4u 5 16 ? 4 ? u411 5 64u5
19. (a) 2 sm5nd3s2m2n2d2 5 2m5 ? 3n3 ? m2 ? 2n2 ? 2 (b) s2m5ndsm2n2d 5 2m512n112 5 2m7n3
5 2m15n3 ? m4n4
5 2m1514 ? n314 5 2m19n7
27m5n6 27 m5 n6 218m3n6 218 m3 n6

21. (a)
9mn3
5
9
? m
? n3 (b)
26mn3
5
26
? m
? n3
5 3 ? m521 ? n623 5 3 ? m321 ? n623
5 3m4n3 5 3m2n3
? x2 53 ? u3
13x4y2 15u3v 2
2 3
32
23. (a) 5 (b) 5
42 ? y2 33 ? v3
9x2 125u3
5 5
16y2 27v3
s23x2yd3 s23d3sx2d3y3 s22xy3d2 s22d2x2sy3d2

25. (a) 2 2 2
52 (b) 2 52
9x y 9x2y2 6y2 6y2
s227dx6y3 4x2y6
52 52
9x2y2 6y2
27x622 y322 2x2 y622
5 52
9 3
5 3x4y 2x2y4
52
3
? su3d2 ? svd2
3 s25u vd
10u v 4
53
s25d
4 3 2510usu vvd 4 5 3 25 ? 10u
su d ? svd
4
3 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 2
27. (a) 2
(a)
10u2v 2 v 2
25u6v2
3 10u v 4 3 10u v 4
2 2
25u6v2
5 2 5 2
3 25 4 3 25 4
6 2 2
u v2 u 6
v2
5 ?
10 u 2 ? v
5 ?
10 u 2 ? v
32 ? u ? v2214 3 ? u622 ? v2214

2 2
5 1
5 622 5 2
2
3 52u v4 3 212u v4
2 2
5 4
5 4
25 8 2 1
5 uv 5 u8v2
4 4
x2n14y4n
29. (a) 5 x2n1425y4n2 s2n11d 5 x2n21y4n22n21 5 x2n21y2n21
x5y2n11
x6nyn27
(b) 5 x6n2 s4n12dyn2725 5 x6n24n22yn212 5 x2n22yn212
x4n12y5
31. s22a2ds28ad 5 s22ds28da2 ? a 5 16a211 5 16a3 33. 2ys5 2 yd 5 s2yds5d 2 s2ydsyd 5 10y 2 2y2
35. 4xs2x2 2 3x 1 5d 5 s4xds2x2d 2 s4xds3xd 1 s4xds5d 5 8x3 2 12x2 1 20x
37. 22x2s5 1 3x2 2 7x3d 5 s22x2ds5d 1 s22x2ds3x2d 2 s22x2ds7x3d 5 210x2 2 6x4 1 14x5
39. 2x3sx4 2 2x3 1 5x 2 6d 5 2x3sx4d 2 x3s22x3d 2 x3s5xd 2 x3s26d 5 2x7 1 2x6 2 5x4 1 6x3
41. 23xs25xds5x 1 2d 5 s23xds25xds5x 1 2d 5 15x2s5x 1 2d 5 15x2s5xd 1 15x2s2d 5 75x3 1 30x2
43. u2vs3u4 2 5u2 1 6uv3d 5 u2vs3u4d 1 u2vs25u2d 1 u2vs6uv3d 5 3u6v 2 5u4v 1 6u3v4
45. sx 1 2dsx 1 4d 5 x2 1 4x 1 2x 1 8 5 x2 1 6x 1 8
47. sx 2 6dsx 1 5d 5 x2 1 5x 2 6x 2 30 5 x2 2 x 2 30
49. sx 2 4dsx 2 4d 5 x2 2 4x 2 4x 1 16 5 x2 2 8x 1 16
51. s2x 2 3dsx 1 5d 5 2x2 1 10x 2 3x 2 15 5 2x2 1 7x 2 15
53. s5x 2 2ds2x 2 6d 5 10x2 2 30x 2 4x 1 12 5 10x2 2 34x 1 12
55. s8 2 3x2ds4x 1 1d 5 32x 1 8 2 12x3 2 3x2 5 212x3 2 3x2 1 32x 1 8
57. s4y 2 13 ds12y 1 9d 5 48y2 1 36y 2 4y 2 3 5 48y2 1 32y 2 3
59. s2x 1 yds3x 1 2yd 5 6x2 1 4xy 1 3xy 1 2y2 5 6x2 1 7xy 1 2y2
61. s2t 2 1dst 1 1d 1 1s2t 2 5dst 2 1d 5 2t2 1 2t 2 t 2 1 1 2t2 2 2t 2 5t 1 5 5 4t2 2 6t 1 4
63. sx 2 1dsx2 2 4x 1 6d 5 sx 2 1dsx2d 1 sx 2 1ds24xd 1 sx 2 1ds6d

5 x3 2 x2 2 4x2 1 4x 1 6x 2 6
5 x3 2 5x2 1 10x 2 6
65. s3a 1 2dsa2 1 3a 1 1d 5 s3a 1 2dsa2d 1 s3a 1 2ds3ad 1 s3a 1 2ds1d

5 3a3 1 2a2 1 9a2 1 6a 1 3a 1 2
5 3a3 1 11a2 1 9a 1 2
67. s2u2 1 3u 2 4ds4u 1 5d 5 s4u 1 5ds2u2d 1 s4u 1 5ds3ud 1 s4u 1 5ds24d

5 8u3 1 10u2 1 12u2 1 15u 2 16u 2 20
5 8u3 1 22u2 2 u 2 20
69. sx3 2 3x 1 2dsx 2 2d 5 x3sx 2 2d 1 s23xdsx 2 2d 1 2sx 2 2d

5 x4 2 2x3 2 3x2 1 6x 1 2x 2 4
5 x4 2 2x3 2 3x2 1 8x 2 4
71. s5x2 1 2dsx2 1 4x 2 1d 5 s5x2 1 2dsx2d 1 s5x2 1 2ds4xd 1 s5x2 1 2ds21d

5 5x4 1 2x2 1 20x3 1 8x 2 5x2 2 2
5 5x4 1 20x3 2 3x2 1 8x 2 2
73. st2 1 t 2 2dst2 2 t 1 2d 5 t2st2 2 t 1 2d 1 tst2 2 t 1 2d 2 2st2 2 t 1 2d

5 t 4 2 t3 1 2t2 1 t3 2 t2 1 2t 2 2t2 1 2t 2 4
5 t 4 2 t2 1 4t 2 4
75. 7x2 2 14x 1 9 77. 2u2 1 5u 1 3

4x3 1 3 u22
1 21x2 2 42x 1 27 24u2 2 10u 2 6
28x5 2 56x4 1 36x3 2u3 1 5u2 1 3u
28x5 2 56x4 1 36x3 1 21x2 2 42x 1 27 2u3 1 u2 2 7u 2 6
79. 2x2 1 2x 2 1 81. t2 1 t 2 2

2x 1 1 t2 2 t 1 2
2x2 1 2x 2 1 1 2t2 1 2t 2 4
22x3 1 4x2 2 2x 2 t3 2 t2 1 2t
22x3 1 3x2 21 t 4 1 t3 2 2t2
t4 2 t2 1 4t 2 4
83. sx 1 2dsx 2 2d 5 sxd2 2 s2d2 85. sx 2 7dsx 1 7d 5 sxd2 2 s7d2

5 x2 2 4 5 x2 2 49
87. s2 1 7yds2 2 7yd 5 s2d2 2 s7yd2 5 4 2 49y2 89. s6 2 4xds6 1 4xd 5 s6d2 2 s4xd2 5 36 2 16x2
91. s2a 1 5bds2a 2 5bd 5 s2ad2 2 s5bd2 5 4a2 2 25b2 93. s6x 2 9yds6x 1 9yd 5 s6xd2 2 s9yd2 5 36x2 2 81y2
95. s2x 2 14 ds2x 1 14 d 5 s2xd2 2 s14 d 5 4x2 2 16

2 1
97. s0.2t 1 0.5ds0.2t 2 0.5d 5 s0.2td2 2 s0.5d2
5 0.04t2 2 0.25
99. sx 1 5d2 5 sxd2 1 2sxds5d 1 s5d2 5 x2 1 10x 1 25 101. sx 2 10d2 5 sxd2 2 2sxds10d 1 102 5 x2 2 20x 1 100
103. s2x 1 5d2 5 s2xd2 1 2s2xds5d 1 s5d2 5 4x2 1 20x 1 25 105. s6x 2 1d2 5 s6xd2 2 2s6xds1d 1 s1d2 5 36x2 2 12x 1 1
107. s2x 2 7yd2 5 s2xd2 2 2s2xds7yd 1 s7yd2 5 4x2 2 28xy 1 49y2
109. fsx 1 2d 1 yg2 5 sx 1 2d2 1 2sx 1 2dy 1 y2 5 sxd2 1 2sxds2d 1 s2d2 1 2xy 1 4y 1 y2 5 x2 1 4x 1 4 1 2xy 1 4y 1 y2
111. fu 2 sv 2 3dgfu 1 sv 2 3dg 5 sud2 2 sv 2 3d2 5 u2 2 fv2 2 2svds3d 1 s3d2g 5 u2 2 sv2 2 6v 1 9d 5 u2 2 v2 1 6v 2 9
113. sx 1 3d3 5 sx 1 3dsx 1 3dsx 1 3d 115. su 1 vd3 5 su 1 vdsu 1 vdsu 1 vd

5 sx2 1 3x 1 3x 1 9dsx 1 3d 5 su2 1 uv 1 uv 1 v2dsu 1 vd
5 sx2 1 6x 1 9dsx 1 3d 5 su2 1 2uv 1 v2dsu 1 vd
x2 1 6x 1 9 u2 1 2uv 1 v2
x1 3 u1v
3x2 1 18x 1 27 u2v 1 2uv2 1 v3
x3 1 6x2 1 9x u3 1 2u2v 1 uv2
x3 1 9x2 1 27x 1 27 u3 1 3u2v 1 3uv2 1 v3
117. Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 x X,T, u 1 1 d x X,T, u x2 2 X,T, u 1 2 d ENTER
y2 X,T, u 3 1 X,T, u 1 2 GRAPH

>
−9 9
−4
y1 5 y2 because sx 1 1dsx2 2 x 1 2d 5 x3 2 x2 1 2x 1 x2 2 x 1 2 5 x3 1 x 1 2
119. Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 x 2 X,T, u 2 3 d x X,T, u 1 2 d ENTER
y2 2 X,T, u x2 1 X,T, u 2 6 GRAPH
−12 12
−8
y1 5 y2 because s2x 2 3dsx 1 2d 5 2x2 1 4x 2 3x 2 6 5 2x2 1 x 2 6
121. (a) f st 2 3d 5 st 2 3d2 2 2st 2 3d (b) f s2 1 hd 2 f s2d 5 fs2 1 hd2 2 2s2 1 hdg 2 f22 2 2s2dg
5 t2 2 6t 1 9 2 2t 1 6 5 s4 1 4h 1 h2 2 4 2 2hd 2 s0d
5 t2 2 8t 1 15 5 2h 1 h2
123. (a) Verbal model: Volume 5 Length ? Width ? Height
Function: Vsnd 5 n ? sn 1 2d ? sn 1 4d
5 nsn2 1 6n 1 8d
5 n3 1 6n2 1 8n
(b) Vs2d 5 2 ? s2 1 2d ? s2 1 4d
5 2s4ds6d
5 48 cubic inches
(c) Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Function: Asnd 5 n ? sn 1 2d
5 n2 1 2n
(d) Function: Area 5 sn 1 4dsn 1 2 1 4d
5 sn 1 4dsn 1 6d
5 n2 1 6n 1 4n 1 24
5 n2 1 10n 1 24 5 Asn 1 4d
Asn 1 4d 5 sn 1 4dsn 1 4 1 2d
5 sn 1 4dsn 1 6d
5 n2 1 10n 1 24
Area of Area of Area of

125. Verbal model: Shaded 5 Outside 2 Inside
Region Rectangle Rectangle
Function: Asxd 5 3xs3x 1 10d 2 xsx 1 4d

5 9x2 1 30x 2 x2 2 4x
5 8x2 1 26x

127. Verbal model: Shaded 5 Larger 2 Smaller
Region Triangle Triangle
Function: Asxd 5 12s2xds1.6xd 2 12sxds0.8xd

5 1.6x2 2 0.4x2
5 1.2x2
129. (a) Verbal model: Perimeter 5 2 Length 1 2 Width (b) Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
P 5 2s2wd 1 2w A 5 s32wdswd
3
5 3w 1 2w A 5 32w2
P 5 5w
3
2
w
131. Interest 5 1000s1 1 rd2 133. Area 5 l ? w
5 1000s1 1 rds1 1 rd 5 sx 1 adsx 1 bd
5 1000s1 1 2r 1 r2d 5 x2 1 ax 1 bx 1 ab
5 1000 1 2000r 1 1000r2 Area 5 sx ? xd 1 sx ? ad 1 sx ? bd 1 sa ? bd

5 x2 1 ax 1 bx 1 ab
Formula: sx 1 adsx 1 bd 5 x2 1 ax 1 bx 1 ab.
Distributive Property
135. (a) sx 2 1dsx 1 1d 5 x2 2 1

(b) sx 2 1dsx2 1 x 1 1d 5 x3 1 x2 1 x 2 x2 2 x 2 1 5 x3 2 1
(c) sx 2 1dsx3 1 x2 1 x 1 1d 5 x4 1 x3 1 x2 1 x 2 x3 2 x2 2 x 2 1 5 x4 2 1
sx 2 1dsx4 1 x3 1 x2 1 x 1 1d 5 x5 2 1
137. (a) Verbal model: Volume 5 Length ? Width ? Height
Labels: Volume 5 VBsxd

Length 5 3x 2 2
Width 5 x 1 5
Height 5 x
Function: VBsxd 5 s3x 2 2dsx 1 5dx
5 s3x2 1 15x 2 2x 2 10dx
5 s3x2 1 13x 2 10dx
5 3x3 1 13x2 2 10x
1
(b) Verbal model: Volume 5
3
? Area of base ? Height
Labels: Volume 5 VPsxd

Area of base 5 s2x 2 6dsx 2 1d
Height 5 x 2 3
Function: VPsxd 5 13s2x 2 6dsx 2 1dsx 2 3d
5 13s2x2 2 8x 1 6dsx 2 3d
5 13s2x3 2 8x2 1 6x 2 6x2 1 24x 2 18d
5 13s2x3 2 14x2 1 30x 2 18d
5 23x3 2 14
3 x 1 10x 2 6
2
Volume Volume Volume

(c) Verbal model: 5 of bin 2 of pyramid
of grain
Function: VSsxd 5 s3x3 1 13x2 2 10xd 2 s23x3 2 14

3 x 1 10x 2 6d
2
5 3x3 1 13x2 2 10x 2 23x3 1 14

3 x 2 10x 1 6
2
7 53
5 3x3 1 3 x2 2 20x 1 6
Section 3.3 Factoring Polynomials 199
139. s2xd3 5 23 ? x3 5 8x3 Þ 2x3 141. F 5 First

O 5 Outer
I 5 Inner
L 5 Last
143. (a) True, the product of two monomials is a monomial.

(b) False, the product of two binomials can be a trinomial. For example, sx 1 2dsx 2 3d 5 x2 2 x 2 6.
Section 3.3 Factoring Polynomials
1. 48 5 24 ? 3 3. 3x2 5 3 ? x ? x 5. 30z2 5 2 ? 3 ?5?z?z

90 5 5 ? 2 ?32 12x 5 22 ?3?x 212z3 5 21 ? 22 ?3?z?z?z
96 5 25 ? 3 GCF 5 3x GCF 5 2 ? 3 ?z?z
GCF 5 2 ? 3 5 6 5 6z2
7. 28b2 5 7 ? 22 ?b?b 9. 42sx 1 8d2 5 7 ? 3 ? 2 ? sx 1 8d2

14b3 5 7 ? 2 ?b?b?b 63sx 1 8d3 5 7 ? 32 ? sx 1 8d3
42b5 5 7 ? 2 ?3?b?b?b?b?b GCF 5 7 ? 3sx 1 8d2
GCF 5 7 ? 2 ?b?b 5 21sx 1 8d2
5 14b2
11. 8z 2 8 5 8sz 2 1d 13. 4u 1 10 5 2s2u 1 5d 15. 24x2 2 18 5 6s4x2 2 3d
17. 2x2 1 x 5 xs2x 1 1d 19. 21u2 2 14u 5 7us3u 2 2d 21. 11u2 1 9 is prime (No common
factor other than 1.)
23. 28x2 1 16x 2 8 5 4s7x2 1 4x 2 2d 25. 3x2y2 2 15y 5 3ysx2y 2 5d
27. 15xy2 2 3x2y 1 9xy 5 3xys5y 2 x 1 3d 29. 14x4y3 1 21x3y2 1 9x2 5 x2s14x2y3 1 21xy2 1 9d
31. 10 2 x 5 21s210 1 xd 5 21sx 2 10d 33. 7 2 14x 5 27s21 1 2xd 5 27s2x 2 1d
35. 16 1 4x 2 6x2 5 21s216 2 4x 1 6x2d 5 21s6x2 2 4x 2 16d 5 22s3x2 2 2x 2 8d
37. y 2 3y3 2 2y2 5 21s2y 1 3y3 1 2y2d 5 21s3y3 1 2y2 2 yd 5 2ys3y2 1 2y 2 1d
39. 2y 2 35 5 15s10y 2 3d 41. 32x 1 54 5 14s6x 1 5d
43. 2ysy 2 3d 1 5sy 2 3d 5 sy 2 3ds2y 1 5d 45. 5xs3x 1 2d 2 3s3x 1 2d 5 s3x 1 2ds5x 2 3d
47. 2s7a 1 6d 2 3a2s7a 1 6d 5 s7a 1 6ds2 2 3a2d 49. 8t 3s4t 2 1d2 1 3s4t 2 1d2 5 s4t 2 1d2s8t 3 1 3d
139. s2xd3 5 23 ? x3 5 8x3 Þ 2x3 141. F 5 First

O 5 Outer
I 5 Inner
L 5 Last
143. (a) True, the product of two monomials is a monomial.

(b) False, the product of two binomials can be a trinomial. For example, sx 1 2dsx 2 3d 5 x2 2 x 2 6.
Section 3.3 Factoring Polynomials
1. 48 5 24 ? 3 3. 3x2 5 3 ? x ? x 5. 30z2 5 2 ? 3 ?5?z?z

90 5 5 ? 2 ?32 12x 5 22 ?3?x 212z3 5 21 ? 22 ?3?z?z?z
96 5 25 ? 3 GCF 5 3x GCF 5 2 ? 3 ?z?z
GCF 5 2 ? 3 5 6 5 6z2
7. 28b2 5 7 ? 22 ?b?b 9. 42sx 1 8d2 5 7 ? 3 ? 2 ? sx 1 8d2

14b3 5 7 ? 2 ?b?b?b 63sx 1 8d3 5 7 ? 32 ? sx 1 8d3
42b5 5 7 ? 2 ?3?b?b?b?b?b GCF 5 7 ? 3sx 1 8d2
GCF 5 7 ? 2 ?b?b 5 21sx 1 8d2
5 14b2
11. 8z 2 8 5 8sz 2 1d 13. 4u 1 10 5 2s2u 1 5d 15. 24x2 2 18 5 6s4x2 2 3d
17. 2x2 1 x 5 xs2x 1 1d 19. 21u2 2 14u 5 7us3u 2 2d 21. 11u2 1 9 is prime (No common
factor other than 1.)
23. 28x2 1 16x 2 8 5 4s7x2 1 4x 2 2d 25. 3x2y2 2 15y 5 3ysx2y 2 5d
27. 15xy2 2 3x2y 1 9xy 5 3xys5y 2 x 1 3d 29. 14x4y3 1 21x3y2 1 9x2 5 x2s14x2y3 1 21xy2 1 9d
31. 10 2 x 5 21s210 1 xd 5 21sx 2 10d 33. 7 2 14x 5 27s21 1 2xd 5 27s2x 2 1d
35. 16 1 4x 2 6x2 5 21s216 2 4x 1 6x2d 5 21s6x2 2 4x 2 16d 5 22s3x2 2 2x 2 8d
37. y 2 3y3 2 2y2 5 21s2y 1 3y3 1 2y2d 5 21s3y3 1 2y2 2 yd 5 2ys3y2 1 2y 2 1d
39. 2y 2 35 5 15s10y 2 3d 41. 32x 1 54 5 14s6x 1 5d
43. 2ysy 2 3d 1 5sy 2 3d 5 sy 2 3ds2y 1 5d 45. 5xs3x 1 2d 2 3s3x 1 2d 5 s3x 1 2ds5x 2 3d
47. 2s7a 1 6d 2 3a2s7a 1 6d 5 s7a 1 6ds2 2 3a2d 49. 8t 3s4t 2 1d2 1 3s4t 2 1d2 5 s4t 2 1d2s8t 3 1 3d
51. sx 2 5ds4x 1 9d 2 s3x 1 4ds4x 1 9d 5 s4x 1 9dsx 2 5 2 3x 2 4d 5 s4x 1 9ds22x 2 9d
53. x2 1 25x 1 x 1 25 5 sx2 1 25xd 1 sx 1 25d 5 xsx 1 25d 1 1sx 1 25d 5 sx 1 25dsx 1 1d
55. y2 2 6y 1 2y 2 12 5 sy2 2 6yd 1 s2y 2 12d 57. x3 1 2x2 1 x 1 2 5 sx3 1 2x2d 1 sx 1 2d

5 ysy 2 6d 1 2sy 2 6d 5 x2sx 1 2d 1 1sx 1 2d
5 sy 2 6dsy 1 2d 5 sx 1 2dsx2 1 1d
59. 3a3 2 12a2 2 2a 1 8 5 s3a3 2 12a2d 1 s22a 1 8d 61. z422z 1 3z3 2 6 5 sz4 2 2zd 1 s3z3 2 6d
5 3a2sa 2 4d 2 2sa 2 4d 5 zsz3 2 2d 1 3sz3 2 2d
5 sa 2 4ds3a2 2 2d 5 sz3 2 2dsz 1 3d
63. 5x3 2 10x2y 1 7xy2 2 14y3 5 s5x3 2 10x2yd 1 s7xy2 2 14y3d

5 5x2sx 2 2yd 1 7y2sx 2 2yd
5 sx 2 2yds5x2 1 7y2d
65. x2 2 64 5 x2 2 82 67. 1 2 a2 5 12 2 a2 69. 16y2 2 9 5 s4yd2 2 32

5 sx 2 8dsx 1 8d 5 s1 2 ads1 1 ad 5 s4y 2 3ds4y 1 3d
71. 81 2 4x2 5 92 2 s2xd2 73. 4z2 2 y2 5 s2z 2 yds2z 1 yd 75. 36x2 2 25y2 5 s6xd2 2 s5yd2
5 s9 2 2xds9 1 2xd 5 s6x 2 5yds6x 1 5yd
5 u2 2 s14 d 25 y 5 s3 xd 2 s5 yd
1 2 2 2
79. 49x2 2 16 2 4
77. u2 2 16 2
5 su 2 4 dsu 1 4 d 5 s3x 2 5yds3x 1 5yd

1 1 2 4 2 4
81. sx 2 1d2 2 16 5 fsx 2 1d 2 4gfsx 2 1d 1 4g 5 sx 2 5dsx 1 3d
83. 81 2 sz 1 5d2 5 92 2 sz 1 5d2 5 f9 2 sz 1 5dgf9 1 sz 1 5dg 5 f9 2 z 2 5gf9 1 z 1 5g 5 s4 2 zds14 1 zd
85. s2x 1 5d2 2 sx 2 4d2 5 fs2x 1 5d 2 sx 2 4dgfs2x 1 5d 1 sx 2 4dg 5 f2x 1 5 2 x 1 4gf2x 1 5 1 x 2 4g 5 sx 1 9ds3x 1 1d
87. x3 2 8 5 x3 2 23 89. y3 1 64 5 y3 1 43 91. 8t 3 2 27 5 s2td3 2 33

5 sx 2 2dsx2 1 2x 1 4d 5 sy 1 4dsy2 2 4y 1 16d 5 s2t 2 3ds4t2 1 6t 1 9d
93. 27u3 1 1 5 s3ud3 1 13 95. 64a3 1 b3 5 s4ad3 1 b3

5 s3u 1 1ds9u2 2 3u 1 1d 5 s4a 1 bds16a2 2 4ab 1 b2d
97. x3 1 27y3 5 x3 1 s3yd3 99. 8 2 50x2 5 2s4 2 25x2d

5 sx 1 3ydsx2 2 3xy 1 9y2d 5 2f22 2 s5xd2g
5 2f2 2 5xgf2 1 5xg
101. 8x3 1 64 5 8sx3 1 8d 103. y4 2 81 5 sy2d2 2 92

5 8sx3 1 23d 5 sy2 2 9dsy2 1 9d
5 8sx 1 2dsx2 2 2x 1 4d 5 sy 2 3dsy 1 3dsy2 1 9d
105. 3x4 2 300x2 5 3x2sx2 2 100d 107. 6x6 2 48y6 5 6sx6 2 8y6d
5 3x2sx 2 10dsx 1 10d 5 6fsx2d3 2 s2y2d3g
5 6sx2 2 2y2dsx4 1 2x2y2 1 4y4d
109. 4x2n 2 25 5 s2xnd2 2 52

5 s2xn 2 5ds2xn 1 5d
111. Keystrokes: 4
y1 Y 5 3 X,T, u 2 6 ENTER −6 12
y2 3 x X,T, u 2 2 d GRAPH
y1 5 y2
−8
113. Keystrokes: 3
y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 4 ENTER
−6 6
y2 x X,T, u 1 2 d x X,T, u 2 2 d GRAPH
y1 5 y2
−5
115. 3x3 1 4x2 2 3x 2 4 5 s3x3 1 4x2d 1 s23x 2 4d 5 s3x3 2 3xd 1 s4x2 2 4d

5 x2s3x 1 4d 2 1s3x 1 4d or 5 3xsx2 2 1d 1 4sx2 2 1d
5 sx2 2 1ds3x 1 4d 5 sx2 2 1ds3x 1 4d
5 sx 2 1dsx 1 1ds3x 1 4d 5 sx 2 1dsx 1 1ds3x 1 4d
117. R 5 800x 2 0.25x2 119. P 1 Prt 5 Ps1 1 rtd 121. A 5 45l 2 l2

5 xs800 2 0.25xd 5 ls45 2 ld so
R 5 xp w 5 45 2 l
p 5 800 2 0.25x
123. S 5 2x2 1 4xh 125. A 5 pR2 2 pr2 127. A polynomial is in factored form
when the polynomial is written as
S 5 2xsx 1 2hd 5 psR2 2 r2d
a product of polynomials.
5 psR 2 rdsR 1 rd
129. The method of finding the greatest common factor of two or more integers is first determine the prime factorization of each
integer. Then the greatest common factor is the product of each common prime factor raised to its lowest power in either one
of the integers.
131. The Distributive Property is used to factor a polynomial in this example x2 1 2x 5 xsx 1 2d.
1. degree 5 4 2. 2x 2 3x1/2 1 5 is not a polynomial because the term

2 3x1/2 has degree 12. The degree of the variable x is not
leading coefficient 5 22
an integer.
3. s2t 3 1 3t2 2 2d 1 st 3 1 9d 5 3t 3 1 3t2 1 7 4. s3 2 7yd 1 s7y2 1 2y 2 3d 5 7y2 2 5y
5. s7x3 2 3x2 1 1d 2 sx2 2 2x3d 5 7x3 2 3x2 1 1 2 x2 1 2x3 6. s5 2 ud 2 2f3 2 su2 1 1dg 5 s5 2 ud 2 2f3 2 u2 2 1g
5 9x3 2 4x2 1 1 5 s5 2 ud 2 2f2 2 u2g
5 5 2 u 2 4 1 2u2
5 2u2 2 u 1 1
6x7 6x7
7. s25n2ds22n3d 5 10n5 8. s22x2d3sx4d 5 s22d3sx2d3sx4d 9. 5
s22x d
2 3
28x6
5 28x6 ? x4 3x
52
5 28x10 4
11. 7ys4 2 3yd 5 28y 2 21y2

14y5x 2 5 14y5x 214y5x 2
2 2 2
10.
16y4
5
25x2
12. sx 2 7dsx 1 3d 5 x2 1 3x 2 7x 2 21 13. s4x 2 yds6x 2 5yd 5 24x2 2 20xy 2 6xy 1 5y2
5 x2 2 4x 2 21 5 24x2 2 26xy 1 5y2
14. 2zsz 1 5d 2 7sz 1 5d 5 2z2 1 10z 2 7z 2 35 15. s6r 1 5ds6r 2 5d 5 36r2 2 25

5 2z2 1 3z 2 35
16. s2x 2 3d2 5 s2x 2 3ds2x 2 3d 17. sx 1 1dsx2 2 x 1 1d 5 x3 2 x2 1 x 1 x2 2 x 1 1

5 4x2 2 12x 1 9 5 x3 1 1
18. sx2 2 3x 1 2dsx2 1 5x 2 10d 5 x2sx2 1 5x 2 10d 2 3xsx2 1 5x 2 10d 1 2sx2 1 5x 2 10d
5 x4 1 5x3 2 10x2 2 3x3 2 15x2 1 30x 1 2x2 1 10x 2 20
5 x4 1 2x3 2 23x2 1 40x 2 20
19. 28a2 2 21a 5 7as4a 2 3d 20. 25 2 4x2 5 s5 2 2xds5 1 2xd
21. z3 1 3z2 2 9z 2 27 5 z2sz 1 3d 2 9sz 1 3d 22. 4y3 2 32x3 5 4sy3 2 8x3d

5 sz 1 3dsz2 2 9d 5 4fy3 2 s2xd3g
5 sz 1 3dsz 1 3dsz 2 3d 5 4sy 2 2xdsy2 1 2xy 1 4x2d
5 sz 1 3d2sz 2 3d
Section 3.4 Factoring Trinomials 203
23. s5x 1 10ds2x 1 1d s5x 2 10ds2x 2 1d

s5x 1 1ds2x 1 10d s5x 2 1ds2x 2 10d
s5x 1 2ds2x 1 5d s5x 2 2ds2x 2 5d
s5x 1 5ds2x 1 2d s5x 2 5ds2x 2 2d

24. Verbal model: shaded 5 large 2 small
region triangle triangle
Equation: A 5 12sx 1 2d2 2 12x2

5 12sx2 1 4x 1 4d 2 12x2
5 12x2 1 2x 1 2 2 12x2
5 2x 1 2
25. h s1d 5 216s1d2 2 5s1d 1 100 26. Psxd 5 Rsxd 2 Csxd

5 216 2 5 1 100 5 19x 2 s5x 1 2000d
5 79 feet 5 19x 2 5x 2 2000
h s2d 5 216s2d2 2 5s2d 1 100 5 14x 2 2000
5 216s4d 2 10 1 100 Ps1000d 5 14s1000d 2 2000 5 $12,000
5 264 1 90
5 26 feet
Section 3.4 Factoring Trinomials
1. x2 1 4x 1 4 5 x2 1 2s2xd 1 22 5 sx 1 2d2 3. a2 2 12a 1 36 5 a2 2 2s6ad 1 62 5 sa 2 6d2
5. 25y2 2 10y 1 1 5 s5yd2 2 2s5yd 1 1 5 s5y 2 1d2 7. 9b2 1 12b 1 4 5 s3bd2 1 2s3bds2d 1 22 5 s3b 1 2d2
9. u2 1 8uv 1 16v2 5 u2 1 2s4uvd 1 s4vd2 5 su 1 4vd2
11. 36x2 2 60xy 1 25y2 5 s6xd2 2 2s6xds5yd 1 s5yd2 5 s6x 2 5yd2
13. 5x2 1 30x 1 45 5 5sx2 1 6x 1 9d 5 5fx2 1 2s3dsxd 1 32g 5 5sx 1 3d2
15. 2x2 1 24x2 1 72x 5 2xsx2 1 12x 1 36d 5 2xfx2 1 2s6dx 1 62g 5 2xsx 1 6d2
17. 20v4 2 60v3 1 45v2 5 5v2s4v2 2 12v 1 9d 5 5v2fs2vd2 2 2s2vds3d 1 32g 5 5v2s2v 2 3d2
23. s5x 1 10ds2x 1 1d s5x 2 10ds2x 2 1d

s5x 1 1ds2x 1 10d s5x 2 1ds2x 2 10d
s5x 1 2ds2x 1 5d s5x 2 2ds2x 2 5d
s5x 1 5ds2x 1 2d s5x 2 5ds2x 2 2d

24. Verbal model: shaded 5 large 2 small
region triangle triangle
Equation: A 5 12sx 1 2d2 2 12x2

5 12sx2 1 4x 1 4d 2 12x2
5 12x2 1 2x 1 2 2 12x2
5 2x 1 2
25. h s1d 5 216s1d2 2 5s1d 1 100 26. Psxd 5 Rsxd 2 Csxd

5 216 2 5 1 100 5 19x 2 s5x 1 2000d
5 79 feet 5 19x 2 5x 2 2000
h s2d 5 216s2d2 2 5s2d 1 100 5 14x 2 2000
5 216s4d 2 10 1 100 Ps1000d 5 14s1000d 2 2000 5 $12,000
5 264 1 90
5 26 feet
Section 3.4 Factoring Trinomials
1. x2 1 4x 1 4 5 x2 1 2s2xd 1 22 5 sx 1 2d2 3. a2 2 12a 1 36 5 a2 2 2s6ad 1 62 5 sa 2 6d2
5. 25y2 2 10y 1 1 5 s5yd2 2 2s5yd 1 1 5 s5y 2 1d2 7. 9b2 1 12b 1 4 5 s3bd2 1 2s3bds2d 1 22 5 s3b 1 2d2
9. u2 1 8uv 1 16v2 5 u2 1 2s4uvd 1 s4vd2 5 su 1 4vd2
11. 36x2 2 60xy 1 25y2 5 s6xd2 2 2s6xds5yd 1 s5yd2 5 s6x 2 5yd2
13. 5x2 1 30x 1 45 5 5sx2 1 6x 1 9d 5 5fx2 1 2s3dsxd 1 32g 5 5sx 1 3d2
15. 2x2 1 24x2 1 72x 5 2xsx2 1 12x 1 36d 5 2xfx2 1 2s6dx 1 62g 5 2xsx 1 6d2
17. 20v4 2 60v3 1 45v2 5 5v2s4v2 2 12v 1 9d 5 5v2fs2vd2 2 2s2vds3d 1 32g 5 5v2s2v 2 3d2
19. 14x2 2 23x 1 49 5 s12xd 2 2s12xds23 d 1 s23 d

2 2 9 2
x 2 24 16
or 5 36 36 x 1 36
5 s2 x 2 3 d s9x2 2 24x 1 16d

2 2 1
1
5 36
1
5 36 fs3xd2 2 2s3xds4d 1 42g
1
5 36 s3x 2 4d2
21. x2 1 bx 1 81 5 x2 1 bx 1 92
(a) b 5 18 or (b) b 5 218
x2 1 18x 1 92 5 x2 1 2s9xd 1 92 x2 2 18x 1 92 5 x2 2 2s9xd 1 92
5 sx 1 9d2 5 sx 2 9d2
23. 4x2 1 bx 1 9 5 s2xd2 1 bx 1 32

(a) b 5 12 or (b) b 5 212
s2xd2 1 12x 1 32 5 s2xd2 1 2s2xds3d 1 32 s2xd2 2 12x 1 32 5 s2xd2 2 2s2xds3d 1 32
5 s2x 1 3d2 5 s2x 2 3d2
25. c 5 16 27. c 5 9
x2 1 8x 1 c 5 x2 1 2s4xd 1 c y2 2 6y 1 c 5 y2 2 2s3yd 1 c
5 x2 1 2s4xd 1 42 5 y2 2 2s3yd 1 32
5 sx 1 4d2 5 sy 2 3d2
29. x2 1 5x 1 4 5 sx 1 4dsx 1 1d 31. y2 2 y 2 20 5 sy 1 4dsy 2 5d 33. x2 2 2x 2 24 5 sx 1 4dsx 2 6d
35. z2 2 6z 1 8 5 sz 2 4dsz 2 2d 37. x2 1 4x 1 3 5 sx 1 3dsx 1 1d 39. x2 2 5x 1 6 5 sx 2 3dsx 2 2d
41. y2 1 7y 2 30 5 sy 1 10dsy 2 3d 43. t2 2 4t 2 21 5 st 2 7dst 1 3d 45. x2 2 20x 1 96 5 sx 2 12dsx 2 8d
47. x2 2 2xy 2 35y2 5 sx 2 7ydsx 1 5yd 49. x2 1 30xy 1 216y2 5 sx 1 12ydsx 1 18yd
51. b 5 19: x2 1 19x 1 18 5 sx 1 18dsx 1 1d 53. b 5 20: x2 1 20x 2 21 5 sx 1 21dsx 2 1d

b 5 219: x2 2 19x 1 18 5 sx 2 18dsx 2 1d b 5 220: x2 2 20x 2 21 5 sx 2 21dsx 1 1d
b 5 11: x2 1 11x 1 18 5 sx 1 9dsx 1 2d
b 5 211: x2 2 11x 1 18 5 sx 2 9dsx 2 2d
55. b 5 36: x2 1 36x 1 35 5 sx 1 35dsx 1 1d

b 5 236: x2 2 36x 1 35 5 sx 2 35dsx 2 1d
b 5 12: x2 1 12x 1 35 5 sx 1 7dsx 1 5d
b 5 212: x2 2 12x 1 35 5 sx 2 7dsx 2 5d
57. There are many possibilities, such as: 59. There are many possibilities, such as:
c55 x2 1 6x 1 5 5 sx 1 5dsx 1 1d c52 x2 2 3x 1 2 5 sx 2 2dsx 2 1d
c58 x2 1 6x 1 8 5 sx 1 4dsx 1 2d c 5 24 x2 2 3x 2 4 5 sx 2 4dsx 1 1d
c59 x2 1 6x 1 9 5 sx 1 3dsx 1 3d c 5 210 x2 2 3x 2 10 5 sx 2 5dsx 1 2d
Also note that if c 5 a negative number, there are many c 5 218 x2 2 3x 2 18 5 sx 2 6dsx 1 3d
possibilities for c such as the following.
There are more possibilities.
c 5 27 x2 1 6x 2 7 5 sx 1 7dsx 2 1d
c 5 216 x2 1 6x 2 16 5 sx 1 8dsx 2 2d
c 5 227 x2 1 6x 2 27 5 sx 1 9dsx 2 3d
61. 5x2 1 18x 1 9 5 sx 1 3ds5x 1 3d 63. 5a2 1 12a 2 9 5 sa 1 3ds5a 2 3d 65. 2y2 2 3y 2 27 5 sy 1 3ds2y 2 9d
67. 3x2 1 4x 1 1 5 s3x 1 1dsx 1 1d 69. 7x2 1 15x 1 2 5 s7x 1 1dsx 1 2d 71. 2x2 2 9x 1 9 5 s2x 2 3dsx 2 3d
73. 6x2 2 11x 1 3 5 s3x 2 1ds2x 2 3d 75. 3t 2 2 4t 2 10 5 prime 77. 6b2 1 19b 2 7 5 s3b 2 1ds2b 1 7d
79. 18y2 1 35y 1 12 5 s2y 1 3ds9y 1 4d 81. 22x2 2 x 1 6 5 21s2x2 1 x 2 6d 5 21s2x 2 3dsx 1 2d
83. 1 2 11x 2 60x2 5 260x2 2 11x 1 1 85. 6x2 2 3x 2 84 5 3s2x2 2 x 2 28d

5 21s60x2 1 11x 2 1d 5 3s2x 1 7dsx 2 4d
5 21s15x 2 1ds4x 1 1d
87. 60y3 1 35y2 2 50y 5 5ys12y2 1 7y 2 10d 89. 10a2 1 23ab 1 6b2 5 sa 1 2bds10a 1 3bd
5 5ys3y 2 2ds4y 1 5d
91. 24x2 2 14xy 2 3y2 5 s6x 1 yds4x 2 3yd 93. 3x2 1 10x 1 8 5 3x2 1 6x 1 4x 1 8
5 s3x2 1 6xd 1 s4x 1 8d
5 3xsx 1 2d 1 4sx 1 2d
5 s3x 1 4dsx 1 2d
95. 6x2 1 x 2 2 5 6x2 1 4x 2 3x 2 2 97. 15x2 2 11x 1 2 5 15x2 2 6x 2 5x 1 2

5 s6x2 1 4xd 1 s23x 2 2d 5 s15x2 2 6xd 1 s25x 1 2d
5 2xs3x 1 2d 2 1s3x 1 2d 5 3xs5x 2 2d 2 1s5x 2 2d
5 s2x 2 1ds3x 1 2d 5 s3x 2 1ds5x 2 2d
99. 3x4 2 12x3 5 3x3sx 2 4d 101. 10t 3 1 2t 2 2 36t 5 2ts5t 2 1 t 2 18d

5 2ts5t 2 9dst 1 2d
103. 54x3 2 2 5 2s27x3 2 1d 105. 27a3b4 2 9a2b3 2 18ab2 5 9ab2s3a2b2 2 ab 2 2d

5 2s3x 2 1ds9x2 1 3x 1 1d 5 9ab2s3ab 1 2dsab 2 1d
107. x3 1 2x2 2 16x 2 32 5 sx3 1 2x2d 1 s216x 2 32d 109. 36 2 sz 1 3d2 5 f6 2 sz 1 3dgf6 1 sz 1 3dg
5 x2sx 1 2d 2 16sx 1 2d 5 f6 2 z 2 3gf6 1 z 1 3g
5 sx 1 2dsx2 2 16d 5 s3 2 zds9 1 zd
5 sx 1 2dsx 2 4dsx 1 4d
111. x2 2 10x 1 25 2 y2 5 sx 2 5d2 2 y2 113. x8 2 1 5 sx4d2 2 12 5 sx4 2 1dsx4 1 1d

5 fsx 2 5d 1 ygfsx 2 5d 2 yg 5 fsx2d2 2 12gsx4 1 1d
5 sx 2 5 1 ydsx 2 5 2 yd 5 sx2 2 1dsx2 1 1dsx4 1 1d
5 sx 2 1dsx 1 1dsx2 1 1dsx4 1 1d
115. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 6 X,T, u 1 9 ENTER
y2 x X,T, u 1 3 d x2 GRAPH
y1 5 y2 −12 6
−2
117. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 2 X,T, u 2 3 ENTER
y2 x X,T, u 2 1 d x X,T, u 1 3 d GRAPH −10 8
y1 5 y2
−6
119. a2 2 b2 5 sa 1 bdsa 2 bd matches graph (c). 121. a2 1 2ab 1 b2 5 sa 1 bd2 matches graph (b).

123. Verbal model: shaded 5 rectangle 2 squares 125. (a) 8n3 2 8n 5 2ns4n2 2 4d
region
5 2nfs2nd2 2 22g
Equation: Area 5 s8 ? 18d 2 4 ? x2 5 2ns2n 2 2ds2n 1 2d
5 144 2 4x2 (b) If n 5 10, 2n 5 2s10d 5 20
5 4s36 2 x2d 2n 2 2 5 2s10d 2 2 5 18
5 4s6 1 xds6 2 xd 2n 1 2 5 2s10d 1 2 5 22
127. To factor x2 2 5x 1 6 begin by finding the factors of 6 whose sum is 25. They are 22 and 23. The factorization
is sx 2 2dsx 2 3d.
129. Check the factors of a trinomial by multiplication. The factors of x2 2 5x 1 6 are x 2 2 and x 2 3 because
sx 2 2dsx 2 3d 5 x2 2 5x 1 6.
131. No, xsx 1 2d 2 2sx 1 2d is not in factored form. It is not yet a product. xsx 1 2d 2 2sx 1 2d 5 sx 1 2dsx 2 2d
Section 3.5 Solving Polynomial Equations 207
Section 3.5 Solving Polynomial Equations
1. 2xsx 2 8d 5 0 3. sy 2 3dsy 1 10d 5 0 5. 25sa 1 4dsa 2 2d 5 0

2x 5 0 x2850 y2350 y 1 10 5 0 a1450 a2250
x50 x58 y53 y 5 210 a 5 24 a52
7. s2t 1 5ds3t 1 1d 5 0 9. 4xs2x 2 3ds2x 1 25d 5 0

2t 1 5 5 0 3t 1 1 5 0 4x 5 0 2x 2 3 5 0 2x 1 25 5 0
2 52 1 3 25
t5 t5 23 x50 x5 2 x522
11. sx 2 3ds2x 1 1dsx 1 4d 5 0 13. 5y 2 y2 5 0

x2350 2x 1 1 5 0 x1450 ys5 2 yd 5 0
x53 x5
1
22 x 5 24 y50 52y50
55y
15. 9x2 1 15x 5 0 17. xsx 1 2d 2 10sx 1 2d 5 0

3xs3x 1 5d 5 0 sx 1 2dsx 2 10d 5 0
3x 5 0 3x 1 5 5 0 x1250 x 2 10 5 0
x50 x5 2 53 x 5 22 x 5 10
19. usu 2 3d 1 3su 2 3d 5 0 21. x2 2 25 5 0

su 2 3dsu 1 3d 5 0 sx 1 5dsx 2 5d 5 0
u2350 u1350 x1550 x2550
u53 u 5 23 x 5 25 x55
23. 3y2 2 48 5 0 25. x2 2 3x 2 10 5 0

3sy2 2 16d 5 0 sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 5 0
3sy 1 4dsy 2 4d 5 0 x2550 x1250
y1450 y2450 x55 x 5 22
y 5 24 y54
27. x2 2 10x 1 24 5 0 29. 4x2 1 15x 2 25 5 0

sx 2 6dsx 2 4d 5 0 s4x 2 5dsx 1 5d 5 0
x2650 x2450 4x 2 5 5 0 x1550
x56 x54 4x 5 5 x 5 25
5
x5 4
31. 7 1 13x 2 2x2 5 0 33. m2 2 8m 1 18 5 2

s7 2 xds1 1 2xd 5 0 m2 2 8m 1 16 5 0
72x50 1 1 2x 5 0 sm 2 4d2 5 0
75x 2 12 5 x m2450
m54
35. x2 1 16x 1 57 5 27 37. 4z2 2 12z 1 15 5 6 39. xsx 2 5d 5 36

x2 1 16x 1 64 5 0 4z2 2 12z 1 9 5 0 x2 2 5x 5 36
sx 1 8d2 5 0 s2z 2 3d2 5 0 x2 2 5x 2 36 5 0
x1850 2z 2 3 5 0 sx 2 9dsx 1 4d 5 0
3
x 5 28 z5 2 x2950 x1450
x59 x 5 24
41. ysy 1 6d 5 72 43. ts2t 2 3d 5 35

y2 1 6y 2 72 5 0 2t 2 2 3t 2 35 5 0
sy 1 12dsy 2 6d 5 0 s2t 1 7dst 2 5d 5 0
y 1 12 5 0 y2650 2t 1 7 5 0 t2550
7
y 5 212 y56 t5 22 t55
45. sa 1 2dsa 1 5d 5 10 47. sx 2 4dsx 1 5d 5 10

a2 1 7a 1 10 2 10 5 0 x2 1 x 2 20 2 10 5 0
a2 1 7a 5 0 x2 1 x 2 30 5 0
asa 1 7d 5 0 sx 1 6dsx 2 5d 5 0
a50 a1750 x1650 x2550
a50 a 5 27 x 5 26 x55
49. st 2 2d2 2 16 5 0 51. sx 1 2d2 5 9

st 2 2 1 4dst 2 2 2 4d 5 0 fsx 1 2d 2 3gfsx 1 2d 1 3g 5 0
st 1 2dst 2 6d 5 0 sx 2 1dsx 1 5d 5 0
t1250 t2650 sx 2 1d 5 0 sx 1 5d 5 0
t 5 22 t56 x51 x 5 25
53. x3 2 19x2 1 84x 5 0 55. 6t 3 2 t2 2 t 5 0

xsx2 2 19x 1 84d 5 0 t s6t2 2 t 2 1d 5 0
xsx 2 12dsx 2 7d 5 0 t s3t 1 1ds2t 2 1d 5 0
x50 x 2 12 5 0 x2750 t50 3t 1 1 5 0 2t 2 1 5 0
2 13 1
x50 x 5 12 x57 t50 t5 t52
57. z2sz 1 2d 2 4sz 1 2d 5 0 59. a3 1 2a2 2 9a 2 18 5 0

sz 1 2dsz2 2 4d 5 0 sa3 1 2a2d 1 s29a 2 18d 5 0
sz 1 2dsz 2 2dsz 1 2d 5 0 a2sa 1 2d 2 9sa 1 2d 5 0
z1250 z2250 z1250 sa 1 2dsa2 2 9d 5 0
z 5 22 z52 z 5 22 sa 1 2dsa 2 3dsa 1 3d 5 0
a1250 a2350 a1350
a 5 22 a53 a 5 23
61. c3 2 3c2 2 9c 1 27 5 0 63. x4 2 3x3 2 x2 1 3x 5 0

c2sc 2 3d 2 9sc 2 3d 5 0 x3sx 2 3d 2 xsx 2 3d 5 0
sc 2 3dsc2 2 9d 5 0 sx 2 3dsx3 2 xd 5 0
sc 2 3dsc 2 3dsc 1 3d 5 0 sx 2 3d xsx2 2 1d 5 0
c2350 c2350 c1350 sx 2 3d xsx 2 1dsx 1 1d 5 0
c53 c53 c 5 23 x2350 x50 x2150 x1150
x53 x51 x 5 21
65. 8x4 1 12x3 2 32x2 2 48x 5 0 67. From the graph, the x-intercepts are s23, 0d and s3, 0d.
The solutions of the equation 0 5 x2 2 9 are 3 and 23.
4x3s2x 1 3d 2 16xs2x 1 3d 5 0
0 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 3d
s2x 1 3ds4x3 2 16xd 5 0
05x23 05x13
s2x 1 3d 4xsx2 2 4d 5 0
35x 23 5 x
s2x 1 3ds4xdsx 2 2dsx 1 2d 5 0
2x 1 3 5 0 4x 5 0 x2250 x1250
x 5 2 32 x50 x52 x 5 22
69. From the graph, the x-intercepts are s21, 0d and s3, 0d. The solutions of the equation 0 5 x2 2 2x 2 3 are 21 and 3.
0 5 x2 2 2x 2 3
0 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 1d
05x23 x1150
35x x 5 21
71. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 6 X,T, u GRAPH

−1 7
The x-intercepts are 0 and 6, so the solutions are 0 and 6.
−10
73. Keystrokes: 8
Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 8 X,T, u 1 12 GRAPH
The x-intercepts are 2 and 6, so the solutions are 2 and 6. 0 8
−5
75. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 2 X,T, u x2 1 5 X,T, u 2 12 GRAPH

−5 3
−20
77. Keystrokes: 8
Y 5 2 X,T, u 3 2 5 X,T, u 2 2 12 X,T, u GRAPH

>
x −2 5
2 32, 3
The x-intercepts are 0, and 4, so the solutions are 2 2, 0, and 4.
−32
79. ax2 1 bx 5 0 81. x 5 23, x 5 5

xsax 1 bd 5 0 fx 2 s23dgsx 2 5d 5 0
x50 ax 1 b 5 0 sx 1 3dsx 2 5d 5 0
ax 5 2b x2 2 2x 2 15 5 0
x 5 2 ba
83. Verbal model: Number 1 Its Square 5 240
Labels: Number 5 x
Its square 5 x2
Equation: x 1 x2 5 240
x2 1 x 2 240 5 0
sx 1 16dsx 2 15d 5 0
x 1 16 5 0 x 2 15 5 0
x 5 216 x 5 15
reject
First Second
85. Verbal model: Integer ? Integer 5 132
Labels: First integer 5 x
Second integerx 1 1
Equation: x ? sx 1 1d 5 132
x2 1 x 2 132 5 0
sx 1 12dsx 2 11d 5 0
x 1 12 5 0 x 2 11 5 0
x 5 212 x 5 11 1st integer
reject x 1 1 5 12 2nd integer
87. Verbal model:

Length ? Width 5 Area
Labels: Length 5 x 1 7
Width 5 x
Equation: sx 1 7d ? x 5 330
x2 1 7x 5 330
x2 1 7x 2 330 5 0
sx 1 22dsx 2 15d 5 0
x 1 22 5 0 x 2 15 5 0
x 5 222 x 5 15 feet width
reject x 1 7 5 22 feet length
1
89. Verbal model: ? Base ? Height 5 Area
2
Labels: Base 5 x
3
Height 5 2x
Equation:
1
2 ? x ? 32x 5 48
3 2
4x 2 48 5 0
3x2 2 192 5 0
3sx2 2 64d 5 0
sx 1 8dsx 2 8d 5 0
x1850 x2850
x 5 28 x58 inches base
3
reject 2x 5 12 inches height
91. (a) Volume V 5 Length ? Width ? Height

V 5 s5 2 2xds4 2 2xdx
(b) 0 5 s5 2 2xds4 2 2xdx Domain: Each side must be positive.
5 2 2x 5 0 4 2 2x 5 0 x50 x > 0 5 2 2x > 0 4 2 2x > 0 so 0 < x < 2
5 5
x5 2 x52 x50 x < 2 x < 2
(c) x 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 (d) If V 5 3, then x 5 1.5.
V 3.94 6 6.56 6 4.69 3 1.31 3 5 f5 2 2s1.5dgf4 2 2s1.5dgs1.5d
3 5 s5 2 3ds4 2 3ds1.5d
3 5 s2ds1ds1.5d
353
(e) Keystrokes:
10
Y5 x 5 2 2 X,T, u d x 4 2 2 X,T, u d X,T, u GRAPH
x 5 0.74 yields the box of greatest volume.
0 2
0
Revenue 5 Cost
93. 216t 2 1 6400 5 0 95. Verbal model:
216st 2 2 400d 5 0 Equation: 90x 2 x2 5 200 1 60x
216st 2 20dst 1 20d 5 0 0 5 x2 2 30x 1 200
t 2 20 5 0 t 1 20 5 0 0 5 sx 2 20dsx 2 10d
t 5 20 t 5 220 x 2 20 5 0 x 2 10 5 0
reject x 5 20 x 5 10
The object reaches the ground after 20 seconds. units units
97. (a) 2sx 1 3d2 1 sx 1 3d 2 15 5 0 (b) 2sx 1 3d2 1 sx 1 3d 2 15 5 0

2u2 1 u 2 15 5 0 2sx2 1 6x 1 9d 1 sx 1 3d 2 15 5 0
s2u 2 5dsu 1 3d 5 0 2x2 1 12x 1 18 1 x 1 3 2 15 5 0
2u 2 5 5 0 u1350 2x2 1 13x 1 6 5 0
2u 5 5 u 5 23 s2x 1 1dsx 1 6d 5 0
5
u5 2 2x 1 1 5 0 x1650
u5x13 u5x13 2x 5 21 x 5 26
5 1
2 5x13 23 5 x 1 3 x 5 22
1
22 5 x 26 5 x
(c) Answers will vary.
99. (d) Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Area 5 30
Length 5 2x 2 6
Width 5 x 2 1
Equation: 30 5 s2x 2 6dsx 2 1d
30 5 2x2 2 8x 1 6
0 5 2x2 2 8x 2 24
0 5 x2 2 4x 2 12
0 5 sx 2 6dsx 1 2d
05x26 x1250
65x x 5 22 reject
Length 5 2s6d 2 6 Width 5 6 2 1 Height 5 6 2 3
5 6 feet 5 5 feet 5 3 feet
(e) Volume 5 VSsxd 5
7 3 53 2
3x 1 3x 2 20x 1 6
VSs6d 5 3 s6d
7 3
1 3 s6d
53 2
2 20s6d 1 6
3 s216d 3 s36d
7 53
5 1 2 120 1 6
5 504 1 636 2 120 1 6
5 1026 cubic feet
(f ) Domain of VBsxd
101. False. This is not an application of the Zero Factor Property because there are unlimited number of factors whose product is 1.
103. The maximum number of solutions of an nth degree polynomial equation is n. The third-degree equation sx 1 1d3 5 0 has
only one solution, x 5 21.
1. x2 1 2 1 3x1/2 is not a polynomial because the exponent 3. Standard form: 2x 4 1 6x3 1 5x2 2 4x
of a variable must be a natural number.
Leading coefficient: 21
Degree: 4
5. Standard form: 27x3 1 3x2 2 6x 1 14 7. Binomial of degree 4: 3x 4 2 2

Degree: 3
9. Monomial of degree 3 and leading coefficient 5: 5x3
11. s5x 1 3x2d 1 s6 2 x 2 4x2d 5 s3x2 2 4x2d 1 s5x 2 xd 1 6 5 2x2 1 4x 1 6
13. s5x3 2 6x 1 11d 1 s5 1 6x 2 x2 2 8x3d 5 s5x3 2 8x3d 2 x2 1 s26x 1 6xd 1 s11 1 5d 5 23x3 2 x2 1 16
15. s3t 2 5d 2 st 2 2 t 2 5d 5 s3t 2 5d 1 s2t 2 1 t 1 5d 5 2t 2 1 s3t 1 td 1 s25 1 5d 5 2t 2 1 4t
17. s3x5 1 4x2 2 8x 1 12d 2 s2x5 1 xd 1 s3x2 2 4x3 2 9d 5 s3x5 2 2x5d 2 4x3 1 s4x2 1 3x2d 1 s28x 2 xd 1 s12 2 9d
5 x5 2 4x3 1 7x2 2 9x 1 3
19. s2x3 2 3xd 2 4s2x3 2 3x 1 1d 5 2x3 2 3x 2 8x3 1 12x 2 4

5 s2x3 2 8x3d 1 s23x 1 12xd 1 s24d
5 29x3 1 9x 2 4
21. 3y2 2 f2y 1 3sy2 1 5dg 5 3y2 2 f2y 1 3y2 1 15g 23. x2 ? x3 5 x213 5 x5
5 3y2 2 2y 2 3y2 2 15
5 s3y2 2 3y2d 2 2y 2 15
5 22y 2 15
25. su2d3 5 u2 ? 3 5 u6 27. s22zd3 5 s22d3z3 29. 2 su2vd2s24u3vd 5 2 su4v2ds24u3vd

5 28z3 5 4u413v211
5 4u7v3
1 2?z 172x
6x 2
12z5 12 120u5v3 120 u5 v3 4 2
31. 5 522
5 2z3 33.
15u3v
5 ? u3 ? 35. 5 s12x422d2
6z2 6 15 v 2
5 8u2v2 5 s12x2d2
5 144x 4
101. False. This is not an application of the Zero Factor Property because there are unlimited number of factors whose product is 1.
103. The maximum number of solutions of an nth degree polynomial equation is n. The third-degree equation sx 1 1d3 5 0 has
only one solution, x 5 21.
1. x2 1 2 1 3x1/2 is not a polynomial because the exponent 3. Standard form: 2x 4 1 6x3 1 5x2 2 4x
of a variable must be a natural number.
Degree: 4
5. Standard form: 27x3 1 3x2 2 6x 1 14 7. Binomial of degree 4: 3x 4 2 2

Degree: 3
9. Monomial of degree 3 and leading coefficient 5: 5x3
11. s5x 1 3x2d 1 s6 2 x 2 4x2d 5 s3x2 2 4x2d 1 s5x 2 xd 1 6 5 2x2 1 4x 1 6
13. s5x3 2 6x 1 11d 1 s5 1 6x 2 x2 2 8x3d 5 s5x3 2 8x3d 2 x2 1 s26x 1 6xd 1 s11 1 5d 5 23x3 2 x2 1 16
15. s3t 2 5d 2 st 2 2 t 2 5d 5 s3t 2 5d 1 s2t 2 1 t 1 5d 5 2t 2 1 s3t 1 td 1 s25 1 5d 5 2t 2 1 4t
17. s3x5 1 4x2 2 8x 1 12d 2 s2x5 1 xd 1 s3x2 2 4x3 2 9d 5 s3x5 2 2x5d 2 4x3 1 s4x2 1 3x2d 1 s28x 2 xd 1 s12 2 9d
5 x5 2 4x3 1 7x2 2 9x 1 3
19. s2x3 2 3xd 2 4s2x3 2 3x 1 1d 5 2x3 2 3x 2 8x3 1 12x 2 4

5 s2x3 2 8x3d 1 s23x 1 12xd 1 s24d
5 29x3 1 9x 2 4
21. 3y2 2 f2y 1 3sy2 1 5dg 5 3y2 2 f2y 1 3y2 1 15g 23. x2 ? x3 5 x213 5 x5
5 3y2 2 2y 2 3y2 2 15
5 s3y2 2 3y2d 2 2y 2 15
5 22y 2 15
25. su2d3 5 u2 ? 3 5 u6 27. s22zd3 5 s22d3z3 29. 2 su2vd2s24u3vd 5 2 su4v2ds24u3vd

5 28z3 5 4u413v211
5 4u7v3
1 2?z 172x
6x 2
12z5 12 120u5v3 120 u5 v3 4 2
31. 5 522
5 2z3 33.
15u3v
5 ? u3 ? 35. 5 s12x422d2
6z2 6 15 v 2
5 8u2v2 5 s12x2d2
5 144x 4
37. s22xd3sx 1 4d 5 28x3sx 1 4d 39. 3xs2x2 2 5x 1 3d 5 6x3 2 15x2 1 9x

5 28x4 2 32x3
41. sx 2 2dsx 1 7d 5 x2 1 7x 2 2x 2 14
5 x2 1 5x 2 14
43. s5x 1 3ds3x 2 4d 5 15x2 2 20x 1 9x 2 12 5 15x2 2 11x 2 12
45. s4x2 1 3ds6x2 1 1d 5 24x4 1 4x2 1 18x2 1 3 5 24x4 1 22x2 1 3
47. s2x2 2 3x 1 2ds2x 1 3d 5 2x2s2x 1 3d 2 3xs2x 1 3d 1 2s2x 1 3d

5 4x3 1 6x2 2 6x2 2 9x 1 4x 1 6
5 4x3 1 s6x2 2 6x2d 1 s29x 1 4xd 1 6
5 4x3 2 5x 1 6
49. 2usu 2 7d 2 su 1 1dsu 2 7d 5 2usu 2 7d 2 usu 2 7d 2 1su 2 7d

5 2u2 2 14u 2 u2 1 7u 2 u 1 7
5 s2u2 2 u2d 1 s214u 1 7u 2 ud 1 7
5 u2 2 8u 1 7
51. s4x 2 7d2 5 s4xd2 2 2s4xds7d 1 s27d2 53. s2x 1 3yd2 5 s2xd2 1 2s2xds3yd 1 s3yd2
5 16x2 2 56x 1 49 5 4x2 1 12xy 1 9y2
55. s5u 2 8ds5u 1 8d 5 s5ud2 2 82 57. s2u 1 vds2u 2 vd 5 s2ud2 2 v2 5 4u2 2 v2

5 25u2 2 64
59. fsu 2 3d 1 vgfsu 2 3d 2 vg 5 su 2 3d2 2 v2 5 u2 2 2suds3d 1 s23d2 2 v2 5 u2 2 6u 1 9 2 v2
61. 6x2 1 15x3 5 3x2s2 1 5xd 63. 28sx 1 5d 2 70sx 1 5d2 5 14sx 1 5df2 2 5sx 1 5dg
5 14sx 1 5ds2 2 5x 2 25d
5 14sx 1 5ds25x 2 23d
5 214sx 1 5ds5x 1 23d
65. v3 2 2v2 2 v 1 2 5 v2sv 2 2d 2 1sv 2 2d 67. t 3 1 3t 2 1 3t 1 9 5 t2st 1 3d 1 3st 1 3d

5 sv 2 2dsv2 2 1d 5 st2 1 3dst 1 3d
5 sv 2 2dsv 2 1dsv 1 1d
69. x2 2 36 5 x2 2 62 5 sx 2 6dsx 1 6d 71. 9a2 2 100 5 s3a 2 10ds3a 1 10d
73. su 1 6d2 2 81 5 su 1 6 2 9dsu 1 6 1 9d 75. u3 2 1 5 su 2 1dsu2 1 u 1 1d

5 su 2 3dsu 1 15d
77. 8x3 1 27 5 s2xd3 1 s3d3 79. x2 2 18x 1 81 5 x2 2 2s9dx 1 92 5 sx 2 9d2

5 s2x 1 3ds4x2 2 6x 1 9d
81. 4s2 1 40st 1 100t2 5 s2sd2 1 2s2sds10d 1 s10td2 83. x2 1 2x 2 35 5 sx 1 7dsx 2 5d

5 s2s 1 10td2
85. 2x2 2 7x 1 6 5 s2x 2 3dsx 2 2d 87. 18x2 1 27x 1 10 5 s3x 1 2ds6x 1 5d
89. 4a 2 64a3 5 4as1 2 16a2d 91. 8xs2x 2 3d 2 4s2x 2 3d 5 s2x 2 3ds8x 2 4d

5 4as1 2 4ads1 1 4ad 5 s2x 2 3ds2x 2 1d
5 4s2x 2 3ds2x 2 1d
93. 14x2 1 xy 1 y2 5 s12xd 1 2s12 dxy 1 y2

2
95. 4u2 2 28u 1 49 5 s2ud2 2 2s2uds7d 1 72
5 s2 x 1 yd
2
1
5 s2u 2 7d2
97. x2 2 10x 1 25 2 y2 5 sx 2 5d2 2 y2 99. 3s2 2 2s 2 8 5 0

5 fsx 2 5d 2 ygfsx 2 5d 1 yg s3s 1 4dss 2 2d 5 0
5 sx 2 5 2 ydsx 2 5 1 yd 3s 1 4 5 0 s2250
5 sx 2 y 2 5dsx 1 y 2 5d s5 2 43 s52
101. v2 2 100 5 0 103. 10xsx 2 3d 5 0

sv 2 10dsv 1 10d 5 0 10x 5 0 x2350
v 2 10 5 0 v 1 10 5 0 x50 x53
v 5 10 v 5 210
105. zs5 2 zd 1 36 5 0 107. 2y4 1 2y3 2 24y2 5 0

5z 2 z2 1 36 5 0 2y2sy2 1 y 2 12d 5 0
z2 2 5z 2 36 5 0 2y2sy 1 4dsy 2 3d 5 0
sz 2 9dsz 1 4d 5 0 2y2 5 0 y1450 y2350
z2950 z1450 y50 y 5 24 y53
z59 z 5 24
109. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 X,T, u x 2 2 10 X,T, u 1 21 GRAPH

0 10
−5
111. x 5 5 x 5 29 113. x 5 0 x 5 2 32 x52

sx 2 5dsx 1 9d 5 0 xsx 1 32 dsx 2 2d 5 0
x2 1 9x 2 5x 2 45 5 0 xs2x 1 3dsx 2 2d 5 0
x2 1 4x 2 45 5 0 xs2x2 2 4x 1 3x 2 6d 5 0
2x3 2 x2 2 6x 5 0
115. (a) Keystrokes: 550
PH
y1 Y 5 x2 c .022 X,T, u x2 1 1.33 X,T, u 1 270.71 ENTER
PM
y2 2.386 X,T, u 1 274.857 ENTER
PL
y3 .028 X,T, u x2 1 3.4 X,T, u 1 278.18 GRAPH
0 50
200
PL 1 PH 20.022t2 1 1.33t 1 270.71 1 0.028t2 1 3.40t 1 278.18

(b) 5
2 2
0.006t2 1 4.73t 1 548.89
5
2
5 0.003t2 1 2.365t 1 274.445
550 This graph is most like the graph of PM , the average
of the high and low projections.
0 50
200
(c) PH 2 PL 5 s0.028t2 1 3.40t 1 278.18d 2 s20.022t2 1 1.33t 1 270.71d

5 s0.028t2 1 0.022t2d 1 s3.40t 2 1.33td 1 s278.18 2 270.71d
5 0.05t2 1 2.07t 1 7.47
Keystrokes: Y 5 .003 X,T, u x2 1 2.365 X,T, u 1 274.495 GRAPH
Keystrokes: Y 5 .05 X,T, u x2 1 2.07 X,T, u 1 7.47 GRAPH
200 The difference between the high and low

projections is increasing.
0 50
0
117. Verbal model: Profit 5 Revenue 2 Cost 119. Perimeter 5 x 1 3x 1 4 1 4x 1 3 1 1 5 8x 1 8

Area 5 1.3x 1 3.4x 5 3x 1 12x 5 15x
Equation: Psxd 5 1.1x 2 s0.5x 1 1000d
5 1.1x 2 0.5x 2 1000
5 0.6x 2 1000
Ps5000d 5 0.6s5000d 2 1000
5 3000 2 1000
5 $2000

121. Verbal model: shaded 5 larger 2 smaller
region rectangle rectangle
Labels: Width of larger rectangle 5 2x

Length of larger rectangle 5 2x 1 5
Width of smaller rectangle 5 2x 2 3
Length of smaller rectangle 5 2x 1 1
Equation: Area 5 2xs2x 1 5d 2 s2x 1 1ds2x 2 3d

5 4x2 1 10x 2 s4x2 2 6x 1 2x 2 3d
5 4x2 1 10x 2 4x2 1 4x 1 3
5 14x 1 3
123. (a) Perimeter 5 2l 1 2w (b) Area 5 l ? w

5 2l 1 2sl 2 5d 5 lsl 2 5d
5 2l 1 2l 2 10 5 l 2 2 5l
5 4l 2 10
Cost of Cost of Cost of

125. Verbal model: fencing 1 fencing 1 fencing 5 9500
2 widths front back
Labels: Width 5 x
Front 5 400 2 x
Back 5 400 2 x
Equation: 10s2xd 1 15s400 2 xd 1 10s400 2 xd 5 9500
20x 1 6000 2 15x 1 4000 2 10x 5 9500
25x 5 2500
x 5 100 feet
400 2 x 5 300 feet
127. 216t2 1 16t 1 32 5 0

216st2 2 t 2 2d 5 0
216st 2 2dst 1 1d 5 0
t2250 t1150
t52 t 5 21
reject
The object reaches the ground after 2 seconds.
129. Verbal model: First even Second

integer ? even
5 224
Labels: First even integer 5 2n

Second even integer 5 2n 1 2
Equation: 2n ? s2n 1 2d 5 224
4n2 1 4n 2 224 5 0
4sn2 1 n 2 56d 5 0
4sn 1 8dsn 2 7d 5 0
n1850 n2750
n 5 28 n57
reject 2n 5 14
2n 1 2 5 16
4
1. 25.2x3 1 3x2 2 8 2. is not a polynomial because the variable appears in
x2 1 2
Degree 5 3 Leading coefficient 5 25.2 the denominator.
3. (a) s5a2 2 3a 1 4d 1 sa2 2 4d 5 6a2 2 3a (b) s16 2 y2d 2 s16 1 2y 1 y2d

5 16 2 y2 2 16 2 2y 2 y2
5 22y2 2 2y
4. (a) 22s2x4 2 5d 1 4xsx3 1 2x 2 1d (b) 4t 2 f3t 2 s10t 1 7dg 5 4t 2 f3t 2 10t 2 7g

5 24x 4 2 10 1 4x 4 1 8x2 2 4x 5 4t 2 3t 1 10t 1 7
5 8x2 2 4x 1 10 5 11t 1 7
5. (a) s22u2vd3s3v2d 5 s28u6v3ds3v2d (b) 3s5xds2xyd2 5 3s5xds4x2y2d

5 224u6v5 5 60x3y2
s23x2yd4 81x8y4
14y 2 116y 2
2 2
6. (a) 2y 5 2y (b) 5
6x2 6x2
y3 27x6y4
5 5
8 2
7. (a) 23xsx 2 4d 5 23x2 1 12x (b) s2x 2 3ydsx 1 5yd 5 2x2 1 7xy 2 15y2
8. (a) sx 2 1df2x 1 sx 2 3dg 5 sx 2 1ds3x 2 3d 5 3x2 2 6x 1 3

(b) s2s 2 3ds3s2 2 4s 1 7d 5 6s3 2 8s2 1 14s 2 9s2 1 12s 2 21
5 6s3 2 17s2 1 26s 2 21
129. Verbal model: First even Second

integer ? even
5 224
Labels: First even integer 5 2n

Equation: 2n ? s2n 1 2d 5 224
4n2 1 4n 2 224 5 0
4sn2 1 n 2 56d 5 0
4sn 1 8dsn 2 7d 5 0
n1850 n2750
n 5 28 n57
reject 2n 5 14
2n 1 2 5 16
4
1. 25.2x3 1 3x2 2 8 2. is not a polynomial because the variable appears in
x2 1 2
Degree 5 3 Leading coefficient 5 25.2 the denominator.
3. (a) s5a2 2 3a 1 4d 1 sa2 2 4d 5 6a2 2 3a (b) s16 2 y2d 2 s16 1 2y 1 y2d

5 16 2 y2 2 16 2 2y 2 y2
5 22y2 2 2y
4. (a) 22s2x4 2 5d 1 4xsx3 1 2x 2 1d (b) 4t 2 f3t 2 s10t 1 7dg 5 4t 2 f3t 2 10t 2 7g

5 24x 4 2 10 1 4x 4 1 8x2 2 4x 5 4t 2 3t 1 10t 1 7
5 8x2 2 4x 1 10 5 11t 1 7
5. (a) s22u2vd3s3v2d 5 s28u6v3ds3v2d (b) 3s5xds2xyd2 5 3s5xds4x2y2d

5 224u6v5 5 60x3y2
s23x2yd4 81x8y4
14y 2 116y 2
2 2
6. (a) 2y 5 2y (b) 5
6x2 6x2
y3 27x6y4
5 5
8 2
7. (a) 23xsx 2 4d 5 23x2 1 12x (b) s2x 2 3ydsx 1 5yd 5 2x2 1 7xy 2 15y2
8. (a) sx 2 1df2x 1 sx 2 3dg 5 sx 2 1ds3x 2 3d 5 3x2 2 6x 1 3

(b) s2s 2 3ds3s2 2 4s 1 7d 5 6s3 2 8s2 1 14s 2 9s2 1 12s 2 21
5 6s3 2 17s2 1 26s 2 21
9. (a) s4x 2 3d2 5 16x2 2 24x 1 9 10. 18y2 2 12y 5 6ys3y 2 2d

(b) f4 2 sa 1 bdgf4 1 sa 1 bdg 5 16 2 sa 1 bd2
5 16 2 sa2 1 2ab 1 b2d
5 16 2 a2 2 2ab 2 b2
9 5 sv 2 3 dsv 1 3 d
11. v2 2 16 4 4 12. x3 2 3x2 2 4x 1 12 5 x2sx 2 3d 2 4sx 2 3d
5 sx 2 3dsx2 2 4d
5 sx 2 3dsx 2 2dsx 1 2d
13. 9u2 2 6u 1 1 5 s3u 2 1ds3u 2 1d or s3u 2 1d2 14. 6x2 2 26x 2 20 5 2s3x2 2 13x 2 10d
5 2s3x 1 2dsx 2 5d
15. x3 1 27 5 sx 1 3dsx2 2 3x 1 9d 16. sy 1 2d2 2 9 5 0

fsy 1 2d 2 3gfsy 1 2d 1 3g 5 0
y2150 y1550
y51 y 5 25
17. 12 1 5y 2 3y2 5 0 18. Area 5 2xsx 1 15d 2 xsx 1 4d

s3 2 yds4 1 3yd 5 0 Shaded region 5 2x2 1 30x 2 x2 2 4x
32y50 4 1 3y 5 0 5 x2 1 26x
4
35y 23 5 y
19. Verbal model: Area rectangle 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Length 5 32w

Width 5 w
Equation: 54 5 32w ?w
108 5 3w2
36 5 w2
6 centimeters 5 width
9 centimeters 5 length
20. 0 5 216t2 2 40t 1 144

0 5 2t2 1 5t 2 18
0 5 s2t 1 9dst 2 2d
2t 1 9 5 0 t2250
9
t5 22 t 5 2 sec
reject
1
21. Verbal model: Area 5
2
? Base ? Height
Labels: Base 5 x
Height 5 2x 1 4
Equation: 35 5 12 ? x ? s2x 1 4d
70 5 2x2 1 4x
0 5 2x2 1 4x 2 70
0 5 x2 1 2x 2 35
0 5 sx 1 7dsx 2 5d
x1750 x2550
x 5 27 x 5 5 feet; base
reject 2x 1 4 5 14 feet; height
Cumulative Test for Chapters P–3
1. (a) 22 < 5 2. “The number n is tripled and the product is decreased by

1 1 8,” is expressed by 3n 2 8.
(b) 3 < 2
| |
(c) 2.3 > 2 24.5 | |
3. (a) ts3t 2 1d 2 2tst 1 4d 5 3t2 2 t 2 2t2 2 8t 4. (a) s2a2bd3s2ab2d2 5 s8a6b3dsa2b4d

5 t 2 2 9t 5 8a8b7
(b) 3xsx2 2 2d 2 xsx2 1 5d 5 3x3 2 6x 2 x3 2 5x
12x4x yy 2 5 1xy2 2
4 2 2 2
x2y2
(b) 3
5
4
5 2x3 2 11x
5. (a) s2x 1 1dsx 2 5d 5 2x2 2 10x 1 x 2 5

5 2x2 2 9x 2 5
(b) f2 1 sx 2 ydg2 5 4 1 4sx 2 yd 1 sx 2 yd2
5 4 1 4x 2 4y 1 x2 2 2xy 1 y2
6. (a) 12 2 5s3 2 xd 5 x 1 3 x12 7

(b) 12 5
4 8
12 2 15 1 5x 5 x 1 3
x12
23 1 5x 5 x 1 3 3
8 12
4
5
7
8
84 34
23 1 5x 2 x 5 x 1 3 2 x
8 2 2sx 1 2d 5 7
3 2 3 1 4x 5 3 1 3
8 2 2x 2 4 5 7
4x 5 6
4 2 2x 5 7
4x 6
5 4 2 4 2 2x 5 7 2 4
4 4
22x 5 3
3
x5
2 22x 3
52
22 2
3
x52
2
1
2
? Base ? Height
Labels: Base 5 x
Height 5 2x 1 4
Equation: 35 5 12 ? x ? s2x 1 4d
70 5 2x2 1 4x
0 5 2x2 1 4x 2 70
0 5 x2 1 2x 2 35
0 5 sx 1 7dsx 2 5d
x1750 x2550
x 5 27 x 5 5 feet; base
reject 2x 1 4 5 14 feet; height
Cumulative Test for Chapters P–3
1. (a) 22 < 5 2. “The number n is tripled and the product is decreased by

1 1 8,” is expressed by 3n 2 8.
(b) 3 < 2
| |
(c) 2.3 > 2 24.5 | |
3. (a) ts3t 2 1d 2 2tst 1 4d 5 3t2 2 t 2 2t2 2 8t 4. (a) s2a2bd3s2ab2d2 5 s8a6b3dsa2b4d

5 t 2 2 9t 5 8a8b7
(b) 3xsx2 2 2d 2 xsx2 1 5d 5 3x3 2 6x 2 x3 2 5x
12x4x yy 2 5 1xy2 2
4 2 2 2
x2y2
(b) 3
5
4
5 2x3 2 11x
5. (a) s2x 1 1dsx 2 5d 5 2x2 2 10x 1 x 2 5

5 2x2 2 9x 2 5
(b) f2 1 sx 2 ydg2 5 4 1 4sx 2 yd 1 sx 2 yd2
5 4 1 4x 2 4y 1 x2 2 2xy 1 y2
6. (a) 12 2 5s3 2 xd 5 x 1 3 x12 7

(b) 12 5
4 8
12 2 15 1 5x 5 x 1 3
x12
23 1 5x 5 x 1 3 3
8 12
4
5
7
8
84 34
23 1 5x 2 x 5 x 1 3 2 x
8 2 2sx 1 2d 5 7
3 2 3 1 4x 5 3 1 3
8 2 2x 2 4 5 7
4x 5 6
4 2 2x 5 7
4x 6
5 4 2 4 2 2x 5 7 2 4
4 4
22x 5 3
3
x5
2 22x 3
52
22 2
3
x52
2
Cumulative Test for Chapters P–3 221
|
7. (a) 3x 2 5 5 7 | 8. (a) 3s1 2 xd > 6
3x 2 5 5 7 3x 2 5 5 27 3 2 3x > 6
3x 5 12 3x 5 22 23x > 3
x54 x 5 2 23 x < 21
(b) 2t2 2 5t 2 3 5 0 (b) 212 ≤ 4x 2 6 < 10
s2t 1 1dst 2 3d 5 0 26 ≤ 4x < 16
2t 1 1 5 0 t2350 2 64 ≤ x < 4
t 5 2 12 t53 2 32 ≤ x < 4
Total annual Annual

9. Verbal model: 5 1 Surcharge
premium premium
Labels: Total annual premium 5 x

Equation: x 5 1225 1 0.15s1225d
x 5 1225 1 183.75
x 5 $1408.75
9 13
10. 5 11. x 2 2 ≤ 23 or x22 ≥ 3
4.5 x
x ≤ 21 x ≥ 5
9x 5 13s4.5d
−1 5
13s4.5d
x5 x
9 −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
x 5 6.5
12. Verbal model: Revenue > Cost 13. x 2 y3 5 0 does represent y as a function of x.
Equation: 12.90x ≥ 8.50x 1 450

4.4x ≥ 450
x ≥ 102.27273
x ≥ 103
14. f sxd 5 !x 2 2 D5x ≥ 2 x22 ≥ 0 15. f sxd 5 x2 2 3x

2 ≤ x < ` (a) f s4d 5 42 2 3s4d 5 16 2 12 5 4
(b) f sc 1 3d 5 sc 1 3d2 2 3sc 1 3d
5 c2 1 6c 1 9 2 3c 2 9
5 c2 1 3c
620 6 3
16. m 5 5 5
414 8 4
d 5 !s24 2 4d2 1 s0 2 6d2
5 !64 1 36
5 !100
5 10
17. (a) 2x 2 y 5 1 (b) 3x 1 2y 5 5

2y 5 22x 1 1 2y 5 23x 1 5
y 5 2x 2 1 y 5 2 32x 1 5
m52 m 5 23
y 2 1 5 2sx 1 2d y 2 1 5 23sx 1 2d
y 2 1 5 2x 1 4 y 2 1 5 23x 1 43
2x 2 y 1 5 5 0 y 5 23x 1 73
3y 5 2x 1 7
2x 2 3y 1 7 5 0
18. (a) 3x2 2 8x 2 35 5 s3x 1 7dsx 2 5d 19. (a) y3 2 3y2 2 9y 1 27 5 y2sy 2 3d 2 9sy 2 3d
(b) 9x2 2 144 5 s3xd2 2 s12d2 5 sy 2 3dsy2 2 9d
5 s3x 2 12ds3x 1 12d 5 sy 2 3dsy 2 3dsy 1 3d
5 3sx 2 4d 3sx 1 4d (b) 8t 3 2 40t 2 1 50t 5 2ts4t 2 2 20t 1 25d
5 9sx 2 4dsx 1 4d 5 2tfs2td2 2 2s2tds5d 1 52g
5 2ts2t 2 5d2
20. 4x 1 3y 2 12 5 0 y
4s0d 1 3y 2 12 5 0 4x 1 3s0d 2 12 5 0 8
3y 5 12 4x 5 12
4
y54 s0, 4d x53 s3, 0d 2
x
–6 –4 –2 2 6
–2
–4
21. y 5 1 2 sx 2 2d2
y
x
–1 2 4 5
–1
–2
–3
CHAPTER 3 Polynomials and Factoring
SECTION 3.1 Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
1. If the product of two real numbers is 296 and one of the factors is 12, the other factor is negative.
2. The sum of the digits of 576 5 5 1 7 1 6 5 18. 576 is divisible by 9 and 3.
3. 262 is positive is a false statement. 262 5 21 ? 62 5 21 ? 36 5 236
4. s26d2 is positive is a true statement. s26d2 5 s26ds26d 5 36
5. 2x 2 12 ≥ 0 6. 7 2 3x < 4 2 x
2x 2 12 1 12 ≥ 12 7 2 3x 1 x < 4 2 x 1 x
2x ≥ 12 7 2 2x < 4
2x 12 7 2 7 2 2x < 4 2 7
≥
2 2
22x < 23
x ≥ 6
22x 23
>
2 22
3
x >
2
7. 22 < 4 2 2x < 10 8. 4 ≤ x15 < 8

22 2 4 < 4 2 4 2 2x < 10 2 4 425 ≤ x1525 < 825
26 < 22x < 6 21 ≤ x < 3
26 22x 6
> >
22 22 22
3 > x > 23
23 < x < 3
9. |x 2 3| < 2 |
10. x 2 5 > 3|
22 < x 2 3 < 2 x25 > 3 or x 2 5 < 23
22 1 3 < x 2 3 1 3 < 2 1 3 x2515 > 315 x 2 5 1 5 < 23 1 5
1 < x < 5 x > 8 or x < 2
Tax Tax
11. Verbal model: 5
Assessed Value Assessed Value
2400 x
Proportion: 5
145,000 90,000
s2400ds90,000d
x5
145,000
x 5 $1489.66
Gallons Gallons
12. Verbal model: 5
Miles Miles
7 x
Proportion: 5
200 325
7.325
x5
200
3
x 5 11.375 gallons or 11 gallons
8
SECTION 3.2 Multiplying Polynomials
1. The point s22, 3d is 2 units to the left of the y-axis and 3 units above the x-axis.
2. Point 3 units from x-axis and 4 units from y-axis s4, 3d, s24, 3d, s24, 23d, s4, 23d
3 5
3. y5 x14 4. y532 x
5 9
s15, d s12, d
3 5
y 5 s15d 1 4 y 5 3 2 s12d
5 9
y5914 20
y532
3
y 5 13
9 20
y5 2
3 3
11
y52
3
5. y 5 5.5 2 0.95x 6. y 5 3 1 0.2x

s , 21d s , 4.4d
21 5 5.5 2 0.95x 4.4 5 3 1 0.2x
26.5 5 20.95x 1.4 5 0.2x
26.5 1.4
5x 5x
20.95 0.2
6.84 < x 75x
1
7. f sxd 5 x2 8. f sxd 5 3 2 2x
3
(a) f s5d 5 3 2 2s5d
1 1
(a) f s6d 5 s6d2 5
3 3
? 36 5 12 5 3 2 10
5 27
1342 5 311342
2
1 9
(b) f 5
3
? 16
(b) f sx 1 3d 2 f s3d 5 3 2 2sx 1 3d 2 f3 2 2s3dg
3
5 5 3 2 2x 2 6 2 3 1 6
16
5 22x
x 10. h sxd 5 !x 2 4
9. g sxd 5
x 1 10
(a) h s16d 5 !16 2 4
5 5 1
(a) g s5d 5 5 5 5 !12
5 1 10 15 3
c26 c26 5 !4 ?3
(b) g sc 2 6d 5 5
sc 2 6d 1 10 c 1 4 5 2!3
(b) h st 1 3d 5 !t 1 3 2 4
5 !t 2 1
3
11. g sxd 5 7 2 x
2
12. h sxd 5 3 2 x | |
y
y 6
5
4
6 3
4 2
1
2
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
−2
SECTION 3.3 Factoring Polynomials
1. A function f from a set A to a set B is a rule of correspondence that assigns to each element x in the set A exactly one element
y in the set B.
2. The set A (see Exercise 1) is called the domain (or set of inputs) of the function f, and the set B (see Exercise 1) contains the
range (or set of outputs) of the function f.
3. y is not a function of x. 4. y is a function of x.

Answers will vary. Answers will vary.
y y
3 3
2 2
x x
−2 1 2 3 4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
−3
x 5 y2 2 1
2 5
5. y 5 6 2 x 6. y 5 x 2 4
3 2
y y
10 1
8 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
6 −1
4 −2
2 −3
x −4
−2 2 4 6 8
−2
Function Function
7. 2y 2 4x 1 3 5 0 8. 3x 1 2y 1 12 5 0
y y
2 1
1 x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
x −1
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2
−1
−3
−4
−4 −6
Function Function
||
9. y 2 x 5 0 ||
10. y 5 2 2 x
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
−3 −3
Not a function Not a function
11. y
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
t
1 2 3 4 5
12. (a)Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Function: A sxd 5 x ? s250 2 xd
(b) y
16,000
12,000
8,000
4,000
x
100 200 300
SECTION 3.4 Factoring Trinomials
1. A function can have only one value of y corresponding 2. Leading coefficient of 6t 3 1 3t2 1 5t 2 4 is 6.
to x 5 0.
3. The set of all real numbers x whose distance from 0 is less than 5 can be represented by x < 5. ||
4. The set of all real numbers x whose distance from 6 is more than 3 is represented by x 2 6 > 3. | |
5. s23, 2d, s5, 24d 6. s2, 8d, s7, 23d
y y
(2, 8)
4 8
(−3, 2)
2 6
4
x
−4 −2 2 4 6
2
−2
x
−4 (5, −4) −4 −2 2 4 8
−2
−6
−4
(7, −3)
24 2 2 26 23
m5 5 5 23 2 8 211
5 2 s23d 8 4 m5 5
722 5
7. 152, 722, 173, 222 8. 12 49, 2 412, 123, 292

y
y
4 (−3, 92 ) 5
3
(52 , 72 ) 4
3
2
2
1
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 x
−1 −1 1 2
(− 94 , − 14 ) −1
−2 (
7
3
, −2 )
7
2
22 2
6 212 2 21 233
9
2
2 2
1
4 1 2 4 18 1 1 19 19
m5 ? 5 5 5 33 m5
29
? 4 5 212 1 9 5 23 5 2 3
7 5
2
3 2
6 14 2 15 21
23 2
4 1 2
9. s6, 4d, s6, 23d 10. s24, 5d, s7, 5d

y y
6 8
4 (6, 4) (−4, 5) 6 (7, 5)

2 4
x 2
−4 −2 2 4 8
−2 x
(6, −3) −4 −2 2 4 6 8
−4 −2
−6 −4
23 2 4 27 525 0
m5 5 m5 5 50
626 0 7 2 s24d 11
m is undefined
11. Verbal model: Interest 5 Principal ? Rate ? Time
Equation: i 5 12,000 ? 0.12 ? 12

i 5 $720
Verbal model: Paymen 5 Principal 1 Interest
Equation: x 5 12,000 1 720

x 5 $12,720
Time 5 Distance
Rate
100 100 200

Equation: 1 5
54 45 x
500x 1 600x 5 54000
1100x 5 54000
54000
x5
1100
x < 49.1 mph
SECTION 3.5 Solving Polynomial Equations
1. 3uv 2 3uv 5 0 illustrates the Additive Inverse Property. 2. 5z ? 1 5 5z illustrates the Multiplicative Identity Property.
3. 2ss1 2 sd 5 2s 2 2s2 illustrates the Distributive Property. 4. s3xdy 5 3sxyd illustrates the Associative Property of
Multiplication.
1
5. 42 x56 6. 500 2 0.75x 5 235 7. 4sx 2 3d 2 s4x 1 5d 5 0
2
500 2 500 2 0.75x 5 235 2 500 4x 2 12 2 4x 2 5 5 0
1
4242 x5624
2 20.75x 5 2265 217 Þ 0
1 20.75x 2265 No solution
2 x52 5
2 20.75 20.75
x < 353.33
1 2
1
s22d 2 x 5 s2ds22d
2
x 5 24
8. 12s3 2 xd 5 5 2 7s2x 1 1d 12 1 x 10. 8st 2 24d 5 0

9. 5 13
4
36 2 12x 5 5 2 14x 2 7 t 2 24 5 0
12 1 x
36 2 12x 5 22 2 14x 41 4 2
5 s13d4 t 5 24
36 2 12x 1 14x 5 22 2 14x 1 14x
12 1 x 5 52
36 1 2x 5 22
12 2 12 1 x 5 52 2 12
36 2 36 1 2x 5 22 2 36
x 5 40
2x 5 238
2x 38
52
2 2
x 5 219
11. (a) P 5 R 2 C 12. 216t2 1 576 5 0
1
1
2
P 5 16x 2 x2 2 s12 1 8xd
4
216t2 1 576 2 576 5 0 2 576
216t2 5 2576
5 16x 2 14x2 2 12 2 8x
216t2 2576
5
5 2 14x2 1 8x 2 12 216 216
(b) 60 t2 5 36
t 5 6 seconds
0 20
−15
Keystrokes:
Y 5 x2 c 1 4 4 X,T, u x2 1 8 X,T, u 2 12 GRAPH
(c) Ps16d 5 2 4s16d2 1 8s16d 2 12

1
5 2 14s256d 1 128 2 12
5 264 1 128 2 12
5 52
C H A P T E R 4
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Section 4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation . . . . . . . . . 224
Section 4.2 Rational Expressions and Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Section 4.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions . . . . . . 231
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Section 4.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions . . . . . . . 236
Section 4.5 Dividing Polynomials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Section 4.6 Solving Rational Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
C H A P T E R 4
Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
Section 4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation
1 1 1 1
1. 522 5 5 3. 21023 5 2 52 5. s23d0 5 1
52 25 103 1000
21
7.
1
5
1
423 s1y4d3
5 43 5 64 9.
1
s22d25
5
1
11. 1232 5
3
1 2
2
1
2
5
2
1
5 5 232
1
2
32
1163 2
0
34
13. 51 15. 27 ? 323 5 33 ? 323 17.
322
5 342(22)
5 331(23)
5 3412
5 30
5 36
51
5 729
103
19.
1022
5 1032(22) 21. s42 ? 421d22 5 s421(21)d22 23. s223d2 5 226
5 s41d22 1
5 10312 5
26
5 422
5 105
1
1 5
5 100,000 5 64
42
1
5
16
21
1 2
22 22
134 1 852 168 1 852
1 1 1
25. 223 1 224 5 1 27. 5 29. s50 2 422d21 5 1 2
23 24 42
21
116
16 16 2
22
11182
1 1 1
5 1 5 5 2
8 16
21
1118 2 115
16 2
2 1 2
5 1 5 5
16 16
3 64 16
5 5 5
16 121 15
7
31. y 4 ? y22 5 y 41(22) 5 y 2 33. z5 ? z23 5 z51(23) 5 z 2 35. 7x24 5
x4
224
Section 4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation 225
1 1 1 8a26 4 (26)2(27) s4td0 1

37. s4xd23 5 5 39. 5 x6 41. 5 a 43. 5 22 5 t 2
s4xd3 64x3 x26 6a27 3 t22 t
4
5 a2617
3
4
5 a
3
1 1
45. s2x 2d22 5 5 47. s23x23y 2ds4x 2y25d 5 23 ? 4 ? x2312 ? y21(25)
s2x2d2 4x 4
5 212x21y23
12
52
xy3
21
49. s3x 2y22d 5 322x24y 4 5
1y 4
9x 4
51. 110x 2 5
10
x
53.
6x 3y23
22
12x y
5
6x32(22)y2321
6?2
x5y24
5
2
x5
5
2y 4
2 21 22 22(21)v2123 22
133uu v v 2 13u 2
22
1ab 21ba2 5 1ba 21ba 2
3 2 3
55. 3 21 3
5 57. 22
33 2 3
3 24 22
5 1u 3v 2
2 5
b5
a5
1u 3v 2
2 2
5 3 24
34
5
u6v28
81v8
5
u6
59. s2x3y21d23s4xy26 d 5 s223x29y3ds4xy26 d 61. u 4s6u23v0ds7vd0 5 u 4s6u23ds1d

4x2911y31(26) 5 6u41(23)
5
23
5 6u
4x28y23
5
8
1
5
2x8y3
s2a22b4d3b 23a26b12 ? b 1
63. fsx24y26 d21g2 5 sx 4y6 d2 5 x 8y12 65. 5 67. su 1 v22d21 5
s10a3bd2 102a6b2 u 1 v22
8a2626b121122 1 v2
5 5 ? v2
100 1
u1 2
v1 2
2a212b11
5
25 v2
5
uv2 1 1
2b11
5
25a12
226 Chapter 4 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
a1b a1b ab
69.
ba21 2 ab21
5
b a
? ab 71. 3,600,000 5 3.6 3 106 73. 47,620,000 5 4.762 3 107
2
a b
a2b 1 ab2
5
b2 2 a2
absa 1 bd
5
sb 2 adsb 1 ad
ab
5
b2a
75. 0.00031 5 3.1 3 1024 77. 0.0000000381 5 3.81 3 1028 79. 57,500,000 5 5.75 3 107
81. 9,461,000,000,000,000 5 9.461 3 1015 83. 0.0000899 5 8.99 3 1025 85. 6 3 107 5 60,000,000
87. 1.359 3 1027 5 0.0000001359 89. $3.17 3 1010 5 31,700,000,000 91. 1.3 3 107 5 13,000,000
93. 4.8 3 10210 5 0.00000000048 95. s2 3 109ds3.4 3 1024d 5 s2ds3.4ds105d 97. s5 3 104d2 5 52 3 108
5 6.8 3 105 5 25 3 108
5 2.5 3 109
3.6 3 1012 3.6

99. 5 3 101225 101. s4,500,000ds2,000,000,000d 5 s4.5 3 106 ds2 3 109d
6 3 105 6
5 s4.5ds2d 3 1015
5 0.6 3 107
5 9 3 1015
5 6.0 3 106
64,000,000 6.4 3 107

103. 5
0.00004 4.0 3 1025
5 1.6 3 1072(25)
5 1.6 3 1012
s0.0000565ds2,850,000,000,000d s5.65 3 1025ds2.85 3 1012d

105. 5
0.00465 4.65 3 1023
s5.65ds2.85d
5 3 1010
4.65
< 3.4629032 3 1010
< 3.46 3 1010
1.357 3 1012 1.357

107. 5 3 1013 109. 72,400 3 2,300,000,000 5 s7.24 3 104ds2.3 3 109d
s4.2 3 102ds6.87 3 1023d s4.2ds6.87d
5 16.652 3 10 419
5 0.0470299 3 1013
5 16.652 3 1013
5 4.70299 3 1011
5 1.6652 3 1014
< 4.70 3 1011
< 1.67 3 1014
Section 4.2 Rational Expressions and Functions 227
s5,000,000d3s0.000037d2 s5.0 3 106d3s3.7 3 1025d2

111. 5
s0.005d4 s5.0 3 1023d4
s53 3 1018ds3.72 3 10210d
5
54 3 10212
s125ds13.69d
5 3 10181(210)2(212)
625
5 2.738 3 1018210112
5 2.738 3 1020
< 2.74 3 1020
1.49 3 1011 1.49

113. 93,000,000 5 9.3 3 107 115. 5 3 1024
9.45 3 1015 9.45
< 0.157672 3 1024
< 1.58 3 1025
< 8.3 minutes
1.99 3 1030 1.99 $5506 billion $5,506,000,000,000

117. 5 3 106 119. 5
5.975 3 1024 5.975 270 million 270,000,000
< 0.3330544 3 106 5.506 3 1012
5
2.7 3 108
< 3.33 3 105
< 2.03925 3 104
< $20,393
121. In s3xd4, 3x is called the base and 4 is called the 123. You can “move” a factor from the numerator to the
exponent. denominator by changing the sign of the exponent
of the factor.
125. Scientific notation is an efficient way of writing and

computing real numbers when the numbers are very large
or very small.
Section 4.2 Rational Expressions and Functions
1. x 2 8 Þ 0 3. x 1 4 Þ 0
xÞ8 x Þ 24
D 5 s2 `, 8d < s8, `d D 5 s2 `, 24d < s24, `d
5. 4 Þ 0 7. D 5 s2 `, `d
D 5 s2 `, `d
9. x 2 1 4 Þ 0 11. ys y 1 3d Þ 0
D 5 s2 `, `d yÞ0 y Þ 23
D 5 s2 `, 23d < s23, 0d < s0, `d
s5,000,000d3s0.000037d2 s5.0 3 106d3s3.7 3 1025d2

111. 5
s0.005d4 s5.0 3 1023d4
s53 3 1018ds3.72 3 10210d
5
54 3 10212
s125ds13.69d
5 3 10181(210)2(212)
625
5 2.738 3 1018210112
5 2.738 3 1020
< 2.74 3 1020
1.49 3 1011 1.49

113. 93,000,000 5 9.3 3 107 115. 5 3 1024
9.45 3 1015 9.45
< 0.157672 3 1024
< 1.58 3 1025
< 8.3 minutes
1.99 3 1030 1.99 $5506 billion $5,506,000,000,000

117. 5 3 106 119. 5
5.975 3 1024 5.975 270 million 270,000,000
< 0.3330544 3 106 5.506 3 1012
5
2.7 3 108
< 3.33 3 105
< 2.03925 3 104
< $20,393
121. In s3xd4, 3x is called the base and 4 is called the 123. You can “move” a factor from the numerator to the
exponent. denominator by changing the sign of the exponent
of the factor.
125. Scientific notation is an efficient way of writing and

computing real numbers when the numbers are very large
or very small.
Section 4.2 Rational Expressions and Functions
1. x 2 8 Þ 0 3. x 1 4 Þ 0
xÞ8 x Þ 24
D 5 s2 `, 8d < s8, `d D 5 s2 `, 24d < s24, `d
5. 4 Þ 0 7. D 5 s2 `, `d
D 5 s2 `, `d
9. x 2 1 4 Þ 0 11. ys y 1 3d Þ 0
D 5 s2 `, `d yÞ0 y Þ 23
D 5 s2 `, 23d < s23, 0d < s0, `d
13. t 2 2 16 Þ 0 15. y 2 2 3y Þ 0
st 2 4dst 1 4d Þ 0 ys y 2 3d Þ 0
tÞ4 t Þ 24 yÞ0 yÞ3
D 5 s2 `, 24d < s24, 4d < s4, `d D 5 s2 `, 0d < s0, 3d < s3, `d
17. x 2 2 5x 1 6 Þ 0 19. 3u2 2 2u 2 5 Þ 0

sx 2 3dsx 2 2d Þ 0 s3u 2 5dsu 1 1d Þ 0
xÞ3 xÞ2 u Þ 53 u Þ 21
D 5 s2 `, 2d < s2, 3d < s3, `d D 5 s2 `, 21d < s21, 3 d < s3, `d
5 5
4s1d 4 4s22d 28
21. (a) f s1d 5 5 51 (b) f s22d 5 5 5 28
113 4 22 1 3 1
4s23d 212 4s0d 0
(c) f s23d 5 5 (d) f s0d 5 5 50
23 1 3 0 013 3
5 not possible; undefined
02 2 4s0d 42 2 4s4d 16 2 16 0
23. (a) gs0d 5 50 (b) gs4d 5 5 5 50
02 2 9 42 2 9 16 2 9 7
32 2 4s3d 9 2 12 23 s23d2 2 4s23d 9 1 12 21
(c) gs3d 5 5 5 (d) gs23d 5 5 5
32 2 9 929 0 s23d2 2 9 929 0
5 not possible; undefined 5 not possible; undefined
102 100 25 02 0
25. (a) hs10d 5 5 5 (b) hs0d 5 5 50
10 2 10 2 2
2
88 22 0 2 0 2 2 22
2
s21d2 1 1 22 4 4
(c) hs21d 5 5 5 (d) hs2d 5 5 5
s21d2 2 s21d 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 0 22 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 0
5 not possible; undefined 5 not possible; undefined
27. Since length must be positive, 29. x 5 units of a product 31. Since p is the percent of air pollu-
500 tants in the stack emission of a
x ≥ 0. Since must be defined, D 5 H1, 2, 3, 4, . . .J
x utility, 0 ≤ p ≤ 100. Since
x Þ 0. Therefore, the domain is
x > 0 or s0, `d. 80,000p
100 2 p
must be defined, p Þ 100.
Therefore, the domain is f0, 100d.
5 5sx 1 3d x 3xsx 1 16d2 x 1 5 sx 1 5dsxsx 2 2dd

33. 5 , x Þ 23 35. 5 , x Þ 216 37. 5 , xÞ2
6 6sx 1 3d 2 2s3sx 1 16d2d 3x 3x2sx 2 2d
8x 8xsx 1 2d 5x 5x x 12y2 2 ? 6 ? y ? y
39. 5 , x Þ 22 41. 5 5 43. 5
x 2 5 x2 2 3x 2 10 25 5 ? 5 5 2y 2?y
5 6y, yÞ0
18x2y 3?6?x?x?y 3x2 2 9x 3xsx 2 3d sx 2 3d x2sx 2 8d x ? xsx 2 8d

45. 5 47. 5 5 49. 5
15xy 4 3 ? 5 ? x ? y ? y3 12x2 12x2 4x xsx 2 8d xsx 2 8d
6x 5 x, x Þ 0, x Þ 8
5 , xÞ0
5y3
2x 2 3 2x 2 3 1 3 52x 21sx 2 5d a13 a13

51. 5 5 , xÞ 53. 5 55. 5
4x 2 6 2s2x 2 3d 2 2 3x 2 15 3sx 2 5d a2 1 6a 1 9 sa 1 3dsa 1 3d
1 1
52 , xÞ5 5
3 a13
x2 2 7x xsx 2 7d y3 2 4y ys y2 2 4d x3 2 4x xsx2 2 4d
57. 5 59. 5 61. 5
x2 2 14x 1 49 sx 2 7dsx 2 7d y2 1 4y 2 12 s y 1 6ds y 2 2d x2 2 5x 1 6 sx 2 3dsx 2 2d
x ys y 2 2ds y 1 2d xsx 2 2dsx 1 2d
5 5 5
x27 s y 1 6ds y 2 2d sx 2 3dsx 2 2d
ys y 1 2d xsx 1 2d
5 , yÞ2 5 , xÞ2
y16 x23
3x2 2 7x 2 20 s3x 1 5dsx 2 4d 2x2 1 19x 1 24 s2x 1 3dsx 1 8d

63. 5 65. 5
12 1 x 2 x2 21sx2 2 x 2 12d 2x2 2 3x 2 9 s2x 1 3dsx 2 3d
s3x 1 5dsx 2 4d x18 3
5 5 , xÞ2
21sx 2 4dsx 1 3d x23 2
3x 1 5
52 , xÞ4
x13
15x2 1 7x 2 4 s5x 1 4ds3x 2 1d 3xy2 3xy2

67. 5 69. 5
25x2 2 16 s5x 1 4ds5x 2 4d xy2 1 x xs y2 1 1d
3x 2 1 4 3y2
5 , xÞ2 5 , xÞ0
5x 2 4 5 y2 1 1
y2 2 64x2 s y 2 8xds y 1 8xd 5xy 1 3x2y2 xys5 1 3xyd

71. 5 73. 5
5s3y 1 24xd 15s y 1 8xd xy3 xy ? y2
y 2 8x 5 1 3xy
5 , y Þ 28x 5 , xÞ0
15 y2
u2 2 4v2 su 2 2vdsu 1 2vd 3m2 2 12n2 3sm2 2 4n2d

75. 5 77. 5
u 1 uv 2 2v2
2
su 2 vdsu 1 2vd m2 1 4mn 1 4n2 sm 1 2ndsm 1 2nd
u 2 2v 3sm 2 2ndsm 1 2nd
5 , u Þ 22v 5
u2v sm 1 2ndsm 1 2nd
3sm 2 2nd
5
m 1 2n
x24 3x 1 2 3
79. Þx21 81. Þ
4 4x 1 2 4
10 2 4 Choose a value such as 10 3s0d 1 2 3 Choose a value such as 0 for
Þ 10 2 1 Þ
4 for x and evaluate both sides. 4s0d 1 2 4 x and evaluate both sides.
6 3
Þ9 1Þ
4 4
83.
x 22 21 0 1 2 3 4
x2 2 x 2 2
21 0 1 2 Undefined 4 5
x22
x11 21 0 1 2 3 4 5
x2 2 x 2 2
Domain of is s2 `, 2d < s2, `d.
x22
Domain of x 1 1 is s2 `, `d.
The two expressions are equal for all replacements of the variable x except 2.
Area of shaded portion xsx 1 1d x

85. 5 5 , x > 0
Area of total figure sx 1 1dsx 1 3d x 1 3
87. (a) Verbal Total

5
Number
?
Cost per
1
Initial
Model: cost of units unit cost
Labels: Total cost 5 C
Number of units 5 x
Equation: 2500 1 9.25x 5 C
(b) Verbal Average Total Number
5 4
Model: cost cost of units
Label: Average cost 5 C
2500 1 9.25x
Equation: C5
x
(c) Domain 5 H1, 2, 3, 4, . . .J
2500 1 9.25s100d
(d) 5 $34.25
100
Verbal Circular pool volume p s3dd2sd 1 2d

89. (a) Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time 91. 5
Rectangular pool volume ds3dds3d 1 6d
Van: 45st 1 3d
p s3dd2sd 1 2d
5
Car: 60t 3d2 ? 3sd 1 2d
(b) Distance between van and car 5 d
p s3dd2sd 1 2d
5
5 45st 1 3d 2 60t s3dd2sd 1 2d
5 45t 1 135 2 60t 5p
5 135 2 15t
5 15s9 2 td
Distance of car 60t 4t
(c) 5 5
Distance of van 45st 1 3d 3st 1 3d
107.30 1 15.09t billion s10,730 1 1509td1000

93. Average cost of Medicare per person 5 5
34.26 1 0.65t million 3426 1 65t
95. Let u and v be polynomials. The 97. The rational expression is in 99. You can cancel only common
algebraic expression uyv is a simplified form if the numerator factors.
rational expression. and denominator have no factors
in common (other than ± 1).
Section 4.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions 231
Section 4.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
10 2 10 0 0 2 10 210
1. (a) x 5 10: 5 50 (b) x 5 0: 5 5 undefined
4s10d 40 4s0d 0
22 2 10 212 3 12 2 10 2 1
(c) x 5 22: 5 5 (d) x 5 12: 5 5
4s22d 28 2 4s12d 48 24
7 7x2 3x 3xsx 1 2d2

3. 5 , xÞ0 5. 5 , x Þ 22
3y 3ysx2d x 2 4 sx 2 4dsx 1 2d2
3u 3usu 1 1d 13x 13xss21ds2 1 xdd

7. 5 , u Þ 21 9. 5 , x Þ 22
7v 7vsu 1 1d x22 4 2 x2
45 77 9?5 ? 7 ? 11 5 33 9 7x ? 3 ? 3 9
11. ? 60 5 7 13. 7x ? 5 5
28 ?4 ? 6 ? 10 16 14x 7?2?x 2
8s3 6s2 8s3 ? 3 ? 2s ? s s3 12 8?2 ? u2 ? u2 ? 12 5 24u2,

15. ? 32s 5 3 5 , sÞ0 17. 16u 4 ? 8u2 5 uÞ0
9s ?3?s?8?2?2?s 6 8 ? u2
8 8 ? 3s3 1 4xd 8u2v u 1 v 4 ? 2 ? u ? u ? vsu 1 vd

19.
3 1 4x
? s9 1 12xd 5 3 1 4x
21.
3u 1 v
? 12u
5
s3u 1 vd ? 4 ? 3 ? u
3 2uvsu 1 vd
5 24, xÞ2 5 , uÞ0
4 3s3u 1 vd
12 2 r 3 21sr 2 12d ? 3 s2x 2 3dsx 1 8d x s2x 2 3dsx 1 8dx

23. ? r 2 12 5 5 21, r Þ 12 25. ? 3 2 2x 5 x x2 21s2x 2 3d
3 3sr 2 12d x3 ? ?
x18 3
5 , xÞ
2x2 2
4r 2 12 r2 2 4 4sr 2 3dsr 2 2dsr 1 2d

27.
r22
? r23
5
sr 2 2d ? sr 2 3d
5 4sr 1 2d, r Þ 3, r Þ 2
2t 2 2 t 2 15 t2 2 t 2 6 s2t 1 5dst 2 3dst 2 3dst 1 2d

29.
t12
? t 2 2 6t 1 9 5 st 1 2dst 2 3dst 2 3d
5 2t 1 5, t Þ 3, t Þ 22
xy xy sx 1 2ydxy
31. sx 2 2 4y 2d ? 5 sx 2 2ydsx 1 2yd ? 5
sx 2 2yd2 sx 2 2yd2 x 2 2y
x2 1 2xy 2 3y2 x2 2 y2 sx 1 3ydsx 2 yd sx 2 ydsx 1 yd sx 2 yd2

33.
sx 1 yd2
? x 1 3y
5
sx 1 yd2
? x 1 3y
5
x1y
, x Þ 23y
x15 2x2 2 9x 2 5 x2 2 1 x15 s2x 1 1dsx 2 5d sx 2 1dsx 1 1d

35.
x25
? 3x2 1 x 2 2
? x2 1 7x 1 10 5
x25
? s3x 2 2dsx 1 1d ? sx 1 5dsx 1 2d
sx 1 5ds2x 1 1dsx 2 5dsx 2 1dsx 1 1d
5
sx 2 5ds3x 2 2dsx 1 1dsx 1 5d(x 1 2d
s2x 1 1dsx 2 1d
5 , x Þ ± 5, 21
s3x 2 2dsx 1 2d
9 2 x2 4x2 1 8x 2 5 6x 4 2 2x3 s3 2 xds3 1 xd s2x 1 5ds2x 2 1d 2x3s3x 2 1d

37.
2x 1 3
? 4x2 2 8x 1 3 ? 8x2 1 4x
5
2x 1 3
? s2x 2 3ds2x 2 1d ? 4xs2x 1 1d
21sx 2 3dsx 1 3ds2x 1 5dx 2s3x 2 1d
5
s2x 1 3ds2x 2 3d2s2x 1 1d
sx2 2 9ds2x 1 5dx2s3x 2 1d 1
5 , x Þ 0,
s2x 1 3ds3 2 2xd2s2x 1 1d 2
x3 1 3x2 2 4x 2 12 x2 2 9 x2sx 1 3d 2 4sx 1 3d sx 1 3dsx 2 3d

39.
x3 2 3x2 2 4x 1 12
? x
5 2
x sx 2 3d 2 4sx 2 3d
? x
sx 1 3dsx2 2 4dsx 1 3dsx 2 3d
5
sx 2 3dsx2 2 4d ? x
sx 1 3d2
5 , x Þ 22, 2, 3
x
25 45 25 32 25 ? 8 ? 4 28 3x 4 4x
41. 4 5 ? 45 5 4 5 43. x2 4 5 x2 ? 3x 5 , xÞ0
12 32 12 ? 3 ? 5 ? 9 27 4 3
7xy2 21x3 7xy2 45uv 3sa 1 bd sa 1 bd2 3sa 1 bd 2

45. 4 5
10u v 45uv 10u2v
2 ? 21x3
47.
4
4
2
5
4
? sa 1 bd2
7xy2 ? 3 ? 3 ? 5 ? u ? v 3sa 1 bd ? 2
5 5
5 ? 2 ? u ? u ? v ? 7 ? 3x ? x2 2 ? 2 ? sa 1 bdsa 1 bd
3y2 3
5 , vÞ0 5
2ux2 2sa 1 bd
sx3yd2 x2y sx3yd2 sx 1 2yd3

49. 4 5
sx 1 2yd2 sx 1 2yd3 sx 1 2yd2
? x2y
sx3ydsx3ydsx 1 2yd2sx 1 2yd
5
sx 1 2yd2x2y
sx3ydsx2 ? xydsx 1 2yd
5
x2y
5 x 4ysx 1 2yd, x Þ 0, y Þ 0, x Þ 22y
112x 2 x 5x 1x25x
2 52
2 2
2
25x2 10x
51. 5 4 53. 5 4
x 2 5 5 1 4x 2 x2
1185x 2 12 18 1 10x
5 1 4x 2 x2 2
x2 18 25x2 5 1 4x 2 x2
5
12
? 5x 5
x25
? 10x
x2 ? 3 ? 3 ? 2 5?5 ? x ? x ? s21dsx2 2 4x 2 5d
5 5
2?2?3?5?x sx 2 5d ? 5 ? 2 ? x
3x 5 ? x ? s21dsx 2 5dsx 1 1d
5 , xÞ0 5
10 sx 2 5d2
25xsx 1 1d
5 , x Þ 0, 5, 21
2
Section 4.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions 233
16x2 1 8x 1 1 4x2 2 3x 2 1 16x2 1 8x 1 1 x2 1 6x 1 9

55.
3x 1 8x 2 3
2
4 2
x 1 6x 1 9
5
3x2 1 8x 2 3
? 4x2 2 3x 2 1
s4x 1 1ds4x 1 1d sx 1 3dsx 1 3d
5 ?
s3x 2 1dsx 1 3d s4x 1 1dsx 2 1d
s4x 1 1ds4x 1 1dsx 1 3dsx 1 3d
5
s3x 2 1dsx 1 3ds4x 1 1dsx 2 1d
s4x 1 1dsx 1 3d 1
5 , x Þ 23, 2
s3x 2 1dsx 2 1d 4
x2 1 3x 2 2x 2 6 x13 xsx 1 3d 2 2sx 1 3d x2 1 4x 1 4

57.
x2 2 4
4 2
x 1 4x 1 4
5
x2 2 4
? x13
sx 1 3dsx 2 2d sx 1 2dsx 1 2d
5
sx 2 2dsx 1 2d
? x13
sx 1 3dsx 2 2dsx 1 2dsx 1 2d
5
sx 2 2dsx 1 2dsx 1 3d
5 sx 1 2d, x Þ ± 2, 23
1xx 223x4x21104 2 x 2 3x 2 10 21 1 4x 2 x
2
3 x9 ? 3xsx112x4d 4 4 x 1x 2 5 x9 ? 3xssxx 11 24dd ? x 1x 2

2 2 2 2 2
59. 5 4 61.
1 4x 2 x x 2 4x 1 4 x 2 5x 2 14
121 2
2 2 2 2
x 2 5x 2 14
2
x14
5 , x Þ 22, 0
x2 2 3x 2 10 x2 2 5x 2 14 3
5 2
x 2 4x 1 4
? 1sx2 2 4x 2 21d
sx 2 5dsx 1 2d sx 2 7dsx 1 2d
5 ?
sx 2 2dsx 2 2d 21sx 2 7dsx 1 3d
sx2 2 3x 2 10dsx 1 2d
52 , x Þ ± 2, 7
sx2 2 4x 1 4dsx 1 3d
63. 3 xy4x1 y 4 s3x 1 3d4 4 3xy 5 ysx4x1 1d ? 3sx 11 1d ? 3xy 5 41, x Þ 21, 0, y Þ 0
2x2 1 5x 2 25 3x2 1 2x s2x 2 5dsx 1 5d xs3x 1 2d x 1 1

1 2 1 2
2 2
x
65.
3x2 1 5x 1 2
? x15
4
x11
5
s3x 1 2dsx 1 1d
? x15 ? x
s2x 2 5dsx 1 5dxs3x 1 2dsx 1 1dsx 1 1d
5
s3x 1 2dsx 1 1dsx 1 5dx ? x
s2x 2 5dsx 1 1d 2
5 , x Þ 21, 25, 2
x 3
x2n 2 9 x2n 2 2x n 2 3 sx n 2 3dsx n 1 3d x

67. x3 ? 4 5 x3 ? sx n 1 3dsx n 1 1d ? sx n 2 3dsx n 1 1d
x2n 1 4x 1 3
n x
x4
5 , x n Þ 23, 3, 0
s
xn 1 1d2
69. Keystrokes: 4
y1 Y 5 x x 3 X,T,u 1 2 d 4 X,T,u d 3
x X,T,u x2 4 x 9 X,T,u x2 2 4 d d ENTER
−4
y2 X,T, u 3 X,T,u
5
4 x 2 2 d GRAPH
−2
71. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 x x 3 X,T, u 1 15 c 4 X,T,u c 4
>
4
x x X,T,u 1 5 c 4 X,T, u x2 c ENTER
y2 3 4 X,T, u x2 GRAPH −9 9
−2
x x
2w 1 3 s2w 1 3dw
?
73. Area 5
3 1 21 2 w
2
5
6
75.
Unshaded Area
Total Area
5
2 2
xs2x 1 1d
5
x
2 3 ? 24 4 fxs2x 1 1dg
x
x x 1
5
2
? 2 ? xs2x 1 1d
x
5
4s2x 1 1d
x
x?
Unshaded Area 2 x 20 pages 20 pages 1 page
77. 5 5 79. (a) 5 5 ,
Total Area xs2x 1 1d 2s2x 1 1d 1 minute 60 seconds 3 seconds
1
t 5 3 seconds or minutes
20
3 seconds x
(b)
1 page
? x pages 5 3x seconds or 20 minutes
3 seconds
(c)
1 page
? 35 pages 5 3 ? 35 seconds
7
5 105 seconds or minutes
4
81. (a) Keystrokes: 50,000
y1 Y 5 6357 1 1070 X,T, u x2 ENTER

y2 6115.2 1 590.7 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
N
R
(b) Verbal Average
5
Revenue
Model: monthly bill Number of subscribers 0 7
0
s6115.2 1 590.7t 2d1000 6115200 1 590700t 2
Equation: AMB 5 5
s6357 1 1070t 2d12 s6357 1 1070t 2d12
(c)
Year, t 0 2 4 6
Monthly bill $80.16 $66.40 $55.21 $50.70
(d) The number of subscribers was increasing at a faster rate than the revenue.
83. Divide a rational expression by a polynomial by multiplying the rational expression by the reciprocal of the polynomial.
85. Invert the divisor, not the dividend.
5 xsx 1 2d5 4 12x 4s12xd

16. sx 2 1 2xd ?
x2 2 4
5
sx 2 2)sx 1 2d
17.
3sx 2 1d
? 6sx2 1 2x 2 3d 5
3sx 2 1d6sx 1 3dsx 2 1d
5x 8x
5 5
x22 3sx 2 1d2sx 1 3d
8x
5
3sx 2 1dsx2 1 2x 2 3d
5u 2su2 2 v2d 25u2 5u ? 2su 2 vdsu 1 vd ? 18su 2 vd

18.
3su 1 vd
? 3v
4
18su 2 vd
5
3su 1 vds3vds25u2d
4su 2 vd2
5
5uv
9t 2 10 10
32t t 2 3 29t 2 3t x2 1 2x xsx 1 2d xsx 1 2dsx 1 1d
19.
6t
? t23
5
6t
52
2
20.
15
5
15
? xsx 1 2dsx 1 1d
t23 x2 1 3x 1 2 sx 1 2dsx 1 1d
10sx 1 1d
5
15x
2sx 1 1d
5
3x
Verbal Average Total Number

21. (a) Model: 5 4
cost cost of units
6000 1 10.50x
Equation: Average cost 5
x
6000 1 10.50s500d
(b) Average cost when x 5 500 units are produced 5 5 $22.50
500
Section 4.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
5 7 5 1 7 12 3 5x 7x 22x 2x
1. 1 5 5 5 3. 2 5 5
8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 4
2 11 2 2 11 29 23 x x 1 2 x 2 sx 1 2d x 2 x 2 2 2
5. 2 5 5 5 7. 2 5 5 52
3a 3a 3a 3a a 9 9 9 9 9
z2 z2 2 2 z2 1 z2 2 2 2z2 2 2 2x 1 5 1 2 x 2x 1 5 1 1 2 x x 1 6
9. 1 5 5 11. 1 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3y 3y 2 3 7 3y 2 s3y 2 3d 2 7 3y 2 22 2y 2 16 3y 2 22 2 s2y 2 16d

13. 2 2 5 15. 2 5
3 3 3 3 y26 y26 y26
3y 2 3y 1 3 2 7 3y 2 22 2 2y 1 16
5 5
3 y26
4 y26
52 5
3 y26
5 1, y Þ 6
1. st 3d24s3t 3d 5 t212s3t 3d 2. s3x 2y21ds4x22yd22 5 3x 2y21 ? 422x 4y22

5 3t21213 1
53? ? x214y211(22)
42
5 3t29
3 6 23
3 5 x y
5 16
t9
3x 6
5
16y3
10u22 10 2221 2 23 2 s10xd0x22 x22

3. 5 u 5 u 5 3 4. 5 22 5 1 5. (a) 13,400,000 5 1.34 3 107
15u 15 3 3u sx2d21 x
(b) 0.00075 5 7.5 3 1024
6. (a) s3 3 103d4 5 34 3 1012 5 81 3 1012 5 8.1 3 1013 7. ys y 2 4d Þ 0

4
3.2 3 10 3.2 yÞ0
(b) 5 3 1023 5 0.2 3 1023 5 2 3 1024
16 3 107 16
y24Þ0
yÞ4
D 5 s2 `, 0d < s0, 4d < s4, `d
x2 2 9 02 2 9
8. h sxd 5 (b) hs0d 5
x2 2 x 2 2 02 2 0 2 2
s23d2 2 9 29 9
(a) hs23d 5 5 5
s23d2 2 s23d 2 2 22 2
929 0 52 2 9
5 5 50 (d) hs5d 5
9 1 3 2 2 10 52 2522
s21d2 2 9 25 2 9 16 8
(c) hs21d 5 5 5 5
s21d2 2 s21d 2 2 25 2 5 2 2 18 9
129 28
5 5 5 undefined
11122 0
9y2 3y 8u3v2 2u2 4x2 2 1 s2x 2 1ds2x 1 1d

9. 5 10. 3 5 11. 5
6y 2 36uv 9v x 2 2x2 xs1 2 2xd
s2x 2 1ds2x 1 1d
5
2xs2x 2 1d
2x 1 1
5
2x
sz 1 3d2 sz 1 3dsz 1 3d 7ab 1 3a2b2 abs7 1 3abd

12. 5 13. 5
2z 1 5z 2 3
2
s2z 2 1dsz 1 3d a2b a2b
z13 7 1 3ab
5 5
2z 2 1 a
2mn2 2 n3 n2s2m 2 nd 11t 2 9 11t 2s9d t

14.
2m 1 mn 2 n
2 2 5
s2m 2 ndsm 1 nd
15.
6
? 33t 5 6s33td 5
2
n2
5
m1n
5 xsx 1 2d5 4 12x 4s12xd

16. sx 2 1 2xd ?
x2 2 4
5
sx 2 2)sx 1 2d
17.
3sx 2 1d
? 6sx2 1 2x 2 3d 5
3sx 2 1d6sx 1 3dsx 2 1d
5x 8x
5 5
x22 3sx 2 1d2sx 1 3d
8x
5
3sx 2 1dsx2 1 2x 2 3d

18.
3su 1 vd
? 3v
4
18su 2 vd
5
3su 1 vds3vds25u2d
4su 2 vd2
5
5uv
9t 2 10 10
19.
6t
? t23
5
6t
52
2
20.
15
5
15
? xsx 1 2dsx 1 1d
t23 x2 1 3x 1 2 sx 1 2dsx 1 1d
10sx 1 1d
5
15x
2sx 1 1d
5
3x

21. (a) Model: 5 4
cost cost of units
6000 1 10.50x
x
6000 1 10.50s500d
500
5 7 5 1 7 12 3 5x 7x 22x 2x
1. 1 5 5 5 3. 2 5 5
8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 4
2 11 2 2 11 29 23 x x 1 2 x 2 sx 1 2d x 2 x 2 2 2
5. 2 5 5 5 7. 2 5 5 52
3a 3a 3a 3a a 9 9 9 9 9
z2 z2 2 2 z2 1 z2 2 2 2z2 2 2 2x 1 5 1 2 x 2x 1 5 1 1 2 x x 1 6
9. 1 5 5 11. 1 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3y 3y 2 3 7 3y 2 s3y 2 3d 2 7 3y 2 22 2y 2 16 3y 2 22 2 s2y 2 16d

13. 2 2 5 15. 2 5
3 3 3 3 y26 y26 y26
3y 2 3y 1 3 2 7 3y 2 22 2 2y 1 16
5 5
3 y26
4 y26
52 5
3 y26
5 1, y Þ 6
5 xsx 1 2d5 4 12x 4s12xd

16. sx 2 1 2xd ?
x2 2 4
5
sx 2 2)sx 1 2d
17.
3sx 2 1d
? 6sx2 1 2x 2 3d 5
3sx 2 1d6sx 1 3dsx 2 1d
5x 8x
5 5
x22 3sx 2 1d2sx 1 3d
8x
5
3sx 2 1dsx2 1 2x 2 3d

18.
3su 1 vd
? 3v
4
18su 2 vd
5
3su 1 vds3vds25u2d
4su 2 vd2
5
5uv
9t 2 10 10
19.
6t
? t23
5
6t
52
2
20.
15
5
15
? xsx 1 2dsx 1 1d
t23 x2 1 3x 1 2 sx 1 2dsx 1 1d
10sx 1 1d
5
15x
2sx 1 1d
5
3x

21. (a) Model: 5 4
cost cost of units
6000 1 10.50x
x
6000 1 10.50s500d
500
5 7 5 1 7 12 3 5x 7x 22x 2x
1. 1 5 5 5 3. 2 5 5
8 8 8 8 2 8 8 8 4
2 11 2 2 11 29 23 x x 1 2 x 2 sx 1 2d x 2 x 2 2 2
5. 2 5 5 5 7. 2 5 5 52
3a 3a 3a 3a a 9 9 9 9 9
z2 z2 2 2 z2 1 z2 2 2 2z2 2 2 2x 1 5 1 2 x 2x 1 5 1 1 2 x x 1 6
9. 1 5 5 11. 1 5 5
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3y 3y 2 3 7 3y 2 s3y 2 3d 2 7 3y 2 22 2y 2 16 3y 2 22 2 s2y 2 16d

13. 2 2 5 15. 2 5
3 3 3 3 y26 y26 y26
3y 2 3y 1 3 2 7 3y 2 22 2 2y 1 16
5 5
3 y26
4 y26
52 5
3 y26
5 1, y Þ 6
Section 4.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions 237
2x 2 1 12x 2x 2 1 1 1 2 x
17. 1 5 19. 5x 2 5 5 ? x ? x
xsx 2 3d xsx 2 3d xsx 2 3d
20x3 5 5 ? 2 ?2?x?x?x
x
5
xsx 2 3d LCM 5 20x3
1
5 , xÞ0
x23
21. 9y3 5 3 ? 3 ?y?y?y 23. 15x 2 5 5 ? 3 ?x?x

12y 5 2 ? 2 ? 3 ?y 3sx 1 5d 5 3 ? sx 1 5d
LCM 5 3 ? 3 ?2?2?y?y?y5 36y3 LCM 5 15x 2sx 1 5d
25. 63z 2sz 1 1d 5 7 ? 9 ? z ? zsz 1 1d 27. 8tst 1 2d 5 2 ? 2 ? 2 ? t ? st 1 2d

14sz 1 1d 5 7 ? 2
4
? sz 1 1d4
14st2 2 4d 5 2 ? 7 ? st 1 2dst 2 2d
LCM 5 126z 2sz 1 1d4 LCM 5 2 ? 2 ? 2 ? 7 ? t ? st 1 2dst 2 2d 5 56tst 2 2 4d
7x2 7
29. 6sx 2 2 4d 5 6sx 2 2dsx 1 2d 31. 5 , xÞ0
4asx2d 4a
2xsx 1 2d 5 2 ? x ? sx 1 2d
LCM 5 6xsx 2 2dsx 1 2d
5rsu 1 1d 5r 7ys21sx 1 2dd 7y

33. 5 , u Þ 21 35. 5 , x Þ 22
3vsu 1 1d 3v 4 2 x2 x22
4 2 x 2 5 s2 2 xds2 1 xd
5 21sx 2 2ds2 1 xd
n18 n18 n 1 8s2n2d 2n2sn 1 8d 2 2sx 1 3d

37. 5 5 5 39. 5 2
3n 2 12 3sn 2 4d 3sn 2 4ds2n2d 6n2sn 2 4d x2sx 2 3d x sx 2 3dsx 1 3d
10 10 10sn 2 4d 10sn 2 4d 5 5xsx 2 3d
5 5 5 5
6n2 3 ? 2n2 3 ? 2n2sn 2 4d 6n2sn 2 4d xsx 1 3d x2sx 1 3dsx 2 3d
LCD 5 6n2sn 2 4d LCD 5 x 2sx 2 3dsx 1 3d 5 x 2sx 2 2 9d
v v vs3vd 3v2 x28 x28

41. 5 5 5 43. 5
2v2 1 2v 2vsv 1 1d 2vsv 1 1ds3vd 6v2sv 1 1d x2 2 25 sx 2 5dsx 1 5d
4 4s2sv 1 1dd 8v 1 8 sx 2 8dsx 2 5d sx 2 8dsx 2 5d
5 5 5 5
3v2 3v2s2sv 1 1dd 6v2sv 1 1d sx 2 5dsx 1 5dsx 2 5d sx 2 5d2sx 1 5d
LCD 5 6v2sv 1 1d 9x 9x
5
x2 2 10x 1 25 sx 2 5d2
9xsx 1 5d 9xsx 1 5d
5 5
sx 2 5d2sx 1 5d sx 2 5d2sx 1 5d
LCD 5 sx 2 5d2sx 1 5d
5 3 5s5d 3s4xd 25 12x 25 2 12x 7 14 7sad 14s1d 7a 14 7a 1 14

45. 2 5 2 5 2 5 47. 1 2 5 1 2 5 2 1 2 5
4x 5 4xs5d 5s4xd 20x 20x 20x a a asad a s1d a a a2
20 20 20s1d 20s21d 3x 6 3xs1d 6s21d

49. 1 5 1 51. 2 5 2
x 2 4 4 2 x sx 2 4ds1d s4 2 xds21d x 2 8 8 2 x sx 2 8ds1d s8 2 xds21d
20 20 3x 6
5 2 5 1
x24 x24 x28 x28
20 2 20 3x 1 6
5 5 0, xÞ4 5
x24 x28
10 25sx 1 4d 10s1d 3x 2 3xs1d 2s21d

53. 25 1 5 1 55. 1 5 1
x14 1sx 1 4d sx 1 4ds1d 3x 2 2 2 2 3x 3x 2 2s1d s2 2 3xds21d
25sx 1 4d 10 3x 22
5 1 5 1
x14 x14 3x 2 2 3x 2 2
25x 1 100 1 10 25x 1 110 3x 2 2 2
5 5 5 5 1, xÞ
x14 x14 3x 2 2 3
1 1 21sx 2 3d 1sxd x 5 xsx 2 2d 5sx 1 3d

57. 2 1 5 1 59. 2 5 2
6x 6sx 2 3d 6xsx 2 3d 6sx 2 3dx x 1 3 x 2 2 sx 1 3dsx 2 2d sx 2 2dsx 1 3d
2 sx 2 3d x xsx 2 2d 5sx 1 3d
5 1 5 2
6xsx 2 3d 6xsx 2 3d sx 1 3dsx 2 2d sx 2 2dsx 1 3d
2x 1 3 1 x x2 2 2x 2 5x 2 15
5 5
6xsx 2 3d sx 1 3dsx 2 2d
3 x2 2 7x 2 15
5 5
6xsx 2 3d sx 1 3dsx 2 2d
1
5
2xsx 2 3d
3 2 3x 2sx 1 1d 3 2 3sx 1 5d 2sx 2 5d

61. 2 5 2 63. 1 5 1
x11 x sx 1 1dx xsx 1 1d x 2 5 x 1 5 sx 2 5dsx 1 5d sx 1 5dsx 2 5d
3x 2sx 1 1d 3sx 1 5d 2sx 2 5d
5 2 5 1
xsx 1 1d xsx 1 1d sx 2 5dsx 1 5d sx 1 5dsx 2 5d
3x 2 2x 2 2 3x 1 15 1 2x 2 10
5 5
xsx 1 1d sx 2 5dsx 1 5d
x22 5x 1 5
5 5
xsx 1 1d sx 2 5dsx 1 5d
4 4 4sx2 1 1d 4x2
65. 2 2 5 2 2 2 2
x2 x 11 x sx 1 1d sx 1 1dx2
4sx2 1 1d 4x2
5 2 2 2
x sx 1 1d
2 2 x sx 1 1d
4x2 1 4 2 4x2
5
x2sx2 1 1d
4
5
x2sx2 1 1d
x 3 x 3
67. 1 5 1
x2 2 9 x2 2 5x 1 6 sx 2 3dsx 1 3d sx 2 3dsx 2 2d
xsx 2 2d 3sx 1 3d
5 1
sx 2 2dsx 2 3dsx 1 3d sx 2 2dsx 2 3dsx 1 3d
x2 2 2x 1 3x 1 9
5
x2 1 x 1 9
5
4 16 4sx 2 4d 16s1d y x y x
69. 1 5 1 71. 2 5 2
x 2 4 sx 2 4d2 sx 2 4dsx 2 4d sx 2 4d2s1d x2 1 xy xy 1 y2 xsx 1 yd ysx 1 yd
4x 2 16 16 ys yd xsxd
5 1 5 2
sx 2 4d2 sx 2 4d2 xsx 1 yds yd ysx 1 ydsxd
4x 2 16 1 16 y2 x2
5 5 2
sx 2 4d2 xysx 1 yd xysx 1 yd
4x y2 2 x2
5 5
sx 2 4d2 xysx 1 yd
s y 2 xds y 1 xd y 2 x
5 5 , x Þ 2y
xysx 1 yd xy
4 2 4 4xsx 1 3d 2sx 1 3d 4sx2d 3u 2 u

73. 2 21 5 2 1 75. 1 2
x x x 1 3 xsxdsx 1 3d x2sx 1 3d sx 1 3dx2 u2 2 2uv 1 v2 u 2 v u 2 v
4x2 1 12x 2x 1 6 4x2 3u 22u
5 2 2 1 2 5 1
x sx 1 3d
2 x sx 1 3d x sx 1 3d su 2 vd2 u 2 v
4x2 1 12x 2 2x 2 6 1 4x2 3us1d s2 2 udsu 2 vd
5 5 1
x2sx 1 3d su 2 vd2s1d su 2 vdsu 2 vd
8x2 1 10x 2 6 3u 2u 2 2v 2 u2 1 uv
5 5 1
x2sx 1 3d su 2 vd2
su 2 vd2
2s4x2 1 5x 2 3d 3u 1 2u 2 2v 2 u2 1 uv
5 5
x2sx 1 3d su 2 vd2
5u 2 2v 2 u2 1 uv
5
su 2 vd2
u2 2 uv 2 5u 1 2v
52
su 2 vd2
x12 2 14 sx 1 2dsx 1 6d 2sx 2 1d 14s1d

77. 2 2 5 2 2
x 2 1 x 1 6 x2 1 5x 2 6 sx 2 1dsx 1 6d sx 1 6dsx 2 1d sx 1 6dsx 2 1ds1d
x2 1 8x 1 12 2x 2 2 14
5 2 2
sx 2 1dsx 1 6d sx 1 6dsx 2 1d sx 1 6dsx 2 1d
x2 1 8x 1 12 2 2x 1 2 2 14
5
sx 2 1dsx 1 6d
x2 1 6x
5
sx 2 1dsx 1 6d
xsx 1 6d
5
sx 2 1dsx 1 6d
x
5 , x Þ 26
x21
79. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 x 4 X,T, u 1 x 4
x
2 4
x X,T, u 2
x x
2 ENTER −8 10
x 6 X,T, u 2 4 x X,T, u x X,T, u 2

x x x
y2 4 2 GRAPH
2 4 2sx 2 2d 4x 2x 2 4 1 4x 6x 2 4
1 5 1 5 5 −6
x sx 2 2d xsx 2 2d xsx 2 2d xsx 2 2d xsx 2 2d
y1 5 y2
1
2
1
2 2x 14x 1 32 14x 1 32 x
81. 5 ? 83. 5 ?
1 31
1
x 2 13 1 1x 2 2x
1 x 2 14x 2 32 x
4
2 3
1 4 1 3x
2
? 2x 5
4 2 3x
, xÞ0
5
1
3s2xd 1 s2xd
x
x
5
6x 1 2
x
5 , xÞ0
2s3x 1 1d
116x 2 1x 2 116x 2 1x 2 x 13 1 x 29 32 13 1 x 29 32 x 2 3
85. 5 ?x 87. 5 ?x23
1x 2 1x 2
1
2 4
1
2 4 1 x 2 32 1 x 2 32
4 1
12
4 1
12
1 9
16xsxd 2 sxd 3sx 2 3d 1 sx 2 3d
x x23
5 5
1 12
sxd 2 4sxd 4sx 2 3d 1 sx 2 3d
x x23
16x2 2 1 3x 2 9 1 9
5 5
1 2 4x 4x 2 12 1 12
s4x 2 1ds4x 1 1d 3x 3
5 5 5 , x Þ 0, 3
21s4x 2 1d 4x 4
4x 1 1
5
21
1
5 24x 2 1, x Þ 0,
4
1x3 1 1x 2 1x3 1 1x 2 5x
2 2 2 1yx 2 yx2 1yx 2 yx2 xy
89. 5 ? 5x 91. 5 ?
1 5x2 1 5x2 1 xy 2 1x xy1 y2 xy
x1y
4 4 2
2 2 2 2
15 1 5x y x
5 sxyd 2 sxyd
10x2 2 4x x y
5
x1y
5
5s3 1 xd
2xs5x 2 2d
1xy
xy 2
y2 2 x2
5
x1y
s y 2 xds y 1 xd
5
x1y
5 y 2 x, x Þ 0, y Þ 0, x Þ 2y
11 2 1y 2 11 2 1y 2 ys y 2 3d 1x 2x 3 2 322 1x 2x 3 2 322 3xsx 2 3d

93. 5 ? 95. 5 ?
1 y 2 3 2 11y 22 4y3 2 ys y 2 3d
1 2 4y
1103x 1 x 2x 32 1103x 1 x 2x 32 3xsx 2 3d
2 2
ys y 2 3d 2 s y 2 3d 3x2 2 2xsx 2 3d
5 5
ys1 2 4yd 10sx 2 3d 1 3x2
y2 2 3y 2 y 1 3 3x2 2 2x2 1 6x
5 5
y 2 4y2 10x 2 30 1 3x3
y2 2 4y 1 3 x2 1 6x
5 5 , x Þ 0, xÞ3
2ys21 1 4yd 3x3 1 10x 2 30
s y 2 3ds y 2 1d
52 , yÞ3
ys4y 2 1d
1 1
2
f s2 1 hd 2 f s2d 21h 2
97. 5
h h
1 1
2
21h 2 2s2 1 hd
5
h
? 2s2 1 hd
2 2 s2 1 hd
5
2hs2 1 hd
2222h
5
2hs2 1 hd
2h
5
2hs2 1 hd
21
5
2s2 1 hd
99. 4
x 23 22 21 0 1 2 3
11 2 1x 2 3 2 3
−7 5
2 Undef. Undef. Undef.

11 2 x1 2
2
2 3 4
−4
x 3 1 2 3
2 Undef. 0
x11 2 2 3 4
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 x 2 4 X,T, u 4
x
1 1
x 1 2 4 X,T, u
x
1 x2 ENTER
y2 X,T, u 4 x X,T, u 1 1
x
GRAPH
Zero and one are not in the domain of

1
12
x
1
12 2
x
x
but are in the domain of . The two expressions are equivalent except at x 5 0 and x 5 1.
x11
t t ts3d ts2d
x
1
4 6
x x
1
4 6
x
1 2 12
x
2
3 5
x
15 2x
101. 1 5 1
4 6 4s3d 6s2d
103.
2
5
2
? 12
105.
3
? 15 5 5x 2 3x 5 45
3t 2t x x Thus,
5 1 s12d 1 s12d
12 12 4 6
5 x 2x 9x 2x 11x
2s12d x1 5 1 5 1 5
5t 5 45 45 45 45
5
12 3x 1 2x
5 11x 2x 13x
24 x2 5 1 5 .
45 45 45
5x
5
24
1 1 RR Verbal
107. 5 ? R1R2 109. (a) Distance 5 Rate ? Time
1 2 1 2
1 1 1 1 Model:
1 1 1 2
R1 R2 R1 R2 Distance
5 Time
Rate
R1R2
5
1 1 10
sR R d 1 sR1R2d Equation: Upstream t 5
R1 1 2 R2 52x
R1R2 10
5 Downstream t 5
R2 1 R1 51x
10 10
(b) Total time 5 tsxd 5 1
52x 51x
10s5 1 xd 10s5 2 xd
(c) t sxd 5 1
s5 2 xds5 1 xd s5 2 xds5 1 xd
50 1 10x 1 50 2 10x
5
s5 2 xds5 1 xd
100
5
s5 2 xds5 1 xd
Section 4.5 Dividing Polynomials 243
x 2 1 4x 2 11 sx 2 1d 2 s4x 2 11d
111. Rewrite each fraction in terms of the lowest common 113. 2 5
x14 x14 x14
denominator, combine the numerators, and place the
result over the lowest common denominator. x 2 1 2 4x 1 11
5
x14
23x 1 10
5
x14
The subtraction must be distributed to both terms of the
numerator of the second fraction.
Section 4.5 Dividing Polynomials
6z 1 10 6z 10 10z2 1 4z 2 12 10z2 4z 12
1. 5 1 5 3z 1 5 3. 5 1 2
2 2 2 4 4 4 4
5z2
5 1z23
2
7x3 2 2x2 m 4 1 2m2 2 7 m 4 2m2 7

5. s7x3 2 2x 2d 4 x 5 7. 5 1 2
x m m m m
7x3 2x2 7
5 2 5 m3 1 2m 2 ,mÞ0
x x m
5 7x 2 2 2x, xÞ0
50z3 1 30z 50z3 30z 8z3 1 3z2 2 2z 8z3 3z2 2z

9. 5 1 11. 5 1 2
25z 25z 25z 2z 2z 2z 2z
5 210z 2 2 6, zÞ0 3
5 4z 2 1 z 2 1, zÞ0
2
x 2 5, xÞ3
5x2y 2 8xy 1 7xy2 x2 2 8x 1 15
13. s5x 2y 2 8xy 1 7xy 2d 4 2xy 5 15. 5 x 2 3 ) x2 2 8x 1 15
2xy x23
x2 2 3x
5x2y 8xy 7xy2
5 2 1 25x 1 15
2xy 2xy 2xy
25x 1 15
5x 7
5 2 4 1 y, x Þ 0, y Þ 0
2 2
x 1 10, x Þ 25
17. s x2 1 15x 1 50d 4 sx 1 5d 5 x 1 5 ) x2 1 15x 1 50
x2 1 5x
10x 1 50
10x 1 50
2
x231
x22 x 1 7, xÞ3
19. x 2 2 ) x2 2 5x 1 8 21. 2x 1 3 ) 2x 2 4x 1 21
2
x2 2 2x 2x2 1 3x
23x 1 8 27x 1 21
23x 1 6 27x 1 21
2
x 2 1 4x 2 11 sx 2 1d 2 s4x 2 11d
111. Rewrite each fraction in terms of the lowest common 113. 2 5
x14 x14 x14
denominator, combine the numerators, and place the
result over the lowest common denominator. x 2 1 2 4x 1 11
5
x14
23x 1 10
5
x14
The subtraction must be distributed to both terms of the
numerator of the second fraction.
Section 4.5 Dividing Polynomials
6z 1 10 6z 10 10z2 1 4z 2 12 10z2 4z 12
1. 5 1 5 3z 1 5 3. 5 1 2
2 2 2 4 4 4 4
5z2
5 1z23
2
7x3 2 2x2 m 4 1 2m2 2 7 m 4 2m2 7

5. s7x3 2 2x 2d 4 x 5 7. 5 1 2
x m m m m
7x3 2x2 7
5 2 5 m3 1 2m 2 ,mÞ0
x x m
5 7x 2 2 2x, xÞ0
50z3 1 30z 50z3 30z 8z3 1 3z2 2 2z 8z3 3z2 2z

9. 5 1 11. 5 1 2
25z 25z 25z 2z 2z 2z 2z
5 210z 2 2 6, zÞ0 3
5 4z 2 1 z 2 1, zÞ0
2
x 2 5, xÞ3
5x2y 2 8xy 1 7xy2 x2 2 8x 1 15
13. s5x 2y 2 8xy 1 7xy 2d 4 2xy 5 15. 5 x 2 3 ) x2 2 8x 1 15
2xy x23
x2 2 3x
5x2y 8xy 7xy2
5 2 1 25x 1 15
2xy 2xy 2xy
25x 1 15
5x 7
5 2 4 1 y, x Þ 0, y Þ 0
2 2
x 1 10, x Þ 25
17. s x2 1 15x 1 50d 4 sx 1 5d 5 x 1 5 ) x2 1 15x 1 50
x2 1 5x
10x 1 50
10x 1 50
2
x231
x22 x 1 7, xÞ3
19. x 2 2 ) x2 2 5x 1 8 21. 2x 1 3 ) 2x 2 4x 1 21
2
x2 2 2x 2x2 1 3x
23x 1 8 27x 1 21
23x 1 6 27x 1 21
2
19 211
5x 2 8 1 4x 1 31
x12 3x 1 2
23. x 1 2 ) 5x2 1 2x 1 3 25. 3x 1 2 ) 12x2 1 17x 2 5
5x2 1 10x 12x2 1 8x
28x 1 3 9x 2 5
28x 2 16 9x 1 6
19 211
6t 2 5, t Þ 52 y 1 3, y Þ 2 12
27. 2t 2 5 ) 12t 2 2 40t 1 25 29. 2y 1 1 ) 2y2 1 7y 1 3
12t 2 2 30t 2y2 1 y
210t 1 25 6y 1 3
210t 1 25 6y 1 3
6
x2 1 4, xÞ2 2x 2 1 x 1 4 1
x23
31. x 2 2 ) x3 2 2x2 1 4x 2 8 33. x 2 3 ) 2x3 2 5x2 1 x 2 6
x3 2 2x2 2x3 2 6x2
4x 2 8 x2 1 x
4x 2 8 x2 2 3x
4x 2 6
4x 2 12
6
5 32
21 x2 41
x12 x14
35. x 1 2 ) 2x 1 9 37. x 1 4 ) x2 1 0x 1 16
2x 1 4 x2 1 4x
5 24x 1 16
24x 2 16
32
6 41 41
z1 1
5 25 25s5z 2 1d 4x 2 1, x Þ 2 14
39. 5z 2 1 ) 6z2 1 7z 1 0 41. 4x 1 1 ) 16x 1 0x 2 1
2
6 16x2 1 4x
6z2 2 z
5 24x 2 1
41
z1 0 24x 2 1
5
41 41
z2
5 25
41
25
x 2 2 5x 1 25, x Þ 25 x12
43. x 1 5 ) x3 1 0x2 1 0x 1 125 45. x 1 2x 1 3 ) x 1 4x 1 7x 1 6
2 3 2
x3 1 5x2 x3 1 2x2 1 3x
25x 2 1 0x 2x 2 1 4x 1 6
25x2 2 25x 2x2 1 4x 1 6
25x 1 125
25x 1 125
52x 2 55
4x 2 1 12x 1 25 1
x2 2 3x 1 2
47. x 2 2 3x 1 2 ) 4x 4 1 0x3 2 3x2 1 x2 5
4x 4 2 12x3 1 8x2
12x3 2 11x 2 1 x
12x3 2 36x2 1 24x
25x 2 2 23x 2 5
25x2 2 75x 1 50
52x 2 55
x
x3 2 x 1
x5 1 x 4 1 x3 1 x 2 1 x 1 1, xÞ1 x2 1 1
49. x 2 1 ) x6 21 51. x 2 1 1 ) x5
x6 2 x5 x5 1 x3
x5 2x3
x5 2 x 4 2x3 2 x
x4 x
x 4 2 x3
x3
x3 2 x2
x2
x2 2 x
x21
x21
0
4x 4 8u2v 3suvd2 3u2v2

53. 2 2x 5 4x 2 2x 5 2x, xÞ0 55. 1 5 4uv 1
x3 2u uv uv
5 4uv 1 3uv
5 7uv, u Þ 0, v Þ 0
x3 2 5x2 1 3x 2 4 x3 1 3x2 2 1
57. 59.
x22 x14
2 1 25 3 24 24 1 3 0 21
2 26 26 24 4 216
1 23 23 210 1 21 4 217
x3 2 5x2 1 3x 2 4 10 x3 1 3x2 2 1 217
5 x 2 2 3x 2 3 2 5 x2 2 x 1 4 1
x22 x22 x14 x14
x 4 2 4x3 1 x 1 10 5x3 2 6x2 1 8

61. 63.
x22 x24
2 1 24 0 1 10 4 5 26 0 8
2 24 28 214 20 56 224
1 22 24 27 24 5 14 56 232
x4 2 4x3 1 x 1 10 24 5x 2 18
3 6x2 232
5 x3 2 2x 2 2 4x 2 7 1 5 5x 2 1 14x 1 56 1
x22 x22 x24 x24
10x 4 2 50x3 2 800 0.1x2 1 0.8x 1 1

65. 67.
x26 x 2 0.2
6 10 250 0 0 2800 0.2 0.1 0.8 1
60 60 360 2160 0.02 0.164
10 10 60 360 1360 0.1 0.82 1.164
10x 2 2 800
4 50x3 1360 0.1x2 1 0.8x 1 1 1.164
5 10x3 1 10x 2 1 60x 1 360 1 5 0.1x 1 0.82 1
x26 x26 x 2 0.2 x 2 0.2
69. 3 1 0 213 12 71. 1 6 213 9 22

3 9 212 6 27 2
1 3 24 0 6 27 2 0
x2 1 3x 2 4 5 sx 1 4dsx 2 1d 6x 2 2 7x 1 2 5 s2x 2 1ds3x 2 2d
x 2 13x 1 12 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 4dsx 2 1d
3
6x 2 3
13x 2 1 9x 2 2 5 sx 2 1ds2x 2 1ds3x 2 2d
73. 25 9 45 24 220 75. 23 1 7 3 263 2108

245 0 20 23 212 27 108
9 0 24 0 1 4 29 236 0
9x 2 2 4 5 s3x 2 2ds3x 1 2d x3 1 4x 2 2 9x 2 36 5 x2sx 1 4d 2 9sx 1 4d
9x3 1 45x 2 2 4x 2 20 5 sx 1 5ds3x 2 2ds3x 1 2d 5 sx 1 4dsx 2 2 9d
5 sx 1 4dsx 2 3dsx 1 3d
x 1 4 7x3 1 3x 2 2 63x 2 108 5 sx 1 3d2sx 1 4dsx 2 3d
15x2 2 2x 2 8 x3 2 2x2 2 4x 1 c
77. 79.
x 2 45 x22
4
15 22 28 2 1 2 24 c
5
12 8 2 8 8
15 10 0 1 4 4 0
c1850
15x 2 2 2x 2 8 5 s15x 1 10d x 2 1 4
5 2 c 5 28
5 5s3x 1 2d x 2 1 4
5 2
81. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 x X,T, u 1 4 4 2 X,T, u
x
ENTER
−6
x 4 1 x 4 X,T, u
12
x x
y2 1 2 2 GRAPH
x14 x 4 1 2
5 1 5 1
2x 2x 2x 2 x −6
So, y1 5 y2.
83. Keystrokes: 5
y1 Y 5 x X,T, u 3 1 1 4 x X,T, u 1 1
x x
>
ENTER
y2 X,T, u x2 2 X,T, u 1 1 GRAPH
x3 1 1 sx 1 1dsx2 2 x 1 1d −4 5
5 5 x 2 2 x 1 1, xÞ1
x11 x11 −1
x2n 1 xn 1 4, xn Þ 22
85. xn 1 2 ) x3n 1 3x2n 1 6xn 1 8 87. Dividend 5 Divisor ? Quotient 1 Remainder
x3n 1 2x2n 5 sx 2 6d ? sx 2 2 x 1 1d 2 4
x2n 1 6xn
5 x3 1 x 2 1 x 2 6x 2 2 6x 2 6 2 4
x2n 1 2xn
5 x3 2 5x 2 2 5x 2 10
4xn 1 8
4xn 1 8
89. x Polynomial value Divisor Remainder

22 28 x12 28
21 0 x11 0
0 0 x 0
1
2 98 1 9
2 x2 2 28
1 22 x21 22
2 0 x22 0
f s21d 5 s21d3 2 s21d2 2 2s21d 21 1 21 22 0

21 2 0
5 21 2 1 1 2
1 22 0 0
50
f s0d 5 03 2 02 2 2s0d 0 1 21 22 0
0 0 0
50
1 21 22 0
f s12 d 5 s12 d 2 s12 d 2 2s12 d

3 2 1
2 1 21 22 0
1
1
5 2 21
8
1
4 2 2 14 2 98
5 18 2 28 2 88 1 2 12 2 94 2 98
5 2 98
f s1d 5 13 2 12 2 2s1d 1 1 21 22 0
1 0 22
512122
1 0 22 22
5 22
f s2d 5 23 2 22 2 2s2d 2 1 21 22 0
2 2 0
582424
1 1 0 0
50
The polynomial values equal the remainders.
Area 93. Volume 5 Area of triangle ? Height (of prism)

91. Area 5 Length ? Width, so Width 5 .
Length Volume
Area of triangle 5
2x3 1 3x2 2 6x 2 9 Height (of prism)
Length 5 5 x2 2 3
2x 1 3 x3 1 18x2 1 80x 1 96
5
x2 23 x 1 12
2x 1 3 ) 2x3 1 3x2 2 6x 2 9 5 x 2 1 6x 1 8
2x 1 3 3x2
1
26x 2 9 Area of triangle 5
2
? Base ? Height
26x 2 9
2sArea of triangled
Height 5
Base
2sx2 1 6x 1 8d
5
x12
5 2x 1 8 or 2sx 1 4d
95. x is not a factor of the numerator. 97. A divisor divides evenly into a dividend when the
remainder is 0 and the divisor is a factor of the dividend.
nsxd
99. True. If 5 qsxd, then nsxd 5 dsxd ? qsxd.
dsxd
Section 4.6 Solving Rational Equations
1
1. (a) x 5 0 (b) x 5 21 (c) x 5 (d) x 5 10
8
0 0 ? 4 21 21 ? 4 10 10 ? 4
2 5 2 5 1y8 1y8 ? 4 2 5
3 5 3 3 5 3 2 5 3 5 3
3 5 3
4 25 23 ? 20 50 30 ? 20
0Þ 2 5 1 1 ? 4 2 5
3 15 15 15 2 5 15 15 15
24 40 3
Not a solution 25 3 ? 20 20 20
1 5 5 3 ? 160 5
15 15 15 2 5 15 15
120 120 120
22 20 Solution
Þ 2 160
15 15 Þ
120 120
Not a solution
Not a solution
3. (a) x 5 21 (b) x 5 1 (c) x 5 3 (d) x 5 2

21 3 ? 1 3 ? 3 3 ? 2 3 ?
1 51 1 51 1 51 1 51
4 4s21d 4 4s1d 4 4s3d 4 4s2d
21 23 ? 1 3 ? 3 3 ? 4 3 ?
1 51 1 51 1 51 1 51
4 4 4 4 4 12 8 8
21 Þ 1
151 3 1 ? 7
1 51 Þ1
Not a solution 4 4 8
Solution
151 Not a solution
Solution
Area 93. Volume 5 Area of triangle ? Height (of prism)

91. Area 5 Length ? Width, so Width 5 .
Length Volume
Area of triangle 5
2x3 1 3x2 2 6x 2 9 Height (of prism)
Length 5 5 x2 2 3
2x 1 3 x3 1 18x2 1 80x 1 96
5
x2 23 x 1 12
2x 1 3 ) 2x3 1 3x2 2 6x 2 9 5 x 2 1 6x 1 8
2x 1 3 3x2
1
26x 2 9 Area of triangle 5
2
? Base ? Height
26x 2 9
2sArea of triangled
Height 5
Base
2sx2 1 6x 1 8d
5
x12
5 2x 1 8 or 2sx 1 4d
95. x is not a factor of the numerator. 97. A divisor divides evenly into a dividend when the
remainder is 0 and the divisor is a factor of the dividend.
nsxd
99. True. If 5 qsxd, then nsxd 5 dsxd ? qsxd.
dsxd
Section 4.6 Solving Rational Equations
1
1. (a) x 5 0 (b) x 5 21 (c) x 5 (d) x 5 10
8
0 0 ? 4 21 21 ? 4 10 10 ? 4
2 5 2 5 1y8 1y8 ? 4 2 5
3 5 3 3 5 3 2 5 3 5 3
3 5 3
4 25 23 ? 20 50 30 ? 20
0Þ 2 5 1 1 ? 4 2 5
3 15 15 15 2 5 15 15 15
24 40 3
Not a solution 25 3 ? 20 20 20
1 5 5 3 ? 160 5
15 15 15 2 5 15 15
120 120 120
22 20 Solution
Þ 2 160
15 15 Þ
120 120
Not a solution
Not a solution
3. (a) x 5 21 (b) x 5 1 (c) x 5 3 (d) x 5 2

21 3 ? 1 3 ? 3 3 ? 2 3 ?
1 51 1 51 1 51 1 51
4 4s21d 4 4s1d 4 4s3d 4 4s2d
21 23 ? 1 3 ? 3 3 ? 4 3 ?
1 51 1 51 1 51 1 51
4 4 4 4 4 12 8 8
21 Þ 1
151 3 1 ? 7
1 51 Þ1
Not a solution 4 4 8
Solution
151 Not a solution
Solution
Section 4.6 Solving Rational Equations 249
x 2 10 ? 2 z12 z 812 ? 8
5. 215 Check: 215 7. 542 Check: 542
6 3 6 3 3 12 3 12
6 16x 2 12 5 12326 5 3 ? 2
2 5
3 3 3
12 1z 13 22 5 14 2 12z 212 10 ? 12 2
3
5
3
2
3
x2654 2 2 4sz 1 2d 5 48 2 z 10 10
5 5
3 3 3 3
x 5 10 4z 1 8 5 48 2 z
5z 5 40
z58
2y 2 9 2s2 32 d29 ?
3 9
9.
6
5 3y 2
4 Check:
6
53 2
9
32
2
3
4 1 2
s12d 12y 62 92 5 13y 2 432s12d 1
1 18 288 ? 27 24
2 2
6 32 32
52 2
32 32 2
2s2y 2 9d 5 36y 2 9
4y 2 18 5 36y 2 9 6 1
1 306 ? 51
2
32
52
32 2
29 5 32y 2
51
52
51
32 32
9
2 5y
32
4t t 4s10d ? 10 5y 2 1 y 1
11. 5 15 2 Check: 5 15 2 13. 1 52
3 6 3 6 12 3 4
6 14t3 2 5 115 2 6t 26 40 ? 45 5
3
5
3
2
3
12 15y122 1 1 3y 2 5 12 41212
8t 5 90 2 t 40 40 5y 2 1 1 4y 5 23
5
3 3
9t 5 90 9y 5 22
t 5 10 2
y52
9
7 7
h12 h21 2 12 21 ? 2
15. 2 5 Check:
4
2
4
5
5 9 3 5 9 3
45 1h 15 2 2 h 29 12 5 123245 1
1 7 8
1
5 4 4
2 22
1 7 4 ? 2
9 4 4
5
3 1 2
9sh 1 2d 2 5sh 2 1d 5 30
9h 1 18 2 5h 1 5 5 30
1 15
5 4 1 2
2
1 3 ? 2
9 4
5
3 12
3 1 ? 2
4h 1 23 5 30 2 5
4 12 3
4h 5 7
9 1 ? 2
7 2 5
h5 12 12 3
4
8 ? 2
5
12 3
2 2
5
3 3
x 1 5 3x 2 8 4 2 4 1 5 3s43 d 2 8 5? 4 2 s438 d
43
17. 2 5 Check: 8
2 8
4 3 12 4 3 12
12 1x 14 5 2 3x 32 82 5 14 122 x212 1
1 43 40
4 8
1
8
2
3 8 2
1 129 64 ? 1 32 43
2
8
5
12 8
2
81 2 1 2
3sx 1 5d 2 4s3x 2 8d 5 4 2 x
3x 1 15 2 12x 1 32 5 4 2 x
1 2
1 83
4 8
2
1 65 ? 1
3 8
5
12
2
11
8 1 2 1 2
29x 1 47 5 4 2 x
8 4
2
3 1
1 83 65 ? 1 11
5 2
8 12 2 1 2
28x 5 243
x5
43 8 121
1 249 260 ? 1 11
2
12
5 2
8 12 2 1 2
8
1
1 11
2
8 12 2
1 11
5 2
8 12 1 2
9 1 9 ? 1
19. 52 Check: 52
25 2 y 4 25 2 61 4
4s25 2 yd 125 92 y2 5 12 4124s25 2 yd 2

9
36
52
1
4
36 5 2 s25 2 yd 1 1
2 52
4 4
36 5 225 1 y
61 5 y
12 5 12 ? 5 4 7 1 4 7 ? 1
21. 52 5 Check: 52 5 23. 2 52 Check: 2 52
a 3
1 2
18 3 x 5x 2 26 26 2
25 5
5 25
1
3a 5 2
12
a
5
5
32 12
3a
60 5
4
10x 2
x 1
7
5x
1
5 2 10x
2 2 1 2 20 7 ? 1
52 5 2 1 52
18 3 26 26 2
15a 2 36 5 5a 40 2 14 5 25x
15 10 5 13 ? 1
10a 5 36 2 5 26 5 25x 2 52
3 3 3 26 2
36 26
a5 5 5 5x 1 1
10 5 25 2 52
3 3 2 2
18
a5
5
12 1 12 1 ?
25. 1 52 Check: 1 52
y15 2 315 2
2s y 1 5d 1 y 121 5 1 212 5 s2d2s y 1 5d 3 1

1 52
2 2
24 1 y 1 5 5 4s y 1 5d 4
52
2
y 1 29 5 4y 1 20
252
9 5 3y
35y
5 25 5 ? 25
27. 5 Check: 5
x 3sx 1 2d 3 3s3 1 2d
3xsx 1 2d 15x 2 5 13sx251 2d23xsx 1 2d 5 25

5
3 15
15sx 1 2d 5 25x 5 5
5
3 3
15x 1 30 5 25x
30 5 10x
35x
8 1 8 ? 1
29. 5 Check: 5 11
3x 1 5 x 1 2 3s2 11
5 d 1 5 2 5 1 2
s3x 1 5dsx 1 2d 13x 81 52 5 1x 11 22s3x 1 5dsx 1 2d 2 33

5
8
1 25 5
5 2 11
1
10
5 1 5
8sx 1 2d 5 3x 1 5 8 1
8 5 1
8x 1 16 5 3x 1 5 25 25
25 5 25
5x 5 211
11
x52
5
3 1 1 1 1 ? 1
31. 2 5 Check: 24 5 4
x12 5s3 d
4
x 5x 3 12 3
5xsx 1 2d 1x 13 2 2 1x 2 5 15x1 25xsx 1 2d 3

10
3
2
1
4
3
5
1
20
3
15x 2 5sx 1 2d 5 x 1 2 9 3 3
2 5
10 4 20
15x 2 5x 2 10 5 x 1 2
18 15 3
10x 2 10 5 x 1 2 2 5
20 20 20
9x 5 12
3 3
5
12 20 20
x5
9
4
x5
3
1 18 1 ? 18 1 ? 18
33. 5 2 Check: 5 2 5
2 x 2 6 2 s26d2
2x 2 1122 5 118x 22x

2
2 1 18
5
2 36
1 18
5
2 36
x 2 5 36 1 1 1 1
5 5
2 2 2 2
x2 2 36 5 0
sx 2 6dsx 1 6d 5 0
x56 x 5 26
32 32 ? 32 ?
35. 5 2t Check: 5 2s4d 5 2s24d
t 4 24
858 28 5 28
t 132t 2 5 s2tdt
32 5 2t 2
16 5 t 2
0 5 t 2 2 16
0 5 st 2 4dst 1 4d
t54 t 5 24
72 ? 72 ? 72
37. x115 Check: 29 1 1 5 8115
x 29 8
28 5 28 959
xsx 1 1d 5 172x 2x
x 2 1 x 5 72
x 2 1 x 2 72 5 0
sx 1 9dsx 2 8d 5 0
x 5 29 x58
16 39 ? 16 39 ? 16 39
39. 15 2 2 Check: 1 5 2 15 2 2
y y 13 132 3 3
y 2s1d 5 3 16y 2 39y 4y

2
2
15
16
2
13 13
3
15
16 13
3
2
3
y 2 5 16y 2 39 151 151
y2 2 16y 1 39 5 0
s y 2 13ds y 2 3d 5 0
y 5 13 y53
2x 5
41. 2 50
3x 2 10 x
xs3x 2 10d 13x 2x2 10 2 5x 2 5 s0dxs3x 2 10d

2x 2 2 5s3x 2 10d 5 0
2x 2 2 15x 1 50 5 0
No real solution
2 5x x50 x 5 25
12x5 2 5 1x 2
2 Check:
43. 5x 5x
5x
2s0d ? 02 2 5s0d 2s25d ? s25d2 2 5s25d
5 5
2x 2 5 x2 2 5x 5 5s0d 5 5s25d
x2 1 5x 5 0 0 Þ undefined 210 25 1 25
5
5 225
xsx 1 5d 5 0 so x 5 0 is extraneous.
22 5 22
x50 x1550
x 5 25
2 3 1 2 3 ? 1
45. 2 5 Check: 2 5
6q 1 5 4s6q 1 5d 28 6s5d 1 5 4f6s5d 1 5g 28
28s6q 1 5d 16q 21 5 2 4s6q31 5d2 5 1281 228s6q 1 5d 2

2
3 ? 1
5
30 1 5 4s30 1 5d 28
28s2d 2 7s3d 5 6q 1 5 2 3 ? 1
2 5
35 4s35d 28
56 2 21 5 6q 1 5
8 3 ? 1
35 5 6q 1 5 2 5
140 140 28
30 5 6q
5 ? 1
5
55q 140 28
1 1
5
28 28
4 17 4 17 ?
47. 1 53 Check: 1 53
2x 1 3 5x 2 3 2s2 11
10 d s 10 d
11
1 3 5 2 2 3
s5x 2 3ds2x 1 3d 12x 41 3 1 5x172 32 5 s3ds2x 1 3ds5x 2 3d 2 22

10
4
30 1
1 10
17
2 10 2 30
55
10
?
53
4s5x 2 3d 1 17s2x 1 3d 5 3s10x 2 1 9x 2 9d 4 17 ?

8 1 53
20x 2 12 1 34x 1 51 5 30x 2 1 27x 2 27 10 2 85
10
4 17 ?
05 30x 2 2 27x 2 66 4 1 53
5 2 17
2
0 5 10x 2 2 9x 2 22 ?
5 1 22 5 3
0 5 s10x 1 11dsx 2 2d
353
11
x52 x52 4 17 ?
10 Check: 1 53
2s2d 1 3 5s2d 2 3
4 17 ?
1 53
7 7
353
2 3 6
49. 2 5 Check:
x 2 10 x 2 2 x2 2 12x 1 20
2 3 ? 6
2 3 6 2 5
2 5 20 2 10 20 2 2 s20d2 2 12s20d 1 20
x 2 10 x 2 2 sx 2 10dsx 2 2d
2 3 ? 6
2 5
sx 2 10dsx 2 2d 1x 22 10 2 x 23 22 5 1sx 2 106dsx 2 2d2sx 2 10dsx 2 2d 10 18 400 2 240 1 20
1 1 ? 6
2sx 2 2d 2 3sx 2 10d 5 6 2 5
5 6 180
2x 2 4 2 3x 1 30 5 6
6 5 1
2 5
2x 1 26 5 6 30 30 30
2x 5 220 1 1
5
30 30
x 5 20
3
x13 4 2 1 3 4 ?
51. 1 2250 Check: 1 2250
x2 2 9 32x sd
3 2
2 2 9 3 2 32
3 6
x13 4 2 1 2 4 ?
2 2250 1 2250
sx 2 3dsx 1 3d x 2 3 9 36
4 2 4
6
2 2 32
9
sx 2 3d 1 1
2
4
x23 x23
2 2 5 0sx 2 3d 2 2
2 27
4
1
4
3
2
?
2250
1 2 4 2 2sx 2 3d 5 0 2 8 6 ?
2 1 2 50
3 3 3
23 2 2x 1 6 5 0
050
22x 5 23
3
x5
2
x 3x 22sx 2 6d 3 3s3d ? 22s3 2 6d

53. 1 5 Check: 1 5
x 2 2 x 2 4 x2 2 6x 1 8 3 2 2 3 2 4 32 2 6s3d 1 8
sx 2 6d
sx 2 2dsx 2 4d 1x 2x 2 1 x 3x2 42 5 1sx22
2 4dsx 2 2d 2
sx 2 2dsx 2 4d 31
9 ? 6
5
21 21
xsx 2 4d 1 3xsx 2 2d 5 22sx 2 6d 26 5 26
x2 2 4x 1 3x 2 2 6x 5 22x 1 12 Check:
4x 2 2 8x 2 12 5 0 21 3s21d ? 22s21 2 6d
1 5
21 2 2 21 2 4 s21d2 2 6s21d 1 8
x 2 2 2x 2 3 5 0
1 3 ? 14
sx 2 3dsx 1 1d 5 0 1 5
3 5 15
x53 x 5 21
5 9 ? 14
1 5
15 15 15
14 14
5
15 15
2sx 1 7d 2x 1 20 2f24 1 7g ? 2s24d 1 20

55. 225 Check: 225
x14 2x 1 8 24 1 4 2s24d 1 8
2sx 1 4d 12sxx1147d 2 22 5 122xsx11204d22sx 1 4d 6

0
22Þ
12
0
4sx 1 7d 2 2 ? 2sx 1 4d 5 2x 1 20
4x 1 28 2 4x 2 16 5 2x 1 20
12 5 2x 1 20
28 5 2x
24 5 x
Division by zero is undefined. Solution is extraneous, so equation has no solution.
3 3 3
22 22 22
x x 3 ? 3 2 ? 2
57. 5 Check: 5 5
2 1 2 1 2 1
12 12 12
x 3 2
3 3 1 1
22 5
x x x 2 2 2
2
5
1
? x 3
15
1
12
x 2
3 3
5
2x 2 3
2sx 2 1d
x
2
5 12 1
x21
2sx 2 1d 2 2 2 151
xsx 2 1d 5 s2x 2 3d2

x 2 2 x 5 4x 2 6
x 2 2 5x 1 6 5 0
sx 2 3dsx 2 2d 5 0
x53 x52
59. x-intercept: s22, 0d 61. x-intercepts: s21, 0d and s1, 0d

x12 1
05 05x2
x22 x
sx 2 2ds0d 5 1xx 12 222sx 2 2d xs0d 5 x 21 1

x2x
05x12 0 5 x2 2 1
22 5 x 0 5 sx 2 1dsx 1 1d
x2150 x1150
x51 x 5 21
Y5 x X,T, u 2 4 X,T, u 1 5
x x
4 x GRAPH
x-intercept: s4, 0d −40 30
x24
(b) 0 5
x15 −8
05x24
45x
65. Keystrokes: 6
Y5 1 4 X,T, u 1 4 4 X,T, u 2
x
x 5 GRAPH
x-intercept: s1, 0d −6 12
1 4
05 1
x x25 −6
xsx 2 5ds0d 5
1
x
1
4
1
x25
xsx 2 5d 2
0 5 x 2 5 1 4x
5 5 5x
15x
67. Keystrokes: 69. (a) Keystrokes:

Y5 X,T, u 1 1 2 4 X,T, u Y5 x X,T, u 2 2 4 X,T, u
x
x
x
6 GRAPH 1 12 GRAPH
x-intercepts: s23, 0d and s2, 0d x-intercepts: s23, 0d and s4, 0d

6
0 5 sx 1 1d 2 (b) 0 5 sx 2 1d 2
12
x x
3 4
6 0 5 x 2 2 x 2 12
xs0d 5 sx 1 1d 2 x
x
0 5 sx 2 4dsx 1 3d
0 5 x2 1 x 2 6
x2450 x1350
0 5 sx 1 3dsx 2 2d
x54 x 5 23
x1350 x2250
8
x 5 23 x52
10
−12 12
−15 15
−8
−10
65
71. Verbal Model: Number 1 Reciprocal 5
8
Labels: Number 5 x
1
Reciprocal 5
x
1 65
Equation: x1 5
x 8
1
8x x 1
1
x 2 1 2
5
65
8
8x
8x 2 1 8 5 65x
8x 2 2 65x 1 8 5 0
s8x 2 1dsx 2 8d 5 0
1
x5 x58
8
73. Verbal Model: Distance 4 Rate 5 Time
Distance
5 Time
Rate
Time traveled Time traveled

5
with wind without wind
Labels: Speed of the wind 5 x
680 520
Equation: 5
300 1 x 300 2 x
s300 1 xds300 2 xd 13006801 x2 5 13005202 x2s300 1 xds300 2 xd

680s300 2 xd 5 520s300 1 xd
204,000 2 680x 5 156,000 1 520x
21200x 5 248,000
x 5 40 miles per hour
75. Verbal Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time
Distance person 1 Distance person 2

5
Rate person 1 Rate person 2
Labels: Rate person 1 5 x 1 2

Rate person 2 5 x
5 4
Equation: 5
x12 x
xsx 1 2d 1x 15 22 5 14x 2xsx 1 2d

5x 5 4sx 1 2d
5x 5 4x 1 8
x 5 8 mph person 2
x 1 2 5 10 mph person 1

Distance
5 Time
Rate
Time traveled Time traveled Total
upstream 1 downstream 5
time
Labels: Speed of the current 5 x

48 48
Equation: 1 55
20 2 x 20 1 x
s20 2 xds20 1 xd 120482 x 1 20481 x2 5 s5ds20 2 xds20 1 xd

48s20 1 xd 1 48s20 2 xd 5 5s400 2 x 2d
960 1 48x 1 960 2 48x 5 2000 2 5x 2
1920 5 2000 2 5x 2
5x 2 5 80
x 2 5 16
x 5 4 mph
79. Verbal Cost per person Cost per person

2 5 4000
Model: current group new group
Labels: Persons in current group 5 x

Persons in new group 5 x 1 2
240,000 240,000
Equation: 2 5 4000
x x12
xsx 1 2d 1240,000
x
2
x12 2
240,000
5 s4000dxsx 1 2d
240,000sx 1 2d 2 240,000x 5 4000sx 2 1 2xd

240,000x 1 480,000 2 240,000x 5 4000x 2 1 8000x
0 5 4000x 2 1 8000x 2 480,000
0 5 x 2 1 2x 2 120
0 5 sx 1 12dsx 2 10d
x 1 12 5 0 x 2 10 5 0
x 5 212 x 5 10 people
81. Verbal Cost per person Cost per person

2 5 1300
Model: original group new group
Labels: Persons in current group 5 x

Persons in new group 5 x 1 3
78,000 78,000
Equation: 2 5 1300
x x13
xsx 1 3d 178,000
x
2
x132
78,000
5 s1300dxsx 1 3d
78,000sx 1 3d 2 78,000x 5 1300xsx 1 3d

78,000x 1 234,000 2 78,000x 5 1300x 2 1 3900x
0 5 1300x 2 1 3900x 2 234,000
0 5 x 2 1 3x 2 180
0 5 sx 1 15dsx 2 12d
x 5 215 x 5 12 persons
83. (a) Keystrokes: 1,000,000
Y5 x 120,000 X,T, u 4 x 2 X,T, u

x x
100 GRAPH
Verbal 120,000p
(b) Model: Cost 5
100 2 p
0 100
120,000p 0
Equation: 680,000 5
100 2 p
s100 2 pds680,000d 5 1120,000p

100 2 p 2
s100 2 pd
68,000,000 2 680,000p 5 120,000p

68,000,000 5 800,000p
85% 5 p
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
85. 1 5 1 5 1 1 5 Person #1 Person #2 Together
6 6 t 3 5 t 5 22 t
t1t56 5t 1 3t 5 15 1 1 1 6 hours 6 hours 3 hours
1 5 5 15
5 t 3 minutes 5 minutes minutes
2t 5 6 8t 5 15 2 8
1 2 1 5 hours 212 hours 5

hours
t 5 3 hours 15 1 5 3
t5 minutes 5 5 t
8
t 1 2t 5 5
3t 5 5
5
t5 hours
3
87. Verbal Model: Rate Person 1 1 Rate Person 2 5 Rate Together

Labels: Second landscaper's time 5 x
3
First landscaper's time 5 x
2
1 1 1
Equation: 13 5
x 2 x 9
9x 11x 1 3x2 2 5 11929x

9165x
15 hours 5 x
1 45 3
22 hours 5 5 x
2 2 2
89. Verbal Model: Rate Pipe 1 1 Rate Pipe 2 5 Rate Together

Labels: Second pipe's time 5 x
5
First pipe's time 5 x
4
1 1 1
Equation: 15 5
x 4x
5
5x 11x 1 5x4 2 5 11525x

5145x
9 hours 5 x
1 45 5
11 hours 5 5 x
4 4 4
87,709 2 1236s0d 87,709 2 1236s3d

91. y 5 < 87.7 y5 < 116.5
1000 2 93s0d 1000 2 93s3d
87,709 2 1236s1d 87,709 2 1236s4d
y5 < 95.3 y5 < 131.8
1000 2 93s1d 1000 2 93s4d
87,709 2 1236s2d 87,709 2 1236s5d
y5 < 104.7 y5 < 152.4
1000 2 93s2d 1000 2 93s5d
9353
93. (a) Domain 5 H4, 6, 8, 10, . . .J (c) 135 5 43.4 1
x2
(b) 700
9353
91.6 5
x2
9353
x2 5
91.6
4
0
20
x < 10d
10 10 10 10
95. (d) t sxd 5 1 (e) t sxd 5 1
52x 51x 524 514
10 10 10 90 10 100
6 14 5 1 t sxd 5 10 1 5 1 5
52x 51x 9 9 9 9
t sxd 5 119 or 11.1 hours
1
4s5 2 xds5 1 xd 1 2 1
25
4
5
10
1
10
52x 51x 2
4s5 2 xds5 1 xd
Yes
25s25 2 x 2d 5 40s5 1 xd 1 40s5 2 xd
625 2 25x 2 5 200 1 40x 1 200 2 40x
0 5 25x 2 2 225
0 5 x2 2 9
97. Solve a rational equation by multiplying both sides of 99. (a) Simplify each side by removing symbols of grouping,
the equation by the lowest common denominator. Then combining like terms, and reducing fractions on one
solve the resulting equation, checking for any extraneous or both sides.
solutions.
(b) Add (or subtract) the same quantity to (from) both
sides of the equation.
(c) Multiply (or divide) both sides of the equation by the
same nonzero real number.
(d) Interchange the two sides of the equation.
101. When the equation involves only two fractions, one on each side of the equation, the equation can be solved by cross-
multiplication.
1. s23 ? 32d21 5 s8 ? 9d21 3. s25 d23 5 s52 d3 5. s6 3 103d2 5 62 3 106

5 7221 5
125
8 5 36 3 106
1
5 72 5 36,000,000
3.5 3 107 3.5

7. 5 3 10724 9. 0.0000538 5 5.38 3 1025 11. 4.833 3 108 5 483,300,000
7 3 104 7
5 0.5 3 103
5 5 3 102
5 500
4x22
13. s6y 4ds2y23d 5 12y 41(23) 15. 5 2x2221 17. sx3y24d2 5 x6y28
2x
5 12y1 x6
5 2x23 5
y8
5 12y
2
5
x3
10 10 10 10
95. (d) t sxd 5 1 (e) t sxd 5 1
52x 51x 524 514
10 10 10 90 10 100
6 14 5 1 t sxd 5 10 1 5 1 5
52x 51x 9 9 9 9
t sxd 5 119 or 11.1 hours
1
4s5 2 xds5 1 xd 1 2 1
25
4
5
10
1
10
52x 51x 2
4s5 2 xds5 1 xd
Yes
25s25 2 x 2d 5 40s5 1 xd 1 40s5 2 xd
625 2 25x 2 5 200 1 40x 1 200 2 40x
0 5 25x 2 2 225
0 5 x2 2 9
97. Solve a rational equation by multiplying both sides of 99. (a) Simplify each side by removing symbols of grouping,
the equation by the lowest common denominator. Then combining like terms, and reducing fractions on one
solve the resulting equation, checking for any extraneous or both sides.
solutions.
(b) Add (or subtract) the same quantity to (from) both
sides of the equation.
(c) Multiply (or divide) both sides of the equation by the
same nonzero real number.
(d) Interchange the two sides of the equation.
101. When the equation involves only two fractions, one on each side of the equation, the equation can be solved by cross-
multiplication.
1. s23 ? 32d21 5 s8 ? 9d21 3. s25 d23 5 s52 d3 5. s6 3 103d2 5 62 3 106

5 7221 5
125
8 5 36 3 106
1
5 72 5 36,000,000
3.5 3 107 3.5

7. 5 3 10724 9. 0.0000538 5 5.38 3 1025 11. 4.833 3 108 5 483,300,000
7 3 104 7
5 0.5 3 103
5 5 3 102
5 500
4x22
13. s6y 4ds2y23d 5 12y 41(23) 15. 5 2x2221 17. sx3y24d2 5 x6y28
2x
5 12y1 x6
5 2x23 5
y8
5 12y
2
5
x3
t 25 23
13y 2 13y 2
3
19. 5 t (25)2(22) 21. 5 23. y 2 8 Þ 0
t 22
yÞ8
5 t 2512 27
5
y3 D 5 s2 `, 8d < s8, `d
5 t 23
1
5
t3
6x 4y2 2 ? 3x ? x3 ? y2 5b 2 15 5sb 2 3d
25. u2 2 7u 1 6 Þ 0 27. 5 29. 5
15xy2 5 ? 3x ? y2 30b 2 120 30sb 2 4d
su 2 6dsu 2 1d Þ 0
2x3 5sb 2 3d
5 , x Þ 0, y Þ 0 5
u Þ 6, uÞ1 5 5 ? 6sb 2 4d
D 5 s2 `, 1d < s1, 6d < s6, `d b23
5
6sb 2 4d
9x 2 9y 9sx 2 yd x2 2 5x xsx 2 5d
31. 5 33. 5 35. 3xsx 2yd2 5 3xsx 4y 2)
y2x 21sx 2 yd 2x2 2 50 2sx2 2 25d
5 3x5y 2
5 29, xÞy xsx 2 5d
5
2sx 2 5dsx 1 5d
x
5 , xÞ5
2sx 1 5d
24x 4 8x3 7 2x y2 7?2?x?y?y

37. 5 39. ? ? 14x2 5
15x 5 8 y 2 ?2?2?y?7?2?x?x
y
5 , yÞ0
8x
60z z2 2 36 5 ? 12zsz 2 6dsz 1 6d u 3u 2 u2 u 2usu 2 3d

41.
z16
? 5
5
sz 1 6d5
43.
u23
? 4u2
5
u23
? 4u2
5 12zsz 2 6d, z Þ 26 1
52 , u Þ 0, u Þ 3
4
6yx 6 2 xy 5
45. 5 4 3 47. 25y 2 4 5 25y ? y ?
2yx3 x x 5 xy
3?2 x ? x2 125y
5
x
? 2
5
x
, yÞ0
5 3x 2, xÞ0
x2 2 7x x2 2 14x 1 49 xsx 2 7d sx 2 1dsx 1 1d

49.
x11
4
x2 2 1
5
x11
? sx 2 7dsx 2 7d
xsx 2 1d
5 , x Þ 21, x Þ 1
x27
1x
2
6x2
1 2x 2 35 2 6x2
sx 1 7dsx 2 5d sx 1 7dsx 2 5dsx 1 5d
51. 5 ? sx 1 7dsx 2 5dsx 1 5d
1 x3
x2 2 25 2 x3
sx 2 5dsx 1 5d
6x2sx 1 5d
5
x3sx 1 7d
6sx 1 5d
5 , x Þ 5, x Þ 25
xsx 1 7d
4 11 4 2 11 7 15 5 15s3d 5s2d 1s48d

53. 2 5 52 55. 2 215 2 2
9 9 9 9 16 24 16s3d 24s2d 1s48d
45 2 10 2 48
5
48
13
52
48
1 x 2 12 x15
57.
1
1
3
5
x 1 5 x 2 12 x 1 5 x 2 12
1
3
1
x 2 12 x 1 5 2 1 2
x 2 12 3sx 1 5d
5 1
sx 1 5dsx 2 12d sx 2 12dsx 1 5d
x 2 12 1 3x 1 15
5
sx 1 5dsx 2 12d
4x 1 3
5
sx 1 5dsx 2 12d
5xsx 2 3dsx 1 2d x12 x23

59. 5x 1
2
2
3
x23 x12
5
sx 2 3dsx 1 2d
1
2
sx 2 3d x 1 2
2
3
1
sx 1 2d x 2 3 2 1 2
5x3 2 5x2 2 30x 1 2x 1 4 2 3x 1 9
5
sx 2 3dsx 1 2d
5x3 2 5x2 2 31x 1 13
5
sx 2 3dsx 1 2d
6 6x 1 1 6sx2 1 4d 6x 2 1sxd
61. 2 2 5 2 2
x x 14 xsx2 1 4d x 1 4sxd
6x2 1 24 2 6x2 1 x
5
xsx2 1 4d
24 1 x
5
xsx2 1 4d
5 sx 1 3dsx 2 3d x23 1 sx 1 3d2

63.
5
2
4x
x 1 3 sx 1 3d2
2
1
5
x 2 3 x 1 3 sx 1 3dsx 2 3d
2 1 4x
sx 1 3d x 2 3
2
2 2
x 2 3 sx 1 3d2 1 2 1 2
5x2 2 45 2 4x2 1 12x 2 x2 2 6x 2 9
5
sx 1 3d2sx 2 3d
6x 2 54
5
sx 1 3d2sx 2 3d
3t t 3t 2
65. ? t 5 5t 2 2, t Þ 0
1 52
2
t 2
1a 2
1
2
2 16 a
1
2 asa 2 4dsa 1 4d a 2 sa 2 4dsa 1 4d
67. ? asa 2 4dsa 1 4d 5 a 2 4 1 4asa 2 4dsa 1 4d
1a 1
2 1 4a
14 2
a 2 sa2 2 16d
5
a 2 4 1 4asa2 2 16d
a 2 a2 1 16
5
a 2 4 1 4a3 2 64a
2a2 1 a 1 16
5 , a Þ 0, a Þ 24
4a3 2 63a 2 4
69. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 x x X,T, u x2 1 6 X,T, u 1 9 x
4 X,T, u x2
x
3
−15
x X,T, u 2 3 X,T, u 4 x X,T, u 1 3
x
x
x x 15
x2 ENTER
X,T, u 2 4 X,T, u
x
y2 x x2 9 GRAPH
x2 1 6x 1 9 x2 2 3x sx 1 3dsx 1 3dxsx 2 3d x2 2 9 −10
x2
? x13
5
x2sx 1 3d
5
x
71. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 x 4 X,T, u 2 x 4 4 2 X,T, u
x x
x
x
1 1 2 ENTER
x 2 X,T, u 4 4 X,T, u
x
y2 2 x2 GRAPH
−6 6
1 1 1
x
2
2 2 2x 22x
2x
? 2x 5 4x2
−2
4 8 10
2x 2 1 x2 1
3 9 9s3x 2 1d
4x3 2 x
73. s4x3 2 xd 4 2x 5 75. 3x 2 1 ) 6x3 1 2x2 2 4x 1 2
2x
6x3 2 2x2
4x3 x
5 2 4x 2 2 4x
2x 2x
4
1 4x2 2 x
5 2x 2 , x Þ 0
2 3
2 8
2 x12
3
8 8
2 x1
3 9
10
9
x2 2 2
77. x 2 2 1 ) x 4 1 0x3 2 3x2 1 2, x Þ ± 1
x4 2 x2
22x 2 1 2
22x2 1 2
23x2 1 2x 1 3
x2 2 x 2 3 1
x3 2 2x2 1 x 2 1
79. x3 2 2x 2 1 x 2 1 ) x5 2 3x 4 1 0x3 1 x2 1 0x 1 6
x5 2 2x 4 1 x3 2 x2
2x 4 2 x3 1 2x 2 1 0x
2x 4 1 2x3 2 x2 1 x
23x3 1 3x 2 2 x 1 6
23x3 1 6x2 2 3x 1 3
23x 2 1 2x 1 3
x3 1 7x2 1 3x 2 14
81. 5 x 2 1 5x 2 7, x Þ 22 83. sx 4 2 3x 2 2 25d 4 sx 2 3d
x12
29
22 1 7 3 214 5 x3 1 3x 2 1 6x 1 18 1
x23
22 210 14
3 1 0 23 0 225
1 5 27 0
3 9 18 54
1 3 6 18 29
85.
3x
8
5 215 1
x
4
Check: 1
87. s3td 8 2 2
12
t
1
5 s3td
3
Check:
3s2120d ? 2120 12 ? 1
5 215 1 24t 2 36 5 t 82 5
8 1 2
3
8
x 5 s215d8 1
x
4
8 12 8 4
23t 5 36
s3623 d 3
2360 ? 23 ? 1
3x 5 2120 1 2x 5 215 1 230 82 5
8 36 3 3
t5
x 5 2120 23
245 5 245 24 23 ? 1
2 5
3 3 3
1 1
5
3 3
2 1 1 24
89. 2 5 Check: 91. r521 Check:
y 3y 3 r
2 1 ? 1 ? 24
2 5 6521
3y 1 2
y
2
1
3y 2 12
5
1
3
3y 5 3s5d 3 1
rsrd 5 2 1
24
r
r 2 6
?
2 1 ? 1 65214
6215y 2 5 r2 5 2r 1 24
5 15 3
656
55y r2 2 2r 2 24 5 0
6 1 ? 1
2 5 Check:
15 15 3 sr 2 6dsr 1 4d 5 0
? 24
5 ? 1 r 5 6, r 5 24 24 5 2 1
5 24
15 3
?
24 5 2 2 6
1 1
5
3 3 24 5 24
93. 8 16x 2 x 11 52 5 15 Check: Check:
1 6
x
2
1
x15
5 2
15
8
8126 2 2 11 52 5? 15
16
3
16
3
8 163 2 3 11 52 5? 15
812 2
16 2 1 2 1 2
18 1 ? 1 ?
5 15 8 22 5 15
8xsx 1 5d 16x 2 x 11 52 5 115828xsx 1 5d 16
3
15
3
8
812 2
8 2 2 1168 2 812 5? 15
9 1 ?
48sx 1 5d 2 8x 5 15xsx 1 5d 5 15 1 8
3
48x 1 240 2 8x 5 15x 2 1 75x
240 1 40x 5 15x 2 1 75x
9
81 ?
8 2 1 3 5 15 2 8 11582 5? 15
0 5 15x 2 1 35x 2 240 15 5 15
0 5 5s3x 2 1 7x 2 48d
1 9 24 ?
8 2 1
8 8
5 15 2
0 5 5s3x 1 16dsx 2 3d 8 11582 5? 15
3x 1 16 5 0 x2350
15 5 15
3x 5 216 x53
16
x52
3
4x 2 4
95. 1 52 Check: Check:
x25 x x25
s d
4 22
5
2 ? 4 4s1d 2 ? 4
1 5 5 2 1 52
sx 2 5d 1 4x
x25
1
2
x
5 2 2 1
4
x25
xsx 2 5d 2 s d 5 s2 2 d
2 52 2 s2 2 d 2 5
5 125 1 125
210 4 ? 4 4 ? 4
4x 2 1 2sx 2 5d 5 24x 15 2 5 5 2 15 1252
22 22 24 24
4x 2 1 2x 2 10 1 4x 5 0
20 12 ? 8 151
2 5
4x 2 1 6x 2 10 5 0 15 15 15
2x 2 1 3x 2 5 5 0 8 8
5
15 15
s2x 1 5dsx 2 1d 5 0
5
x52 , x51
2
12 1
97. 2 5 21
x2 1 x 2 12 x23
sx 2 3dsx 1 4d 1x2
12
1 x 2 12
2
1
x23 2
5 s21dsx 2 3dsx 1 4d
12 2 sx 1 4d 5 21sx 2 1 x 2 12d
12 2 x 2 4 5 2x 2 2 x 1 12
sx 2 2 4d 5 0
sx 2 2dsx 1 2d 5 0
x2250 x1250
x52 x 5 22
5 6
99. 2 5 25
x2 2 4 x22
sx 2 2dsx 1 2d 1x
2
5
24
2
6
x22 2
5 s25dsx 2 2dsx 1 2d
5 2 6sx 1 2d 5 25sx 2 2 4d
5 2 6x 2 12 5 25x 2 1 20
5x 2 2 6x 2 27 5 0
s5x 1 9dsx 2 3d 5 0
5x 1 9 5 0 x2350
9
x52 x53
5
101. Keystrokes: 103. Domain: s0, 6g

Y5 1 4 X,T, u 2 1 4 2 X,T, u 1 3
1 2
x
x
GRAPH 36
P52 w1 , wÞ0
w
x-intercepts: x 5 23
1 1
05 2 4
x 2x 2 3
0 5 2x 1 3 2 x
−7 5
05x13
23 5 x
−4
Verbal
105.
Model:
Original trip distance Return trip distance 1

5 1
Rate Rate 6
Labels: Rate of original trip 5 x
Rate of return trip 5 x 1 8
56 56 1
Equation: 5 1
x x18 6
6xsx 1 8d 156x 2 5 1x 561 8 1 6126xsx 1 8d

336sx 1 8d 5 336x 1 xsx 1 8d
336x 1 2688 5 336x 1 x 2 1 8x
0 5 x 2 1 8x 2 2688
0 5 sx 2 48dsx 1 56d
x 5 48, x 5 256
x 1 8 5 56 miles per hour
Verbal Hits
107. 5 0.400
Model: At bats
Label: Consecutive times 5 x

45 1 x
Equation: 5 0.4
150 1 x
45 1 x
s150 1 xd 1150 1 x2
5 0.4s150 1 xd
45 1 x 5 0.4s150 1 xd
45 1 x 5 60 1 0.4x
45 1 0.6x 5 60
0.6x 5 15
15
x5
0.6
x 5 25
Thus, the player must hit safely 25 consecutive times to obtain a batting average of .400.
Verbal Share per Share per

109. 5 1 5000
Model: person now person later
Labels: People presently in group 5 x

People in new group 5 x 1 2
60,000 60,000
Equation: 5 1 5000
x x12
xsx 1 2d 160,000
x 2 1x12
5
60,000
1 50002xsx 1 2d
60,000sx 1 2d 5 60,000x 1 5000xsx 1 2d

60,000x 1 120,00 5 60,000x 1 5000x 2 1 10,000x
0 5 5000x 2 1 10,000x 2 120,000
0 5 x 2 1 2x 2 24
0 5 sx 1 6dsx 2 4d
x 5 26, x 5 4 people
Verbal Rate of Rate of Rate

111. 1 5
Model: person 1 person 2 together
Labels: Supervisor’s time 5 12

Your time 5 15
Time together 5 x
1 1 1
Equation: 1 5
12 15 x
60x 1121 1 151 2 5 11x 260x

5x 1 4x 5 60
9x 5 60
60
x5
9
20 2
x5 5 6 min or 6 min 40 sec
3 3
20f4 1 3s5dg 20s4 1 3td

113. (a) N 5 5 304,000 (b) 752 5
1 1 0.05s5d 1 1 0.05t
20f4 1 3s10dg 752s1 1 0.05td 5 20s4 1 3td
N5 < 453,333
1 1 0.05s10d
752 1 37.6t 5 80 1 60t
20f4 1 3(25dg
N5 < 702,222 672 5 22.4t
1 1 0.05s25d
29.8 years < t
1 1 6.3 3 1023
1. 222 1 223 5 1 2. 5 3 3 102322
22 23 2.1 3 102
1 1 5 3 3 1025
5 1
4 8
2 1
5 1
8 8
3
5
8
r2s23
3. s5a23ds2a2d 5 10a2312 4. 5 r225s2322
r5s2
5 10a21
5 r23s25
10
5 1
a 5
r3s5
5. sx 2y23d4 5 x2 ? 4y23 ? 4 6. s3x 2y 2d3s2x22yd2 5 s33x 6y6 ds22x24y 2d

5 x8y212 5 27 ? 4x61(24)y612
x8 5 108x 2y8
5
y12
7. 0.000032 5 3.2 3 1025 8. 3.04 3 107 5 30,400,000
9. y 2 2 25 Þ 0 10. Least common denominator: x3sx 2 3dsx 1 3d

s y 2 5ds y 1 5d Þ 0
y Þ 5, 25
D 5 s2 `, 25d < s25, 5d < s5, `d
22x 22x 1 4z3 25 4 ? z2 ? z ? 5 ? 5 5z

11. (a) 5
3x 2 6 23s2x 1 2d
52 , xÞ2
3
12.
5
? 12z2 5
5 ? 4 ? 3 ? z2
5 ,
3
zÞ0
2a2 2 5a 2 12 s2a 1 3dsa 2 4d

(b) 5
5a 2 20 5sa 2 4d
2a 1 3
5 , aÞ4
5
y2 1 8y 1 16 8y 2 16 s y 1 4d2 ? 8s y 2 2d 2x 1 3 s2x 2 3ds2x 1 3ds2x 1 3d

13.
2s y 2 2d
? s y 1 4d3 5 2s y 2 2ds y 1 4d2s y 1 4d 14. s4x 2 2 9d ?
2x2 2 x 2 3
5
s2x 2 3dsx 1 1d
4 s2x 1 3d2 3
5 , yÞ2 5 , xÞ
y14 x11 2
s2xy2d3 12x3 s2xy2d3 21 1x 3x1 22 3x 12

15. 4 5 ? 12x3 16. 5 4
x 1 2 x3 1 2x2
15 21 15
8x3y6 ? 7 ? 3
1 12
x3 1 2x2 2
5
5 ? 3 ? 4 ? 3x3 3x x2sx 1 2d
5
x12
? 12
14y6
5 , xÞ0
15 x3
5 , x Þ 0, 22
4
19x 2 1x 2 19x 2 1x 2 x 1 2 4x2 x11 1 2 4x2

17. 5 ?x 18. 2x 1
x11
5 2x
x11
1 1
x11 2
1x 2 1x 2
1
2 3
1
2 3
2x2 1 2x 1 2 4x2
5 1
1 x11 x11
9xsxd 2 sxd
x
5 22x2 1 2x 1 1
1 5
sxd 2 3sxd x11
x
9x2 2 1
5
1 2 3x
s3x 2 1ds3x 1 1d
5
21s21 1 3xd
1
5 2 s3x 1 1d, x Þ 0,
3
5x 2 5x 2
19. 2 5 2
x 1 2 x2 2 x 2 6 x 1 2 sx 2 3dsx 1 2d
5x x 2 3
5
x12 x23 1 2 2 2
sx 2 3dsx 1 2d
5x2 2 15x 2 2
5
sx 1 2dsx 2 3d
3 5 2x 3 5 2x
20. 2 21 2 5 2 21
x x x 1 2x 1 1 x x sx 1 1d2
3 xsx 1 1d2 5 xsx 1 1d2
5 3
x xsx 1 1d2 2 2 4
x xsx 1 1d32 1 4
2x x2
sx 1 1d x2
2 1 2
3xsx2 1 2x 1 1d 2 5sx2 1 2x 1 1d 1 2x3
5
x2sx 1 1d2
3x3 1 6x2 1 3x 2 5x2 2 10x 2 5 1 2x3
5
x2sx 1 1d2
5x3 1 x2 2 7x 2 5
5
x2sx 1 1d2
4 4x 4 1 4x
21. 1 5
x11 x11 x11
4s1 1 xd
5
x11
5 4, x Þ 21
6t 2 6
t2 132
t2 2 2
t 4 1 t 2 2 6t
22. 5 t 2 2 2 ) t 4 1 0t3 1 t 2 2 6t 1 0
t2 2 2
t4 2 2t 2
3t 2 2 6t
3t2 26
26t 1 6
2x 4 2 15x2 2 7 3 1
23. 24. 5 Check:
x23 h12 8
3 1
3 2 0 215 0 27 3s8d 5 h 1 2 5
22 1 2 8
6 18 9 27
24 5 h 1 2
3 1
2 6 3 9 20 5
22 5 h 24 8
2x 4 2 15x2 2 7 20
5 2x3 1 6x 2 1 3x 1 9 1 1 1
x23 x23 5
8 8
2 3 1
25. 2 5 Check:
x15 x13 x
2 3 ? 1
2xsx 1 3d 2 3xsx 1 5d 5 sx 1 5dsx 1 3d 2 15 5 15
2 15
2 1 5 2 2 1 3 22
2x 2 1 6x 2 3x 2 2 15x 5 x 2 1 3x 1 5x 1 15
12 10 ? 2
2 1 52
22x 2 2 17x 2 15 5 0 15 15 15
s22x 2 15dsx 1 1d 5 0 2 2
2 52
15 15
22x 2 15 5 0 x1150
Check:
22x 5 15 x 5 21
2 3 ? 1
15 2 52
x52 21 1 5 21 1 3 1
2
2 3 ?
2 51
4 2
1 3 ?
2 5 21
2 2
21 5 21
1 1 2 Verbal Rate of Rate of Rate

26. 1 5 Check: 27. 1 5
x 1 1 x 2 1 x2 2 1 Model: painter 1 painter 2 together
1 1 2
x211x1152 1 Þ Labels: Time of painter 1 5 x
111 121 121
2x 5 2 3
Time of painter 2 5 x
x51 2
Division by zero is undefined. Solution is extraneous, 1 1 1

Equation: 13 5
so equation has no solution. x 2x
4
12x 11x 1 3x2 2 5 41s12xd

12 1 8 5 3x
20 5 3x
20 2
5 6 hours 5 x
3 3
3
10 hours 5 x
2
CHAPTER 4 Rational Expressions, Equations, and Functions
SECTION 4.1 Integer Exponents and Scientific Notation
1. The graph of an equation is the set of solution points of the equation on a rectangular coordinate system.
2. The point-plotting method for graphing an equation begins by creating a table of solution points of the equation. Plot these
points on a rectangular coordinate system, and connect the points with a smooth curve or line.
3. g sxd 5 !x 2 2
g s2d 5 !2 2 2 5 !0 5 0 s2, 0d
g s6d 5 !6 2 2 5 !4 5 2 s6, 2d
4. To find the x-intercept, let y 5 0 and solve the equation for x. To find the y-intercept, let x 5 0 and solve the equation for y.
5. s7x2ds2x3d 5 14x213 5 14x5 6. sy2z3dsz2d4 5 sy2z3dsz8d 5 y2z318 5 y2z11
a4b2
7. 5 a421b222 5 a3b0 5 a3 8. sx 1 2d4 4 sx 1 2d3 5 sx 1 2d423 5 sx 1 2d1 5 x 1 2
ab2
9. f sxd 5 5 2 2x 10. h sxd 5 12x 1 x ||

Keystrokes: Keystrokes:
Y 5 5 2 2 X,T, u GRAPH Y5 x 1 4 2 d X,T, u 1 ABS X,T, u GRAPH
6 6
(0, 5)
(2.5, 0) (0, 0)
−1 4
−4 4
−3 −1
11. g sxd 5 x2 2 4x 12. f sxd 5 2!x 1 1

Y5 X,T, u x2 2 4 X,T, u GRAPH Y5 2 ! x X,T, u 1 1 d GRAPH
6 8
(0, 0) (4, 0)
−1 5
(0, 2)
−2 8
(−1, 0)
−6 −1
SECTION 4.2 Rational Expressions and Functions
y2 2 y1
1. Slope 5 m 5 2. (a) m > 0 (b) m < 0
x2 2 x1
(c) m 5 0 (d) m is undefined.
3. 2sx 1 5d 2 3 2 s2x 2 3d 5 2x 1 10 2 2x 4. 3s y 1 4d 1 5 2 s3y 1 5d 5 3y 1 12 1 5 2 3y 2 5

5 10 5 12
5. 4 2 2f3 1 4sx 1 1dg 5 4 2 2f3 1 4x 1 4g 6. 5x 1 xf3 2 2sx 2 3dg 5 5x 1 xf3 2 2x 1 6g

5 4 2 2f7 1 4xg 5 5x 1 xf9 2 2xg
5 4 2 14 2 8x 5 5x 1 9x 2 2x 2
5 210 2 8x 5 22x 2 1 14x
s2u2vd2
1x5 2 4u 4 v2 4u3
2
25
7. 5 8. 2 52 5
2 x4 23uv 2
23uv 2
3
Verbal Gallons Gallons Total

9.
Model: solution 1
? 30% 1 solution 2
? 60% 5 gallons
? 40%
Labels: Gallons solution 1 5 x

Gallons solution 2 5 20 2 x
Total gallons 5 20
Equation: 0.30x 1 0.60s20 2 xd 5 20s0.40d
0.30x 1 12 2 0.60x 5 8
20.30x 5 24
x 5 1313 gallons at 30%
20 2 x 5 6 23 gallons at 60%
Verbal Original Sale

10.
Model: price ? 75% 5 price
Labels: Original price 5 x

Sale price 5 $375
Equation: x ? 0.75 5 375
x 5 $500
SECTION 4.3 Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
1. 9t 2 2 4 5 s3t 2 2ds3t 1 2d 2. 4x 2 2 12x 1 9 5 s2x 2 3d2
3. 8x3 1 64 5 s2x 1 4ds4x 2 2 8x 1 16d 4. 3x 2 1 13x 2 10 5 s3x 2 2dsx 1 5d
5. 5x 2 20x 2 5 5xs1 2 4xd 6. 64 2 sx 2 6d2 5 f8 2 sx 2 6dgf8 1 sx 2 6dg

5 s8 2 x 1 6ds8 1 x 2 6d
5 s14 2 xds2 1 xd
7. 15x 2 2 16x 2 15 5 s5x 1 3ds3x 2 5d 8. 16t 2 1 8t 1 1 5 s4t 1 1d2
9. y3 2 64 5 s y 2 4ds y 2 1 4y 1 16d 10. 8x3 1 1 5 s2x 1 1ds4x 2 2 2x 1 1d
11. y 12. y
m=2 m = −1 m=2
x 6 m = 12
−1 1 3 4 5
−1
m=0 3
−4 m = − 13 2
−5 1
−6 x
−4 −2 1 2
m is undefined. m is undefined.
SECTION 4.4 Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions
1. (a) 5y 2 3x 2 4 5 0 2. If m > 0, the line rises from left to right.

5y 5 3x 1 4 If m < 0, the line falls from left to right.
y 5 35 x 1 45
(b) 5y 2 3x 2 4 5 0
5y 5 3x 1 4
y 5 35 x 1 45
y 2 y1 5 35 sx 2 x1d 1 45 Let x1 5 1.
5 sx 2 1d 1
3 4
y 2 y1 5 5
5 sx 2 1d
7 3 7
y2 5 5 y1 5 5
(Many answers)
3. 26xs10 2 7xd 5 260x 1 42x 2 4. s2 2 yds3 1 2yd 5 6 1 4y 2 3y 2 2y 2

5 42x 2 2 60x 5 6 1 y 2 2y 2
5. s11 2 xds11 1 xd 5 121 2 x 2 6. s4 2 5zds4 1 5zd 5 16 1 20z 2 20z 2 25z 2

5 16 2 25z2
7. sx 1 1d2 5 sx 1 1dsx 1 1d 8. tst 2 1 1d 2 tst 2 2 1d 5 t 3 1 t 2 t 3 1 t

5 x 2 1 2x 1 1 5 2t
9. sx 2 2dsx 2 1 2x 1 4d 5 x3 1 2x 2 1 4x 2 2x 2 2 4x 2 8 10. tst 2 4ds2t 1 3d 5 ts2t 2 1 3t 2 8t 2 12d

5 x3 2 8 5 ts2t 2 2 5t 2 12d
5 2t3 2 5t 2 2 12t
11. Perimeter 5 Sum of all sides

5 7sxd 1 sx 1 3d 1 s2xd 1 s2x 1 3d
5 12x 1 6
Area 5 Area rectangle 1 1 Area rectangle 2 1 Area rectangle 3
5 sx ? xd 1 sx 1 3ds3xd 1 sx ? xd
5 x 2 1 3x 2 1 9x 1 x 2
5 5x 2 1 9x
12. Perimeter 5 Sum of all sides

5 3x 1 4x 1 5x
5 12x
Area 5 1
2 ? Base ? Height
5 1
2 ? 3x ? 4x
5 6x 2
SECTION 4.5 Dividing Polynomials
120y 30 ? 4y 4y
1. 5 5 Divide the numerator and the denominator by 30.
90 30 ? 3 3
2. s2n 1 1ds2n 1 3d 5 4n2 1 6n 1 2n 1 3 5 4n2 1 8n 1 3
3. s2n 1 1d 1 s2n 1 3d 5 4n 1 4 4. 2ns2n 1 2d 5 4n2 1 4n
5. 3s2 2 xd 5 5x 6. 125 2 50x 5 0

6 2 3x 5 5x 125 2 125 2 50x 5 0 2 125
6 2 3x 1 3x 5 5x 1 3x 250x 5 2125
6 5 8x 250x 2125
5
250 250
6 8x
5
8 8 5
x5
2
3
5x
4
7. 8y2 2 50 5 0 8. t2 2 8t 5 0
2s4y2 2 25d 5 0 tst 2 8d 5 0
2s2y 2 5ds2y 1 5d 5 0 t50 t2850
2y 2 5 5 0 2y 1 5 5 0 t58
y 5 52 y 5 2 52
9. x2 1 x 2 42 5 0 10. xs10 2 xd 5 25
sx 1 7dsx 2 6d 5 0 10x 2 x2 5 25
x1750 x2650 2x2 1 10x 2 25 5 0
x 5 27 x56 x2 2 10x 1 25 5 0
sx 2 5d2 5 0
x2550
x55
Total Enrollment
11. Verbal model: Salary 5 Salary 1 Commission 12. Verbal model: 5 per year 1 3500
enrollment
Labels: Monthly wage 5 y

Labels: Total enrollment 5 n
Salary 5 1500
Enrollment per year 5 60t
Commission 5 0.12x
Function: n 5 60t 1 3500
Function: y 5 1500 1 0.12x N
y 4200
4000 4000
3000 3800
3600
2000
3400
1000
t
x 2 4 6 8 10
10,000 20,000
SECTION 4.6 Solving Rational Equations
1. s22, yd can be located in quadrants II or III. 2. sx, 3d can be located in quadrants I or II.
3. Points whose y-coordinates are 0 are located on the 4. s9, 26d

x-axis.
5. 7 2 3x > 4 2 x 6. 2sx 1 6d 2 20 < 2

22x > 23 2x 1 12 2 20 < 2
3
x < 2 2x 2 8 < 2
2x < 10
x < 5
|
7. x 2 3 < 2 | |
8. x 2 5 > 3 |
22 < x 2 3 < 2 x25 > 3 or x 2 5 < 23
1 < x < 5 x > 8 or x < 2
9. | x 2 1|
1
4
1
≥ 3
1
| 1
|
10. 2 2 3 x ≤ 10
4x 21 ≥ 3 or 4x 2 1 ≤ 23 210 ≤ 2 2 13 x ≤ 10
1 1
4x ≥ 4 4x ≤ 22 212 ≤ 2 13 x ≤ 8
x ≥ 16 or x ≤ 28 36 ≥ x ≥ 224
224 ≤ x ≤ 36
11.
Labels: Distance 5 d 1
Equation: d 5 6 x 1
1
12 2
5
1st jogger’s rate 5 6; 1st jogger’s time 5 x 1 d 5 8x
60
2nd jogger’s rate 5 8; 2nd jogger’s time 5 x
1
6 x1
1
12 2
5 8x
1
6x 1 5 8x
2
1
5 2x
2
1
4 5 x hours, or 15 minutes
d 5 8s14 hourd 5 2 miles
Verbal Amount Amount

12. 1 5 24,000
Model: at 7.5% at 9%
Amount Amount
7.5% ? 1 9% ? 5 1935
at 7.5% at 9%
Labels: Amount at 7.5% 5 x System: x 1 y 5 24,000

Amount at 9% 5 y 0.075x 1 0.09y 5 1935
y 5 24,000 2 x
0.075x 1 0.09s24,000 2 xd 5 1935
0.075x 1 2160 2 0.09x 5 1935
20.015x 5 2225
x 5 $15,000 at 7.5%
y 5 $9000 at 9%
CHAPTER 5 Radicals and Complex Numbers
SECTION 5.1 Radicals and Rational Exponents
1. a m ? a n 5 a m1n 2. sabdm 5 a mb m 3. sa mdn 5 a mn am

4. 5 a m2n, if m > n
an
C H A P T E R 5
Radicals and Complex Numbers
Section 5.1 Radicals and Rational Exponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Section 5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Section 5.3 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions . . . . . . 280
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Section 5.4 Solving Radical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Section 5.5 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

C H A P T E R 5
Radicals and Complex Numbers
Section 5.1 Radicals and Rational Exponents
1. !64 5 8 because 8 ? 8 5 64 3. 2 !49 5 27 because 7 ? 7 5 49
5. !
3
28 5 22 because 22 ? 22 ? 22 5 28 7. !21 is not a real number because no real number multi-
plied by itself yields 21.
9. Because 72 5 49, 7 is a square root of 49. 11. Because 4.23 5 74.088, 4.2 is a cube root of 74.088.
13. Because 452 5 2025, 45 is called the square root of 2025.
||
15. !82 5 8 5 8 |
17. !s210d2 5 210 5 10 | 19. !292 5 not a real number
(index is even) (index is even) (even root of a negative number)
21. 2 !s3 d 5 2 3 !2 s103 d 5 not a real number 25. s!5d 5 5

2 2 2 2 2
23.
(index is even) (even root of a negative number) (inverse property of powers and
roots)
27. 2 s!23d 5 223

2 3 s5d3 5 5 3 103 5 10
29. ! 31. !
(index is odd) (index is odd)
(inverse property of powers and
roots)
s 4 d 5 2 14 37. s! d 5 11
3 s26d3 5 6
33. 2! 3
!
3 21 3 3 11
35.
(index is odd) (index is odd) (inverse property of powers and
roots)
39. s2! d 5 224

3 24
3 4 34 5 3
41. ! 4 254 5 not a real number
43. 2 !
(inverse property of powers and (inverse property of powers and (even root of a negative number)
roots) roots)
45. !6 is not rational because 6 is not a perfect square. 47. !900 is rational because 30 ? 30 5 900, a perfect square.
49. Radical Form Rational Exponent Form 51. Radical Form Rational Exponent Form
!16 5 4 161y2 54 !
3 272 59 272y3 5 9
53. Radical Form Rational Exponent Form 55. 251y2 5 !25 5 5

4 2563 5 64
! 256 3y4 5 64 Root is 2. Power is 1.
57. 2361y2 5 2 !36 5 26 59. 2 s16d3y4 5 2 s! d 5 28

4 16 3
Root is 2. Power is 1. Root is 4. Power is 3.
273
274 Chapter 5 Radicals and Complex Numbers
1 1 1 1 1
61. 3222y5 5 5 5 63. s227d22y3 5 5
s!5 32 d2 22 4 s227d2y3 s! d
3 227 2
1
Root is 5. Power is 2. 5
9
Root is 3. Power is 2.
s278 d2y3 5 s!
3 8 d 5 2
21y2
s3 d2 5 49 s1219 d 5 s121 d
1y2
5 !121
2 9 9 3
65. 27 67. 5 11
69. s33d2y3 5 33 ? 2y3 5 32 5 9 71. 2 s44d3y4 5 244 ? 3y4 5 243 5 264

22y3
73. 151 2
3 5 s53d2y3 5 53 ? 2y3 5 52 5 25 75. !t 5 t1y2
4 x3 5 x
77. x! ? x 3y4 5 x113y4 5 x7y4 3 u 5 u2
79. u2! ? u1y3 5 u211y3 5 u7y3
!x x1y2 1
4 s5 5 s 4
81. s! ? s 5y2 5 s 415y2 5 s13y2 83. 5
x3y2
5 x1y223y2 5 x21 5
!x3 x
!
4 t
t1y4
85. 5
t 5y2
5 t1y425y2 87. ! ? 3 x7 5 x2y3
3 x2 !
? x7y3 5 x2y317y3 5 x9y3
!t 5
5 x3
5 t1y4210y4
5 t 29y4
1
5
t 9y4
89. ! ? 3 y 5 y3y4
4 y3 !
? y1y3 5 y3y411y3 4 x3y 5 sx3yd1y4
91. !
5 y 9y1214y12 5 y13y12 5 x3y4 y1y4
93. z2!y5z 4 5 z2 ? sy 5z 4d1y2 5 z2y 5y2 z 2 95. 31y4 ? 33y4 5 31y413y4

5 z212 y 5y2 5 z 4 y 5y2 5 34y4
5 31
21y5
97. s21y2d2y3 5 21y2 ? 2y3 99. 5 21y526y5 101. sc 3y2d1y3 5 c 3y2 ? 1y3
26y5
5 21y3 5 c1y2
5 225y5
5!
3 2
5 !c
1
52 21
5
2
Section 5.1 Radicals and Rational Exponents 275
103.
18y 4y3z21y3 6
5
? 3y 4y32 s22y3dz21y321 105. s3x21y3y 3y4d2 5 32x22y3y 3y2
24y22y3z 6?4
9y3y2
3y 6y3z24y3 5
5 x2y3
4
3y2
5
4z 4y3
1xx 2
1y4 3
107. 1y6 5 sx1y421y6d3 109. !!
4 y 5 s y1y4d1y2
5 y1y4 ? 1y2
5 sx3y1222y12d3
5 y1y8
5 sx1y12d3
5!
8 y
5 x3y12
5 x1y4
sx 1 yd3y4 sx 1 yd3y4
111. !
4 !x3 5 !
4 x3y2
113. 5
!4
x1y sx 1 yd1y4
5 sx3y2d1y4
5 sx 1 yd3y421y4
5 x3y2 ? 1y4
5 sx 1 yd2y4
5x 3y8
5 sx 1 yd1y2
5 !x 1 y
s3u 2 2vd2y3 s3u 2 2vd2y3

115. 5 5 s3u 2 2vd2y323y2 117. !73 < 8.5440
!s3u 2 2vd 3 s3u 2 2vd3y2
Scientific: 73 !
5 s3u 2 2vd4y629y6
Graphing: ! 73 ENTER
5 s3u 2 2vd25y6
1
5
s3u 2 2vd5y6
119. 3152y5 5 s! d < 9.9845 2

5 315 121. 169823y4 < 0.0038
Scientific: 315 yx x 2 4 5 c 5 Scientific: 1698 yx x 3 4 4 1/2 c 5
x 4 c x x2 c 4 c
>
Graphing: 315 2 5 Graphing: 1698 3 4 ENTER

>
ENTER
123. !
4
342 < 4.3004 125. !
3
5452 < 66.7213
4 342 5 3421y4
! 3 5452 5 5452y3
!
Scientific: 342 yx x 1 4 4 c 5 Scientific: 545 yx x 2 4 3 c 5
x 4 c 4
>
Graphing: 342 1 4 ENTER Graphing: 545 x 2 3 c

>
ENTER
8 2 !35 3 1 !17
127. < 1.0420 129. < 0.7915
2 9
Scientific: x 8 2 35 ! c 4 2 5 Scientific: x 3 1 17 ! c 4 9 5
Graphing: x 8 2 ! 35 c 4 2 ENTER Graphing: x 3 1 ! 17 c 4 9 ENTER

2
131. f sxd 5 3!x, x ≥ 0, 133. The domain of gsxd 5 is the set of all 135. f sxd 5 !2x, 2x ≥ 0
!
4 x
Domain 5 f0, `d nonnegative real numbers or s0, `d. x ≤ 0

Domain 5 s2 `, 0g
137. Keystrokes: 10
Y5 5 4 4 MATH 5 X,T, u MATH 3 GRAPH
Domain is s0, `d so graphing utility did complete the graph.
−3 15
−2
139. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 2 X,T, u x 3 4 5 c GRAPH
>
Domain is s2 `, `d so graphing utility did complete the graph. −15 15
−10
141. x1y2s2x 2 3d 5 2x3y2 2 3x1y2 143. y21y3s y1y3 1 5y4y3d 5 y0 1 5y3y3

5 1 1 5y
125,000
75,000 2
1y8
145. r 5 1 2 147. Verbal Model: Area 5 side ? side
Labels: Area 5 529

12
1 1y8
512 side 5 x
3
< 0.128 < 12.8% Equation: 529 5x?x
529 5 x2
!529 5x
23 5x
23 feet 3 23 feet
149. d 5 !l2 1 w2 1 h2
5 !92 1 52 1 22
5 !81 1 25 1 4
5 !110
< 10.49 cm
!p2vl !r 2 1a22 !15 2 12522

2 2
151. (a) r 5 (b) h 5 2
(c) h 5 2 (d) a 5 2! r 2 2 h2
a 5 2!152 2 82
r5! h 5 !15 2 1 2
2s35,350d a2
2 h 5 !225 2 156.25
p s100d 2 5 2!225 2 64
h 5 !68.75
r < 15 feet 5 2!161
h < 8.29 feet
< 25.38 feet
Section 5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions 277
153. Given !
n
a, a is the radicand and n is the index. 155. No. !2 is an irrational number. Its decimal representa-
tion is a nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal.
157. (a) “Last digits:” 1 (Perfect square 81) (b) Yes, 4,322,788,986 ends in a 6, but it is not a perfect
square.
4 (Perfect square 64)
Section 5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions
1. !20 5 !4 ? 5 5 !22 ? 5 5 2!5 3. !50 5 !25 ? 2 5 !52 ? 2 5 5!2
5. !96 5 !16 ? 6 5 !42 ? 6 5 4!6 7. !216 5 !36 ? 6 5 !62 ? 6 5 66!6
9. !1183 5 !169 ? 7 5 !132 ? 7 5 13!7 11. !0.04 5 !4 ? 0.01 5 !4!0.01 5 2 ? 0.1 5 0.2
13. !0.0072 5 !36 ? 2 ? 0.0001 15. !2.42 5 !121 ? 2 ? 0.01

5 !36 ? !2 ? !0.0001 5 !121 ? !2 ? !0.01
5 6 ? 0.01!2 5 11 ? 0.1!2
5 0.06!2 5 1.1!2
17. !154 5 !15

2
19. !1325 5 !13
5
21. !9x5 5 !32x 4 ?x
5 3 ? x2 ? !x
5 3x2!x
23. !48y 4 5 !16 ? 3 ? y 4 5 4y 2!3 25. !117y6 5 !9 ? 13 ? y6 5 3|y3|!13
27. !120x 2 y 3 5 !4 ? 30 ? x2 ? y2 ? y 5 2|x|y!30y 29. !192a5b7 5 !64 ? 3 ? a 4 ? a ? b6 ? b

5 8a2b3!3ab
3 48 5 !
31. ! 3 16
? 3 5!
3 24
? 3 5 2!
3 3
? 2 5 2!
3 6 3 112 5 !
33. ! 3 8
? 14
5 !
3 8
?!
3 14
5 2!
3 14
3 40 x5 5 !
35. ! 3 8
? 5 ? x3 ? x2 4 324y6 5 !
37. ! 4 81
? 4 ? y 4 ? y2 3 x 4y3 5 !
39. ! 3 x3
? x ? y3 5 xy!
3 x
5 2x!
3 5x2
||
53y!
4 4y2
5 3|y|!
4 22y 2
5 3|y|!2y
4 3x 4y2 5 !
41. ! ? 4 3y2
4 x4 ! 5 32x5y 6 5 !
43. ! 5 25
? x5 ? y 5 ? y 5 2xy!
5 y
||
5 x!
4 3y2
153. Given !
n
a, a is the radicand and n is the index. 155. No. !2 is an irrational number. Its decimal representa-
tion is a nonterminating, nonrepeating decimal.
157. (a) “Last digits:” 1 (Perfect square 81) (b) Yes, 4,322,788,986 ends in a 6, but it is not a perfect
square.
Section 5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions
1. !20 5 !4 ? 5 5 !22 ? 5 5 2!5 3. !50 5 !25 ? 2 5 !52 ? 2 5 5!2
5. !96 5 !16 ? 6 5 !42 ? 6 5 4!6 7. !216 5 !36 ? 6 5 !62 ? 6 5 66!6
9. !1183 5 !169 ? 7 5 !132 ? 7 5 13!7 11. !0.04 5 !4 ? 0.01 5 !4!0.01 5 2 ? 0.1 5 0.2
13. !0.0072 5 !36 ? 2 ? 0.0001 15. !2.42 5 !121 ? 2 ? 0.01

5 !36 ? !2 ? !0.0001 5 !121 ? !2 ? !0.01
5 6 ? 0.01!2 5 11 ? 0.1!2
5 0.06!2 5 1.1!2
17. !154 5 !15

2
19. !1325 5 !13
5
21. !9x5 5 !32x 4 ?x
5 3 ? x2 ? !x
5 3x2!x
23. !48y 4 5 !16 ? 3 ? y 4 5 4y 2!3 25. !117y6 5 !9 ? 13 ? y6 5 3|y3|!13
27. !120x 2 y 3 5 !4 ? 30 ? x2 ? y2 ? y 5 2|x|y!30y 29. !192a5b7 5 !64 ? 3 ? a 4 ? a ? b6 ? b

5 8a2b3!3ab
3 48 5 !
31. ! 3 16
? 3 5!
3 24
? 3 5 2!
3 3
? 2 5 2!
3 6 3 112 5 !
33. ! 3 8
? 14
5 !
3 8
?!
3 14
5 2!
3 14
3 40 x5 5 !
35. ! 3 8
? 5 ? x3 ? x2 4 324y6 5 !
37. ! 4 81
? 4 ? y 4 ? y2 3 x 4y3 5 !
39. ! 3 x3
? x ? y3 5 xy!
3 x
5 2x!
3 5x2
||
53y!
4 4y2
5 3|y|!
4 22y 2
5 3|y|!2y
4 3x 4y2 5 !
41. ! ? 4 3y2
4 x4 ! 5 32x5y 6 5 !
43. ! 5 25
? x5 ? y 5 ? y 5 2xy!
5 y
||
5 x!
4 3y2
!3564 5 !
!243 !
!32xy 5 !2yx
3 5 2 5 2
35 15 15
45. 3 47. 5 5 49. 5
5
5
5
4 3
25 2
5 !x
y
? 2 ? a 3 ? a 5 3a ! ? 2 ? a 4 5 4a2!2
!54ab 5 !3 !32ab !16
4 3 4
51. 3
2a 53. 5
|b|
3 3
9 9 3 2
b b !b2
55. !
4
s3x2d4 5 3x2 57. !13 5 1
!3
?
!3
!3
5
!3
3
1 1 !7 !7 12 12 !3 12!3
59. 5 ? 5 61. 5 ? 5 5 4!3
!7 !7 !7 7 !3 !3 !3 3
? 22 5 !
!54 5 ! ! ! ! 6! 6! 2 3!
4 4 2 4 4 3 3 3 3
5 2 5 20 6 6 6 2 2 2
63. 4 ? 5 65. 5 5 ? 5 5 5
!
4
2 2 !
4 2
2 !
4 4
2 2 !
3
32 ! 2 ? 22 2!
3 3 3 2 !
2 3
2 2!
3 3
2 4 2
67.
1
!y
5
1
!y
?
!y
!y
5
!y
!y2
5
!y
y
69. !4x 5 !4
!x
5
!x
2
?
!x
!x
5
2!x
x
1 1 !2x !2x 6 6 !3b 6!3b 2!3b

71. 5 ? 5 73. 5 ? 5
3b2
5
b2
!2x !2x !2x 2x !3b3 b!3b !3b
? 32 y 2 5 !
!2x3y 5 ! ! ! ! a3! a3! a2!
3 2x 3 32 y 2 3 2x 3 18xy 2
a3 a3 3 a2b 3 a2b 3 a2b 3 a2b
75. 3 ? 5 77. 5 ? 5 5 5
!
3 3y !
3 32 y 2 !
3 33 y 3 3y !
3 ab2 !
3 ab2 !3 a2b !3 a3b3 ab b
79. 3!2 2 !2 5 2!2 81. 12!8 2 3!

3 8 5 12!4
? 2 2 3 ? 2 5 24!2 2 6
4 3 2 5!
83. ! 4 7 2 12!
4 3 5 211!
4 3 2 5!
4 7 3 54 1 12!
85. 2! 3 16 5 2!
3 27
? 2 1 12!
3 8
?2
3 2 1 24!
5 6! 3 2 5 30!
3 2
87. 5!9x 2 3!x 5 15!x 2 3!x 5 12!x 89. !25y 1 !64y 5 5!y 1 8!y 5 13!y
1 2
3 3 !5 3 5 !
3 z 2!
91. 10! 3 z 4 5 10!
3 z 2!
3 z3
? z 5 10!
3 z 2 z!
3 z 93. !5 2 5 !5 2 ? 5 !5 2
!5 !5 !5 5
5 s10 2 zd!
3 z
5 12 1 3
52!5
2
5 !5
5
95. !20 2 !15 5 !4 ?52 !15 ? !5

!5
5 2!5 2
!5
5
97. !2x 2
!2x
3
5 !2x 2 1 3
!2x
?
!2x
!2x 25 !2x 2
3!2x
2x
1
5 22 2
1
5
!5 5
2x!2x 3!2x
2x
2
2x
9 2x!2x 2 3!2x
5 !5 5
5 2x
!2xs2x 2 3d
5
2x
99. !7 1 !18 > !7 1 18 101. 5 > !32 1 22
103. c 5 !a2 1 b2
5 !62 1 32 3
5 !36 1 9 5 !45 5 !9 ? 5 5 3!5

6
105. c 5 !a2 1 b2
5 !92 1 62
6
5 !81 1 36
5 !117
9
5 3!13
107. (a) c 5 !a2 1 b2 (b) Area of roof 5 2 ? Length ? Width

c 5 !s15d2 1 s5d2 5
A 5 2 ? 40 ? 5!10
c 5 !225 1 25 15 A 5 400!10
c 5 !250 Thus, the total area of the roof is 400!10 < 1264.9
square feet.
c 5 !25 ? 10
c 5 5!10
!400 5 10
6
1 3
109. f 5 < 8.9443 3 101 < 89.443 < 89.44 cycles per second
100
111. (a) 40 (b) 60
2 7 2 20
30 30
The average salary will reach $48,000 after

14 years so 1990 1 14 5 2004.
1!532
2
5 5 25
113. 5
!3
? 5
!3 3
No. When you rationalize the denominator, the value of the number is not changed.
5 5 !3 5!3 25
5 ? 5 Þ
!3 !3 !3 3 3
115. Example: !6 ? !15 5 !6 ? 15 5 !3 ? 2 ? 3 ? 5 5 3!10
117. !2 1 !18 is not in simplest form because !18 can be simplified to 3!2 and then added to !2.
!2 1 !18 5 !2 1 3!2 5 4!2
119. !x2 Þ x for all negative values of x.

Example: !s28d2 5 !64 5 8
280 Chapter 5 Radicals and Complex Ñumbers
Section 5.3 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions
1. !2 ? !8 5 !2 ? 8 3. !3 ? !6 5 !3 ? 6 5. !
3
12 ?!
3
65!
3
12 ? 6
5 !16 5 !18 5!
3
8 ?9
54 5 !9 ?2 52 9
!
3
5 3!2
7. !
4 8
?!
4 6 5 !
4 8
?65!
4 24
?3 9. !5s2 2 !3d 5 2!5 2 !5!3 5 2!5 2 !15
5 2!
4 3
11. !2s!20 1 8d 5 !2!20 1 8!2 13. !6s!12 2 !3d 5 !6!12 2 !6!3

5 !40 1 8!2 5 !72 2 !18
5 2!10 1 8!2 5 !36 ? 2 2 !9 ? 2
5 6!2 2 3!2
5 3!2
15. !2s!18 2 !10d 5 !2!18 2 !2!10 17. !ys!y 1 4d 5 s!yd 1 4!y

2
5 !36 2 !20 5 y 1 4!y

5 6 2 !4 ?5
5 6 2 2!5
19. !a s4 2 !ad 5 !a ? 4 2 !a!a 21. ! s 3 2 2 7d 5 !3 4!

3 4 ! 3 2 2 7!
3 4
5 4!a 2 a 5!
3 8 2 7!
3 4
5 2 2 7!
3 4
23. s!3 1 2ds!3 2 2d 5 s!3 d 2 22 25. s!5 1 3ds!3 2 5d 5 !15 2 5!5 1 3!3 2 15
2
5324
5 21
27. s!20 1 2d 5 s!20 d 1 2 ? !20 ? 2 1 22 29. s! ds 3 4 1 3d 5 !

2 2 3 6 2 3 ! 3 4 1 3!
3 6! 3 6 2 3!
3 4 2 9
5 20 1 4!20 1 4 5!
3 24 1 3!
3 6 2 3!
3 4 2 9
5 24 1 4!4 ?5 5!
3 8
? 3 1 3!
3 6 2 3!
3 4 2 9
5 24 1 8!5 5 2!
3 3 1 3!
3 6 2 3!
3 4 2 9
31. s10 1 !2x d 5 102 1 2 ? 10 ? !2x 1 s!2x d

2 2
5 100 1 20!2x 1 2x
33. s9!x 1 2ds5!x 2 3d 5 s9!x ds5!x d 2 27!x 1 10!x 2 6

5 45x 2 17!x 2 6
35. s3!x 2 5ds3!x 1 5d 5 s3!xd 2 52 37. s! d 5 s! d 1 2 ? 5!

2 2 2
3 2x 1 5 3 2x 3 2x 1 52
3 s2xd2 1 10!
5! 3 2x 1 25
5 9x 2 25
3 4x2 1 10!
5! 3 2x 1 25
Section 5.3 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 281
39. s! ds 3 y2 2 5d 5 !3 y ? !
3 y 1 2 ! 3 y2 2 5!
3 y 1 2!
3 y2 2 10
5!
3 y3 2 5!
3 y 1 2!
3 y2 2 10
5 y 2 5!
3 y 1 2!
3 y2 2 10
41. s ! ds 3 t2 1 4!
3 t 1 1 !
d 3 t!
3 t 2 3 5 ! 3 t2 1 !
3 t
? 4!
3 t 2 3!
3 t 1 !
3 t2 1 4!
3 t 2 3
5!
3 t3 1 4!
3 t2 2 3!
3 t 1 !
3 t2 1 4!
3 t 2 3
5 t 1 5!
3 t2 1 !
3 t 2 3
43. 5x!3 1 15!3 5 5!3sx 1 3d 45. 4!12 2 2x!27 5 4!4 ? 3 2 2x!9 ? 3

5 8!3 2 6x!3
5 2!3s4 2 3xd
47. 6u2 1 !18u3 5 6u2 1 !9 ? 2u2 ? u 49. 2 1 !5, conjugate 5 2 2 !5

5 6u2 1 3u!2u product 5 s2 1 !5 ds2 2 !5 d
5 3us2u 1 !2ud 5 22 2 s!5 d
2
5 4 2 5 5 21
51. !11 2 !3, conjugate 5 !11 1 !3 53. !15 1 3,

product 5 s!11 2 !3 ds!11 1 !3 d conjugate 5 !15 2 3
5 s!11 d 2 s!3 d product 5 s!15 1 3ds!15 2 3d
2 2
5 11 2 3 5 8 5 !15 ? !15 2 3!15 1 3!15 2 9

5 15 2 9 5 6
55. !x 2 3, conjugate 5 !x 1 3 57. !2u 2 !3, conjugate 5 !2u 1 !3

product 5 s!x 2 3ds!x 1 3d product 5 s!2u 2 !3 ds!2u 1 !3 d
5 s!xd 2 5 s!2u d 2 s!3 d
2 2 2
32
5x29 5 2u 2 3
59. 2!2 1 !4, conjugate 5 2!2 2 !4 61. !x 1 !y, conjugate 5 !x 2 !y

product 5 s2!2 1 !4 ds2!2 2 !4d product 5 s!x 1 !y ds!x 2 !y d
5 s2!2 d 2 s!4 d 5 s!x d 2 s!y d
2 2 2 2
54?224 5x2y
582454
4 2 8!x 4s1 2 2!xd 22y 1 !12y3 22y 1 2y!3y

63. 5 65. 5
12 12 8y 8y
1 2 2!x 2ys21 1 !3yd
5 5
3 8y
21 1 !3y
5
4
67. (a) f s2 2 !3 d 5 s2 2 !3 d 2 6 s2 2 !3 d 1 1 (b) f s3 2 2!2 d 5 s3 2 2!2d 2 6 s3 2 2!2 d 1 1

2 2
5 4 2 4!3 1 3 2 12 1 6!3 1 1 5 9 2 12!2 1 8 2 18 1 12!2 1 1

5 2!3 2 4 50
69. (a) f s1 1 !2 d 5 s1 1 !2 d 2 2s1 1 !2 d 2 1 (b) f s!4 d 5 s!4 d 2 2!4 2 1

2 2
5 1 1 2!2 1 2 2 2 2 2!2 2 1 542421

50 5 21
6 6 !2 1 2 6 s!2 1 2d 6 s!2 1 2d 6 s!2 1 2d

71. 5 ? 5 5 5 5 23s!2 1 2d
!2 2 2 !2 2 2 !2 1 2 s!2d2 2 22 224 22
7 7 !3 2 5 7s!3 2 5d 7s!3 2 5d 7s!3 2 5d 7s5 2 !3d

73. 5 ? 5 5 5 5
!3 1 5 !3 1 5 !3 2 5 s!3d 2
2 52 3 2 25 222 22
3 3 2!10 1 5 2 2 !6 2 !2 2s!6 2 !2d

75. 5 ? 77. 5 ? 5
622
2!10 2 5 2!10 2 5 2!10 1 5 !6 1 !2 !6 1 !2 !6 2 !2
3s2!10 1 5d 2s!6 2 !2d

5 5
s2!10d2 2 52 4
3s2!10 1 5d !6 2 !2
5 5
40 2 25 2
3s2!10 1 5d
5
15
2!10 1 5
5
5
9 9 !3 1 !7 9s!3 1 !7d 9s!3 1 !7d 9s!3 1 !7d 2 9s!3 1 !7d

79. 5 ? 5 5 5 5
!3 2 !7 !3 2 !7 !3 1 !7 s!3d2 2 s!7d2 327 24 4
81. s!7 1 2d 4 s!7 2 2d 5

!7 1 2 !7 1 2 s!7d2 1 2!7 1 2!7 1 4 5 7 1 4!7 1 4 5 11 1 4!7
? 5
!7 2 2 !7 1 2 s!7d2 2 22 724 3
!x 2 5 2!x 1 1 2x 1 !x 2 10!x 2 5 2x 2 9!x 2 5

83. s!x 2 5d 4 s2!x 2 1d 5 ? 5 5
2!x 2 1 2!x 1 1 s2!x d2 2 12 4x 2 1
3x 3x !15 1 !3 3xs!15 1 !3 d 3xs!15 1 !3 d

85. 5 ? 5 5
!15 2 !3 !15 2 !3 !15 1 !3 s!15d 2 s!3 d
2 2 15 2 3
3xs!15 1 !3d x!15 1 x!3

5 5
12 4
2t2 2t2 !5 1 !t 2t2s!5 1 !td 2t2s!5 1 !t d 2t2s!5 1 !t d

87. 5 ? 5 5 5
!5 2 !t !5 2 !t !5 1 !t s!5d 2
2 s!t d 2
52t 52t
8a 8a !3a 2 !a 8as!3a 2 !a d 8as!3a 2 !ad 8as!3a 2 !ad

89. 5 ? 5 5 5 5 4s!3a 2 ! ad
!3a 1 !a !3a 1 !a !3a 2 !a s!3ad2 2 s!a d2 3a 2 a 2a
Section 5.3 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions 283
3sx 2 4d 3sx 2 4d x2 1 !x 3sx 2 4dsx2 1 !x d 3sx 2 4dsx2 1 !x d

91. 5 ? 5 5
x2 2 !x x2 2 !x x2 1 !x sx2d2 2 s!x d2 x4 2 x
3sx 2 4dsx2 1 !xd 3sx 2 4dsx2 1 !xd

5 5
xsx3 2 1d xsx 2 1dsx2 1 x 1 1d
!u 1 v !u 1 v !u 2 v 1 !u s
!u 1 v !u 2 v 1 !u d
93. 5 ? 5
u2v2u
!u 2 v 2 !u !u 2 v 2 !u !u 2 v 1 !u
5
s
!u 1 v !u 2 v 1 !u d 5 2 !u 1 v s!u 2 v 1 !ud
2v v
95. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 10 4 x ! X,T, u 1 1 c ENTER
y2 x 10 x ! X,T, u 2 1 c c 4 x X,T, u 2 1 c GRAPH
y1 5 y2, except at x 5 1 −4 14
10 10 !x 2 1 10s!x 2 1d −2
5 ? 5
x21
, xÞ1
!x 1 1 !x 1 1 !x 2 1
97. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 2 ! X,T, u 4 x 2 2 ! X,T, u c ENTER

−2
X,T, u 1 X,T, u X,T, u
28
y2 2 x 2 ! c 4 x 4 2 c GRAPH
y1 5 y2
−10
2!x 2!x 2 1 !x
5 ?
2 2 !x 2 2 !x 2 1 !x
2!x s2 1 !xd
5
22 2 s!xd2
2!x s2 1 !xd
5
42x
2s2!x 1 xd
5
42x
!2 !2 !2 2
99. 5 ? 5
7 7 !2 7!2
!7 1 !3 !7 1 !3 !7 2 !3
101. 5 ? 103. Area 5 h ?w
5 5 !7 2 !3
5 !242 2 s8!3 d ? 8!3
2
5
s!7d2 2 s!3d2
5s!7 2 !3d 5 !576 2 192 ? 8!3
5
723 5 !384 ? 8!3
5s!7 2 !3d 5 8!1152
4
5 5 8!27 ? 32
5s!7 2 !3d
5 8 ? 23 ? 3!2
5 192!2 square inches
107. !3s1 2 !6d 5 !3 2 !3

500k 500k
105.
1 k2
5
1 1 k2
? !6
1
!k2 1 1 !k2 1 1 !k2 1 1 Distributive Property
500k!k2 1 1 5 !3 2 !9 ?2
5
1 1 k2
Multiplication Property of Radicals
5 !3 2 3!2
Simplify radicals.
109. s3 2 !2ds3 1 !2d 5 9 2 2 5 7

Multilpying the number by its conjugate yields the difference of two squares. Squaring a square root eliminates the radical.
1. !225 5 15 because 15 ? 15 5 225 2. !8116 5 23 because 23 ? 32 ? 32 ? 32 5 1681

4
3. 641y2 5 !64 5 8 because 8 ? 8 5 64 4. s227d2y3 5 ! s 3 227d 5 s23d2 5 9

3 s227d2 5 ! 2
5. !27x2 5 !9 ? 3 ? x2 5 3|x|!3 4 81x 6 5 !

6. ! 4 81
? x 4 ? x2 5 3|x|!
4 x2
||
5 3 x !x
? u2 ? u 5 2|u|!u ? 2 5 2!
!4u9 !4
!16u 5 ! ! !
3 3 16 3 16 3 8 3 2
7. 5 8. 3
6
5 5
!9 3 !
3 u6 u2 u2 u2
9. !200y 2 3!8y 5 !100 ? 2y 2 3!4 ? 2y 3 5x2 1 2!

10. 6x! 3 40x4 5 6x!
3 5x2 1 2!
3 8
? 5 ? x3 ? x
5 10!2y 2 6!2y 3 5x2 1 4x!
5 6x! 3 5x
5 4!2y
11. !8s3 1 !32d 5 3!8 1 !256 12. s!50 2 4d!2 5 !100 2 4!2
5 3!4 ? 2 1 !28 5 !102 2 4!2
5 6!2 1 24 5 10 2 4!2
5 6!2 1 16
13. s!6 1 3ds4!6 2 7d 5 !6 ? 4!6 2 7!6 1 12!6 2 21

5 24 1 5!6 2 21
5 3 1 5!6
14. s9 1 2!3ds2 1 7!3d 5 18 1 63!3 1 4!3 1 2!3 ? 7!3

5 18 1 67!3 1 14s3d
5 18 1 67!3 1 42
5 60 1 67!3
107. !3s1 2 !6d 5 !3 2 !3

500k 500k
105.
1 k2
5
1 1 k2
? !6
1
!k2 1 1 !k2 1 1 !k2 1 1 Distributive Property
500k!k2 1 1 5 !3 2 !9 ?2
5
1 1 k2
Multiplication Property of Radicals
5 !3 2 3!2
Simplify radicals.
109. s3 2 !2ds3 1 !2d 5 9 2 2 5 7

Multilpying the number by its conjugate yields the difference of two squares. Squaring a square root eliminates the radical.
1. !225 5 15 because 15 ? 15 5 225 2. !8116 5 23 because 23 ? 32 ? 32 ? 32 5 1681

4
3. 641y2 5 !64 5 8 because 8 ? 8 5 64 4. s227d2y3 5 ! s 3 227d 5 s23d2 5 9

3 s227d2 5 ! 2
5. !27x2 5 !9 ? 3 ? x2 5 3|x|!3 4 81x 6 5 !

6. ! 4 81
? x 4 ? x2 5 3|x|!
4 x2
||
5 3 x !x
? u2 ? u 5 2|u|!u ? 2 5 2!
!4u9 !4
!16u 5 ! ! !
3 3 16 3 16 3 8 3 2
7. 5 8. 3
6
5 5
!9 3 !
3 u6 u2 u2 u2
9. !200y 2 3!8y 5 !100 ? 2y 2 3!4 ? 2y 3 5x2 1 2!

10. 6x! 3 40x4 5 6x!
3 5x2 1 2!
3 8
? 5 ? x3 ? x
5 10!2y 2 6!2y 3 5x2 1 4x!
5 6x! 3 5x
5 4!2y
11. !8s3 1 !32d 5 3!8 1 !256 12. s!50 2 4d!2 5 !100 2 4!2
5 3!4 ? 2 1 !28 5 !102 2 4!2
5 6!2 1 24 5 10 2 4!2
5 6!2 1 16
13. s!6 1 3ds4!6 2 7d 5 !6 ? 4!6 2 7!6 1 12!6 2 21

5 24 1 5!6 2 21
5 3 1 5!6
14. s9 1 2!3ds2 1 7!3d 5 18 1 63!3 1 4!3 1 2!3 ? 7!3

5 18 1 67!3 1 14s3d
5 18 1 67!3 1 42
5 60 1 67!3
Section 5.4 Solving Radical Equations 285
!7 1 2 !3 !7s1 2 !3d !7s1 2 !3d !7s1 2 !3d

15. ? 5 5 5
1 1 !3 1 2 !3 1 2 s!3d2 123 22
!7 2 !21 !21 2 !7
5 5
22 2
6!2 2!2 1 4 6!2s2!2 1 4d 12s!2d2 1 24!2

16. ? 5 5
2!2 2 4 2!2 1 4 s2!2d2 2 42 8 2 16
24 1 24!2 24s1 1 !2d
5 5 5 23s1 1 !2d
28 28
5 23 2 3!2
4 !6 2 3 4s!6 2 3d 4s!6 2 3d
17. 4 4 s!6 1 3d 5 ? 5 5
!6 1 3 !6 2 3 s!6d2 2 32 629
4s!6 2 3d
5
23
4
5
3
s3 2 !6 d
s4!2 2 2!3d 4 s!2 1 !6d 5 4

!2 2 2!3 !2 2 !6 4!2 ? !2 2 4!2 ? !6 2 2!3 ? !2 1 2!3 ? !6
18. ? 5
!2 1 !6 !2 2 !6 s!2d2 2 s!6d2
5
4s2d 2 4!12 2 2!6 1 2!18 8 2 4!4
5
? 3 2 2!6 1 2!9 ? 2 5 8 2 8!3 2 2!6 1 6!2
226 24 24
2s4 2 4!3 2 !6 1 3!2d 4 2 4!3 2 !6 1 3!2 1
5 5 5 s4!3 1 !6 2 3!2 2 4d
24 22 2
19. 1 1 !4, conjugate 5 1 2 !4 20. !10 2 5, conjugate 5 !10 1 5

product 5 s1 1 !4ds1 2 !4d product 5 s!10 2 5ds!10 1 5d
5 12 2 s!4 d 5 s!10d 2 52
2 2
5124 5 10 2 25
5 23 5 215
21. !52 1 122 5 !25 1 144 22. C 5 !22 1 22 2 11 2

2 2
5 !169 5 !4 1 4 5 !8
1
5 13 Equation: 82
13 Þ 17 P 5 2s7d 1 2s412 d 1 4s!8 d

2 2
!52 1 122 Þ 17 5 14 1 9 1 8!2 2 2
5 23 1 8!2 inches
Section 5.4 Solving Radical Equations
1. (a) x 5 24 !24 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution 3. (a) x 5 260 3 260 2 4 Þ 4

! Not a solution
(b) x 5 2100 !2100 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution (b) x 5 68 !
3 68 2454 A solution
(c) x 5 !10 !!10 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution (c) x 5 20 !
3 20 24Þ4 Not a solution
(d) x 5 100 !100 2 10 5 0 A solution (d) x 5 0 3 0 2 4 Þ 4
! Not a solution
!7 1 2 !3 !7s1 2 !3d !7s1 2 !3d !7s1 2 !3d

15. ? 5 5 5
1 1 !3 1 2 !3 1 2 s!3d2 123 22
!7 2 !21 !21 2 !7
5 5
22 2
6!2 2!2 1 4 6!2s2!2 1 4d 12s!2d2 1 24!2

16. ? 5 5
2!2 2 4 2!2 1 4 s2!2d2 2 42 8 2 16
24 1 24!2 24s1 1 !2d
5 5 5 23s1 1 !2d
28 28
5 23 2 3!2
4 !6 2 3 4s!6 2 3d 4s!6 2 3d
17. 4 4 s!6 1 3d 5 ? 5 5
!6 1 3 !6 2 3 s!6d2 2 32 629
4s!6 2 3d
5
23
4
5
3
s3 2 !6 d
s4!2 2 2!3d 4 s!2 1 !6d 5 4

!2 2 2!3 !2 2 !6 4!2 ? !2 2 4!2 ? !6 2 2!3 ? !2 1 2!3 ? !6
18. ? 5
!2 1 !6 !2 2 !6 s!2d2 2 s!6d2
5
4s2d 2 4!12 2 2!6 1 2!18 8 2 4!4
5
? 3 2 2!6 1 2!9 ? 2 5 8 2 8!3 2 2!6 1 6!2
226 24 24
2s4 2 4!3 2 !6 1 3!2d 4 2 4!3 2 !6 1 3!2 1
5 5 5 s4!3 1 !6 2 3!2 2 4d
24 22 2
19. 1 1 !4, conjugate 5 1 2 !4 20. !10 2 5, conjugate 5 !10 1 5

product 5 s1 1 !4ds1 2 !4d product 5 s!10 2 5ds!10 1 5d
5 12 2 s!4 d 5 s!10d 2 52
2 2
5124 5 10 2 25
5 23 5 215
21. !52 1 122 5 !25 1 144 22. C 5 !22 1 22 2 11 2

2 2
5 !169 5 !4 1 4 5 !8
1
5 13 Equation: 82
13 Þ 17 P 5 2s7d 1 2s412 d 1 4s!8 d

2 2
!52 1 122 Þ 17 5 14 1 9 1 8!2 2 2
5 23 1 8!2 inches
Section 5.4 Solving Radical Equations
1. (a) x 5 24 !24 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution 3. (a) x 5 260 3 260 2 4 Þ 4

! Not a solution
(b) x 5 2100 !2100 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution (b) x 5 68 !
3 68 2454 A solution
(c) x 5 !10 !!10 2 10 Þ 0 Not a solution (c) x 5 20 !
3 20 24Þ4 Not a solution
(d) x 5 100 !100 2 10 5 0 A solution (d) x 5 0 3 0 2 4 Þ 4
! Not a solution
? ?
5. !x 5 20 Check: !400 5 20 7. !x 5 3 Check: !9 5 3
s!x d2 5 202 20 5 20 s!x d2 5 32 353
x 5 400 x59
3 z 5 3 ?
3 27 5 ?
9. ! Check: ! 3 11. !y 2 7 5 0 Check: !49 2 7 5 0
s!3 z d3 5 33 353 !y 5 7 72750
?
z 5 27 s!y d2 5 72 050
y 5 49
? ?
13. !u 1 13 5 0 Check: !169 1 13 5 0 15. !x 2 8 5 0 Check: !64 2 8 5 0
?
!u 5 213 13 1 13 Þ 0 !x 5 8 82850
s!u d 2
5 s213d 2
No solution s!x d2 5 82 050
u 5 169 x 5 64
? ?
17. !10x 5 30 Check: !10 ? 90 5 30 19. !23x 5 9 Check: !23s227d 5 9
s!10x d2 5 302 ?
!900 5 30 s!23xd2 5 92 ?
!81 5 9
10x 5 900 30 5 30 23x 5 81 959

x 5 90 x 5 227
Check: !5s5 d 2 2 5 0
? ?
Check: !3s5d 1 1 5 4
4
21. !5t 2 2 5 0 23. !3y 1 1 5 4
!5t 5 2 !4 2 2 5 0
?
s!3y 1 1d2 5 42 ?
!16 5 4
s!5t d2 5 22 22250
?
3y 1 1 5 16 454
5t 5 4 050 3y 5 15
4
t5 5 y55
Check: !3s44
3d 1 5 2 3 5 4
? ?
25. !4 2 5x 5 23 Check: !4 2 5s21d 5 23 27. !3y 1 5 2 3 5 4
s!4 2 5xd2 5 s23d2 ?
!9 5 23 !3y 1 5 5 7
?
!49 2 3 5 4
4 2 5x 5 9 3 Þ 23 s!3y 1 5d2 5 72 72354

?
25x 5 5 No solution 3y 1 5 5 49 454

x 5 21 3y 5 44
44
y5 3
Check: !3s23
3d 1 2 1 5 5 0
? ?
Check: 5!25 1 2 5 8
14
29. 5!x 1 2 5 8 31. !3x 1 2 1 5 5 0
s5!x 1 2d2 5 82 5!64
?
25 5 8 !3x 1 2 5 25
?
!23 1 2 1 5 5 0
25sx 1 2d 5 64
?
5 ? 85 5 8 s!3x 1 2d2 5 s25d2 ?
!25 1 5 5 0
?
25x 1 50 5 64 858 3x 1 2 5 25 51550
25x 5 14 3x 5 23 10 Þ 0
14 23
x5 25 x5 3 No solution
?
33. !x 1 3 5 !2x 2 1 Check: !4 1 3 5 !2s4d 2 1
s!x 1 3d2 5 s!2x 2 1d2 !7 5 !7
x 1 3 5 2x 2 1
45x
35. !3y 2 5 2 3!y 5 0 Check: !3s2 56 d 2 5 2 3!2 56 5

?
0
!3y 2 5 5 3!y No solution
s!3y 2 5d 2
5 s3!yd
2
3y 2 5 5 9y
25 5 6y
2 56 5 y
? 3
3 3s7d 2 4 5
37. !
3
3x 2 4 5 !
3
x 1 10 Check: ! !7 1 10
s!
3
3x 2 4d 5 s !
3 3
x 1 10d
3 3 17 5 !
! 3 17
3x 2 4 5 x 1 10
2x 5 14
x57
3 2x 1 15 2 !
39. ! 3 x 5 0 3 2s215d 1 15 2 ! ?
3 215 5
Check: ! 0
3 2x 1 15 5 !
! 3 x ?
!215 2 !215 5 0
3 3
s!3 2x 1 15d3 5 s!3 xd3 050

2x 1 15 5 x
x 5 215
Check: !s2 23 d 1 5 5 2 23 1 3
2 ?
41. !x2 1 5 5 x 1 3
s!x2 1 5 d2 5 sx 1 3d2 !49 1 459 5 ? 2 9

23 1 3
?
x2 1 5 5 x2 1 6x 1 9 !499 5 73
7
24 5 6x 3 5 73
2 46 5 x
2 23 5 x
?
43. !2x 5 x 2 4 Check: !2s8d 5 8 2 4
s!2x d2 5 sx 2 4d2 ?
!16 5 4
2x 5 x2 2 8x 1 16 454
?
0 5 x2 2 10x 1 16 !2s2d 5 2 2 4
?
0 5 sx 2 8dsx 2 2d !4 5 22
8 5 x, x 5 2 2 Þ 22
Not a solution
?
45. !8x 1 1 5 x 1 2 Check: !8s3d 1 1 5 3 1 2
?
s!8x 1 1d2 5 sx 1 2d2 !25 5 5
8x 1 1 5 x2 1 4x 1 4 555
?
0 5 x2 2 4x 1 3 !8s1d 1 1 5 1 1 2
?
0 5 sx 2 3dsx 2 1d !9 5 3
3 5 x, x51 353
!z 1 2 5 1 1 !2 ?
47. Check: !14 1 2 5 1 1 !14
s!z 1 2d 2
5 s1 1 !zd
2
?
!94 5 1 1 12
z 1 2 5 1 1 2!z 1 z 3
5 32
2
1 5 2!z
12 5 s2!zd
2
1 5 4z
1
4 5z
Check: !2s12 d 1 3 5 3 2 !2s12 d

?
49. !2t 1 3 5 3 2 !2t
s!2t 1 3d2 5 s3 2 !2td2 ?

!1 1 3 5 3 2 !1
?
2t 1 3 5 9 2 6!2t 1 2t !4 5 3 2 1
26 5 26!2t 252
1 5 !2t
12 5 s!2td
2
1 5 2t
1
2 5t
?
51. !x 1 5 2 !x 5 1 Check: !4 1 5 2 !4 5 1
?
!x 1 5 5 1 1 !x !9 2 !4 5 1
s!x 1 5d 5 s1 1 !x d
?
2 2
32251
x 1 5 5 1 1 2!x 1 x 151
4 5 2!x
2 5 !x
22 5 s!xd
2
45x
?
53. t 3y2 5 8 Check: 43y2 5 8
!t 3 5 8 s!4d3 5? 8
s!t 3d2 5 82 ?
23 5 8
t 3 5 64 858
t54
?
55. 3y1y3 5 18 Check: 3s216d1y3 5 18
?
y1y3 5 6 3 216 5
3! 18
?
3 y 5 6
! 3 ? 6 5 18
s! d
3 y 3 5 63
18 5 18
y 5 216
?
57. sx 1 4d2y3 5 4 Check: s4 1 4d2y3 5 4
3 sx 1 4d2 5 4 ?
! 82y3 5 4
s!3 sx 1 4d2 d3 5 s4d3 22 5 4
sx 1 4d2 5 64 ?
s212 1 4d2y3 5 4
x 1 4 5 ± !64 ?
s28d2y3 5 4
x 5 24 ± 8 s22d2 5 4
5 4, 212
?
59. s2x 1 5d1y3 1 3 5 0 Check: s2s216d 1 5d1y3 1 3 5 0
3 s2x 1 5d 5 23 ?
! s232 1 5d1y3 1 3 5 0
s! d
3 2x 1 5 3 5 s23d3 ?
s227d1y3 1 3 5 0
?
2x 1 5 5 227 23 1 3 5 0
2x 5 232 050
x 5 216
61. Keystrokes: 4
y1 Y 5 ! X,T, u ENTER
y2 2 x 2 2 X,T, u c GRAPH
−2 4
Approximate solution: x < 1.407

?
Check algebraically: !1.407 5 2s2 2 1.407d −2
1.186 5 1.186
4
63. Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 ! x X,T, u x2 1 1 c ENTER
y2 5 2 2 X,T, u GRAPH
−2 4
Approximate solution: x < 1.569

? −2
Check algebraically: !1.5692 1 1 5 5 2 2s1.569d
1.86 5 1.86
65. Keystrokes: 5
y1 Y 5 ! x X,T, u 1 3 c ENTER
y2 5 2 ! X,T, u GRAPH
Approximate solution: x < 4.840 −1 8
? −1
Check algebraically: !4.840 1 3 5 5 2 !4.840
2.8 5 2.8
67. Keystrokes: 10
y1 Y 5 4 MATH 4 X,T, u ENTER
y2 7 2 X,T, u GRAPH
Approximate solution: x < 1.978 −1 5

?
3 1.978 5 −1
Check algebraically: 4! 7 2 1.978
5.02 5 5.02
69. Keystrokes: 5
y1 Y 5 ! x 15 2 4 X,T, u c ENTER
y2 2 X,T, u GRAPH
Solution: x 5 1.5 −4 5
? −1
Check algebraically: !15 2 4s1.5d 5 2s1.5d
?
!9 5 3
353
71. (c) graph is shifted down 1 unit 73. (d) graph is shifted left 3 units and upward 1 unit
75. (f) graph is shifted down 1 unit
77. 152 5 x2 1 122 79. c2 5 a2 1 b2 13

5
225 5 x2 1 144 15
x
132 5 x2 1 52
x
81 5 x2 169 5 x2 1 25
!81 5 x2 12 144 5 x2
95x !144 5 x
12 5 x
81. 13.752 5 8.252 1 x2

x2 5 13.752 2 8.252
13.75 in.
8.25 in.
x 5 !121
x 5 11 inches
83. c 5 !322 1 262

5 !1024 1 676
5 !1700 26
5 10!17
< 41.23 feet 32
85. 172 5 x2 1 82
x2 5 172 2 82
x 5 !289 2 64 House 17 feet
x 5 !225
x 5 15 feet
8 feet
87. P 5 2l 1 2w 342 5 w2 1 s46 2 wd2

92 5 2l 1 2w 1156 5 w2 1 2116 2 92w 1 w2
34 in.
w
46 5 l 1 w 0 5 2w2 2 92w 1 960
46 2 w 5 l 0 5 w2 2 46w 1 480
l
0 5 sw 2 30dsw 2 16d
w 5 30 w 5 16
l 5 16 l 5 30
30 inches 3 16 inches
89. S 5 pr!r 2 1 h2 91. 25 !16d

5 1! 2
S 2
5 !r 2 1 h2 22
d
pr 16
1pSr2
2
5 s!r 2 1 h2 d
2
d
45
16
S2 64 feet 5 d
5 r 2 1 h2
p 2r 2
S2
2 r 2 5 h2
p 2r 2
S 2 2 p 2r 4
5 h2
p 2r 2
!S 2 p 2r 4
2
5h
p 2r 2
!S 2 2 p 2r 4
5h
pr
93. v 5 !2s32d50 95. 60 5 !2s32dh

602 5 s!64hd
2
v 5 !3200
v 5 40!2 3600 5 64h
v < 56.57 feet per second 3600
5h
64
56.25 feet 5 h
97. !32L
1.5 5 2p
99. 30.02 5 50 2 !0.8sx 2 1d
!0.8sx 2 1d 5 19.98
5 1! 2
2
11.5
2p 2
2
L
s!0.8sx 2 1dd2 5 s19.98d2
32
0.8sx 2 1d 5 399.2004
2.25 L
5 0.8x 2 0.8 5 399.2004
4p 2 32
2.25 0.8x 5 400.0004
s32d 5 L
4p 2 x 5 500.0005
1.82 feet < L < 500 units
101. (a) Keystrokes: (b) 260
y1 Y 5 133.5 1 9.3 X,T, u 1 18 ! X,T, u GRAPH
260
0 7
120
< 5 years from 1990 < 1995

0 7
120
1AP2
1yn
103. R5 21
125,000
P 2
1y10
0.07 5 21
125,000
P 2
1y10
1.07 5
1.07 5 !25,000
10
P
5 1!
P 2
10
25,000
1.0710 10
25,000
1.0710 5
P
25,000
P5
1.0710
P < $12,708.73
107. s!x 1 !6d Þ s!x d 1 s!6 d

2 2 2
105. No. It is not an operation that necessarily yields an
equivalent equation. There may be extraneous solutions.
s!x 1 !6d2 must be multiplied by FOIL.
Section 5.5 Complex Numbers
1. !24 5 !21 ? 4 3. 2 !2144 5 2 !144 ? 21 5. !24

25
5 ! ? 21
4
25
5 !21 ? !4 5 2 !144 ? !21
5 ! ? 21
4
!
5 2i 5 212i 25
2
5 i
5
97. !32L
1.5 5 2p
99. 30.02 5 50 2 !0.8sx 2 1d
!0.8sx 2 1d 5 19.98
5 1! 2
2
11.5
2p 2
2
L
s!0.8sx 2 1dd2 5 s19.98d2
32
0.8sx 2 1d 5 399.2004
2.25 L
5 0.8x 2 0.8 5 399.2004
4p 2 32
2.25 0.8x 5 400.0004
s32d 5 L
4p 2 x 5 500.0005
1.82 feet < L < 500 units
101. (a) Keystrokes: (b) 260
y1 Y 5 133.5 1 9.3 X,T, u 1 18 ! X,T, u GRAPH
260
0 7
120
< 5 years from 1990 < 1995

0 7
120
1AP2
1yn
103. R5 21
125,000
P 2
1y10
0.07 5 21
125,000
P 2
1y10
1.07 5
1.07 5 !25,000
10
P
5 1!
P 2
10
25,000
1.0710 10
25,000
1.0710 5
P
25,000
P5
1.0710
P < $12,708.73
107. s!x 1 !6d Þ s!x d 1 s!6 d

2 2 2
105. No. It is not an operation that necessarily yields an
equivalent equation. There may be extraneous solutions.
s!x 1 !6d2 must be multiplied by FOIL.
Section 5.5 Complex Numbers
1. !24 5 !21 ? 4 3. 2 !2144 5 2 !144 ? 21 5. !24

25
5 ! ? 21
4
25
5 !21 ? !4 5 2 !144 ? !21
5 ! ? 21
4
!
5 2i 5 212i 25
2
5 i
5
Section 5.5 Complex Numbers 293
7. !20.09 5 !0.09 ? 21 9. !28 5 !4 ? 2 ? 21 11. !227 5 !21 ? 9 ?3

5 !0.09 ? !21 5 !4 ? !2 ? !21 5 !21 ? !9 ? !3
5 0.3i 5 2i!2 5 3i!3
? 3 ? 21
13. !27 5 !7 ? 21 15.
!212
!23
5
!4
? 21
!3
17.
!220
!4
5 !220
4
5 !7 ? !21 !4 ? !3 ? !21 5 !25
5
5 i!7 !3 ? !21
5 !5 ? !21
5 !4 5 2
5 i!5
or
!212
!23
5 !212
23
5 !4 5 2
21 ? 9 ? 2
19. !218
64
5!
64
21. !216 1 !236 5 4i 1 6i
5 s4 1 6di
3i
5 !2
8 5 10i
23. !250 2 !28 5 5i!2 2 2i!2

5 s5!2 2 2!2di
5 3!2i
25. !248 1 !212 2 !227 5 !16 ? 3 ? 21 1 !4 ? 3 ? 21 2 !9 ? 3 ? 21

5 4i!3 1 2i!3 2 3i!3
5 s4i 1 2i 2 3id!3
5 3i!3
27. !28!22 5 s2i!2dsi!2d 29. !218!23 5 s3i!2dsi!3d

52?2 ? i2 5 3!6 ? i2
5 4s21d 5 24 5 23!6
31. !20.16!21.21 5 s0.4id(1.1id 5 0.44i 2 5 20.44 33. !23s!23 1 !24d 5 i!3si!3 1 2id
5 si!3d 1 2!3i 2
2
5 23 2 2!3
35. !25s!216 2 !210d 5 i!5s4i 2 i!10d 37. !22s3 2 !28d 5 i!2s3 2 2i!2d
5 i24!5 2 i2!50 5 3!2i 2 2i2s2d
5 24!5 1 5!2 5 3!2 i 1 4
5 5!2 2 4!5
39. s!216d 5 s4id2 41. s!24d 5 s2id3

2 3
43. 3 2 4i 5 a 1 bi
5 16i2 5 8i3 a53 b 5 24
5 216 5 28i
45. 5 2 4i 5 sa 1 3d 1 sb 2 1di 47. 24 2 !28 5 a 1 bi

a1355 b 2 1 5 24 24 2 2i!2 5 a 1 bi
a52 b 5 23 24 5 a 22i!2 5 bi
22!2 5 b
49. sa 1 5d 1 sb 2 1di 5 7 2 3i 51. s4 2 3id 1 s6 1 7id 5 s4 1 6d 1 s23 1 7di

a1557 b 2 1 5 23 5 10 1 4i
a52 b 5 22
53. s24 2 7id 1 s210 2 33id 5 s24 2 10d 1 s27 2 33di 55. 13i 2 s14 2 7id 5 s214d 1 s13 1 7di
5 214 2 40i 5 214 1 20i
57. s30 2 id 2 s18 1 6id 1 3i2 5 30 2 i 2 18 2 6i 2 3 59. 6 2 s3 2 4id 1 2i 5 6 2 3 1 4i 1 2i

5 9 2 7i 5 3 1 6i
61. s43 1 13id 1 s56 1 76id 5 s43 1 56 d 1 s13 1 76 di 63. 15i 2 s3 2 25id 1 !281 5 15i 2 3 1 25i 1 9i
5 s86 1 56 d 1 s26 1 76 di 5 23 1 s15 1 25 1 9di
13 9
5 6 1 6i 5 23 1 49i
13 3
5 6 1 2i
65. 8 2 s5 2 !263d 1 s4 2 5id 5 8 2 5 1 3i!7 1 4 2 5i

5 7 1 s3!7 2 5di
67. s3ids12id 5 36i2 69. s3ids28id 5 224i2

5 236 5 224s21d
5 24
71. s26ids2ids6id 5 36i3 5 236i 73. s23id3 5 227i3 5 27i
75. s23id2 5 9i2 77. 25s13 1 2id 5 265 2 10i

5 9s21d
5 29
79. 4is23 2 5id 5 212i 2 20i2 5 20 2 12i 81. s9 2 2ids!24d 5 s9 2 2ids2id

5 18i 2 4i2
5 18i 1 4
5 4 1 18i
83. !220s6 1 2!5id 5 2i!5s6 1 2!5id 85. s4 1 3ids27 1 4id 5 228 1 16i 2 21i 1 12i2
5 12i!5 1 4i2s5d 5 228 2 12 2 5i
5 220 1 12i!5 5 240 2 5i
87. s27 1 7ids4 2 2id 5 228 1 14i 1 28i 2 14i2

5 228 1 42i 1 14
5 214 1 42i
89. s22 1 !25ds22 2 !25d 5 s22 1 i!5ds22 2 i!5d

5 4 1 2i!5 2 2i!5 2 5i2
5415
59
91. s3 2 4id2 5 32 2 2s3ds4id 1 s4id2 93. s2 1 5id2 5 22 1 2s2ds5id 1 s5id2

5 9 2 24i 1 16i2 5 4 1 20i 1 25i2
5 9 2 16 2 24i 5 4 2 25 1 20i
5 27 2 24i 5 221 1 20i
95. s2 1 id3 5 s2 1 ids2 1 ids2 1 id 97. 2 1 i, conjugate 5 2 2 i

5 s4 1 2s2di 1 ds2 1 id
i2 product 5 s2 1 ids2 2 id
5 s4 1 4i 2 1ds2 1 id 5 22 2 i2
5 s3 1 4ids2 1 id 5411
5 6 1 3i 1 8i 1 4i2 55
5 6 1 3i 1 8i 2 4
5 2 1 11i
99. 22 2 8i, conjugate 5 22 1 8i 101. 5 2 !6i, conjugate 5 5 1 !6i

product 5 s22 2 8ids22 1 8id product 5 s5 2 !6ids5 1 !6id
5 s22d 2 s8id 5 52 2 s!6id
2 2 2
5 4 2 64i2 5 4 1 64 5 68 5 25 2 6i2 5 25 1 6 5 31
103. 10i, conjugate 5 210i

product 5 s10ids210id
5 2 s10id2
5 2100i2
5 100
105. 1 1 !23 5 1 1 i!3, conjugate 5 1 2 i!3

product 5 s1 1 i!3ds1 2 i!3d
5 12 2 si!3 d
2
5 1 2 3i2
5113
54
20 10 2i 210i
107. 1.5 1 !20.25, conjugate 5 1.5 2 !20.25 109.
2i
5
i
? 2i 5 1
product 5 s1.5 1 0.5ids1.5 2 0.5id
5 0 2 10i
5 1.52 2 s0.5id2
5 2.25 1 0.25
5 2.5
4 4 11i 4s1 1 id 212 212 2 2 7i 212s2 2 7id

111. 5
12i 12i
?11i5 111
113. 5
2 1 7i 2 1 7i
? 2 2 7i 5 4 1 49
4s1 1 id 212s2 2 7id
5 5
2 53
5 2s1 1 id 224 1 84i
5
53
5 2 1 2i
224 84
5 1 i
53 53
4i 4i 1 1 3i 4is1 1 3id 2 1 3i 2 1 3i 1 2 2i 2 2 4i 1 3i 2 6i2

115. 5
1 2 3i 1 2 3i
? 1 1 3i 5 119
117. 5
1 1 2i 1 1 2i
? 1 2 2i 5 114
4i 1 12i2 2162i
5 5
10 5
212 1 4i 4s23 1 id 82i
5 5 5
10 10 5
2s23 1 id 26 1 2i 8 1
5 5 5 2 i
5 5 5 5
6 2
52 1 i
5 5
1 4 1 1 1 2i 4 1 2 2i
119. 1 5
1 2 2i 1 1 2i 1 2 2i
? 1 1 2i 1 1 1 2i ? 1 2 2i
1 1 2i 4 2 8i 1 1 2i 4 2 8i
5 1 5 1
114 114 5 5
s1 1 4d 1 s2 2 8di 5 2 6i
5 5
5 5
6
512 i
5
i 5 i 4 1 3i 5 22i
121. 2 5
4 2 3i 2 1 i 4 2 3i
? 4 1 3i 2 2 1 i ? 2 2 i
4i 1 3i2 10 2 5i 23 1 4i 10 2 5i 5
5
16 1 9
2
411
5
25
2
5
?5
23 1 4i 50 2 25i s23 2 50d 1 s4 1 25di
5 2 5
25 25 25
253 1 29i 253 29
5 5 1 i
25 25 25
123. (a) x 5 21 1 2i (b) x 5 21 2 2i

? ?
s21 1 2id2 1 2s21 1 2id 1 5 5 0 s21 2 2id2 1 2s21 2 2id 1 5 5 0
? ?
1 2 4i 1 4i2 2 2 1 4i 1 5 5 0 1 1 4i 1 4i2 2 2 2 4i 1 5 5 0
? ?
124221550 124221550
0 5 0 Solution 0 5 0 Solution
125. (a) x 5 24 (b) x 5 23i

? ?
s24d 1 4s24d 1 9s24d 1 36 5 0
3 2 s23id3 1 4s23id2 1 9s23id 1 36 5 0
? ?
264 1 64 2 36 1 36 5 0 227i3 1 36i2 2 27i 1 36 5 0
?
0 5 0 Solution 27i 2 36 2 27i 1 36 5 0
0 5 0 Solution
125 125 3i2 5 1252 1 52 3i2 1252 1 52 3i2

! 3 2
127. (a) ! !
5 1254 2 252!3i 1 254s3di 21252 1 52!3i2

2
5 1254 2 252!3i 2 75421252 1 52!3i2

5 1250
4
2 !3i21
25
2
25 5
2
1 !3i2
2
5 1225
2
2 !3i21
25
2
25 5
2
1 !3i2
2
125 125 125 125 2
5 2 !3i 1 !3i 2 s3di
4 4 4 4
125 375
5 1
4 4
500
5 5 125
4
(b) use same method as part (a)
21 1 !3i 21 2 !3i
129. (a) 1, ,
2 2
22 1 2!3i 22 2 2!3i
(b) 2, 5 21 1 !3i, 5 21 2 !3i
2 2
24 1 4!3i 24 2 4!3i
(c) 4, 5 22 1 2!3i, 5 22 2 2!3i
2 2
131. sa 1 bid 1 sa 2 bid 5 sa 1 ad 1 sb 2 bdi 133. sa 1 bid 2 sa 2 bid 5 sa 2 ad 1 sb 1 bdi

5 2a 1 0i 5 0 1 2bi
135. i 5 !21
137. !23!23 5 !s23ds23d 5 !9 5 3 139. 3 2 2i, conjugate 5 3 1 2i

The product rule for radicals does not hold if both product 5 s3 2 2ids3 1 2id
radicands are negative.
5 32 2 s2id2
!23!23 5 i!3 ? i!3 5 i s3d 5 23
2
5914
5 13
1. !49 5 7 because 7 ? 7 5 49 3. 2 !81 5 29 because 9 ? 9 5 81
5. !
3
28 5 22 because 22 ? 22 ? 22 5 28 7. 2!
3
64 5 24 because 4 ? 4 ? 4 5 64
!s56 d 5 56 (inverse property of powers and roots)

2
9. !s1.2d2 5 1.2 (inverse property of powers and roots) 11.
13. ! s5 d 5 2 15 (inverse property of powers and roots)

3 2 1 3
15. !222 5 2i
21. 274y3 5 s! d 5 34 5 81
4
17. 491y2 5 7 3 216 5 6
19. ! 3 27
1 1 1 1
23. 2 s52d3y2 5 2 s!25d 5 253 5 2125
3
25. 824y3 5 5 3 45 45
84y3 s! 8d 2 16
27. 2 s27
64 d 5 2 s!
3 27 d
? x21y6 5 x3y41 s21y6d ? z2y3
2y3 2
3 z2 5 z
64 29. x3y4 31. z!
5 2 s34 d
2
5 x9y121 s22dy12 5 z112y3
9
5 2 16 5 x7y12 5 z5y3
!
4 x3 x3y4 1
33. 5 5 x3y422 5 x3y428y4 5 x25y4 5 5y4 3 a3b2 5 a!
35. ! 3 b2
!x 4 x 4y2 x
s3x 1 2d2y3 s3x 1 2d2y3

37. ! 4 x1y2 5 sx1y2d1y4 5 x1y8 5 !
4 !x 5 ! 8 x
39. 5
!3
3x 1 2 s3x 1 2d1y3
5 s3x 1 2d2y321y3
5 s3x 1 2d1y3
5!
3
3x 1 2
41. 7523y4 5 0.0392377 < 0.04 43. !132 2 4s2ds7d 5 10.630146 < 10.63

Y5 3 2 X,T, u GRAPH Y 5 4 X,T, u .75 GRAPH
>
!
3
10 100
−15 15
−5 50
−10 −10
Domain 5 s2 `, `d Domain 5 f0, `d

137. !23!23 5 !s23ds23d 5 !9 5 3 139. 3 2 2i, conjugate 5 3 1 2i

The product rule for radicals does not hold if both product 5 s3 2 2ids3 1 2id
radicands are negative.
5 32 2 s2id2
!23!23 5 i!3 ? i!3 5 i s3d 5 23
2
5914
5 13
1. !49 5 7 because 7 ? 7 5 49 3. 2 !81 5 29 because 9 ? 9 5 81
5. !
3
28 5 22 because 22 ? 22 ? 22 5 28 7. 2!
3
64 5 24 because 4 ? 4 ? 4 5 64
!s56 d 5 56 (inverse property of powers and roots)

2
9. !s1.2d2 5 1.2 (inverse property of powers and roots) 11.
13. ! s5 d 5 2 15 (inverse property of powers and roots)

3 2 1 3
15. !222 5 2i
21. 274y3 5 s! d 5 34 5 81
4
17. 491y2 5 7 3 216 5 6
19. ! 3 27
1 1 1 1
23. 2 s52d3y2 5 2 s!25d 5 253 5 2125
3
25. 824y3 5 5 3 45 45
84y3 s! 8d 2 16
27. 2 s27
64 d 5 2 s!
3 27 d
? x21y6 5 x3y41 s21y6d ? z2y3
2y3 2
3 z2 5 z
64 29. x3y4 31. z!
5 2 s34 d
2
5 x9y121 s22dy12 5 z112y3
9
5 2 16 5 x7y12 5 z5y3
!
4 x3 x3y4 1
33. 5 5 x3y422 5 x3y428y4 5 x25y4 5 5y4 3 a3b2 5 a!
35. ! 3 b2
!x 4 x 4y2 x
s3x 1 2d2y3 s3x 1 2d2y3

37. ! 4 x1y2 5 sx1y2d1y4 5 x1y8 5 !
4 !x 5 ! 8 x
39. 5
!3
3x 1 2 s3x 1 2d1y3
5 s3x 1 2d2y321y3
5 s3x 1 2d1y3
5!
3
3x 1 2
41. 7523y4 5 0.0392377 < 0.04 43. !132 2 4s2ds7d 5 10.630146 < 10.63

Y5 3 2 X,T, u GRAPH Y 5 4 X,T, u .75 GRAPH
>
!
3
10 100
−15 15
−5 50
−10 −10
Domain 5 s2 `, `d Domain 5 f0, `d

49. !360 5 !36 ? 10 51. !75u5v 4 5 !25 ? 3 ? u4 ? u ? v4 53. !0.25x 4y 5 !25 3 1022x 4 y
5 6!10 5 5u2v2!3u 5 5 3 1021x2!y
5 0.5x2!y
4 64a2b5 5 !
55. ! 4 16
? 4 ? a2 ? b4 ? b 57. !
3
48a 3b 4 5 !
3
8 ? 6a3b3b 59. !56 5 !56 ? !6
!6
5
!30
6
5 2b!
4 4a2b
5 2ab!
3
6b
3 3 3 !3x 3!3x !3x 2 2 !

3 2 2
2x 2!3
4x2 2!3
4x2 !3
4x2
61. 5 5 ? 5 5 63. 5 3 ? 5 5 5
!12x !4 ? 3x 2!3x !3x 6x 2x !
3
2x ! 2x !
3 2 2
2x !
3
8x3 2x x
65. 2!7 2 5!7 1 4!7 5 !7s2 2 5 1 4d 67. 3!40 2 10!90 5 3!4 ? 10 2 10!9 ? 10
5 !7 5 6!10 2 30!10
5 224!10
69. 5!x 2 !
3 x 1 9!x 2 8!
3 x 5 5!x 1 9!x 2 !
3 x 2 8!
3 x
5 s5 1 9d!x 1 s21 2 8d!

3 x
5 14!x 2 9!
3 x
4 y 1 3 5 s10 2 3d!
4 y 1 3 2 3! 4 y 1 3
71. 10! 73. !25x 1 !49x 2 !
3 8x 5 5!x 1 7!x 2 2!
3 x
4 y 1 3
5 7! 5 12!x 2 2!
3 x
3 3 !5
75. !5 2 5 !5 2 ? 77. !15 ? !20 5 !15 ? 20
!5 !5 !5
5 !300
3!5
5 !5 2
5 5 !100 ?3
5 3!5 5 10!3
5 !5 ?52 5
5!5 3!5
5 2
5 5
2!5
5
5
79. !5s!10 1 3d 5 !5!10 1 !5 ?3 81. !10s!2 1 !5d 5 !10!2 1 !10!5

5 !50 1 3!5 5 !20 1 !50
5 !25 ? 2 1 3!5 5 !4 ? 5 1 !25 ? 2
5 5!2 1 3!5 5 2!5 1 5!2
83. s2!3 1 7ds!6 2 2d 5 2!3!6 2 4!3 1 7!6 2 14

5 2!18 2 4!3 1 7!6 2 14
5 6!2 2 4!3 1 7!6 2 14
85. s!5 1 6d 5 s!5 d 1 2s6d!5 1 62 5 5 1 12!5 1 36 5 41 1 12!5

2 2
87. s!3 2 !x ds!3 1 !x d 5 3 2 !3x 1 !3x 2 x 5 3 2 x

3 1 1 !2 3s1 1 !2d 3!8 2!2 2 !3 6!16 2 3!24

89. ? 5 91. ? 5
1 2 !2 1 1 !2 12 2 s!2d2 2!2 1 !3 2!2 2 !3 s2!2 d2 2 s!3 d2
3s1 1 !2d 24 2 6!6
5 5
122 823
3s1 1 !2d 24 2 6!6
5 5
21 5
5 23s1 1 !2 d
!2 2 1 !2 2 1 !3 1 4 !x 1 10 !x 1 10 !x 1 10
93. 5 ? 95. 5 ?
!3 2 4 !3 2 4 !3 1 4 !x 2 10 !x 2 10 !x 1 10
!6 1 4!2 2 !3 2 4 x 1 10!x 1 10!x 1 100

5 5
s!3 d2 2 42 s!x d2 2 102
!6 1 4!2 2 !3 2 4 x 1 20!x 1 100
5 5
3 2 16 x 2 100
!6 1 4!2 2 !3 2 4
5
213
!6 1 4!2 2 !3 2 4
52
13
97. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 ! x 5 4 x 2 X,T, u c c ENTER
y2 ! x 10 X,T, u c 4 x 2 X,T, u c GRAPH
!2x5 5 !2x5 ? !2x

!2x
5
!10x
2x
−1
−1
6
99. Keystrokes: 8
y1 Y 5 5 ! X,T, u 2 2 ! X,T, u ENTER
y2 3 ! X,T, u GRAPH
5!x 2 2!x 5 s5 2 2d!x 5 3!x −1 6
−1
? ?
101. !y 5 15 Check: !225 5 15 103. !3x 1 9 5 0 Check: !3 ? 27 1 9 5 0
s!y d2 5 s15d2 15 5 15 !3 5 29 !81 1 9 5 0
?
y 5 225 s!3x d2 5 s29d2 ?

91950
3x 5 81 18 Þ 0
81
x5 No real solution
3
x 5 27
? ?
105. !2sa 2 7d 5 14 Check: !2s105 2 7d 5 14 3 5x 2 7 2 3 5 21
107. ! 3 5s3d 2 7 2 3 5
Check: ! 21
s!2sa 2 7d d2 5 s14d2 ?
!196 5 14 3 5x 2 7 5 2
!
?
!8 2 3 5 21
3
2sa 2 7d 5 196 14 5 14 s!3 5x 2 7 d3 5 23 ?

2 2 3 5 21
2a 2 14 5 196 5x 2 7 5 8 21 5 21
2a 5 210 5x 5 15
a 5 105 x53
3 5s5d 1 2 2 !3 7s5d 2 8 5?
109. !
3
5x 1 2 2 !
3
7x 2 8 5 0 Check: ! 0
?
!
3
5x 1 2 5 !
3
7x 2 8 !3 27 2 ! 3 27 5 0
s!
3
5x 1 2 d 5 s !
3 3
7x 2 8 d
3
050
5x 1 2 5 7x 2 8
10 5 2x
55x
?
111. !2sx 1 5d 5 x 1 5 Check: !2s25 1 5d 5 25 1 5
s!2sx 1 5d d2 5 sx 1 5d2 ?
!0 5 0
2sx 1 5d 5 x2 1 10x 1 25 050

2x 1 10 5 x2 1 10x 1 25 ?
!2s23 1 5d 5 23 1 5
0 5 x 1 8x 1 15
2
?
!4 5 2
0 5 sx 1 5dsx 1 3d
252
25 5 x, x 5 23
?
113. !v 2 6 5 6 2 v Check: !6 2 6 5 6 2 6
s!v 2 6 d2 5 s6 2 vd2 050
v 2 6 5 36 2 12v 1 v2 ?
!7 2 6 5 6 2 7
0 5 v2 2 13v 1 42
1 Þ 21
0 5 sv 2 6dsv 2 7d not a solution
v 5 6, v57
115. !1 1 6x 5 2 2 !6x
s!1 1 6x d2
5 s2 2 !6x d
2
Check: !1 1 61323 2 5? 2 2 !61323 2
1 1 6x 5 4 2 4!6x 1 6x !3232 1 3218 5? 2 2 !1832
1 5 4 2 4!6x
23 5 24!6x !5032 5? 2 2 !169 ??22
s3d2 5 s4!6x d
2
9 5 16s6xd
!2516 ?? 22 5? 2 2 !169 ??22
9
96
5x !2516 5? 2 2 !169
3 5 ? 3
5x 522
32 4 4
5 ? 8 3
5 2
4 4 4
5 5
5
4 4
117. !248 5 !16 ? 3 ? 21 5 4i!3 119. 10 2 3!227 5 10 2 3!21 ? 9 ?3

5 10 2 3!21 ? !9 ? !3
5 10 2 9i!3
2 5!2 25 5 34 2 5!25 ? 21
3 3 3
121. 4
123. !281 1 !236 5 9i 1 6i
3 5
5 2 5 i!3
4
5 15i
5 34 2 i!3
125. !2121 2 !284 5 11i 2 2i!21 127. !25!25 5 i!5 ? i!5 5 i2 ? 5 5 25
129. !210 s!24 2 !27 d 5 i!10 s2i 2 i!7 d 131. 4x 2 !236 5 8 2 2yi
5 2i2!10 2 i2!70 4x 2 6i 5 8 2 2yi
5 22!10 1 !70 4x 5 8 26 5 22y
x52 35y
133. 24 1 !25y 5 6x 1 25i 135. s24 1 5id 2 s212 1 8id 5 s24 1 12d 1 s5 2 8di
24 1 i!5y 5 6x 1 25i 5 8 2 3i
24 5 6x !5y 5 25
45x 5y 5 625
y 5 125
137. s3 2 8id 1 s5 1 12id 5 3 2 8i 1 5 1 12i 139. s4 2 3ids4 1 3id 5 42 2 s3id2

5 s3 1 5d 1 s28 1 12di 5 16 1 9
5 8 1 4i 5 25
7 7 2i 27i 27i
141. s6 2 5id2 5 62 2 2s6ds5id 1 s5id2 143. 5
3i 3i
? 2i 5 23i2 5 3
5 36 2 60i 2 25
5 11 2 60i
4i 4i 2 1 8i 3 2 5i 3 2 5i 62i
145. 5
2 2 8i 2 2 8i
? 2 1 8i 147.
61i
5
61i
?62i
8i 1 32i2 18 2 3i 2 30i 1 5i2
5 5
22 2 s8id2 62 2 i2
8i 2 32 18 2 33i 2 5
5 5
4 1 64 36 1 1
8i 2 32 13 2 33i
5 5
68 37
28 1 2i 13 33
5 5 2 i
17 37 37
28 2
5 1 i
17 17
14 in.
149. c 5 !32 1 32 5 !9 1 9 5 !18
3 in.
Equation: P 5 2s8d 1 2s22 d 1 4s!18 d
1
1
8 2 in.
5 16 1 5 1 12!2
3 in.
5 21 1 12!2 inches
3 in. 3 in.
151. !32L
1.3 5 2p 153. I5 !PR
5! 55!
1.3 L P
2p 32 20
5 1! 2 5 5 1! 2
2 2
11.3
2p 2
2
L 2 P
32 20
1.69 L P
5 25 5
4p 2 32 20
1.69 500 watts 5 P
s32d 5 L
4p 2
1.3698624 5 L < 1.37 feet
155. !PR
I5 157. v 5 !2gh
25 5 !2s32dh
15 5 !
P
252 5 s!2s32dh d
2
40
15 5 1! 2
2
2
P 625 5 2s32dh
40
9.77 feet < h
P
225 5
40
9000 watts 5 P
1. (a) 163y2 5 s!16 d ? 20

3
(b) !5!20 5 !5
54 3
5 !100
5 64 5 10
2. (a) 2722y3 5
1 (b) !2!18 5 !2 ? 18
272y3
5 !36
1
5 56
9
1xx 2
1y2 2
x
3. (a) 1y3
5
x2y3
(b) 51y4 ? 57y4 5 51y417y4
5 58y4 5 52 5 25
5 x122y3 5 x1y3
4. (a) !329 5 !169? 2 5 34 !2 3 24 5 !

(b) ! 3 8
? 3 5 2!
3 3
14 in.
149. c 5 !32 1 32 5 !9 1 9 5 !18
3 in.
Equation: P 5 2s8d 1 2s22 d 1 4s!18 d
1
1
8 2 in.
5 16 1 5 1 12!2
3 in.
5 21 1 12!2 inches
3 in. 3 in.
151. !32L
1.3 5 2p 153. I5 !PR
5! 55!
1.3 L P
2p 32 20
5 1! 2 5 5 1! 2
2 2
11.3
2p 2
2
L 2 P
32 20
1.69 L P
5 25 5
4p 2 32 20
1.69 500 watts 5 P
s32d 5 L
4p 2
1.3698624 5 L < 1.37 feet
155. !PR
I5 157. v 5 !2gh
25 5 !2s32dh
15 5 !
P
252 5 s!2s32dh d
2
40
15 5 1! 2
2
2
P 625 5 2s32dh
40
9.77 feet < h
P
225 5
40
9000 watts 5 P
1. (a) 163y2 5 s!16 d ? 20

3
(b) !5!20 5 !5
54 3
5 !100
5 64 5 10
2. (a) 2722y3 5
1 (b) !2!18 5 !2 ? 18
272y3
5 !36
1
5 56
9
1xx 2
1y2 2
x
3. (a) 1y3
5
x2y3
(b) 51y4 ? 57y4 5 51y417y4
5 58y4 5 52 5 25
5 x122y3 5 x1y3
4. (a) !329 5 !169? 2 5 34 !2 3 24 5 !

(b) ! 3 8
? 3 5 2!
3 3
5. (a) !24x3 5 !4 ? 6 ? x2 ? x (b) !

4
16x5y8 5 !
4
16x4xy8
5 2x!6x 5 2 xy 2!
4
x
3 3 !6 3!6 !6 7. 5!3x 2 3!75x 5 5!3x 2 3!25 ? 3x

6. 5 ? 5 5
!6 !6 !6 6 2
5 5!3x 2 15!3x
Multiply the numerator and denominator of a fraction by a
5 210!3x
factor such that no radical contains a fraction and no
denominator of a fraction contains a radical.
8. !5s!15x 1 3d 5 !75x 1 3!5 9. s4 2 !2x d 5 16 2 8!2x 1 2x

2
5 !25 ? 3x 1 3!5
5 5!3x 1 3!5
?
10. 7!27 1 14y!12 5 7!9 ? 3 1 14y!4 ? 3 11. !3y 2 6 5 3 Check: !3s27d 2 6 5 3
?
5 21!3 1 28y!3 !3y 5 9 !81 2 6 5 3
5 7!3s3 1 4yd s!3y d2 5 92 92653

?
3y 5 81 353
y 5 27
Check: !s54 d 2 1 5 54 2 2
12. !x2 2 1 5 x 2 2
2 ?
s!x2 2 1 d
2
5 sx 2 2d2 16 ? 5
!25 8
16 2 16 5 4 2 4
x2 2 1 5 x2 2 4x 1 4
? 3
4x 5 5
!169 5 24
5
x54 3
4 Þ 2 34
No solution
?
13. !x 2 x 1 6 5 0 Check: !9 2 9 1 6 5 0
s!xd2 5 sx 2 6d2 3291650
?
x 5 x2 2 12x 1 36 050
05 x2 2 13x 1 36 ?
!4 2 4 1 6 5 0
0 5 sx 2 9dsx 2 4d ?
2241650
05x29 05x24 4Þ0
95x 45x
Not a solution
14. 3x 1 !24y 5 12 1 40i 15. 27 2 !216y 5 9x 2 4i

3x 1 2!yi 5 12 1 40i 27 2 4!yi 5 9x 2 4i
3x 5 12 2!y 5 40 27 5 9x 24!y 5 24
x54 !y 5 20 35x !y 5 1
y 5 400 y51
16. s2 1 3id 2 !225 5 2 1 3i 2 5i 5 2 2 2i

17. s2 2 3id2 5 s2 2 3ids2 2 3id 18. !216 s1 1 !4 d 5 4is1 1 2id

5 4 2 6i 2 6i 1 9i2 5 4i 1 8i2
5 4 2 12i 2 9 5 28 1 4i
5 25 2 12i
5 2 2i 5 2 2i 2i 25i 1 2i2
19. s3 2 2ids1 1 5id 5 3 1 13i 2 10i2 20.
i
5
i
? 2i 5 2i2
5 22 2 5i
5 3 1 13i 1 10
5 13 1 13i
21. v 5 !2gh
80 5 !2s32dh
80 5 !64h
802 5 s!64h d
2
6400 5 64h
100 feet 5 h
5. 3x 1 y 5 4 6. 2x 1 3y 5 2 7. x 2 1 3y 5 4
y 5 23x 1 4 3y 5 22x 1 2 3y 5 4 2 x 2
2 2 4 2 x2 1
y52 x1 y5 5 s4 2 x 2d
3 3 3 3
8. x 2 1 y 2 4 5 0 9. 2!x 2 3y 5 15 ||
10. 6 x 2 5y 1 10 5 0
y5 2x 2 14 23y 5 22!x 1 15 25y 5 26 x 2 10 ||
y5 2
3 !x 25 y5 6
5 |x| 1 2
Verbal Rate Rate Rate Verbal Total
11. Model: 1 5 12. Model: 5 Time 1 1 Time 2
person 1 person 2 together time
Labels: Your time 5 4 hours Distance

Rate 5
Friend’s time 5 6 hours Time
Time together 5 x hours 90
Labels: Time 1 5
1 1 1 54
Equation: 1 5
4 6 x 90
Time 2 5
42
12x 114 1 612 5 11x 212x 180
Equation: Rate 5 90
3x 1 2x 5 12 541 90
42
5x 5 12 Rate 5 47.25 mph
12
x5 hours
5
SECTION 5.2 Simplifying Radical Expressions
1. Graph x 2 y 5 23 with a dotted line since the inequality is >. Test one point in each half-plane formed by the line. Shade the
half-plane that satisfies the inequality.
2. 3x 1 4y ≤ 4 and 3x 1 4y < 4
The first inequality includes the points on the line 3x 1 4y 5 4 and the second does not.
3. 2x3 1 3x 2 2 x 1 3 5 2x 2sx 2 3d 2 1sx 2 3d 4. 4t 2 2 169 5 s2t 2 13ds2t 1 13d

5 sx 2 3ds2x 2 2 1d
5 2 sx 2 3dsx 2 1 1d
5. x 2 2 3x 1 2 5 sx 2 2dsx 2 1d 6. 2x 2 1 5x 2 7 5 s2x 1 7dsx 2 1d
7. 11x 2 1 6x 2 5 5 s11x 2 5dsx 1 1d 8. 4x 2 2 28x 1 49 5 s2x 2 7ds2x 2 7d

5 s2x 2 7d2
Verbal Adult Student

9. 1 5 1200
Model: tickets tickets
Price adult Adult Price student Student

tickets
? tickets
1
tickets
? tickets
5 21,120
Labels: Adult tickets 5 x

Student tickets 5 y
System: x1 y5 1200
20x 1 12.50y 5 21,120
Solve by substitution:
y 5 1200 2 x
20x 1 12.50s1200 2 xd 5 21,120
20x 1 15,000 2 12.50x 5 21,120
7.5x 5 6120
x 5 816 adults
y 5 1200 2 816 5 384 students
Verbal Number defective units 1 Number defective units 2

10. Model: 5
Total number units 1 Total number units 2
Labels: Number defective units s2d 5 x

2 x
Equation: 5
75 10,000
2s10,000d
x5
75
x < 267 units
SECTION 5.3 Multiplying and Dividing Radical Expressions
1. x 2 1 bx 1 c 5 sx 1 mdsx 1 nd 2. x 2 1 bx 1 c 5 sx 1 mdsx 1 nd
mn 5 c If c > 0, the signs of m and n must be the same.
3. If c < 0, the signs of m and n must be different. 4. If m and n have like signs, then m 1 n 5 b.
5. s21, 22d, s3, 6d 6. s1, 5d, s6, 0d

y2 2 y1 6 2 s22d 6 1 2 8 y2 2 y1 0 2 5 25
m5 5 5 5 52 m5 5 5 5 21
x2 2 x1 3 2 s21d 3 1 1 4 x2 2 x1 6 2 1 5
y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d
y 2 6 5 2sx 2 3d y 2 0 5 21sx 2 6d
y 2 6 5 2x 2 6 y 5 2x 1 6
y 5 2x x1y2650
0 5 2x 2 y
7. s6, 3d, s10, 3d 8. s4, 22d, s4, 5d

y2 2 y1 323 0 y2 2 y1 5 2 s22d 7
m5 5 5 50 m5 5 5 5 undefined
x2 2 x1 10 2 6 4 x2 2 x1 424 0
y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d x54
y 2 3 5 0sx 2 10d x2450
y2350
9. 143, 82, s5, 6d 10. s7, 4d, s10, 1d

y2 2 y1 124 23
y2 2 y1 6 2 8 22 6 m5 5 5 5 21
m5 5 4 5 11
52 x2 2 x1 10 2 7 3
x2 2 x1 523 3
11
y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d
y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d
y 2 1 5 21sx 2 10d
6
y2652 sx 2 5d
11 y 2 1 5 2x 1 10
11y 2 66 5 26x 1 30 x 1 y 2 11 5 0
0 5 6x 1 11y 2 96
Verbal Verbal
11.
Model:
Model:
Perimeter 5 2 ? Length 1 2 ? Width
Distance Labels: Perimeter 5 P

5 Time
Rate Length 5 L
Labels: Time 5 t L
Width 5
Distance 5 360 3
Rate 5 r
Equation: P 5 2L 1 2 1L3 2
360
Equation: 5t
r 8
P5 L
3
SECTION 5.4 Solving Radical Equations

4 2x2 1 5x 2 3 2x 2 1
1. f sxd 5 2. 5 , x Þ 23
sx 1 2dsx 2 3d x2 2 9 x23
The function is undefined when the denominator is zero. 2s23d2 1 5s23d 2 3 2s23d 2 1
5
Set the denominator equal to zero and solve for x. s23d2 2 9 23 2 3
sx 1 2dsx 2 3d 5 0 18 2 15 2 3 27
5
929 26
x1250 x2350
0 7
x 5 22 x53 5
0 6
The domain is all real numbers x such that x Þ 22 and x Þ 3.
Undefined
3. s23x 2y 3d2 ? s4xy 2d 5 9x 4y 6 ? 4xy 2 5 36x 5y 8 4. sx 2 2 3xyd0 5 1
14y3x 2 5 14y3x 214y3x 2 5 16y

64r 2s 4 2
9x 2
5. 5 4r 221s 422 5 4rs 2 6.
16rs 2 3 3 3 6
x 1 13 xsx 2 3d x 1 13 2xs3 2 xd x12 x22 sx 1 2dsx 2 2d

7.
x3s3 2 xd
? 5
5 3
x s3 2 xd
? 5
8.
5x 1 15
? 5sx 2 3d 5 5sx 1 3d5sx 2 3d
2 sx 1 13d x2 2 4
5 5
5x2 25sx2 2 9d
2x 1 5 x21
9.
2x
2
5
5
2x
1
x25 52x x25 x25
5
5
x25
10.
3
x21
255
3
x21
25
x21 1 2
3 5sx 2 1d
5 2
x21 x21
3 2 5x 1 5
5
x21
8 2 5x
5
x21
5x 2 8
52
x21
3
11. y 5 2x 2 3 y-intercept: 12. y 5 2 4 x 1 2 y-intercept:
y y 5 2s0d 2 3 y y 5 2 4 s0d 1 2 5 2
3
2 y 5 23 4 x-intercept:
1 3
( ( 0 5 2 34 x 1 2
3
2
,0 x-intercept: (0, 2)
x
−2 −1 2 3 4 3
−1 0 5 2x 2 3 1 4x 52
( 83 , 0(
−2
3 5 2x −2 −1 1 2 4
x
x 5 2 ? 43
−3 −1
(0, −3) 3 8
2 5x −2
x53
SECTION 5.5 Complex Numbers
3t 8t 2 s3tds8t 2d 24t3 3t 8t 2 3t 15 s3tds15d 9

1. ? 5 5 2. 4 5 ? 8t 2 5 s5ds8t 2d 5 8t
5 15 s5ds15d 75 5 15 5
Multiply numerators. Multiply denominators. Multiply by the reciprocal of the divisor.
3t 8t 2 9t 8t 2 9t 1 8t 2 t25 t25
3. 1 5 1 5 4. 5 5 21
5 15 15 15 15 5 2 t 21st 2 5d
Change each fraction into an equivalent fraction with the
lowest common denominator as the denominator. Add the
numerators and put over the lowest common denominator.
x2 5x x2 2x 1 3 x 2 y x2 2 y2 x2y x2
5. 4 5
2x 1 3 2x 1 3 2x 1 3
? 5x
6.
5x
4
x2
5
5x
? sx 2 ydsx 1 yd
x2s2x 1 3d sx 2 ydx2
5 5
s2x 1 3d5x 5xsx 2 ydsx 1 yd
x x
5 5
5 5sx 1 yd
9
x x 9 11 1 2x 2 x x 1 2 x12 1
7. ? 5
x 6 1 2x
8. ? x 5 x 2 4 5 sx 2 2dsx 1 2d 5 x 2 2
1 2 1x 2 x 2
6 4 2
12
x
4 2
1
x2 2 9 x22 sx 2 3dsx 1 3dsx 2 2d 4sx 2 2d 1 2sx2 2 9d
9.
1 1
? sx 2 3dsx 1 3dsx 2 2d 5 sx 2 3dsx 2 2d 1 sx 1 3dsx 2 2d
1
x13 x23
4x 2 8 1 2x2 2 18
5
x2 2 5x 1 6 1 x2 1 x 2 6
2x2 1 4x 2 26
5
2x2 2 4x
2sx2 1 2x 2 13d
5
2xsx 2 2d
x2 1 2x 2 13
5
xsx 2 2d
1x 11 1 1 212 1x 11 1 1 212 2sx 1 1d2

4x
3
2
x
2 6 8x 2 3x 5x
10. 5 ? 2sx 1 2d2
11. ?65 5
1 3
2x2 1 4x 1 2 2 1 3
2sx2 1 2x 1 1d 2 3 18 18
x 5x 9x 5x 14x 7x
1st number: 1 5 1 5 5
2sx 1 1d 1 sx 1 1d2 2 18 18 18 18 9
5
3
14x 5x 19x
2nd number: 1 5
2x 1 2 1 x2 1 2x 1 1 18 18 18
5
3
x2 1 4x 1 3
5
3
sx 1 1dsx 1 3d
5
3
1 1 cc c1c2
12. 5 ? c1c2 5 c
2 1 c1
1 1
1
1
c1 c2
1
121
c1 c2
1 2
C H A P T E R 6
Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
Section 6.1 Factoring and Extracting Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . 307
Section 6.2 Completing the Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Section 6.3 The Quadratic Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Section 6.4 Applications of Quadratic Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Section 6.5 Quadratic and Rational Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Cumulative Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

C H A P T E R 6
Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
Section 6.1 Factoring and Extracting Square Roots
1. x2 2 12x 1 35 5 0 3. x2 1 x 2 72 5 0 5. x2 1 4x 5 45
sx 2 5dsx 2 7d 5 0 sx 1 9dsx 2 8d 5 0 x2 1 4x 2 45 5 0
x55 x57 x 5 29 x58 sx 1 9dsx 2 5d 5 0
x 5 29 x55
7. x2 2 12x 1 36 5 0 9. 9x2 1 24x 1 16 5 0 11. 4x2 2 12x 5 0

sx 2 6dsx 2 6d 5 0 s3x 1 4ds3x 1 4d 5 0 4xsx 2 3d 5 0
x2650 x2650 3x 1 4 5 0 3x 1 4 5 0 4x 5 0 x2350
x56 x56 3x 5 24 3x 5 24 x50 x53
2 43 4
x5 x5 23
13. usu 2 9d 2 12su 2 9d 5 0 15. 3xsx 2 6d 2 5sx 2 6d 5 0 17. sy 2 4dsy 2 3d 5 6

su 2 9dsu 2 12d 5 0 sx 2 6ds3x 2 5d 5 0 y2 2 7y 1 12 2 6 5 0
u2950 u 2 12 5 0 x2650 3x 2 5 5 0 y2 2 7y 1 6 5 0
u59 u 5 12 x56 x5
5
3 sy 2 6dsy 2 1d 5 0
y2650 y2150
y56 y51
19. 2xs3x 1 2d 5 5 2 6x2 21. x2 5 64 23. 6x2 5 54

6x2 1 4x 5 5 2 6x2 x 5 ± !64 x2 5 9
12x2 1 4x 2 5 5 0 x 5 ±8 x 5 ± !9
s6x 1 5ds2x 2 1d 5 0 x 5 ±3
6x 1 5 5 0 2x 2 1 5 0
2 56 1
x5 x52
25. 25x2 5 16 27. 12 y 2 5 32 29. 4x 2 2 25 5 0

x2 5 16
25 y2 5 64 4x2 5 25
x 5 ± !16
25 y 5 ± !64 x2 5 25
4
x 5 ± 45 y 5 ±8 x 5 ± !25
4
x 5 ± 52
31. 4u2 2 225 5 0 33. sx 1 4d2 5 169 35. sx 2 3d2 5 0.25

u2 5 225
4 x 1 4 5 ± !169 x 2 3 5 ± !0.25
u 5 ±! 225
4 x 5 24 ± 13 x 5 3 ± 0.5
15
u5 ±2 x 5 9, 217 x 5 3.5, 2.5
307
308 Chapter 6 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
37. sx 2 2d2 5 7 39. s2x 1 1d2 5 50 41. s4x 2 3d2 2 98 5 0

x 2 2 5 ± !7 2x 1 1 5 ± !50 s4x 2 3d2 5 98
x 5 2 ± !7 2x 5 21 ± 5!2 4x 2 3 5 ± !98
21 ± 5!2 4x 5 3 ± 7!2
x5
2
3 ± 7!2
x5
4
43. z2 5 236 45. x2 1 4 5 0 47. 9u2 1 17 5 0

z 5 ± !236 x2 5 24 9u2 5 217
z 5 ± 6i x 5 ± !24
x 5 ± 2i
u5± !2 179
!17
5 ±i
3
49. st 2 3d2 5 225 51. s3z 1 4d 2 1 144 5 0 53. s2x 1 3d2 5 254
t 2 3 5 ± !225 s3z 1 4d2 5 2144 2x 1 3 5 ± !254
t 5 3 ± 5i 3z 1 4 5 ± !2144 2x 5 23 ± 3i!6
3z 1 4 5 ± 12i 3 3i!6
x52 ±
2 2
3z 5 24 ± 12i
24 ± 12i
z5
3
4
z52 ± 4i
3
55. 9sx 1 6d2 5 2121 57. sx 2 1d2 5 227 59. sx 1 1d2 1 0.04 5 0
2121 x 2 1 5 ± !227 sx 1 1d2 5 20.04
sx 1 6d2 5
9
x 5 1 ± 3i!3 x 1 1 5 ± !20.04
x165± !2121
9
x 5 21 ± 0.2i
11
x 5 26 ± i
3
1c 2 322 1x 1 372
2 2
1 38
61. 1 50 63. 52 65. 2x2 2 5x 5 0
9 9
xs2x 2 5d 5 0
1c 2 322 !2 389
2 1 7
52 x1 5±
9 3 x50 2x 2 5 5 0
5
c2
2
3
5± !2 91 x52
7 i
± !38
3 3
x5
2
2 1
c5 ± i
3 3
67. 2x2 1 5x 2 12 5 0 69. x2 2 900 5 0 71. x2 1 900 5 0

s2x 2 3dsx 1 4d 5 0 x2 5 900 x2 5 2900
3 x 5 ± 30 x 5 ± !2900
x5 x 5 24
2
x 5 ± 30i
Section 6.1 Factoring and Extracting Square Roots 309
2 2
73. x 56 75. sx 2 5d2 2 100 5 0
3
sx 2 5d2 5 100
3 2 2 3
2
? 3
x 56?
2 x 2 5 5 ± 10
x2 5 9 x 5 15, 25
x 5 ±3
77. sx 2 5d2 1 100 5 0 79. sx 1 2d2 1 18 5 0

let u 5 sx 2 5d sx 1 2d2 5 218
u2 1 100 5 0 x 1 2 5 ± !218
su 1 10idsu 2 10id 5 0 x 5 22 ± 3i!2
u 1 10i 5 0 u 2 10i 5 0
u 5 210i u 5 10i
x 2 5 5 210i x 2 5 5 10i
x 5 5 2 10i x 5 5 1 10i
81. Keystrokes: 10
Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 9 GRAPH
x-intercepts are 23 and 3. −15 15
0 5 x2 2 9
5 sx 2 3dsx 1 3d −10
x2350 x1350
x53 x 5 23
83. Keystrokes: 6
Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 2 X,T, u 2 15 GRAPH −18 18
x-intercepts are 23 and 5.

0 5 x2 2 2x 2 15
0 5 sx 2 5dsx 1 3d −18
x2550 x1350
x55 x 5 23
85. Keystrokes: 6
Y5 4 2 x X,T, u 2 3
x
x2 GRAPH
−12 18
x-intercepts are 1 and 5.

0 5 4 2 sx 2 3d2
sx 2 3d2 5 4 −14
x 2 3 5 ±2
x 5 5, 1
5
87. Keystrokes:
Y 5 2 X,T, u x2 2 X,T, u 2 6 GRAPH
−9 9
x-intercepts are 2 32 and 2.

0 5 2x2 2 x 2 6
−7
0 5 s2x 1 3dsx 2 2d
x 5 2 32 x52
6
89. Keystrokes:
−6 10
Y 5 3 X,T, u x2 2 8 X,T, u 2 16 GRAPH
x-intercepts are 2 43 and 4.
0 5 3x2 2 8x 2 16
−24
0 5 s3x 1 4dsx 2 14d
4
x 5 23 x54
16
91. Keystrokes:
Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 7 GRAPH
0 5 x2 1 7
27 5 x 2 −12 12
−2
± !27 5 x
± i!7 5 x
The equation has complex roots.
7
93. Keystrokes:
Y5 x X,T, u 2 1 1 1 GRAPH
x
x2
0 5 sx 2 1d 1 1 2
21 5 sx 2 1d2 −4 8
−1
±i 5 x 2 1
1 ± i5x
18
95. Keystrokes:
Y5 x X,T, u 1 3 1 5 GRAPH
x
x2
0 5 sx 1 3d2 1 5
−18
25 5 sx 1 3d2
12
−2
± !25 5 x 1 3
± !5i 5 x 1 3
23 ± !5i 5 x
2
97. x2 1 y2 5 4
y2 5 4 2 x2 −3 3
y 5 ± !4 2 x2
−2
Section 6.1 Factoring and Extracting Square Roots 311
99. x2 1 4y2 5 4 2
4y2 5 4 2 x2
−3
4 2 x2 3
y2 5
4
!4 24 x !4 2 x2
2
−2
y5± 5±
2
101. x4 2 5x2 1 4 5 0
sx2 2 4dsx2 2 1d 5 0
sx 2 2dsx 1 2dsx 2 1dsx 1 1d 5 0
x2250 x1250 x2150 x1150
x52 x 5 22 x51 x 5 21
103. x4 2 5x2 1 6 5 0 105. x4 2 3x2 2 4 5 0

sx2 2 3dsx2 2 2d 5 0 sx2 2 4dsx2 1 1d 5 0
x2 2 3 5 0 x2 2 2 5 0 x2 2 4 5 0 x2 1 1 5 0
x2 5 3 x2 5 2
x2 5 4 x2 5 21
x 5 ± !3 x 5 ± !2
x 5 ±2 x 5 ±i
107. sx2 2 4d2 1 2sx2 2 4d 2 3 5 0

fsx2 2 4d 1 3g fsx2 2 4d 2 1g 5 0
sx2 2 1dsx2 2 5d 5 0
x2 2 1 5 0 x2 2 5 5 0
x2 5 1 x2 5 5
x 5 ±1 x 5 ± !5
?
109. x 2 7!x 1 10 5 0 Check: 25 2 7!25 1 10 5 0
?
let u 5 !x 25 2 35 1 10 5 0
s!x d2 2 7s!x d 1 10 5 0 050
u2 2 7u 1 10 5 0 ?
Check: 4 2 7!4 1 10 5 0
su 2 5dsu 2 2d 5 0 ?
4 2 14 1 10 5 0
u55 u52 050
!x 5 5 !x 5 2
x 5 25 x54
111. x2y3 2 x1y3 2 6 5 0

sx1y3 2 3dsx1y3 1 2d 5 0
x1y3 2 3 5 0 x1y3 1 2 5 0
x1y3 5 3 x1y3 5 22
x 5 27 x 5 28
113. 2x2y3 2 7x1y3 1 5 5 0 115. x2y5 2 3x1y5 1 2 5 0

let u 5 x1y3 sx1y5 2 2dsx1y5 2 1d 5 0
2sx1y3d 2 2 7x1y3 1 5 5 0 x1y5 5 2 x1y5 5 1
2u2 2 7u 1 5 5 0 x 5 25 x 5 15
s2u 2 5dsu 2 1d 5 0 x 5 32 x51
2u 2 5 5 0 u2150
2u 5 5 u51
5
u5 2 x1y3 51
x1y3 5 5
2 sx1y3d 5 13
sx1y3d 5 s d
5 3
2 x51
125
x5 8
1 3
117. 2x2y5 2 7x1y5 1 3 5 0 119. 2 1250
x2 x
s2x1y5 2 1dsx1y5 2 3d 5 0
1 2 3x 1 2x2 5 0
1
x1y5 5 x1y5 5 3 2x2 2 3x 1 1 5 0
2
s2x 2 1dsx 2 1d 5 0
1122
5
x5 x 5 35
2x 2 1 5 0 x2150
1 1
x5 x 5 243 x5 x51
32 2
121. sx 2 5)sx 2 s22dd 5 0 123. fx 2 s1 1 !2 dg fx 2 s1 2 !2 dg 5 0

sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 5 0 fsx 2 1d 2 !2 dg fsx 2 1d 1 !2g 5 0
sx 2 1d2 2 s!2 d 5 0
2
x2 2 5x 1 2x 2 10 5 0
x2 2 3x 2 10 5 0 x2 2 2x 1 1 2 2 5 0
x2 2 2x 2 1 5 0
125. sx 2 5idsx 2 s25idd 5 0 127. 0 5 216t2 1 256 129. 0 5 216t2 1 128

sx 2 5idsx 1 5id 5 0 16t2 5 256 16t2 5 128
x2 2 25i2 5 0 t2 5 16 t2 5 8
x2 1 25 5 0 t 5 4 seconds t 5 ± !8
t 5 ± 2!2
t 5 2!2 < 2.828 seconds
131. 0 5 144 1 128 2 162 133. 1685.40 5 1500s1 1 rd2

0 5 216t2 1 128t 1 144 1.1236 5 s1 1 rd2
0 5 216st2 2 8t 2 9d 1.06 5 1 1 r
0 5 216st 2 9dst 1 1d .06 5 r
t2950 t1150 6% 5 r
t 5 9 seconds t 5 21
Section 6.2 Completing the Square 313
135. 892 5 s26.6 1 td2

!892 5 26.6 1 t
!892 2 26.6 5 t
3<t
Year 1993
137. (a) h0 5 100 feet v0 5 0 feetysec h50 (b) h0 5 100 feet v0 5 32 feetysec h 5 100 feet
0 5 16t 2 1 0 ? t 1 100 100 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100
16t2 5 100 0 5 216t2 1 32t
t2 5 6.25 0 5 216tst 2 2d
t 5 !6.25 216t 5 0 t2250
t 5 2.5 seconds t 5 0 seconds t 5 2 seconds
Extracting the roots method was used because the Factoring method was used because the quadratic equation
quadratic equation did not have a linear term. did not have a constant term.
139. Factoring and the Zero-Factor Property allow you to 143. To solve an equation of quadratic form, determine an
solve a quadratic equation by converting it into two algebraic expression u such that substitution yields the
linear equations that you already know how to solve. quadratic equation au2 1 bu 1 c 5 0. Solve this
quadratic equation for u and then, through back-substitu-
tion, find the solution of the original equation.
141. False. The solutions are x 5 5 and x 5 25.
Section 6.2 Completing the Square
316 5 122 4 3100 5 12 2 2 4

8 2 20 2
1. x2 1 8x 1 16 3. y2 2 20y 1 100
364 5 12 1622 4 3 254 5 1522 4

2 25 2
5. x2 2 16x 1 64 7. t 2 1 5t 1
4
3 4 5 12 22 4 3 361 5 3 12 3121122 4
81 81 9 2 1 1 2
9. x2 2 9x 1 11. a2 2 a 1
4 3 36
3 100 5 3 12 21 2 4 30.04 5 12 0.422 4

3 9 9 3 1 2 2
13. y 2 2 y 1 15. r2 2 0.4r 1 0.04
5 100 5 2
17. (a) x2 2 20x 1 100 5 100 19. (a) x2 1 6x 1 9 5 0 1 9

sx 2 10d2 5 100 sx 1 3d2 5 9
x 2 10 5 ± 10 x 1 3 5 ±3
x 5 10 ± 10 x 5 23 ± 3
x 5 20, 0 x 5 26, 0
(b) x2 2 20x 5 0 (b) x2 1 6x 5 0
xsx 2 20d 5 0 xsx 1 6d 5 0
x50 x 5 20 x50 x1650
x 5 26, 0
135. 892 5 s26.6 1 td2

!892 5 26.6 1 t
!892 2 26.6 5 t
3<t
Year 1993
137. (a) h0 5 100 feet v0 5 0 feetysec h50 (b) h0 5 100 feet v0 5 32 feetysec h 5 100 feet
0 5 16t 2 1 0 ? t 1 100 100 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100
16t2 5 100 0 5 216t2 1 32t
t2 5 6.25 0 5 216tst 2 2d
t 5 !6.25 216t 5 0 t2250
t 5 2.5 seconds t 5 0 seconds t 5 2 seconds
Extracting the roots method was used because the Factoring method was used because the quadratic equation
quadratic equation did not have a linear term. did not have a constant term.
139. Factoring and the Zero-Factor Property allow you to 143. To solve an equation of quadratic form, determine an
solve a quadratic equation by converting it into two algebraic expression u such that substitution yields the
linear equations that you already know how to solve. quadratic equation au2 1 bu 1 c 5 0. Solve this
quadratic equation for u and then, through back-substitu-
tion, find the solution of the original equation.
141. False. The solutions are x 5 5 and x 5 25.
Section 6.2 Completing the Square
316 5 122 4 3100 5 12 2 2 4

8 2 20 2
1. x2 1 8x 1 16 3. y2 2 20y 1 100
364 5 12 1622 4 3 254 5 1522 4

2 25 2
5. x2 2 16x 1 64 7. t 2 1 5t 1
4
3 4 5 12 22 4 3 361 5 3 12 3121122 4
81 81 9 2 1 1 2
9. x2 2 9x 1 11. a2 2 a 1
4 3 36
3 100 5 3 12 21 2 4 30.04 5 12 0.422 4

3 9 9 3 1 2 2
13. y 2 2 y 1 15. r2 2 0.4r 1 0.04
5 100 5 2
17. (a) x2 2 20x 1 100 5 100 19. (a) x2 1 6x 1 9 5 0 1 9

sx 2 10d2 5 100 sx 1 3d2 5 9
x 2 10 5 ± 10 x 1 3 5 ±3
x 5 10 ± 10 x 5 23 ± 3
x 5 20, 0 x 5 26, 0
(b) x2 2 20x 5 0 (b) x2 1 6x 5 0
xsx 2 20d 5 0 xsx 1 6d 5 0
x50 x 5 20 x50 x1650
x 5 26, 0
21. (a) y2 2 5y 5 0 23. (a) t2 2 8t 1 16 5 27 1 16

y2 2 5y 1 25
4 5 25
4 st 2 4d2 5 9
sy 2 2 d
5 2
5 25
4 t 2 4 5 ±3
5 5
y2 5 2 ±2 t54 ± 3
5 5
y5 2 ± 2 t 5 7, 1
5 0, 5 (b) t2 2 8t 1 7 5 0
(b) y2 2 5y 5 0 st 2 7dst 2 1d 5 0
ysy 2 5d 5 0 t57 t51
y50 y2550
y55
49 49
25. (a) x2 1 2x 1 1 5 24 1 1 27. (a) x2 1 7x 1 4 5 212 1 4
sx 1 1d2 5 25 sx 1 72 d2 5 14
x 1 1 5 ±5 x 1 72 5 ± 12
x 5 2 72 ± 1
x 5 21 ± 5 2
x 5 4, 26 x 5 2 62, 2 82
(b) x2 1 2x 2 24 5 0 x 5 23, 24
sx 1 6dsx 2 4d 5 0 (b) x2 1 7x 1 12 5 0
x 5 26 x54 sx 1 4dsx 1 3d 5 0
x 5 24 x 5 23
29. (a) x2 2 3x 1 94 5 18 1 94 31. (a) 2x2 2 14x 1 12 5 0

sx 2 32 d2 5 814 x2 2 7x 1 6 5 0
x 2 32 5 ± 92 x2 2 7x 5 26
3 9
x5 2 ± 2 x2 2 7x 1 49 49
4 5 26 1 4
x 5 12 6
2 , 22 sx 2 72 d2 5 2 244 1 494
x 5 6, 23 sx 2 72 d2 5 254
(b) x2 2 3x 2 18 5 0 x 2 72 5 ± 52
sx 2 6dsx 1 3d 5 0 x 5 72 ± 5
2
x56 x 5 23 x 5 12 2
2,2
x 5 6, 1
(b) 2x2 2 14x 1 12 5 0
x2 2 7x 1 6 5 0
sx 2 6dsx 2 1d 5 0
x56 x51
33. (a) 4x2 1 4x 2 15 5 0 (b) 4x2 1 4x 2 15 5 0

x2 1 x 2 15
4 5 0 s2x 2 3ds2x 1 5d 5 0
15
x 1x5
2
4 x 5 32 x 5 2 52
x2 1 x 1 14 5 15 1
4 1 4
sx 1 12 d2 5 164
x 1 12 5 ± !4
x 5 2 12 ± 2
x 5 32, 2 52
35. x2 2 4x 2 3 5 0 37. x2 1 4x 2 3 5 0
x2 2 4x 1 4 5 3 1 4 x2 1 4x 1 4 5 3 1 4
sx 2 2d2 5 7 sx 1 2d2 5 7
x 2 2 5 ± !7 x 1 2 5 ± !7
x 5 2 ± !7 x 5 22 ± !7
x < 4.65, 20.65 x < 0.65, 24.65
39. u2 2 4u 1 1 5 0 41. x2 1 2x 1 3 5 0
u2 2 4u 1 4 5 21 1 4 x2 1 2x 1 1 5 23 1 1
su 2 2d2 5 3 sx 1 1d2 5 22
u 2 2 5 ± !3 x 1 1 5 ± !22
u 5 2 ± !3 x 5 21 ± i!2
u < 3.73, 0.27 x < 21 1 1.41i
x < 21 2 1.41i
43. x2 2 10x 2 2 5 0 45. y2 1 20y 1 10 5 0

x2 2 10x 1 25 5 2 1 25 y2 1 20y 1 100 5 210 1 100
sx 2 5d2 5 27 sy 1 10d2 5 90
x 2 5 5 ± !27 y 1 10 5 ± !90
x 5 5 ± 3!3 y 5 210 ± 3!10
x < 10.20, 20.20 y < 20.51, 219.49
47. t2 1 5t 1 3 5 0 49. v2 1 3v 2 2 5 0
9 9
25 25 v2 1 3v 1 5 2 1
t2 1 5t 1 5 23 1 4 4
4 4
1v 1 232
2
17
5
1 2
2
5 13
t1 5 4
2 4
t1
5
2
5± !134 v1
3
2 !174
5±
v52 ± !
5 !13 3 17
t52 ± 2 4
2 2
25 ± !13 3 !17
t5 v52 ±
2 2 2
t < 20.70, 24.30 23 ± !17

v5
2
v < 0.56, 23.56
51. 2x2 1 x 2 1 5 0 53. x2 2 7x 1 12 5 0

x2 2 x 1 1 5 0 49 49
x2 2 7x 1 5 212 1
4 4
1 1
x2 2 x 1 5 21 1
248 49
1x 2 272
4 4 2
5 1
4 4
1x 2 212
2 3
52
1x 2 272
2
4 1
5
4
x2
1
5± !2 43
2
1 i!3
x2
7
2
5± !14
x5 ±
2 2 7 1
x5 ±
2 2
1 ± i!3
x5
2 x 5 4, 3
x < 0.5 1 0.87i
x < 0.5 2 0.87i
2 3
55. x2 2 x 2 3 5 0 57. v2 1 v 2 2 5 0
3 4
2 1 1 3 9 9
x2 2 x 1 5 3 1 v2 1 v 1 521
3 9 9 4 64 64
1x 2 312 1v 1 832
2 2 128 9
28
5 5 1
9 64 64
!289 1v 1 832
1 2 137
x2 5± 5
3 64
x5
1 2
± !7
3 3
v1
3
8
5± !137
64
1 ± 2!7 3 !137
x5 v52 ±
3 8 8
x < 2.10, 21.43 v < 1.09, 21.84
59. 2x2 1 8x 1 3 5 0 61. 3x2 1 9x 1 5 5 0

3 9 5 9
x2 1 4x 1 4 5 2 1 4 x2 1 3x 1 52 1
2 4 3 4
220 1 27
1x 1 232
5 2
sx 1 2d2 5 5
2 12
!52 ? !2
1x 1 232
2 7
x125± 5
!2 12
x 5 22 ±
!10
2
x1
3
2
5± !127 ? !3
!3
x < 20.42, 23.58 3 !21

x52 ±
2 6
29 ± !21
x5
6
x < 20.74, 22.26
63. 4y2 1 4y 2 9 5 0 65. 5x2 2 3x 1 10 5 0

1 9 1 3
y2 1 y 1 5 1 x2 2 x 5 22
4 4 4 5
1y 1 212
2 10 3 9 9
5 x2 2 x 1 5 22 1
4 5 100 100
!104 1x 2 103 2 2200

2 9
1
y1 5± 5 1
2 100 100
1 !10
1x 2 103 2
2 191
y52 ± 52
2 2 100
y5
21 ± !10
2
x2
3
10
5± !2 100
191
y < 1.08, 22.08 3 !191

x5 ± i
10 10
x < 0.30 1 1.38i, 0.30 2 1.38i
67. xsx 2 7d 5 2 69. 0.5t2 1 t 1 2 5 0

49 49 t2 1 2t 5 24
x2 2 7x 1 521
4 4
t2 1 2t 1 1 5 24 1 1
8 1 49
1x 2 272
2
5 st 1 1d2 5 23
4
t 1 1 5 ± !23
1 2
7 2 57
x2 5
2 4 t 1 1 5 ± !3i
!574
7 t 5 21 ± !3i
x2 5±
2 t < 21 1 1.73i, 21 2 1.73i
7 !57
x5 ±
2 2
7 ± !57
x5
2
x < 7.27, 20.27
x 1
71. 0.1x2 1 0.2x 1 0.5 5 0 73. 2 51
2 x
x2 1 2x 1 5 5 0
x2 1 2x 1 1 5 25 1 1
2x 12x 2 1x 2 5 s1d2x
sx 1 1d2 5 24 x2 2 2 5 2x
x 1 1 5 ± !24 x2 2 2x 1 1 5 2 1 1
x 5 21 ± 2i sx 2 1d2 5 3
x 2 1 5 ± !3
x 5 1 ± !3
x2 x 1 1
75. 5 77. !2x 1 1 5 x 2 3
4 2
2x2 5 4x 1 4
s!2x 1 1 d2 5 sx 2 3d2
2x 1 1 5 x2 2 6x 1 9
2x2 2 4x 2 4 5 0
0 5 x2 2 8x 1 8
x2 2 2x 2 2 5 0
116 2 8 5 x2 2 8x 1 16
x2 2 2x 1 1 5 2 1 1
8 5 sx 2 4d2
sx 2 1d2 5 3
± !8 5 x 2 4
x 2 1 5 ± !3
4 ± !8 5 x
x 5 1 ± !3
4 ± 2!2 5 x

Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 4 X,T, u 2 1 GRAPH Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 2 X,T, u 2 5 GRAPH
05 x2 1 4x 2 1 05 x2 2 2x 2 5
15 x2 1 4x 55 x2 2 2x
1 1 4 5 x2 1 4x 1 4 1 1 5 5 x2 2 2x 1 1
5 5 sx 1 2d2 6 5 sx 2 1d2
± !5 5 x 1 2 ± !6 5 x 2 1
22 ± !5 5 x 1 ± !6 5 x
x < .236 x < 3.449
x < 24.236 x < 21.449
8 8
−14 10 −12 12
−8 −8
83. Keystrokes: 10
Y5 x 4 X,T, u 1 2 X,T, u 2 6 GRAPH

x
1 3 x2
1 2 −12
05 1 2x 2 6
8
3x
0 5 x2 1 6x 2 18
−10
18 5 x2 1 6x
9 1 18 5 x2 1 6x 1 9
27 5 sx 1 3d2
± !27 5 x 1 3
23 ± 3!3 5 x
x < 2.20
x < 28.20
85. Keystrokes: 87. (a) Area of square 5 x ? x 5 x2

Y 5 x2 c X,T, u x2 2 X,T, u 1 3 GRAPH Area of vertical rectangle 5 4 ? x 5 4x
2x2 2x1350 Area of horizontal rectangle 5 4 ? x 5 4x
x2 1 x 2 3 5 0 Total area 5 x2 1 4x 1 4x 5 x2 1 8x
x2 1 x 5 3 (b) Area of small square 5 4 ? 4 5 16
x2 1 x 1
1
531
1 Total area 5 x2 1 8x 1 16
4 4
(c) sx 1 4dsx 1 4d 5 x2 1 8x 1 16
1 2
2
1 13
x1 5
2 4
1 !13
x1 5±
2 2
1 !13
x52 ±
2 2
x < 1.30, 22.30
6
−8 8
−6
89. Verbal model: Area 5 12 ? Base ? Height 91. Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Base 5 x Labels: Length 5 x

Height 5 x 1 2 200 2 4x
Width 5
3
2 xsx 1 2d
1
Equation: 12 5
24 5 x2 1 2x Equation: 3 1200 32 4x24
1400 5 2 x ?
0 5 x2 1 2x 2 24
3 200 3 4
2
4x
1400 5 2 x2
0 5 sx 1 6dsx 2 4d 3
x 5 26 x 5 4 cm base 400x 8x2
1400 5 2
not a solution x 1 2 5 6 cm height 3 3
4200 5 400x 2 8x2
8x2 2 400x 1 4200 5 0
x2 2 50x 1 525 5 0
sx 2 35dsx 2 15d 5 0
x 2 35 5 0 x 2 15 5 0
x 5 35 ft. x 5 15 ft.
200 2 4x 200 2 4x 2
5 20 ft. 5 46 ft.
3 3 3
2 2 2
93. Verbal model: side 1 1 side 2 5 Hypotenuse
Labels: side 1 5 x
side 2 5 400 2 x
Equation: x2 1 s400 2 xd2 5 3002
x2 1 160,000 2 2s400dx 1 x2 5 90,000
x2 1 160,000 2 800x 1 x2 5 90,000
2x2 2 800x 1 70,000 5 0
x2 2 400x 1 35,000 5 0
x2 2 400x 5 235,000
x2 2 400x 1 40,000 5 235,000 1 40,000
sx 2 200d2 5 5000
x 2 200 5 ± !5000
x 2 200 5 ± 50!2
x 5 200 ± 50!2
x 5 200 ± 50!2 meters
x < 270.71 meters and 129.29 meters
12,000 5 xs100 2 10 xd
1
95. Equation:
1 2
12,000 5 100x 2 10 x
120,000 5 1000x 2 x2
x2 2 1000x 1 120,000 5 0
x2 2 1000x 5 2120,000
x2 2 1000x 1 250,000 5 2120,000 1 250,000
sx 2 500d2 5 130,000
x 2 500 5 ± !130,000
x 2 500 5 ± 100!13
x 5 500 ± 100!13
x < 860.56, 139.44
Thus, 139 or 861 units must be sold.
Divide the coefficient of the first-degree term by 2, and square the result to obtain s52 d 5 25
25 2
97. 4. 4.
99. Yes. x2 1 1 5 0
101. True. Given the solutions x 5 r1 and x 5 r2, the quadratic equation can be written as sx 2 r1dsx 2 r2d 5 0.
Section 6.3 The Quadratic Formula 321
Section 6.3 The Quadratic Formula
1. 2x2 5 7 2 2x 3. xs10 2 xd 5 5
2x 1 2x 2 7 5 0
2 10x 2 x2 5 5
2x2 1 10x 2 5 5 0
x2 2 10x 1 5 5 0
11 ± !112 2 4s1ds28d 26 ± !62 2 4s1ds8d

5. (a) x 5 7. (a) x 5
2s1d 2s1d
11 ± !121 2 112 6 ± !36 2 32
x5 x5
2 2
11 ± !9 26 ± !4
x5 x5
2 2
11 ± 3 26 ± 2
x5 x5 x 5 22, 24
2 2
x 5 7, 4 (b) sx 1 4dsx 1 2d 5 0
(b) sx 2 7dsx 2 4d 5 0 x1450 x1250
x2750 x2450 x 5 24 x 5 22
x57 x54
24 ± !42 2 4s4ds1d 212 ± !122 2 4s4ds9d

9. (a) x 5 11. (a) x 5
2s4d 2s4d
24 ± !16 2 16 212 ± !144 2 144
x5 x5
8 8
24 21 212 ± 0
x5 5 x5
8 2 8
(b) s2x 1 1ds2x 1 1d 5 0 12 3
x52 52
8 2
2x 1 1 5 0 2x 1 1 5 0
(b) s2x 1 3ds2x 1 3d 5 0
1 1
x52 x52
2 2 2x 1 3 5 0 2x 1 3 5 0
3 3
x52 x52
2 2
1 ± !s21d2 2 4s6ds22d
13. (a) x 5 (b) s3x 2 2ds2x 1 1d 5 0
2s6d
3x 2 2 5 0 2x 1 1 5 0
1 ± !1 1 48
x5
12 2 1
x5 x52
3 2
1 ± !49
x5
12
1±7
x5
12
8 6 2 1
x5 ,2 5 ,2
12 12 3 2
2 s25d ± !s25d2 2 4s1ds2300d 2 s22d ± !s22d2 2 4s1ds24d

15. (a) x 5 17. x 5
2s1d 2s1d
5 ± !25 1 1200 2 ± !4 1 16
x5 x5
2 2
5 ± !1225 2 ± !20
x5 x5
2 2
5 ± 35 2 ± 2!5
x5 x5
2 2
x 5 20, 215 2s1 ± !5 d
x5
2
(b) sx 2 20dsx 1 15d 5 0
x 5 1 ± !5
x 2 20 5 0 x 1 15 5 0
x 5 20 x 5 215
24 ± !42 2 4s1ds1d 26 ± !62 2 4s1ds23d

19. t 5 21. x 5
2s1d 2s1d
24 ± !16 2 4 26 ± !36 1 12
t5 x5
2 2
4 ± !12 26 ± !48
t5 x5
2 2
24 ± 2!3 26 ± 4!3
t5 x5
2 2
2s22 ± !3d 2s23 ± 2!3 d
t5 x5
2 2
t 5 22 ± !3 x 5 23 ± 2!3
2 s210d ± !s210d2 2 4s1ds23d 23 ± !32 2 4s2ds3d

23. x 5 25. x 5
2s1d 2s2d
10 ± !100 2 92 23 ± !9 2 24
x5 x5
2 4
10 ± !8 23 ± !215
x5 x5
2 4
10 ± 2!2 23 ± i!15
x5 x5
2 4
2s5 ± !2 d 23 !15
x5 x5 ± i
2 4 4
x 5 5 ± !2
2 s22d ± !s22d2 2 4s3ds21d 24 ± !42 2 4s2ds23d

27. v 5 29. x 5
2s3d 2s2d
2 ± !4 1 12 24 ± !16 1 24
v5 x5
6 4
2 ± !16 24 ± !40
v5 x5
6 4
2±4 24 ± 2!10
v5 x5
6 4
6 22 2s22 ± !10d
v5 , x5
6 6 4
1 22 ± !10
v 5 1, 2 x5
3 2
26 ± !62 2 4s9ds24d 2 s26d ± !s26d2 2 4s24ds3d

31. z 5 33. x 5
2s9d 2s24d
26 ± !36 1 144 6 ± !36 1 48
z5 x5
18 28
26 ± !180 6 ± !84
z5 x5
18 28
26 ± 6!5 6 ± 2!21
z5 x5
18 28
6s21 ± !5d 23 ± !21
z5 x5
18 4
21 ± !5
z5
3
35. 4x2 2 3x 1 1 5 0 37. 2x2 2 5x 2 6 5 0

x5 x5
2s4d 2s2d
3 ± !9 2 16 5 ± !25 1 48
x5 x5
8 4
3 ± !27 3 !7 5 ± !73
x5 5 ± i x5
8 8 8 4
39. 9x2 5 1 1 9x 41. 3x 2 2x2 2 4 1 5x2 5 0

9x2 2 9x 2 1 5 0 3x2 1 3x 2 4 5 0
2 s29d ± !s29d2 2 4s9ds21d 23 ± !32 2 4s3ds24d
x5 x5
2s9d 2s3d
9 ± !81 1 36 23 ± !9 1 48
x5 x5
18 6
9 ± !117 23 ± !57
x5 x5
18 6
9 3!13
x5 ±
18 18
1 !13 3 ± !13
x5 ± or
2 6 6
2 s20.4d ± !s20.4d2 2 4s1ds20.16d 21 ± !12 2 4s2.5ds20.9d

43. x 5 45. x 5
2s1d 2s2.5d
0.4 ± !0.16 1 0.64 21 ± !1 1 9
x5 x5
2 5
0.4 ± !0.80 21 ± !10
x5 x5
2 5
0.4 ± 2!0.2
x5
2
1 ± !5
x 5 0.2 ± !0.2 or
5
47. b2 2 4ac 5 12 2 4s1ds1d 49. b2 2 4ac 5 s25d2 2 4s2ds24d

5124 5 25 1 32
5 23 5 57
2 distinct imaginary solutions 2 distinct irrational solutions
51. b2 2 4ac 5 72 2 4s5ds3d 53. b2 2 4ac 5 s212d2 2 4s4ds9d

5 49 2 60 5 144 2 144
5 211 50
2 distinct imaginary solutions 1 rational repeated solution
55. b2 2 4ac 5 s21d2 2 4s3ds2d 57. z2 2 169 5 0

5 1 2 24 z2 5 169
5 223 z 5 ± 13
2 distinct imaginary solutions
59. 5y2 1 15y 5 0 61. 25sx 2 3d2 2 36 5 0

5ysy 1 3d 5 0 36
sx 2 3d2 5
25
5y 5 0 y1350
y50 y 5 23 x235± !3625
6
x53 ±
5
15 6
x5 ±
5 5
21 9
x5 ,
5 5
63. 2ysy 2 18d 1 3sy 2 18d 5 0 65. x2 1 8x 1 25 5 0

sy 2 18ds2y 1 3d 5 0 x2 1 8x 1 16 5 225 1 16
y 2 18 5 0 2y 1 3 5 0 sx 1 4d2 5 29
y 5 18 2y 5 23 x 1 4 5 ± !29
3 x 5 24 ± 3i
y52
2
2 s213d ± !s213d2 2 4s3ds169d

67. x2 2 24x 1 128 5 0 69. x 5
2s3d
x2 2 24x 1 144 5 2128 1 144
13 ± !169 2 2028
x5
sx 2 12d2 5 16 6
x 2 12 5 ± !16 13 ± !21859
x5
6
x 5 12 ± 4
13 13!11
x 5 16, 8 x5 ± i
6 6
215 ± !152 2 4s18ds250d

71. x 5 73. 1.2x2 2 0.8x 2 5.5 5 0
2s18d
12x2 2 8x 2 55 5 0
215 ± !225 1 3600
x5
36 s6x 1 11ds2x 2 5d 5 0
215 ± !3825 6x 1 11 5 0 2x 2 5 5 0
x5
36
6x 5 211 2x 5 5
215 ± 15!17
2 11 5
x5 x5 6 x52
36
25 ± 5!17
x5
12

Y 5 3 X,T, u 2 6 X,T, u 1 1 GRAPH Y 5 x2 c x 4 X,T, u 2 20 X,T, u 1 25 x
x2 x2 GRAPH
05 3x2 2 6x 1 1 0 5 2s 4x2 2 20x 1 25d

2 s26d ± !s26d2 2 4s3ds1d 5 4x2 2 20x 1 25
x5
2s3d
2 s220d ± !s220d2 2 4s4ds25d
x5
6 ± !36 2 12 2s4d
x5
6
20 ± !400 2 400
x5
6 ± !24 8
x5
6
20 5
x5 5 5 2.50
x < 1.82, 0.18 8 2
5 5
−2 7
−5 7
−3 −30

Y 5 5 X,T, u x2 2 18 X,T, u 1 6 GRAPH Y 5 x2 c .04 X,T, u x2 1 4 X,T, u 2 .8 GRAPH
2 s218d ± !s218d2 2 4s5ds6d 24 ± !42 2 4s20.04ds20.8d

x5 x5
2s5d 2s20.04d
18 ± !324 2 120 24 ± !16 2 0.128
x5 x5
10 20.08
18 ± !204 24 ± !15.872
x5 x5
10 20.08
18 ± 2!51 24 ± 16!0.062
x5 x5
10 20.08
2s9 ± !51d 4s21 ± 4!0.062d
x5 x5
10 20.08
9 ± !51 21 ± 4!0.062
x5 x5
5 20.02
x < 3.23, 0.37 x < 0.20, 99.80
5 120
−1 5
−10 120
−12 −20

Y 5 2 X,T, u x2 2 5 X,T, u 1 5 GRAPH Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 6 X,T, u 2 40 GRAPH
b2 2 4ac 5 s25d2 2 4s2ds5d b2 2 4ac 5 62 2 4s1ds240d

5 25 2 40 5 36 1 160
5 215 5 196
No real solutions Two real solutions
7 10
−12 6
−4 8
−1 −50
2x2 x
87. 2 51 89. !x 1 3 5 x 2 1
5 2
s!x 1 3d2 5 sx 2 1d2
10 1 2x2
5
2 2
x
2
5 s1d10
x 1 3 5 x2 2 2x 1 1
4x2 2 5x 5 10 0 5 x2 2 3x 2 2
4x2 2 5x 2 10 5 0 2 s23d ± !s23d2 2 4s1ds22d

x5
2s1d
2 s25d ± !s25d2 2 4s4ds210d
x5
2s4d 3 ± !9 1 8
x5
2
5 ± !25 1 160
x5
8 3 ± !17
x5
2
5 ± !185
x5
8 3 1 !17
x5
2
3 2 !17
x5 does not check.
2
91. (a) b2 2 4ac > 0 (b) b2 2 4ac 5 0 (c) b2 2 4ac < 0

s26d2 2 4s1dc > 0 s26d2 2 4s1dc 5 0 s26d2 2 4s1dc < 0
36 2 4c > 0 36 2 4c 5 0 36 2 4c < 0
24c > 236 24c 5 236 24c < 236
c < 9 c59 c > 9
93. (a) b2 2 4ac > 0 (b) b2 2 4ac 5 0 (c) b2 2 4ac < 0

82 2 4s1dc > 0 82 2 4s1dc 5 0 82 2 4s1dc < 0
64 2 4c > 0 64 2 4c 5 0 64 2 4c < 0
24c > 264 24c 5 264 24c < 264
c < 16 c 5 16 c > 16
Labels: Length 5 x 1 6.3

Width 5 x
Equation: 58.14 5 sx 1 6.3d ? x
58.14 5 x2 1 6.3x
0 5 x2 1 6.3x 2 58.14
26.3 ± !6.32 2 4s1ds258.14d
x5
2s1d
26.3 ± !39.69 1 232.56
x5
2
26.3 ± !272.25
x5
2
x < 5.1 inches
x 1 6.3 < 11.4 inches
97. (a) 50 5 216t2 1 40t 1 50 99. (a) Keystrokes:

0 5 216t 1 40t
2 Y 5 831.3 2 85.71 X,T, u 1 3.452 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
0 5 28s2t 2 5td
2 (b) 750 5 831.3 2 85.71t 1 3.452t2
0 5 2t2 2 5t 0 5 3.452t2 2 85.71t 1 81.3
0 5 ts2t 2 5d 2 s285.71d ± !s285.71d2 2 4s3.452ds81.3d
t5
2s3.452d
05t 2t 2 5 5 0
85.71 ± !6223.6137 85.71 ± 78.89
5 t5 5
t5 5 2.5 seconds 6.904 6.904
2
t < .9879 year 1991
(b) 0 5 216t2 1 40t 1 50
0 5 22s8t2 2 20t 2 25d (c) y 5 831.3 2 85.71s7d 1 3.452s7d2
2 s220d ± !s220d2 2 4s8ds225d y 5 400,500

t5
2s8d 1000
20 ± !400 1 800
t5
16
20 ± !1200
t5
16 0 6
0
20 ± 20!3
t5
16
4s5 ± 5!3 d
t5
16
5 1 5!3 5 2 5!3
t5 , reject
4 4
t < 3.4 seconds
x1, x2 x1 1 x2 x1 ? x2
101. (a) x2 2 x 2 6 5 0 3, 22 1 26
sx 2 3dsx 1 2d 5 0
x53 x 5 22
1
(b) 2x2 1 5x 2 3 5 0 2, 23 2 52 2 32
s2x 2 1dsx 1 3d 5 0
x 5 12 x 5 23
3
(c) 4x2 2950 2, 2 32 0 2 94
s2x 2 3ds2x 1 3d
x 5 32 x 5 2 32
(d) x2 2 10x 1 34 5 0 5 1 3i, 5 2 3i 10 34
x2 2 10x 1 25 5 234 1 25
sx 2 5d2 5 29
x 2 5 5 ± !29
x 5 5 ± 3i
103. (c) h 5 216t2 1 v0t 1 h0 v0 5 32 feet/sec

50 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100 h 5 50 feet
05 216t2 1 32t 1 50
0 5 8t2 2 16t 2 25 (Divide by 22)
2 s216d ± !s216d2 2 4s8ds225d
t5
2s8d
16 ± !256 1 800
t5
16
16 ± !1056 16 ± 4!66 4 ± !66
t5 5 5 < 3.0 seconds
16 16 4
Quadratic formula method was used because the numbers were large and equation would not factor.
(d) 0 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100 0 5 216t2 1 32t 1 84

0 5 4t2 2 8t 2 25 0 5 4t2 2 8t 2 21
t5 t5
2s4d 2s4d
8 ± !64 1 400 8 ± !64 1 336
t5 t5
8 8
8 ± !464 8 ± !400
t5 t5
8 8
t < 3.7 seconds t < 3.5 seconds
105. b2 2 4ac. If the discriminant is positive, the quadratic 107. The four methods are factoring, extracting square roots,
equation has two real solutions; if it is zero, the equation completing the square, and the Quadratic Formula.
has one (repeated) real solution; and if it is negative, the
equation has no real solutions.
1. 2x 2 2 72 5 0 2. 2x 2 1 3x 2 20 5 0 3. t2 5 12
2sx 2 2 36d 5 0 s2x 2 5dsx 1 4d 5 0 t 5 ± !12
2sx 2 6dsx 1 6d 5 0 2x 2 5 5 0 x1450 t 5 ± 2!3
5
x2650 x1650 x5 2 x 5 24
x56 x 5 26
4. su 2 3d2 2 16 5 0 5. s2 1 10s 1 1 5 0 6. 2y 2 1 6y 2 5 5 0
su 2 3d2 5 16 s2 1 10s 5 21 5
y 2 1 3y 5
2
u 2 3 5 ±4 s2 1 10s 1 25 5 21 1 25
9 5 9
u 5 3 ± 4 5 7, 21 ss 1 5d2 5 24 y 2 1 3y 1 5 1
4 2 4
s 1 5 5 ± !24
1y 1 232
2 10 9
5 1
s 5 25 ± 2!6 4 4
1y 1 232
2
19
5
4
3 !19
y1 5±
2 2
3 !19
y52 ±
2 2
103. (c) h 5 216t2 1 v0t 1 h0 v0 5 32 feet/sec

50 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100 h 5 50 feet
05 216t2 1 32t 1 50
0 5 8t2 2 16t 2 25 (Divide by 22)
2 s216d ± !s216d2 2 4s8ds225d
t5
2s8d
16 ± !256 1 800
t5
16
16 ± !1056 16 ± 4!66 4 ± !66
t5 5 5 < 3.0 seconds
16 16 4
Quadratic formula method was used because the numbers were large and equation would not factor.
(d) 0 5 216t2 1 32t 1 100 0 5 216t2 1 32t 1 84

0 5 4t2 2 8t 2 25 0 5 4t2 2 8t 2 21
t5 t5
2s4d 2s4d
8 ± !64 1 400 8 ± !64 1 336
t5 t5
8 8
8 ± !464 8 ± !400
t5 t5
8 8
t < 3.7 seconds t < 3.5 seconds
105. b2 2 4ac. If the discriminant is positive, the quadratic 107. The four methods are factoring, extracting square roots,
equation has two real solutions; if it is zero, the equation completing the square, and the Quadratic Formula.
has one (repeated) real solution; and if it is negative, the
equation has no real solutions.
1. 2x 2 2 72 5 0 2. 2x 2 1 3x 2 20 5 0 3. t2 5 12
2sx 2 2 36d 5 0 s2x 2 5dsx 1 4d 5 0 t 5 ± !12
2sx 2 6dsx 1 6d 5 0 2x 2 5 5 0 x1450 t 5 ± 2!3
5
x2650 x1650 x5 2 x 5 24
x56 x 5 26
4. su 2 3d2 2 16 5 0 5. s2 1 10s 1 1 5 0 6. 2y 2 1 6y 2 5 5 0
su 2 3d2 5 16 s2 1 10s 5 21 5
y 2 1 3y 5
2
u 2 3 5 ±4 s2 1 10s 1 25 5 21 1 25
9 5 9
u 5 3 ± 4 5 7, 21 ss 1 5d2 5 24 y 2 1 3y 1 5 1
4 2 4
s 1 5 5 ± !24
1y 1 232
2 10 9
5 1
s 5 25 ± 2!6 4 4
1y 1 232
2
19
5
4
3 !19
y1 5±
2 2
3 !19
y52 ±
2 2
24 ± !42 2 4s1ds26d 2 s23d ± !s23d2 2 4s6ds24d 25 ± !52 2 4s1ds7d

7. x 5 8. v 5 9. x 5
2s1d 2s6d 2s1d
24 ± !16 1 24 3 ± !9 1 96 25 ± !25 2 28
x5 v5 x5
2 12 2
24 ± !40 3 ± !105 25 ± !23
x5 v5 x5
2 12 2
24 ± 2!10 25 ± i!3 5 !3
x5 5 22 ± !10 x5 52 ± i
2 2 2 2
10. 36 5 st 2 4d2 11. sx 2 10dsx 1 3d 5 0 12. x 2 2 3x 2 10 5 0

±6 5 t 2 4 sx 2 10d 5 0 x1350 sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 5 0
4 ± 65t x 5 10 x 5 23 x2550 x1250
10, 22 5 t x55 x 5 22
210 ± !102 2 4s3ds5d

13. s2b 2 3ds2b 2 3d 5 0 14. m 5
2s3d
2b 2 3 5 0 2b 2 3 5 0
210 ± !100 2 60
m5
3 3 6
b5 b5
2 2
210 ± !40
m5
6
210 ± 2!10
m5
6
25 ± !10
m5
3
15. x 2 2!x 2 24 5 0 16. x 4 1 7x 2 1 12 5 0

let u 5 !x sx 2 1 4dsx 2 1 3d 5 0
s!xd 2
2 2!x 2 24 5 0 x 2 5 24 x 2 5 23
u2 2 2u 2 24 5 0 x 5 ± !24 x 5 ± !23
su 2 6dsu 1 4d 5 0 x 5 ± 2i x 5 ± !3i
u56 u 5 24
!x 5 6 !x 5 24
x 5 62 x 5 s24d2
x 5 36 x 5 16
Check: Not a solution
? ?
36 2 2!36 2 24 5 0 16 2 2!16 2 24 5 0
? ?
36 2 12 2 24 5 0 16 2 8 2 24 5 0
050 216 Þ 0

Y 5 .5 X,T, u x2 2 3 X,T, u 2 1 GRAPH Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 .045 X,T, u 2 4 GRAPH
05 .5x 2 2 3x 2 1 05 x2 1 0.45x 2 4
0 5 x 2 2 6x 2 2 20.45 ± !s0.45d2 2 4s1ds24d
x5
2s1d
2 s26d ± !s26d2 2 4s1ds22d
x5
2s1d 20.45 ± !0.2025 1 16
x5
2
6 ± !36 1 8
x5
2 20.45 ± !16.2025
x5
2
6 ± !44
x5
2 x < 1.79 and 22.24
6 ± 2!11 3
x5
2
x 5 3 ± !11 −6 6
x < 6.32 and 20.32

6
−5
−6 12
−6
19. 500 5 xs20 2 0.2xd

5 20x 2 0.2x 2
0.2x 2 2 20x 1 500 5 0
x 2 2 100x 1 2500 5 0
2 s2100d ± !s2100d2 2 4s1ds2500d
x5
2s1d
100 ± !10,000 2 10,000
x5
2
100 ± !0
x5 5 50 units
2
Equation: 2275 5 x ? s100 2 xd

2275 5 100x 2 x 2
0 5 x 2 2 100x 1 2275
0 5 sx 2 35dsx 2 65d
x 2 35 5 0 x 2 65 5 0
x 5 35 meters x 5 65 meters
35 meters 3 65 meters
Section 6.4 Applications of Quadratic Equations
Selling price 5 Cost per Profit per

1. Verbal model: 1
per doz eggs doz eggs doz eggs
21.60 21.60
Equation: 5 1 0.30
x x16
Labels: Number eggs sold 5 x
Number eggs purchased 5 x 1 6
21.60sx 1 6d 5 21.60x 1 0.30xsx 1 6d
21.6x 1 129.6 5 21.6x 1 0.3x 2 1 1.8x
0 5 0.3x 2 1 1.8x 2 129.6
0 5 3x2 1 18x 2 1296
0 5 x 2 1 6x 2 432
0 5 sx 1 24dsx 2 18d
x 5 224 x 5 18 dozen
21.60
Selling price 5 5 $1.20 per dozen
18
Selling price Cost per Profit per

3. Verbal model: 5 1
per video video video
Labels: Number videos sold 5 x
Number videos purchased 5 x 1 8
480 480
Equation: 5 1 10
x x18
480sx 1 8d 5 480x 1 10xsx 1 8d
480x 1 3840 5 480x 1 10x 2 1 80x
0 5 10x 2 1 80x 2 3840
0 5 x 2 1 8x 2 384
0 5 sx 1 24dsx 2 16d
x 5 224 x 5 16 videos
480
Selling price 5 5 $30
16
5. Verbal model: 2 Length 1 2 Width 5 Perimeter 7. Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Length 5 l Labels: Length 5 2.5w
Width 5 0.75 l Width 5 w
Equation: 2l 1 2s0.75ld 5 42 Equation: 250 5 2.5w ? w
2l 1 1.5l 5 42 250 5 2.5w2
3.5l 5 42 100 5 w2
l 5 12 inches 10 5 w
w 5 0.75 l 5 9 inches 25 5 2.5w
Verbal model: Length ? Width 5 Area Verbal model: 2 Length 1 2 Width 5 Perimeter
Equation: 12 ? 9 5 A Equation: 2s25d 1 2s10d 5 P

108 square inches 5 A 70 feet 5 P
Section 6.4 Applications of Quadratic Equations 333
9. Verbal model: Length ? Width 5 Area 11. Verbal model: 2 Length 1 2 Width 5 Perimeter
Labels: Length 5 l Labels: Length 5 w 1 3

Width 5 1 Width 5 w
3l
Equation: l ? 13l 5 192 Equation: 2sw 1 3d 1 2w 5 54

1 2
5 192 2w 1 6 1 2w 5 54
3l
l2 5 576 4w 5 48
l 5 24 inches w 5 12 km
w 5 13 l 5 8 inches l 5 w 1 3 5 15 km
Verbal model: 2 Length 1 2 Width 5 Perimeter Verbal model: Length ? Width 5 Area
Equation: 2s24d 1 2s8d 5 P Equation: 15 ? 12 5 180 square kilometers 5 A

48 1 16 5 P
64 inches 5 P
13. Verbal model: Length ? Width 5 Area 15. Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width
Labels: Length 5 l Labels: Length 5 x 1 4

Width 5 l 2 20 Width 5 x
Equation: l ? sl 2 20d 5 12,000 Equation: 192 5 sx 1 4dx
l2 2 20l 5 12,000 192 5 x 2 1 4x
l2 2 20l 1 100 5 12,000 1 100 0 5 x 2 1 4x 2 192
sl 2 10d2 5 12,100 0 5 sx 1 16dsx 2 12d
l 2 10 5 ± !12,100 x 5 216 x 5 12 inches
l 5 10 1 110 5 120 meters x 1 4 5 16 inches
w 5 l 2 20 5 100 meters
Verbal model: 2 Length 1 2 Width 5 Perimeter
Equation: 2s120d 1 2s100d 5 440 meters 5 P
1
2
? Height ? Base 19. Verbal model: Length ? Width 5 Area
Labels: Length 5 350 2 2x
Labels: Height 5 x 2 8
Width 5 x
Base 5 x
Equation: s350 2 2xd ? x 5 12,500
1
Equation: 192 5 sx 2 8dx 350x 2 2x 2 5 12,500
2
2x 2 2 350x 1 12,500 5 0
384 5 x 2 2 8x
x 2 2 175x 1 6,250 5 0
0 5 x 2 2 8x 2 384
175 ± !1752 2 4s1ds6, 250d
0 5 sx 2 24dsx 1 16d x5
2s1d
x 5 24 inches reject x 5 216 175 ± !5625 175 ± 75
x5 5
x 2 8 5 16 inches 2 2
x 5 125, 50
350 2 2x 5 100, 250
100 ft 3 125 ft. or 50 ft 3 250 ft.
21. Verbal model: Side 1 1 Side 2 1 Side 3 5 550

Equation: x 1 x 1 b 5 550
2x 1 b 5 550
b 5 550 2 2x
Verbal model: 1
2 ? Height ( Base 1 1 Base 2 ) 5 Area
Labels: Height 5 x
Base 1 5 x
Base 2 5 6
2 xsx 1 bd 5 43,560
1
Equation:
2 xsx 1 550 2 2xd 5 43,560

1
2 xs2x 1 550d 5 43,560

1
2 12 x 2 1 275x 5 43,560
2x 2 1 550x 5 87,120
0 5 x 2 2 550x 1 87,120
This has no real solution, so it would be impossible to have an area of 43,560 square feet.
23. Verbal model: Height ? Width 5 Area
Labels: Height 5 x
Width 5 48 2 2x
Equation: x ? s48 2 2xd 5 288
2x 2 2 48x 1 288 5 0
x 2 2 24x 1 144 5 0
sx 2 12dsx 2 12d 5 0
x 5 12
height 5 12 inches
width 5 48 2 2s12d
5 48 2 24 5 24 inches
25. A 5 Ps1 1 rd2 27. A 5 Ps1 1 rd2 29. A 5 Ps1 1 rd2

3499.20 5 3000s1 1 rd2 280.90 5 250.00s1 1 rd2 8420.20 5 8000.00s1 1 rd2
1.1664 5 s1 1 rd2 280.90 1.052525 5 s1 1 rd2
5 s1 1 rd2
250.00
1.08 5 1 1 r 1.0259 < 1 1 r
1.1236 5 s1 1 rd2
0.08 5 r or 8% .0259 < r or 2.59%
1.06 5 1 1 r
.06 5 r
6% 5 r
Cost per Number of

31. Verbal model:
member
? members
5 $240
Labels: Number of members 5 x

Number going to game 5 x 1 8
Equation: 1240x 2 12 ? sx 1 8d 5 240

1240x2 x2 sx 1 8d 5 240
s240 2 xdsx 1 8d 5 240x
240x 1 1920 2 x 2 2 8x 5 240x
2x 2 2 8x 1 1920 5 0
x 2 1 8x 2 1920 5 0
sx 1 48dsx 2 40d 5 0
x 5 248 x 5 40
x 1 8 5 48
Investment per Investment per

33. Verbal model: 2 5 6000
person; current group person; new group
Labels: Number in current group 5 x

Number in new group 5 x 1 3
80,000 80,000
Equation: 2 5 6000
x x13
xsx 1 3d 180,000
x
2
x132
80,000
5 s6000dxsx 1 3d
80,000sx 1 3d 2 80,000x 5 6000sx 2 1 3xd

80,000x 1 240,000 2 80,000x 5 6000x 2 1 18,000x
0 5 6000x 2 1 18,000x 2 240,000
0 5 x 2 1 3x 2 40
0 5 sx 1 8dsx 2 5d
x1850 x2550
x 5 28 x 5 5 investors
35. Common Formula: a2 1 b2 5 c2

Equation: x 2 1 s18 2 xd2 5 162
x 2 1 324 2 36x 1 x 2 5 256
2x 2 2 36x 1 68 5 0
x 2 2 18x 1 34 5 0
18 ± !182 2 4s1ds34d
x5
2s1d
18 ± !324 2 136 18 ± !188
x5 5
2 2
x 5 15.855655, reject 2.1443454
< 15.86 miles
37. (a) d 5 !s3 1 xd2 1 s4 1 xd2

Keystrokes:
Y5 x x 3 1 X,T, u 1 x 4 1 X,T, u
x x x
! x2 x2 GRAPH
Approximate value of x < 3.55 when d 5 10.

(b) 10 5 !3 1 xd2 1 s4 1 xd2 60
100 5 s3 1 xd2 1 s4 1 xd2

5 9 1 6x 1 x 2 1 16 1 8x 1 x 2
0 5 2x 2 1 14x 2 75
0 30
214 ± !142 2 4s2ds275d

0
x5
2s2d
214 ± !196 1 600
x5
4
214 ± !796
x5
4
14 ± 2!199
x5
4
27 ± !199
x5 < 3.55 meters
2
Work done by Work done by

39. Verbal model: 1 5 One complete job
Person 1 Person 2
Labels: Time to do job by Person 1 5 x

Time to do job by Person 2 5 x 1 2
1 1
Equation: s5d 1 s5d 5 1
x x12
3 1 x 1 x 1 22 5 14xsx 1 2d
1 1
xsx 1 2d s5d
5sx 1 2d 1 5x 5 xsx 1 2d
5x 1 10 1 5x 5 x 2 1 2x
2x 2 1 8x 1 10 5 0
x 2 2 8x 2 10 5 0
8 ± !s28d2 2 4s1ds210d
x5
2s1d
8 ± !64 1 40
x5
2
8 ± !104
x5
2
x < 9.1 hours, reject 21.1
x 1 2 < 11.1 hours
41. Verbal model: Rate Company 1 Rate Company 5 Rate together
Labels: Time Company A 5 x 1 3

Time Company B 5 x
1 1 1
Equation: 1 5
x13 x 4
4xsx 1 3d 1x 11 3 1 1x 2 5 11424xsx 1 3d
4x 1 4sx 1 3d 5 xsx 1 3d
4x 1 4x 1 12 5 x 2 1 3x
0 5 x 2 2 5x 2 12
2 s25d ± !s25d2 2 4s1ds212d
x5
2s1d
5 ± !25 1 48
x5
2
5 ± !73
x5
2
x < 6.8 days x 5 21.8
x 1 3 < 9.8
43. h 5 h0 2 16t2 45. h 5 h0 2 16t2

0 5 144 2 16t2 0 5 1454 2 16t2
16t2 5 144 16t2 5 1454
t2 5 9 t2 5 90.875
t 5 3 seconds t 5 9.532838 seconds < 9.5 seconds
47. h 5 3 1 75t 2 16t 2 49. (a) 336 5 216t 2 1 160t

0 5 3 1 75t 2 16t 2 0 5 216t 2 1 160t 2 336
0 5 16t 2 2 75t 2 3 0 5 t 2 2 10t 1 21
75 ± !s275d2 2 4s16ds23d 0 5 st 2 7dst 2 3d
t5
2s16d
at 3 seconds and at 7 seconds
75 ± !5625 1 192
t5 (b) 0 5 216t 2 1 160t
32
0 5 216tst 2 10d
75 ± !5817
t5
32 t 5 0, 10
75 ± 76.26926 after 10 seconds.
t5
32
t 5 4.7271644, reject 20.0396644
< 4.7 seconds
51. Verbal model: Integer ? Integer 5 Product Even Even

53. Verbal model:
integer
? integer
5 Product
Labels: First integer 5 n
Second integer 5 n 1 1 Labels: First even integer 5 2n
Equation: n ? sn 1 1d 5 240
1 1 Equation: 2n ? s2n 1 2d 5 224
n2 1 n 1 5 240 1
4 4
4n2 1 4n 5 224
960 1 1
1 2
1 2
n1 5 n2 1 n 5 56
2 4
n2 1 n 2 56 5 0
n1
1
2
5± ! 961
4 sn 1 8dsn 2 7d 5 0
1 !961 n1850 n2750
n52 ±
2 2
n 5 28 n57
21 ± 31
n5
2n 5 216 2n 5 14
52n 1 2 5 214
2
reject
n 5 15 n 5 216 2n 1 2 5 16
n 1 1 5 16 n 1 1 5 2 2 15
6 reject
Odd Odd
55. Verbal model:
integer
? integer 5 Product
Labels: First odd integer 5 2n 1 1

Second odd integer 5 2n 1 3
Equation: s2n 1 1d ? s2n 1 3d 5 483
4n2 1 8n 1 3 5 483
4n 1 8n 2 480 5 0
2
n2 1 2n 2 120 5 0
sn 1 12dsn 2 10d 5 0
n 1 12 5 0 n 2 10 5 0
n 5 212 n 5 10
2n 1 1 5 21
2n 1 3 5 23
1
57. Verbal model: Original time 5 New time 1
5
Labels: Speed 5 x
Increased speed 5 x 1 40
720 720 1
Equation: 5 1
x x 1 40 5
720s5dsx 1 40d 5 720s5xd 1 xsx 1 40d
3600x 1 144,000 5 3600x 1 x 2 1 40x
0 5 x 2 1 40x 2 144,000
240 ± !402 2 4s1ds2144,000d
x5
2s1d
40 ± !1600 1 576,000
x5
2
240 ± 760
x5
2
x 5 360, 2400
x 1 40 5 400 miles per hour
59. Verbal model: Total Cost 5 Wage Cost 1 Fuel Cost

Label: Time 5 x
3 4
1110x 2
2
Equation: 20.39 5 5x 1 x5
600
121
20.39 5 5x 1
6x
122.34x 5 30x 2 1 121
0 5 30x 2 2 122.34x 1 121
2 s2122.34d ± !s2122.34d2 2 4s30ds121d
x5
2s30d
122.34 ± !477.0756
x5
60
x < 2.39, 1.67
110
v5 < 46 miyhr
2.39
or
110
v5 < 65 miyhr
1.67
61. (a) a 1 b 5 20 A 5 pab

b 5 20 2 a A 5 pas20 2 ad
(b)
a 4 7 10 13 16
A 201.1 285.9 314.2 285.9 201.1
A 5 ps4ds20 2 4d A 5 ps7ds20 2 7d A 5 ps10ds20 2 10d

5 ps4ds16d 5 ps7ds13d 5 ps10ds10d
5 64p 5 91p 5 100p
< 201.1 < 285.9 < 314.2
A 5 ps13ds20 2 13d A 5 ps16ds20 2 16d
5 ps13ds7d 5 ps16ds4d
5 91p 5 64p
< 285.9 < 201.1
(c) 300 5 pas20 2 ad (d) A 5 pas20 2 ad
0 5 20pa 2 pa2 2 300 Keystrokes:
0 5 pa2 2 20pa 1 300 Y5 p X,T, u x 2 X,T, u
x
20 GRAPH
400
2 s220pd ± !s220pd2 2 4spds300d
a5
2spd
20p ± !177.9305761
a5
2p
a < 12.1, 7.9 0
0
20
63. Guidelines for solving word problems:

(a) Write a verbal model that will describe what you need to know.
(b) Assign labels to each part of the verbal model—numbers to the known quantities and letters to the variable quantities.
(c) Use the labels to write an algebraic model based on the verbal model.
(d) Solve the resulting algebraic equation and check your solution.
65. Unit Analysis

9 dollars
hour
? s20 hoursd 5 180 dollars
67. An example of a quadratic equation that has only one repeated solution is sx 1 4d2 5 0. Any equation of the form
sx 2 cd2 5 0, where c is a constant will have only one repeated solution.
Section 6.5 Quadratic and Rational Inequalities
1. xs2x 2 5d 5 0 3. 4x 2 2 81 5 0 5. xsx 1 3d 2 5sx 1 3d 5 0

x 5 0 2x 2 5 5 0 x2 5 81
4 sx 2 5dsx 1 3d 5 0
5 9
x5 2 x5 ±2 x55 x 5 23
9
Critical numbers 5 0, 5
2 Critical numbers: 2, 2 92 Critical numbers: 5, 23
7. x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0 9. 4x 2 2 20x 1 25 5 0
sx 2 3dsx 2 1d 5 0 s2x 2 5d2 5 0
x53 x51 2x 2 5 5 0
Critical numbers 5 3, 1 x 5 52
5
Critical number: 2
11. Negative: s2 `, 4d 13. Negative: s6, `d

Positive: s4, `d Positive: s2 `, 6d
− + + −
x x
4 6
Choose a test value from each interval. Choose a test value from each interval.
s2 `, 4d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ 0 2 4 5 24 < 0 s2 `, 6d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ 3 2 12 s0d 5 3 > 0
s4, `d ⇒ x 5 5 ⇒ 5 2 4 5 1 > 0 s6, `d ⇒ x 5 8 ⇒ 3 2 12 s8d 5 21 < 0
15. Positive: s2 `, 0d
Negative: s0, 4d
Positive: s4, `d
+ − +
x
0 4
Choose a test value from each interval.

s2 `, 0d ⇒ x 5 21 ⇒ 2s21ds21 2 4d 5 10 > 0
s0, 4d ⇒ x 5 1 ⇒ 2s1ds1 2 4d 5 26 < 0
s4, `d ⇒ x 5 5 ⇒ 2s5ds5 2 4d 5 10 > 0
63. Guidelines for solving word problems:

(a) Write a verbal model that will describe what you need to know.
(b) Assign labels to each part of the verbal model—numbers to the known quantities and letters to the variable quantities.
(c) Use the labels to write an algebraic model based on the verbal model.
(d) Solve the resulting algebraic equation and check your solution.
65. Unit Analysis

9 dollars
hour
? s20 hoursd 5 180 dollars
67. An example of a quadratic equation that has only one repeated solution is sx 1 4d2 5 0. Any equation of the form
sx 2 cd2 5 0, where c is a constant will have only one repeated solution.
Section 6.5 Quadratic and Rational Inequalities
1. xs2x 2 5d 5 0 3. 4x 2 2 81 5 0 5. xsx 1 3d 2 5sx 1 3d 5 0

x 5 0 2x 2 5 5 0 x2 5 81
4 sx 2 5dsx 1 3d 5 0
5 9
x5 2 x5 ±2 x55 x 5 23
9
Critical numbers 5 0, 5
2 Critical numbers: 2, 2 92 Critical numbers: 5, 23
7. x 2 2 4x 1 3 5 0 9. 4x 2 2 20x 1 25 5 0
sx 2 3dsx 2 1d 5 0 s2x 2 5d2 5 0
x53 x51 2x 2 5 5 0
Critical numbers 5 3, 1 x 5 52
5
Critical number: 2
11. Negative: s2 `, 4d 13. Negative: s6, `d

Positive: s4, `d Positive: s2 `, 6d
− + + −
x x
4 6
Choose a test value from each interval. Choose a test value from each interval.
s2 `, 4d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ 0 2 4 5 24 < 0 s2 `, 6d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ 3 2 12 s0d 5 3 > 0
s4, `d ⇒ x 5 5 ⇒ 5 2 4 5 1 > 0 s6, `d ⇒ x 5 8 ⇒ 3 2 12 s8d 5 21 < 0
15. Positive: s2 `, 0d
Negative: s0, 4d
Positive: s4, `d
+ − +
x
0 4
Choose a test value from each interval.

s2 `, 0d ⇒ x 5 21 ⇒ 2s21ds21 2 4d 5 10 > 0
s0, 4d ⇒ x 5 1 ⇒ 2s1ds1 2 4d 5 26 < 0
s4, `d ⇒ x 5 5 ⇒ 2s5ds5 2 4d 5 10 > 0
Section 6.5 Quadratic and Rational Inequalities 341
17. 4 2 x 2 5 s2 2 xds2 1 xd 19. sx 2 5dsx 1 1d

Negative: s2 `, 22d < s2, `d Positive: s2 `, 21d
Positive: s22, 2d Negative: s21, 5d
Positive: s5, `d
− + −
x
−2 2 + − +
x
Choose a test value from each interval. −1 5
s2 `, 22d ⇒ x 5 23 ⇒ s223ds2 1 23d 5 25 < 0 Choose a test value from each interval.
s22, 2d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ s2 2 0ds2 1 0d 5 4 > 0 s2 `, 21d ⇒ x 5 22 ⇒ s22 2 5ds22 1 1d 5 7 > 0
s2, `d ⇒ x 5 3 ⇒ s2 2 3ds2 1 3d 5 25 < 0 s21, 5d ⇒ x 5 0 ⇒ s0 2 5ds0 1 1d 5 25 < 0
s5, `d ⇒ x 5 6 ⇒ s6 2 5ds6 1 1d 5 7 > 0
21. 2sx 1 3d ≥ 0 3 25. 3xsx 2 2d < 0

23. 2 x 1 6 < 0
4
Critical number: x 5 23 Critical number: x 5 0, 2
Test intervals: Critical number: x 5 8
Test intervals:
Negative: s2 `, 23g Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 0d
Positive: f23, `d Negative: s8, `d
Negative: s0, 2d
Solution: f23, `d Positive: s2 `, 8d
Positive: s2, `d
Solution: s8, `d
x Solution: s0, 2d
4 3 2 1 0
x
x
7 8 9 10
1 0 1 2 3
27. 3xs2 2 xd ≥ 0 29. x2 > 4 31. x 2 1 3x 2 10 ≤ 0

Critical numbers: x 5 0, 2 x2 2 4 > 0 sx 1 5dsx 2 2d ≤ 0
Test intervals: sx 2 2dsx 1 2d > 0 Critical number: x 5 25, 2
Negative: s2 `, 0g Critical numbers: x 5 2, 22 Test intervals:
Positive: f0, 2g Test intervals: Positive: s2 `, 25g
Negative: f2, `d Positive: s2 `, 2d Negative: f25, 2g
Solution: f0, 2g Negative: s22, 2d Positive: f2, `d
x Positive: s2, `d Solution: f25, 2g
−1
Solution: s2 `, 22d < s2, `d
0 1 2 3
5
x
x 6 4 2 0 2 4
−4 −2 0 2 4
35. x2 1 4x 1 5 < 0
33. u2 1 2u 2 2 > 1 37. sx 1 1d2 ≥ 0
u2 1 2u 2 3 > 0 24 ± !16 2 20
x5 sx 1 1d2 ≥ 0 for all real numbers
2
su 1 3dsu 2 1d > 0 Solution: s2 `, `d
Critical numbers: u 5 23, 1 No critical numbers
x
Test intervals: x 2 1 4x 1 5 is not less than zero −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
for any value of x.

Positive: s2 `, 23d
Solution: none
Negative: s23, 1d
Positive: s1, `d
Solution: s2 `, 23d < s1, `d
u
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2
39. x2 2 4x 1 2 > 0
41. x 2 2 6x 1 9 ≥ 0
4 ± !16 2 8
x5 sx 2 3d2 ≥ 0
2
4 ± !8 4 ± 2!2 sx 2 3d2 ≥ 0 for all real numbers
5 5
2 2 x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
5 2 ± !2
Critical numbers: x 5 2 1 !2, 2 2 !2
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 2 2 !2 d
Negative: s2 2 !2, 2 1 !2 d
Positive: s2 1 !2, `d
Solution: s2 `, 2 2 !2d < s2 1 !2, `d
2 2 2 2
x
1 0 1 2 3 4 5
43. u2 2 10u 1 25 < 0 45. 3x 2 1 2x 2 8 ≤ 0

su 2 5dsu 2 5d < 0 s3x 2 4dsx 1 2d ≤ 0
4
Critical number: u 5 5 Critical numbers: x 5 3, 22
Test intervals: Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 5d Positive: s2 `, 22g
Positive: s5, `d Negative: f22, 3g
4
Solution: none Positive: f43, `d

Solution: f22, 3g
4
4
3
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
47. 26u2 1 19u 2 10 > 0 49. 2u2 2 7u 2 4 > 0

6u2 2 19u 1 10 < 0 sMultiply by 21d s2u 1 1dsu 2 4d > 0
s3u 2 2ds2u 2 5d < 0 Critical numbers: u 5 2 12, 4
Critical numbers: u 5 23, 52 Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 2 2 d
1
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 3 d Negative: s2 2, 4d
2 1
Negative: s23, 52 d Positive: s4, `d

Positive: s2, `d Solution: s2 `, 2 2 d < s4, `d
5 1
Solution: s3, 2 d
2 5
1
2
u
2 5
3 2 4 2 0 2 4 6
u
0 1 2 3
51. 4x 2 1 28x 1 49 ≤ 0 53. sx 2 5d2 > 0 for all real numbers except 5.
s2x 1 7ds2x 1 7d ≤ 0 Solution: none
27
Critical number: x 5 2
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 2 2 d
7
Positive: s2 2, `d
7
7
Solution: 2 2
− 72
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0
55. 6 2 sx 2 2 10x 1 25d < 0 57. 16 ≤ su 1 5d2

6 2 x 2 1 10x 2 25 < 0 su 1 5d2 ≥ 16
x 2 2 10x 1 19 > 0 u2 1 10u 1 25 2 16 ≥ 0
10 ± !100 2 76 u2 1 10u 1 9 ≥ 0
x5
2
su 1 9dsu 1 1d ≥ 0
10 ± !24 10 ± 2!6
5 5 Critical numbers: x 5 29, 21
2 2
Test intervals:
5 5 ± !6
Positive: s2 `, 29g
Critical numbers: x 5 5 1 !6, 5 2 !6
Negative: s29, 21g
Test intervals:
Positive: f21, `d
Positive: s2 `, 5 2 !6d
Solution: s2 `, 29g < f21, `d
Negative: s5 2 !6, 5 1 !6d
−9 −1
Positive: s5 1 !6, `d u
Solution: s2 `, 5 2 !6d < s5 1 !6, `d

−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0
5 6 5 6
x
0 2 4 6 8 10
59. xsx 2 2dsx 1 2d > 0 61. Keystrokes:
Critical numbers: x 5 0, 2, 22 Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 6 X,T, u GRAPH
Test intervals: s0, 6d

Negative: s2 `, 22d 10
Positive: s22, 0d
−2
Negative: s0, 2d
8
Positive: s2, `d
−10
Solution: s22, 0d < s2, `d
x
3 2 1 0 1 2 3

Y 5 0.5 X,T, u x2 1 1.25 X,T, u 2 3 GRAPH y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 4 X,T, u 1 4 ENTER
s2 `, 24d < s `d 3
2, y2 9 GRAPH
5 s2 `, 25g < f1, `d
14
−7 5
−5
−8 4
−2
67. Keystrokes: 12
y1 Y 5 9 2 x X,T, u 2 2
x
0.2 x2
y2 4 GRAPH
−6
s2 `, 23d < s7, `d
10
−3
69. Critical number: x 5 3 71. Critical numbers: x 5 0, 25

x x
1 2 3 4 5 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1
5 25
73. > 0 75. > 0
x23 x23
Critical number: x 5 3 Critical number: x 5 3
Negative: s2 `, 3d Positive: s2 `, 3d
Positive: s3, `d Negative: s3, `d
Solution: s3, `d Solution: s2 `, 3d

+ −
− +
x
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
0 1 2 3 4
x x13
77. < 0 79. ≤ 0
x23 x24
Critical numbers: x 5 0, 3 Critical numbers: x 5 23, 4
Positive: s2 `, 0d Positive: s2 `, 23g
Negative: s0, 3d Negative: f23, 4d
Positive: s3, `d Positive: s4, `d
Solution: s0, 3d Solution: f23, 4d
+ − + + − +
x x
−1 0 1 2 3 4 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
y23 x12
y24 83. ≥ 0 85. ≤ 0
81. < 0 y 2 11 4x 1 6
y16
11 3
Critical numbers: y 5 4, 26 Critical numbers: y 5 3, Critical numbers: x 5 22, 2
2 2
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 26d
Positive: s2 `, 3g Positive: s2 `, 22g
Negative: s26, 4d
33, 2 2 322, 2 22
11 3
Negative: Negative:
Positive: s4, `d
Solution: s26, 4d
Positive: 1112, `2 Positive: 12 23, `2
+ − +
1112, `2 322, 2 22
3
y Solution: s2 `, 3g < Solution:
−8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
+ − + + − +
11
3 2
−3
2
y x
0 2 4 6 8 −3 −2 −1 0
3su 2 3d 6
87. < 0 89. > 2 Critical numbers: x 5 7, 4
u11 x24
Test intervals:
Critical numbers: u 5 3, 21 6
22 > 0
x24 Negative: s2 `, 4d
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 21d 6 2 2sx 2 4d Positive: s4, 7d
> 0
x24
Negative: s21, 3d Negative: s7, `d
6 2 2x 1 8
Positive: s3, `d > 0 Solution: s4, 7d
x24
Solution: s21, 3d 14 2 2x − + −
> 0 7
+ − + x24 x
0 2 4 6 8
u 22s27 1 xd
> 0
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x24
4x 2 x21
91. < 21 Critical numbers: x 5 2 , 22 93. ≤ 2 Critical numbers: x 5 5, 3
x12 5 x23
Test intervals:
4x Test intervals: x21
11 < 0 22 ≤ 0
x12 x23 Negative: s2 `, 3d
Positive: s2 `, 22d
4x 1 sx 1 2d x 2 1 2 2sx 2 3d Positive: s3, 5g
x12
< 0
Negative: 1 22, 2
2
5 2 x23
≤ 0
Negative: f5, `d
5x 1 2 x 2 1 2 2x 1 6
Solution: s2 `, 3d < f5, `d
x12
< 0
Positive: 12 52, `2 x23
≤ 0
− + −
2x 1 5
Solution: 1 22, 2
2
5 2 x23
≤ 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
x
+ − +
−2
5
x
−3 −2 −1 0

Y 5 1 4 X,T, u 2 X,T, u GRAPH Y5 x X,T, u 1 6 4 x X,T, u 1 1 2
x x
2 GRAPH
Solution: s2 `, 21d < s0, 1d Solution: s2 `, 21d < s4, `d
4 4
−8 7
−6 6
−4 −6

y1 Y 5 x 6 X,T, u 2 4 x X,T, u 1 5 y1 Y 5 X,T, u 1 1 4 X,T, u
x x
3 ENTER ENTER
y2 2 GRAPH y2 3 GRAPH
Solution: s25, 3.25d Solution: s0, 0.382d < s2.618, `d
12 8
−8 8
−18 9
−6 −8

Y 5 3 X,T, u 4 x X,T, u 2 2 GRAPH Y 5 2 X,T, u 4 x X,T, u 1 4
x
x2 x2 GRAPH
(a) Solution f0, 2d (a) Solution: s2 `, 22g < f2, `d

sLook at x-axis and vertical asymptote x 5 2d (Graph y 5 1 as y2 and find the intersection.)
(b) s2, 4g (b) Solution s2 `, `d
(Graph y 5 6 as y2 and find the intersection.) (Notice graph stays below line y 5 2.)
12 3
−5 12
−4 4
−8 −1
107. height > 240

216t2 1 128t > 240
216t2 1 128t 2 240 > 0
t2 2 8t 1 15 < 0
st 2 3dst 2 5d < 0
Critical numbers: x 5 3, 5
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 3d
Negative: s3, 5d
Positive: s5, `d
Solution: s3, 5d
109. 1000s1 1 rd2 > 1150

1000s1 1 2r 1 r2d > 1150
1000 1 2000r 1 1000r2 > 1150
1000r2 1 2000r 2 150 > 0
20r2 1 40r 2 3 > 0
240 1 !1840 240 2 !1840
Critical numbers: r 5 ,
40 40
r cannot be negative.
Test intervals:
Negative: 10, 240 140 18402

!
Positive: 1 , `2
240 1 1840
!
40
Solution: 1 , `2
240 1 1840!
40
s0.0724, `d, r > 7.24%
111. Verbal model: Profit > 1,650,000
Revenue 2 Cost 5 Profit > 1,650,000
xs50 2 0.0002xd 2 f12x 1 150,000g > 1,650,000

50x 2 0.0002x 2 2 12x 2 150,000 > 1,650,000
20.0002x 2 1 38x 2 150,000 > 1,650,000
0 > 0.0002x 2 2 38x 1 1,800,000
0 > s0.0002x 2 20dsx 2 90,000d
Critical numbers: 90,000, 100,000
Test intervals:
Positive: s0, 90,000d
Negative: s90,000, 100,000d
Positive: s100,000, `d
Solution: s90,000, 100,000d
90,000 ≤ x ≤ 100,000 units
113. Area > 240 115. (a) Keystrokes:

ls32 2 ld > 240 Y5 x 2 13.23 X,T, u 4 x 2
x
244.20 1 .13
32l 2 l2 > 240 X,T, u 1 .005 X,T, u x2
x
GRAPH
2l2 1 32l 2 240 > 0 (b) Let y2 5 400 and find the intersection of the graphs.
l2 2 32l 1 240 < 0 Solution: f5.7, 13.7g, 5.7 ≤ t ≤ 13 ?7
sl 2 20dsl 2 12d < 0 600
Critical numbers: l 5 20, 12

Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 12d
Negative: s12, 20d −1 18
−10
Positive: s20, `d
Solution: s12, 20d
117. The direction of the inequality is reversed, when both sides are multiplied by a negative real number.
119. A polynomial can change signs only at the x-values that make the polynomial zero. The zeros of the polynomial are called the
ciritical numbers, and they are used ro determine the test intervals in solving polynomial inequalities.
121. x 2 1 1 < 0 is one example of a quadratic inequality that has no real solution. Any inequality of the form x 2 1 c < 0, c any
positive constant or 2x 2 2 c > 0, c any positive constant will not have a real solution.
1. x 2 1 12x 5 0 3. 4y 2 2 1 5 0 5. 4y 2 1 20y 1 25 5 0
xsx 1 12d 5 0 s2y 2 1ds2y 1 1d 5 0 s2y 1 5ds2y 1 5d 5 0
x50 x 1 12 5 0 2y 2 1 5 0 2y 1 1 5 0 2y 1 5 5 0 2y 1 5 5 0
1
x50 x 5 212 y5 2 y5 2 12 2y 5 25 2y 5 25
y5 2 52 y 5 2 52
7. 2x 2 2 2x 2 180 5 0 9. 6x 2 2 12x 5 4x 2 2 3x 1 18 11. 4x 2 5 10,000

2sx 2 2 x 2 90d 5 0 2x 2 2 9x 2 18 5 0 x 2 5 2500
2sx 2 10dsx 1 9d 5 0 s2x 1 3dsx 2 6d 5 0 x 5 ± !2500
3
x 2 10 5 0 x1950 x 5 22 x56 x 5 ± 50
x 5 10 x 5 29
13. y 2 2 12 5 0 15. sx 2 16d2 5 400 17. z2 5 2121

y 2 5 12 x 2 16 5 ± !400 z 5 ± !2121
y 5 ± !12 x 5 16 ± 20 z 5 ± 11i
y 5 ± 2!3 x 5 36, 24
19. y 2 1 50 5 0 21. s y 1 4d2 1 18 5 0

y 2 5 250 s y 1 4d2 5 218
y 5 ± !250 y 1 4 5 ± !218
y 5 ± 5!2i y 5 24 ± 3!2i
23. x 4 2 4x 2 2 5 5 0 25. x 2 4!x 1 3 5 0

sx 2 2 5dsx 2 1 1d 5 0 s!x 2 3ds!x 2 1d 5 0
x2 1 1 5 0 s!x 2 3d 5 0 s!x 2 1d 5 0
x2 2 5 5 0 x 2 5 21 !x 5 3 !x 5 1
x2 5 5 x 5 ± !21 s!xd 2
5 32 s!xd2 5 12
x 5 ± !5 x 5 ±i x59 x51
Check: Check:
? ?
9 2 4!9 1 3 5 0 1 2 4!1 1 3 5 0
? ?
9 2 12 1 3 5 0 1241350
050 050
117. The direction of the inequality is reversed, when both sides are multiplied by a negative real number.
119. A polynomial can change signs only at the x-values that make the polynomial zero. The zeros of the polynomial are called the
ciritical numbers, and they are used ro determine the test intervals in solving polynomial inequalities.
121. x 2 1 1 < 0 is one example of a quadratic inequality that has no real solution. Any inequality of the form x 2 1 c < 0, c any
positive constant or 2x 2 2 c > 0, c any positive constant will not have a real solution.
1. x 2 1 12x 5 0 3. 4y 2 2 1 5 0 5. 4y 2 1 20y 1 25 5 0
xsx 1 12d 5 0 s2y 2 1ds2y 1 1d 5 0 s2y 1 5ds2y 1 5d 5 0
x50 x 1 12 5 0 2y 2 1 5 0 2y 1 1 5 0 2y 1 5 5 0 2y 1 5 5 0
1
x50 x 5 212 y5 2 y5 2 12 2y 5 25 2y 5 25
y5 2 52 y 5 2 52
7. 2x 2 2 2x 2 180 5 0 9. 6x 2 2 12x 5 4x 2 2 3x 1 18 11. 4x 2 5 10,000

2sx 2 2 x 2 90d 5 0 2x 2 2 9x 2 18 5 0 x 2 5 2500
2sx 2 10dsx 1 9d 5 0 s2x 1 3dsx 2 6d 5 0 x 5 ± !2500
3
x 2 10 5 0 x1950 x 5 22 x56 x 5 ± 50
x 5 10 x 5 29
13. y 2 2 12 5 0 15. sx 2 16d2 5 400 17. z2 5 2121

y 2 5 12 x 2 16 5 ± !400 z 5 ± !2121
y 5 ± !12 x 5 16 ± 20 z 5 ± 11i
y 5 ± 2!3 x 5 36, 24
19. y 2 1 50 5 0 21. s y 1 4d2 1 18 5 0

y 2 5 250 s y 1 4d2 5 218
y 5 ± !250 y 1 4 5 ± !218
y 5 ± 5!2i y 5 24 ± 3!2i
23. x 4 2 4x 2 2 5 5 0 25. x 2 4!x 1 3 5 0

sx 2 2 5dsx 2 1 1d 5 0 s!x 2 3ds!x 2 1d 5 0
x2 1 1 5 0 s!x 2 3d 5 0 s!x 2 1d 5 0
x2 2 5 5 0 x 2 5 21 !x 5 3 !x 5 1
x2 5 5 x 5 ± !21 s!xd 2
5 32 s!xd2 5 12
x 5 ± !5 x 5 ±i x59 x51
Check: Check:
? ?
9 2 4!9 1 3 5 0 1 2 4!1 1 3 5 0
? ?
9 2 12 1 3 5 0 1241350
050 050
27. sx 2 2 2xd2 2 4sx 2 2 2xd 2 5 5 0 29. x2y3 1 3x1y3 2 28 5 0

fsx 2 2 2xd 2 5gfsx 2 2 2xd 1 1g 5 0 sx1y3 1 7dsx1y3 2 4d 5 0
sx 2 2 2x 2 5dsx 2 2 2x 1 1d 5 0 x1y3 1 7 5 0 x1y3 2 4 5 0
2 s22d ± !s22d2 2 4s1ds25d x1y3 5 27 x1y3 5 4
x5
2s1d 3 x 5 27 3 x 5 4
! !
2 ± !4 1 20
x5
2
s!3 xd3 5 s27d3 s!3 xd3 5 43
x 5 2343 x 5 64
2 ± !24
x5
2
2 ± 2!6
x5 sx 2 1d2 5 0
2
x 5 1 ± !6 x51
31. x 2 2 6x 2 3 5 0 33. x 2 2 3x 1 3 5 0
x 2 2 6x 1 9 5 3 1 9 9 9
x 2 2 3x 1 5 23 1
4 4
sx 2 3d 5 12
2
212 1 9
1x 2 232
2
x 2 3 5 ± !12 5
4
x 5 3 ± 2!3
1x 2 232
2 3
52
4
x2
3
2
5± !2 43
3 i!3
x5 ±
2 2
2
35. y 2 2 y 1 2 5 0 37. 2y 2 1 10y 1 3 5 0
3
25 3 25
2 y 2 1 5y 1 52 1
y 2 2 y 5 22 4 2 4
3
26 1 25
1y 1 252
2
2 1 1 5
y2 2 y 1 5 22 1 4
3 9 9
1y 1 252
2 19
217 5
1 2
1 2
y2 5 4
3 9
y2
1
3
5± ! 217
9
y1
5
2
5± !194
5 !19
1 !17i y52 ±
y5 ± 2 2
3 3
39. y2 1 y 2 30 5 0 41. 2y2 1 y 2 21 5 0

21 ± !12 2 4s1ds230d 21 ± !12 2 4s2ds221d
y5 y5
2s1d 2s2d
21 ± !1 1 120 21 ± !1 1 168
y5 y5
2 4
21 ± !121 21 ± !169
y5 y5
2 4
21 ± 11 21 ± 13
y5 y5
2 4
y 5 5, 26 7
y 5 3, 2
2
43. 5x 2 2 16x 1 2 5 0 45. 0.3t2 2 2t 1 5 5 0

2 s216d ± !s216d2 2 4s5ds2d 2 s22d ± !s22d2 2 4s0.3ds5d
x5 t5
2s5d 2s0.3d
16 ± !256 2 40 2 ± !4 2 6
x5 t5
10 0.6
16 ± !216 2 ± !22
x5 t5
10 0.6
16 ± 6!6 2 ± i!2
x5 t5
10 0.6
8 ± 3!6 20 ± 10!2i 10 5!2i
x5 t5 5 ±
5 6 3 3
47. x2 1 4x 1 4 5 0 49. s2 2 s 2 20 5 10
b2 2 4ac 5 42 2 4s1ds4d b2 2 4ac 5 s21d2 2 4s1ds220d
5 16 2 16 5 1 1 80
50 5 81
One repeated rational solution. Two distinct rational solutions.
51. 3t2 1 17t 1 10 5 0 53. v2 2 6v 1 21 5 0

b2 2 4ac 5 172 2 4s3ds10d b2 2 4ac 5 s26d2 2 4s1ds21d
5 289 2 120 5 36 2 84
5 169 5 248
Two distinct rational solutions. Two distinct imaginary solutions.
55. 5xs7 2 xd > 0 7

x
Critical numbers: x 5 0, 7 2 0 2 4 6 8
Test intervals:
Negative: s2 `, 0d
Positive: s0, 7d
Negative: s7, `d
Solution: s0, 7d
57. 16 2 sx 2 2d2 ≤ 0 59. 2x 2 1 3x 2 20 < 0

s4 2 x 1 2ds4 1 x 2 2d ≤ 0 s2x 2 5dsx 1 4d < 0
s6 2 xds2 1 xd ≤ 0 5
Critical numbers: x 5 22, 6 Test intervals:
Test intervals: Positive: s2 `, 24d
Negative: s2 `, 2g Negative: s24, 2 d
5
Positive: f22, 6g Positive: s52, `d

Negative: f6, `d Solution: s24, 2 d
5
Solution: s2 `, 22g < f6, `d 5

2
x
x
6 4 2 0 2 4
4 2 0 2 4 6 8
x13 2x 2 2
61. ≥ 0 63. 12 < 0 Critical numbers: x 5 26, 2 52
2x 2 7 x16
Test intervals:
7
Critical numbers: x 5 23, 2 2x 2 2 1 2sx 1 6d
< 0
x16 Positive: s2 `, 26d
Test intervals:
Negative: s26, 2 2 d
5
2x 2 2 1 2x 1 12
Positive: s2 `, 23g < 0
x16
Positive: s2 2, `d
5
Negative: f23, 2 g
7
4x 1 10
Solution: s26, 2 2 d
5
< 0
Positive: s `d7
2,
x16
− 25
Solution: f2 `, 23g < s72, `d x
7
−7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2
2
x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4
Selling price Cost per Profit per

per car car car
Labels: Number cars sold 5 x
Number cars purchased 5 x 1 4
80,000 80,000
Equation: 5 1 1,000
x x14
xsx 1 4d 180,000
x 2 1x14
5
80,000
1 1,0002xsx 1 4d
80,000sx 1 4d 5 80,000x 1 1,000xsx 1 4d

80,000x 1 320,000 5 80,000x 1 1,000x 2 1 4,000x
0 5 1,000x 2 1 4,000x 2 320,000
0 5 x 2 1 4x 2 320
0 5 sx 1 20dsx 2 16d
reject x 5 220 x 5 16 cars
80,000
Average price per car 5 5 $5,000
16
67. Verbal model: Area 5 Length ? Width 69. Formula: A 5 Ps1 1 rd2
Labels: Width 5 x 21,424.50 5 20,000s1 1 rd2
Length 5 x 1 12 1.071225 5 s1 1 rd2
Equation: 108 5 sx 1 12dx 1.035 5 1 1 r
05 x2 1 12x 2 108 .035 5 r or 3.5%
0 5 sx 1 18dsx 2 6d
reject x 5 218 x 5 6 inches
x 1 12 5 18 inches
Cost per person Cost per person

71. Verbal model: 2 5 $1.50
Current Group New Group
Labels: Number in Current Group 5 x

Number in New Group 5 x 1 8
360 360
Equation: 2 5 1.50
x x18
fxsx 1 8dg 1360x 2 x360

1 82
5 s1.50dfxsx 1 8dg
360sx 1 8d 2 360x 5 1.50sx 2 1 8xd

360x 1 2880 2 360x 5 1.50x 2 1 12x
0 5 1.5x 2 1 12x 2 2880
0 5 x 2 1 8x 2 1920
0 5 sx 1 48dsx 2 40d
x 1 48 5 0 x 2 40 5 0
x 5 248 x 5 40
x 1 8 5 48
Cost per Number of a 1 b 5 140

73. Verbal model:
ticket
? tickets
5 $96 75. Formula: c2 5 a2 1 b2
Labels: c 5 100 x 1 b 5 140
Labels: Number in team 5 x
a5x b 5 140 2 x
Number going to game 5 x 1 3
b 5 140 2 x
Equation: 196x 2 1.602sx 1 3d 5 96 Equation: 1002 5 x 2 1 s140 2 xd2
196 2x1.60x2sx 1 3d 5 96 10,000 5 x 2 1 19,600 2 280x 1 x 2

0 5 2x 2 2 280x 1 9,600
s96 2 1.6xdsx 1 3d 5 96x
0 5 x 2 2 140x 1 4800
96x 2 1.6x 2 2 4.8x 1 288 5 96x
0 5 sx 2 60dsx 2 80d
1.6x 2 1 4.8x 2 288 5 0
x 5 60 x 5 80
x 2 1 3x 2 180 5 0
140 2 x 5 80 140 2 x 5 60
sx 2 12)sx 1 15d 5 0
60 feet and 80 feet
x 2 12 5 0 x 1 15 5 0
x 5 12 x 5 215 reject
x 1 3 5 15
Work done Work done

77. Verbal model: 1 5 One complete job
by Person 1 by Person 2
Labels: Time Person 1 5 x

Labels: Time Person 2 5 x 1 2
1 1
Equation: s10d 1 s10d 5 1
x x12
3 11x 1 x 11 224 5 f1gxsx 1 2d

xsx 1 2d 10
10sx 1 2d 1 10x 5 xsx 1 2d

10x 1 20 1 10x 5 x 2 1 2x
0 5 x 2 2 18x 2 20
2 s218d ± !s218d2 2 4s1ds220d
x5
2s1d
18 ± !324 1 80
x5
2
18 ± !404
x5
2
18 ± 2!101
x5
2
x 5 9 ± !101
x < 19 x < 21
x 1 2 < 21
19 hours, 21 hours
79. (a) 256 5 216t2 1 64t 1 192 (b) 0 5 216t2 1 64t 1 192
0 5 216t2 1 64t 2 64 0 5 216st2 2 4t 2 12d
0 5 t2 2 4t 1 4 0 5 216st 1 2dst 2 6d
0 5 st 2 2d 2 t1250 t2650
t 5 2 seconds discard t 5 22 t 5 6 seconds
C 50,000 1 1.2x 50,000

81. C 5 5 5 1 1.2
x x x
C < 5
50,000
1 1.2 < 5
x
50,000
2 3.8 < 0
x
50,000 2 3.8x
< 0
x
Test intervals:
x must be positive
Positive: s0, 13,158d
Negative: s13,158, `d
Solution: s13,158, `d
83. h 5 216t2 1 312t

216t2 1 312 t > 1200
216t2 1 312t 2 1200 > 0 sDivide by 216d
t2 2 19.5t 1 75 < 0
2 s219.5d ± !s219.5d2 2 4s1ds75d
t5
2s1d
19.5 ± !80.25
t5
2
t < 14.2, 5.3
Critical numbers: t 5 14.2, 5.3
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 5.3d
Negative: s5.3, 14.2d
Positive: s14.2, `d
Solution: s5.3, 14.2d
5.3 < t < 14.2
1. xsx 1 5d 2 10sx 1 5d 5 0 2. 8x 2 2 21x 2 9 5 0

sx 1 5dsx 2 10d 5 0 s8x 1 3dsx 2 3d 5 0
x1550 x 2 10 5 0 8x 1 3 5 0 x2350
x 5 25 x 5 10 x5 2 38 x53
3. sx 2 2d2 5 0.09 4. sx 1 3d2 1 81 5 0

x 2 2 5 ± 0.3 sx 1 3d2 5 281
x 5 2 ± 0.3 x 1 3 5 ± !281
x 5 2.3, 1.7 x 5 23 ± 9i
5. 2x 2 2 6x 1 3 5 0 6. 2ys y 2 2d 5 7
9 3 9 2y 2 4y 2 7 5 0
2
x 2 2 3x 1 52 1
4 2 4
2 s24d ± !s24d2 2 4s2ds27d
y5
26 1 9 2s2d
1 2
2
3
x2 5
2 4
4 ± !16 1 56
y5
1 2
3 2 3 4
x2 5
2 4
4 ± !72
y5
3
x2 5±
2 ! 3
4
4
4 ± 6!2
y5
3 !3 4
x5 ±
2 2
2 ± 3!2
y5 < 7.41 and 20.41
2
83. h 5 216t2 1 312t

216t2 1 312 t > 1200
216t2 1 312t 2 1200 > 0 sDivide by 216d
t2 2 19.5t 1 75 < 0
2 s219.5d ± !s219.5d2 2 4s1ds75d
t5
2s1d
19.5 ± !80.25
t5
2
t < 14.2, 5.3
Critical numbers: t 5 14.2, 5.3
Test intervals:
Positive: s2 `, 5.3d
Negative: s5.3, 14.2d
Positive: s14.2, `d
Solution: s5.3, 14.2d
5.3 < t < 14.2
1. xsx 1 5d 2 10sx 1 5d 5 0 2. 8x 2 2 21x 2 9 5 0

sx 1 5dsx 2 10d 5 0 s8x 1 3dsx 2 3d 5 0
x1550 x 2 10 5 0 8x 1 3 5 0 x2350
x 5 25 x 5 10 x5 2 38 x53
3. sx 2 2d2 5 0.09 4. sx 1 3d2 1 81 5 0

x 2 2 5 ± 0.3 sx 1 3d2 5 281
x 5 2 ± 0.3 x 1 3 5 ± !281
x 5 2.3, 1.7 x 5 23 ± 9i
5. 2x 2 2 6x 1 3 5 0 6. 2ys y 2 2d 5 7
9 3 9 2y 2 4y 2 7 5 0
2
x 2 2 3x 1 52 1
4 2 4
2 s24d ± !s24d2 2 4s2ds27d
y5
26 1 9 2s2d
1 2
2
3
x2 5
2 4
4 ± !16 1 56
y5
1 2
3 2 3 4
x2 5
2 4
4 ± !72
y5
3
x2 5±
2 ! 3
4
4
4 ± 6!2
y5
3 !3 4
x5 ±
2 2
2 ± 3!2
y5 < 7.41 and 20.41
2
7. x 2 5!x 1 4 5 0 8. x 4 1 6x 2 2 16 5 0
s!x 2 4ds!x 2 1d 5 0 sx 2 1 8dsx 2 2 2d 5 0
!x 2 4 5 0 !x 2 1 5 0 x2 1 8 5 0 x2 2 2 5 0
!x 5 4 !x 5 1 x 2 5 28 x2 5 2
s!xd 2
5 42 s!xd 2
5 12 x 5 ± !28 x 5 ± !2
x 5 16 x51 x 5 ± 2!2i
Check: Check:
? ?
16 2 5!16 1 4 5 0 1 2 5!1 1 4 5 0
? ?
16 2 20 1 4 5 0 1251450
050 050
5x2 2 12x 1 10 5 0
9. b2 2 4ac 5 s212d2 2 4s5ds10d 10. sx 2 s24ddsx 2 5d 5 0

5 144 2 200 sx 1 4dsx 2 5d 5 0
5 256 x 2 2 x 2 20 5 0
2 imaginary solutions.
11. 16 ≤ sx 2 2d2 12. 2xsx 2 3d < 0

sx 2 2d ≥ 162
x 2 2 4x 1 4 ≥ 16 Test intervals:
x2 2 4x 2 12 ≥ 0 Positive: s2 `, 0d
sx 2 6dsx 1 2d ≥ 0 Negative: s0, 3d
Critical numbers: x 5 22, 6 Positive: s3, `d
Test intervals: Solution: s0, 3d
Positive: s2 `, 22g x
−1 0 1 2 3 4
Negative: f22, 6g
Positive: f6, `d
Solution: s2 `, 22g < f6, `d
x
−4 −2 0 2 4 6 8
3u 1 2 3 11
13. ≤ 2 Critical numbers: u 5 28, 3 14. > 4 Critical numbers: x 5 ,2
u23 x22 4
Test intervals:
3u 1 2 2su 2 3d 3 Test intervals:
2 ≤ 0 24 > 0
u23 u23 Positive: s2 `, 28g x22
Negative: s2 `, 2d
3u 1 2 2 2u 1 6 Negative: f28, 3d 3 2 4sx 2 2d
u23
≤ 0
Positive: s3, `d
x22
> 0
Positive: 12, 1142
u18 3 2 4x 1 8
Soluton: f28, 3d
u23
≤ 0
3
x22
> 0
Negative: 1114, `2
11 2 4x
12, 1142
u
> 0
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 0 2 4 x22 Soluton:
21s4x 2 11d
> 0 11
x22 4
x
1 2 3 4

Labels: Length 5 l
Width 5 l 2 8
Equation: 240 5 l ? sl 2 8d
0 5 l2 2 8l 2 240
0 5 sl 2 20dsl 1 12d
0 5 l 2 20 0 5 l 1 12
20 feet 5 l 212 5 l reject
12 feet 5 l 2 8
Cost per person Cost per person

16. Verbal model: 2 5 6.25
Current Group New Group
Labels: Number Current Group 5 x

Number New Group 5 x 1 10
1250 1250
Equation: 2 5 6.25
x x 1 10
xsx 1 10d 11250

x
2
x 1 10 2
1250
5 s6.25dxsx 1 10d
1250sx 1 10d 2 1250x 5 6.25xsx 1 10d

1250x 1 12500 2 1250x 5 6.25x 2 1 62.5x
0 5 6.25x 2 1 62.5x 2 12500
0 5 x 2 1 10x 2 2000
0 5 sx 1 50dsx 2 40d
reject x 5 250 x 5 40 club members
Cumulative Test for Chapters 4–6 357
1 2
17. 35 5 216t2 1 75 18. R 5 2 sn 2 240nd, 80 ≤ n ≤ 160
20
16t2 5 40
1 2
R52 sn 2 240n 1 14,400d 1 720
40 5 20
t2 5 5
16 2
1
R52 sn 2 120d2 1 720
t5 ! 5
2
20
n 5 120 passengers will produce a maximum revenue
!10
t5 < 1.5811388
2
t < 1.58 seconds
19. h 5 216t2 1 288t Critical numbers: t 5 5, 13

216t2 1 288t > 1040 Test intervals:
216t2 1 288t 2 1040 > 0 (Divide by 216) t must be positive
t2 2 18t 1 65 < 0 Positive: s0, 5d
st 2 5dst 2 13d < 0 Negative: s5, 13d

Positive: s13, `d
Solution: s5, 13d
5 < t < 13 seconds
Cumulative Test for Chapters 4–6
24 3 22 s24d 1 s25dy31 s3d 22 2. s4 3 103d2 5 42 3 106 5 16 3 106 5 1.6 3 107

1. 13x2xy yz 2
5 23 0
5 12x 3 2
29 6 22 6 22
12x 3 y 2 12y3x 2 13x2y 2
9 2
5 5 9
5 6
9x18
5
4y12
24
3. 2x3 2 2x2 2 x 1
2x 2 1
2x 2 1 ) 4x4 2 6x3 1 0x2 1 x 2 4
4x4 2 2x3
2 4x3 1 0x2
2 4x3 1 2x2
2 2x2 1 x
2 2x2 1 x
24
1 2
17. 35 5 216t2 1 75 18. R 5 2 sn 2 240nd, 80 ≤ n ≤ 160
20
16t2 5 40
1 2
R52 sn 2 240n 1 14,400d 1 720
40 5 20
t2 5 5
16 2
1
R52 sn 2 120d2 1 720
t5 ! 5
2
20
!10
t5 < 1.5811388
2
t < 1.58 seconds
19. h 5 216t2 1 288t Critical numbers: t 5 5, 13

216t2 1 288t > 1040 Test intervals:
216t2 1 288t 2 1040 > 0 (Divide by 216) t must be positive
t2 2 18t 1 65 < 0 Positive: s0, 5d
st 2 5dst 2 13d < 0 Negative: s5, 13d

Positive: s13, `d
Solution: s5, 13d
5 < t < 13 seconds
Cumulative Test for Chapters 4–6
24 3 22 s24d 1 s25dy31 s3d 22 2. s4 3 103d2 5 42 3 106 5 16 3 106 5 1.6 3 107

1. 13x2xy yz 2
5 23 0
5 12x 3 2
29 6 22 6 22
12x 3 y 2 12y3x 2 13x2y 2
9 2
5 5 9
5 6
9x18
5
4y12
24
3. 2x3 2 2x2 2 x 1
2x 2 1
2x 2 1 ) 4x4 2 6x3 1 0x2 1 x 2 4
4x4 2 2x3
2 4x3 1 0x2
2 4x3 1 2x2
2 2x2 1 x
2 2x2 1 x
24
x2 1 8x 1 16 2x 4 1 4x3 sx 1 4d2 2x3sx 1 2d xsx 1 4dsx 1 2d

4.
18x2
? x2 2 16
5
18x2
? sx 2 4dsx 1 4d 5 9sx 2 4d
2 x 1 2 x 1
5. 2 3 1 5 2 2 1
x x 1 3x2 x 1 3 x x sx 1 3d x 1 3
2 1 1
5 2 1
x xsx 1 3d x 1 3
2 x13
5 1
x x13
2 2 1 1
xsx 1 3d 1
1 12
1 x
x13 x 12
2x 1 6 1 x
5 2 1
xsx 1 3d xsx 1 3d xsx 1 3d
2x 1 6 2 1 1 x
5
xsx 1 3d
3x 1 5
5
xsx 1 3d
1xy 2 xy2 1xy 2 xy2 xy 7. !22s!28 1 3d 5 i!2s2i!2 1 3d

6.
x2y
5
x2y
? xy
1 xy 2 1 xy 2 5 2i2 ? 2 1 3i!2
x2 2 y2 5 24 1 3i!2
5
x2y
sx 2 ydsx 1 yd
5
x2y
5x1y
1tt 2
1y2 2 t
8. s3 2 4id2 5 32 1 2s3ds24id 1 s4id2 9. 1y4
5 5 t121y2
t1y2
5 9 2 24i 1 16i2
5 t1y2
5 9 2 16 2 24i
5 27 2 24i
11. s!2x 2 3d 5 2x 2 6!2x 1 9

2
10. 10!20x 1 3!125x 5 10!4 ? 5x 1 3!25 ? 5x
5 20!5x 1 15!5x
5 35!5x
6 6 !10 1 2 1 2 2i 1 2 2i 42i
12. 5 ? 13.
41i
5
41i
?42i
!10 2 2 !10 2 2 !10 1 2
6s!10 1 2d 4 2 i 2 8i 1 2i2 4 2 9i 2 2
5 5 5
10 2 4 16 2 i2 16 1 1
6s!10 1 2d 2 2 9i 2 9
5 5 5 2 i
6 17 17 17
5 !10 1 2
1 4 1 4 ? 1 4 ?
14. 1 51 Check: 1 51 1 51
x 10 2 x 5 10 2 5 2 10 2 2
xs10 2 xd 11x 1 10 42 x2 5 s1d x s10 2 xd 1 4 ?

1 51
5 5
1 4 ?
1 51
2 8
10 2 x 1 4x 5 10x 2 x2 5 ? 1 1 ?
51 1 51
5 2 2
x2 2 7x 1 10 5 0
151 151
sx 2 5dsx 2 2d 5 0
x55 x52
x23 x24 923 ? 924 223 ? 224

15. 115 Check: 115 115
x x26 9 926 2 226
21 2 ? 22
xsx 2 6d 1x 2x 3 1 12 5 1xx 22 462 x sx 2 6d 6
9
? 5
115
3 2
1 5
2 24
sx 2 6dsx 2 3d 1 xsx 2 6d 5 xsx 2 4d 2 3 ? 5 1 1
1 5 5
3 3 3 2 2
x2 2 9x 1 18 1 x2 2 6x 5 x2 2 4x
5 5
x2 2 11x 1 18 5 0 5
3 3
sx 2 9dsx 2 2d 5 0
x59 x52
? ?
16. !x 2 x 1 12 5 0 Check: !16 2 16 1 12 5 0 !9 2 9 1 12 5 0
? ?
!x 5 x 2 12 4 2 16 1 12 5 0 3 2 9 1 12 5 0
s!x d
2
5 sx 2 12d2 050 6Þ0
x5 x2 2 24x 1 144
0 5 x2 2 25x 1 144
0 5 sx 2 16dsx 2 9d
x 5 16 x59
Not a solution
17. !5 2 x 1 10 5 11 ?
Check: !5 2 4 1 10 5 11
!5 2 x 5 1
?
!1 1 10 5 11
s!5 2 x d2 5 12 11 5 11
52x51
2x 5 24
x54
18. sx 2 5d2 1 50 5 0 19. 3x2 1 6x 1 2 5 0

sx 2 5d2 5 250 2
x2 1 2x 1 1 5 2 1 1
3
x 2 5 5 ± !250
1
x 5 5 ± 5i!2 sx 1 1d2 5
3
x115± !13
!3 23 ± !3
x 5 21± 5
3 3
20. pr22s5d 5 pr12s3d 21. c 5 !42 1 42 4
3 5 !32
r22 5 r12 c
P 5 4s4d 1 4s!32d
5 4
!3r5
2
r2 5 1
P 5 16 1 16!2 inches
P < 38.6 inches
!15r12
r2 5
5
!15
r2 5 r1
5
22. y 5 x2 2 6x 2 8 23. x 5 22 and x 5 6

Keystrokes: sx 1 2d 5 0 sx 2 6d 5 0
Y5 X,T, u x2 2 6 X,T, u 2 8 GRAPH sx 1 2dsx 2 6d 5 0
6
x2 2 6x 1 2x 2 12 5 0
−4 10
x2 2 4x 2 12 5 0
−18
Estimate of x-intercepts < 21.12 and 7.12

x2 2 6x 2 8 5 0
2 s26d ± !s26d2 2 4s1ds28d
x5
2s1d
6 ± !36 1 32
x5
2
6 ± !68
x5
2
x < 21.12 and 7.12
CHAPTER 6 Quadratic Equations and Inequalities
SECTION 6.1 Factoring and Extracting Square Roots
1. The leading coefficient is 23 because 23t3 is the term of 2. s y 2 2 2ds y3 1 7d 5 y5 1 7y 2 2 2y3 2 14

highest degree. Degree: 5 (the highest power)
3. y 4. y
3 4
2 3
x 1
−2 1 2 3 4
x
−3 −2 2 3
−2
−3 −2
For some values of x there correspond two values of y. For each value of x there corresponds exactly one value
of y.
1
5. sx3 ? x22d23 5 sx31 s22dd23 5 sx1d23 5 x23 5 x3 6. s5x24y 5ds23x 2y21d 5 215x2412y 51 s21d
215y 4
5 215x22y 4 5
x2
22
12x3y2 13y2x2
2 9y2 24 21 24
17u3v 2114u
6v 2 17u3v 2114u 2
2
6v
7. 5 5 8. 22
5 22
4x2 2
42u2421v22 s22d v4
5 5 u25v 4 5 5
42 u
6u2v23 2u221v2323 2u1v26 2u 214r 4s2 1r 421s222 r 3s 0 r 3

9. 5 5 5 6 10. 5 5 5
27uv3 9 9 9v 298rs2 7 7 7
k k
11. N5 12. t5
!t 1 1 r
k k
300 5 25
!0 1 1 58
300 5 k 116 5 k
300 116
N5 t5
!8 1 1 72
N 5 100 prey 29
t5 < 1.6 hours
18
k measures the distance traveled in t hours at r miles per
hour.
SECTION 6.2 Completing the Square
2r
1ab2 1ba2
r br
1. sabd4 5 a 4b 4 2. sard8 5 ar ? 8 5 a8r 3. 5 5 , a Þ 0, b Þ 0
ar
1 4 2
4. a2r 5 , aÞ0 5. 2 50 6. 2x 2 3f1 1 s4 2 xdg 5 0
ar x 3
2x 2 3f1 1 4 2 xg 5 0
s3xd 14x 2 322 5 s0ds3xd 2x 2 3f5 2 xg 5 0
12 2 2x 5 0 2x 2 15 1 3x 5 0
22x 5 212 5x 5 15
x56 x53
7. 3x 2 2 13x 2 10 5 0 8. xsx 2 3d 5 40
s3x 1 2dsx 2 5d 5 0 x 2 2 3x 2 40 5 0
3x 1 2 5 0 x2550 sx 2 8dsx 1 5d 5 0
x5 2 23 x55 x2850 x1550
x58 x 5 25
9. gsxd 5 3 x 2 5
2
y 10. hsxd 5 5 2 !x y
y-intercept: 4 y-intercept: 8
2 6
gs0d 5 3 s0d
2
2 5 5 25 hs0d 5 5 2 !0 5 5
x 4
−2 2 4 8 10
x-intercept: −2 x-intercept: 2
2 −4
05 3x 25 0 5 5 2 !x −2 2 4 6 8 10
x
−2
0 5 2x 2 15 !x 5 5
−8 −4
15 5 2x x 5 52 5 25
15
2 5x
7.5 5 x
4
11. f sxd 5
x12
y 12. f sxd 5 2x 1 x 2 1 | | y
6 y-intercept: 5
y-intercept:
| |
4
f s0d 5 2s0d 1 0 2 1 5 1
4
f s0d 5
2 3
52
012 x x-intercept: 2
−4 2 4
x-intercept: −2
−4
|
0 5 2x 1 x 2 1 | 1
x
4 22x 5 |x 2 1| −3 −2 1 2 3
05 −6 −1
x12
22x 5 x 2 1 22x 5 2x 1 1
0 5 4, none
23x 5 21 2x 5 1
Vertical asymptote: x 1 2 5 0 1
x5 3 x 5 21
x 5 22
Check: Check:
| 2 1|
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the
22s13 d 5 | |
?
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator.
1
3 22s21d 5 21 2 1
2
23 Þ 2
3 2 5 |22|
252
SECTION 6.3 The Quadratic Formula
1. Multiplication Property: !ab 5 !a!b 2. Division Property: !ab 5 !a

!b
, bÞ0
3. !72 is not in simplest form. A factor s36d of 72 is a 4. 10y!5 is not in simplest form. There is a radical in the
perfect square. denominator which needs to be rationalized.
!72 5 !36 ? 2 5 6!2 10 10 !5 10!5
5 ? 5 5 2!5
!5 !5 !5 5
5. !128 1 3!50 5 !64 ? 2 1 3!25 ? 2 6. 3!5!500 5 3!5 ? 500 5 3!2500 5 3 ? 50 5 150

5 8!2 1 15!2
5 23!2
7. s3 1 !2 ds3 2 !2 d 5 32 2 s!2 d 5 9 2 2 5 7 8. s3 1 !2 d 5 32 1 2s3d!2 1 s!2 d

2 2 2
5 9 1 6!2 1 2
5 11 1 6!2
8 8 !10 8!10 4!10 5 5 !12 1 2

9. 5 ? 5 5 10. 5 ?
!10 !10 !10 10 5 !12 2 2 !12 2 2 !12 1 2
5s!12 1 2d
5
s!12 d2 2 22
5s!12 1 2d
5
12 2 4
5s2!3 1 2d
5
8
10s!3 1 1 d
5
8
5s!3 1 1d
5
4
11. Verbal Model: Perimeter 5 2 ? Length 1 2 ? Width 12. p 5 75 2 !1.2sx 2 10d
50 5 2l 1 2w 59.90 5 75 2 !1.2sx 2 10d
25 5 l 1 w 215.10 5 2 !1.2sx 2 10d

s215.10d2 5 s2 !1.2sx 2 10d d
2
25 2 w 5 l
Common 228.01 5 1.2sx 2 10d
Formula: a2 1 b2 5 c2 190.00 < x 2 10
s25 2 wd2 1 w2 5 s5!13 d
2
Equation: 200 units < x
625 2 50w 1 w2 1 w2 5 s25ds13d
2w2 2 50w 1 300 5 0
w2 2 25w 1 150 5 0
sw 2 10dsw 2 15d 5 0
w 5 10 w 5 15
25 2 w 5 15 25 2 w 5 10
10 inches 3 15 inches
SECTION 6.4 Applications of Quadratic Equations
y2 2 y1 2. (a) Slope-intercept form: y 5 mx 1 b

1. m 5
x2 2 x1 (b) Point-slope form: y 2 y1 5 msx 2 x1d
(c) General form: Ax 1 By 1 C 5 0
(d) Horizontal line: y 2 b 5 0
3. s0, 0d, s4, 22d 4. s0, 0d, s100, 75d 5. s21, 22d, s3, 6d
22 2 0 22 21 75 2 0 75 3 6 2 s22d 6 1 2 8
m5 5 5 m5 5 5 m5 5 5 52
420 4 2 100 2 0 100 4 3 2 s21d 3 1 1 4
1 3 y 2 6 5 2sx 2 3d
y52 x y 2 0 5 sx 2 0d
2 4 y 2 6 5 2x 2 6
2y 5 2x 3 0 5 2x 2 y
y5 x
x 1 2y 5 0 4
4y 5 3x
0 5 3x 2 4y
6. s1, 5d, s6, 0d 8. s0, 2d, s7.3, 15.4d

0 2 5 25
7. 132, 82, 1112, 522 15.4 2 2 13.4 134
m5 5 5 21 5 m5 5 5
621 5 2 2 8 2 5 2 16 211 7.3 2 0 7.3 73
m5 11 3 ? 5
2 11 2 3
5
2 2 2
y 2 0 5 21sx 2 6d 8 134
y225 sx 2 0d
211
1 2
y 5 2x 1 6 3 73
y285 x2
8 2
x1y2650 134
y225 x
211 33 73
y285 x1
8 16
73y 2 146 5 134x
16y 2 128 5 222x 1 33
0 5 134x 2 73y 1 146
22x 1 16y 2 161 5 0
9. s0, 8d, s5, 8d 10. s23, 2d, s23, 5d

828 0 522 3
m5 5 50 m5 5 5 undefined
520 5 s23d 2 s23d 0
y 2 8 5 0sx 2 0d x 5 23
y2850 x1350
Verbal Cost per person Cost per person

11. 2 5 6250
Model: current group new group
Labels: Number current group 5 x

Number new group 5 x 1 2
250,000 250,000
Equation: 2 5 6250
x x12
xsx 1 2d 1250,000
x
2
x12 2
250,000
5 s6250dxsx 1 2d
250,000sx 1 2d 2 250,000x 5 6250sx 2 1 2xd

250,000x 1 500,000 2 250,000x 5 6250x 2 1 12,500x
0 5 6250x 2 1 12,500x 2 500,000
0 5 x 2 1 2x 2 80
0 5 sx 1 10dsx 2 8d
x 5 210 x 5 8 people
Reject
Verbal Time Time Total

12. 1 5
Model: upstream downstream time
Labels: Speed of the current 5 x

35 35
Equation: 1 54
18 2 x 18 1 x
s18 2 xds18 1 xd 118352 x 1 18351 x2 5 s4ds18 2 xds18 1 xd

35s18 1 xd 1 35s18 2 xd 5 4s324 2 x 2d
630 1 35x 1 630 2 35x 5 1296 2 4x 2
4x 2 2 36 5 0
4sx 2 2 9d 5 0
x2 5 9
x 5 ±3
Reject 23
SECTION 6.5 Quadratic and Rational Inequalities
1. 36.82 3 108 is not written in scientific notation. The 2. sn1 3 102dsn2 3 104d 5 n1 ? n2 ? 10214
number must be between 1 and 10 such as 3.682 3 109.
5 n1 ? n2 ? 106
1 ≤ n1 < 10 and 1 ≤ n2 < 10
f1 ? 1 ≤ n1 ? n2 < 10 ? 10g106
106 ≤ sn1 3 102dsn2 3 10 4d < 10 8
3. 6u2v 2 192v2 5 6vsu2 2 32vd 4. 5x2y3 2 10x1y3 5 5x1y3sx1y3 2 2d
5. xsx 2 10d 2 4sx 2 10d 5 sx 2 4dsx 2 10d 6. x3 1 3x 2 2 4x 2 12 5 sx3 1 3x 2d 1 s24x 2 12d

5 x 2sx 1 3d 2 4sx 1 3d
5 sx 1 3dsx 2 2 4d
5 sx 1 3dsx 2 2dsx 1 2d
7. 16x 2 2 121 5 s4x 2 11ds4x 1 11d 8. 4x3 2 12x 2 1 16x 5 4xsx 2 2 3x 1 4d
9. Area 5 Length ? Width 10. Area 5 12 ? Base ? Height

A5 3
2h ?h 5 1
2 ? b ? 23b 2
h 1 3b
3
5 2 h2 5 3b2
3 b
2h
11. Divide figure into 5 con- x

gruent squares, each with
side length x. x x
x x
Area 5 5 ? Area of square
x x
55 ? x2
x x
x x
12. Area 5 Area of rectangle 1 Area of triangle 4

x + 10
5 x ? sx 1 6d 1 1
2 ?x?4
5 x 2 1 6x 1 2x x x
5 x 2 1 8x
x+6
C H A P T E R 7
Linear Models and Graphs of Nonlinear Models
Section 7.1 Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Section 7.2 Graphs of Linear Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Section 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Section 7.4 Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Section 7.5 Graphs of Rational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
C H A P T E R 7
Linear Models and Graphs of Nonlinear Models
Section 7.1 Variation
k
1. I 5 kV 3. V 5 kt 5. u 5 kv2 7. p 5
d
k k
9. P 5 11. A 5 klw 13. P 5 15. The area of a triangle
!1 1 r V
varies jointly as the
base and height.
17. The area of a rectangle varies 19. The volume of a right circular 21. The average speed varies directly
jointly as the length and the width. cylinder varies jointly as the as the distance and inversely as
square of the radius and the height. the time.
23. s 5 kt 25. F 5 kx 2 27. H 5 ku

20 5 ks4d 500 5 ks40d 2 100 5 ks40d
100
55k 500
1600 5k 40 5k
5
s 5 5t 5
16 5k 2 5k
5
F 5 16 x 2 H 5 52 u
k k
29. n5 31. g 5 33. F 5 kxy
m !z
500 5 ks15ds8d
k 4 k
32 5 5
1.5 5 !25 500
5k
120
48 5 k 45k
25
48 4 5k
n5 g5 6
m !z
25
F5 xy
6
1xr 2
2
35. d5k 37. (a) R 5 kx (b) Price per unit
3875 5 ks500d
1104 2
2
3000 5 k
7.75 5 k
3000 5 ks25d R 5 7.75x
120 5 k R 5 7.75s635d
120x 2 R 5 $4921.25
d5
r
362
Section 7.1 Variation 363
1
39. (a) d 5 kF d5 F 41. d 5 kF
10
5 5 ks50d 7 5 ks10.5d
1
d5 s20d
5 10 7
5k 5k
50 10.5
d 5 2 inches
1 70
5k 5k
10 105
1 2
(b) d5 F 5k
10 3
1 2
1.5 5 F 12 5 F
10 3
15 pounds 5 F 18 pounds 5 F
43. v 5 kt 45. d 5 ks2 47. F 5 ks2

96 5 ks3d 75 5 ks30d2 F 5 ks2sd2
32 5 k 75
900 5k F 5 4ks2
acceleration 5 32 ftysec2 1
12 5k F 5 4sks2d
1
d 5 12 s50d2 F will change by a factor of 4.
d 5 208.3 feet
49. p 5 kA
9-inch: 6.78 5 kspds4.5d2 12-inch: 9.78 5 kspds6d2 15-inch: 12.18 5 kspds7.5d2
6.78 5 20.25pk 9.78 5 36pk 12.18 5 56.25pk
6.78 9.78 12.18
5k 5k 5k
20.25p 36p 56.25p
0.106575 < k 0.0864745 < k 0.068923 < k
No, the price of the pizza is not directly proportional to its area. The 15-inch pizza at $12.18 is the best buy.
k 1
51. x5 53. W m 5 k ? We Wm 5 ? We
p 6
1
k 60 5 k ? 360 54 5 ? x
800 5 6
5
1
4000 5 k k5 x 5 324 pounds
6
4000
x5
6
x 5 666.6 < 667 units
364 Chapter 7 Linear Models and Graphs of Nonlinear Models
k k
55. I 5 57. p5
d2 t
k k k
I5 I5 38 5
182 362 3
k k 114 5 k
I5 I5
324 1296
114
324 1 So, p 5 .
I will change by a factor of 1296 or 4. t
114
p5
6.5
p 5 17.5%
59. (a) I 5 Krt 61.

x 2 4 6 8 10
202.50 5 Ks0.09ds3d I 5 750rt
y5 kx 2 4 16 36 64 100
202.50 5 Ks0.27d I 5 750s0.09ds4d
y
750 5 K I 5 $270
100
(b) K is the principal or the amount of investment.
80
60
40
20
x
2 4 6 8 10
63. 65.
x 2 4 6 8 10 x 2 4 6 8 10
y 5 kx 2 2 8 18 32 50 k 1 1 1 1 1
y5
x2 2 8 18 32 50
y
100 y
80 1
2
60 3
8
40 1
4
20 1
8
x
2 4 6 8 10 x
2 4 6 8 10
67. 69.
x 2 4 6 8 10 x 10 20 30 40 50
k 5 5 5 5 1 2 1 2 1 2
y5 y
x2 2 8 18 32 10 5 5 15 10 25
y
2 k 1 k
5 5
3 5 10 5 20
45k 45k
2
Using any two pairs of numbers, k is 4.
x
2 4 6 8 10
Section 7.2 Graphs of Linear Inequalities 365
71.
x 10 20 30 40 50
y 23 26 29 212 215
23 5 k ? 10 26 5 k ? 20
3 6
2 10 5k 2 20 5k
3
2 10 5k
3
Using any two pairs of numbers, k is 2 10 .
75. y 5 kx 2
y 5 ks2xd2
y 5 ks4x 2d
y 5 4kx 2
y will quadruple.
Section 7.2 Graphs of Linear Inequalities
1. x 2 2y < 4
? ?
(a) 0 2 2s0d < 4 (b) 2 2 2s21d < 4
0 < 4 212 < 4
s0, 0d is a solution. 4 </ 4
s2, 21d is not a solution.
? ?
(c) 3 2 2s4d < 4 (d) 5 2 2s1d < 4
328 < 4 522 < 4
25 < 4 3 < 4
s3, 4d is a solution. s5, 1d is a solution.
3. 3x 1 y ≥ 10
? ?
(a) 3s1d 1 3 ≥ 10 (b) 3s23d 1 1 ≥ 10
9 ≥/ 10 28 ≥/ 10
s1, 3d is not a solution. s23, 1d is not a solution.
? ?
(c) 3s3d 1 1 ≥ 10 (d) 3s2d 1 15 ≥ 10
10 ≥ 10 21 ≥ 10
71.
x 10 20 30 40 50
y 23 26 29 212 215
23 5 k ? 10 26 5 k ? 20
3 6
2 10 5k 2 20 5k
3
2 10 5k
3
Using any two pairs of numbers, k is 2 10 .
75. y 5 kx 2
y 5 ks2xd2
y 5 ks4x 2d
y 5 4kx 2
y will quadruple.
Section 7.2 Graphs of Linear Inequalities
1. x 2 2y < 4
? ?
(a) 0 2 2s0d < 4 (b) 2 2 2s21d < 4
0 < 4 212 < 4
s0, 0d is a solution. 4 </ 4
s2, 21d is not a solution.
? ?
(c) 3 2 2s4d < 4 (d) 5 2 2s1d < 4
328 < 4 522 < 4
25 < 4 3 < 4
3. 3x 1 y ≥ 10
? ?
(a) 3s1d 1 3 ≥ 10 (b) 3s23d 1 1 ≥ 10
9 ≥/ 10 28 ≥/ 10
? ?
(c) 3s3d 1 1 ≥ 10 (d) 3s2d 1 15 ≥ 10
10 ≥ 10 21 ≥ 10
5. y > 0.2x 2 1
? ?
(a) 2 > 0.2s0d 2 1 (b) 0 > 0.2s6d 2 1
2 > 21 0 > 0.2
s0, 2d is a solution. s6, 0d is not a solution.
? ?
(c) 21 > 0.2s4d 2 1 (d) 7 > 0.2s22d 2 1
21 >/ 20.2 7 > 21.4
s4, 21d is not a solution. s22, 7d is a solution.
7. y ≤ 3 2 x ||
? ?
(a) 4 ≤ 3 2 21 | | (b) 22 ≤ 3 2 2 ||
4 ≤/ 3 2 1 22 ≤ 3 2 2
? ?
(c) 0 ≤ 3 2 6 || (d) 22 ≤ 3 2 5 ||
0 ≤ 326 22 ≤ 3 2 5
0 ≤/ 23 22 ≤ 22
9. y ≥ 22 (b) 11. 3x 2 2y < 0 (d) 13. x 1 y < 4 (f)
15. x ≥ 2 17. y < 5 19. y > 12x

y y y
3 8
2
6
2
4 1
1
2 x
x 2 1 2
1 1 3 4 x
6 4 2 2 4 6 1
1
2
2 2
21. y ≥ 5 2 x 23. y ≤ x 1 2 25. x 1 y ≥ 4
y y y ≥ 2x 1 4
4 y
3
4 6
2
2 1 4
x
x −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 2
−2 2 4 −1
−2 −2 x
−2 2 4 6
−2
27. x 2 2y ≥ 6 29. 3x 1 2y ≥ 2 31. 3x 2 2y ≥ 4

y 2y ≥ 23x 1 2 22y ≥ 23x 1 4
2
y ≥ 2 32x 11 y ≤ 32x 2 2
y
x y
2 2 6
3
3
2
2
4 1
1
x x
6 −3 −2 −1 2 3
−2 −1 2 3 4 −1
−1
−2
−3
35. y 2 1 > 2 12sx 2 2d

2 20
33. 0.2x 1 0.3y < 2 or y < 2 3x 1 3
y y
10 4
8
3
6
2
4
1
2
x
x 1 1 2 3 4
2 2 4 6 8 10
2 1
x y 4
37. 1 ≤ 1 or y ≤ 2 x 1 4
3 4 3
x
1 1 2 3 4 5
1
3
39. y ≥ 4x 2 1 10
Keystrokes:
−10
X,T, u
10
Y 5 .75 2 1
DRAW 7 x Y-VARS 1 1 , 10 d ENTER
−10
41. y ≤ 2 23x 1 6 10
Keystrokes:
−10 10
Y5 x x2 c 2 4 3 d X,T, u 1 6
DRAW 7 x x2 c 10 , Y-VARS 1 1 d ENTER

−10
43. x 2 2y 2 4 ≥ 0 10
22y ≥ 2x 1 4
1
y ≤ 2x 2 2 −10 10
Keystrokes:
−10
Y 5 .5 X,T, u 2 2
45. 2x 1 3y 2 12 ≤ 0 10
3y ≤ 22x 1 12
2
y ≤ 2 3x 1 4 −10 10
Keystrokes:
Y5 x x2 c 2 4 3 d X,T, u 1 4 −10
DRAW 7 x x2 c 10 d Y-VARS 1 1 d ENTER
225 3 3
47. m 5 52 y 2 2 > 2 sx 2 3d 49. y < 2
311 4 4
4y 2 8 > 23x 1 9
3x 1 4y > 17
120 1 1
51. m 5 5 y > x
220 2 2
2y > x
2x 1 2y > 0
x 2 2y < 0
53. P 5 2x 1 2y 300
2x 1 2y ≤ 500
or
0 ≤ x 1 y ≤ 250
0 300
0
or
y ≤ 2x 1 250
(Note: x and y cannot be negative.)
Keystrokes: Y 5 x2 c X,T, u 1 250
DRAW 7 x 0 , Y-VARS 1 1 d ENTER
55. 10x 1 15y ≤ 1000 (Note: x and y cannot be negative.) y
15y ≤ 210x 1 1000 100
80
2 23x 200
y ≤ 1 3
60
(Note: x and y cannot be negative.) 40
20
x
20 40 60 80 100
57. s12, 220d yes

t
300
250
200
150
100
50
p
2 4 6 8 10 12
Cost of Cost for

Cost for
59. Verbal model: cheese 1 extra 1 drinks ≤ 48
pizzas toppings
Labels: Cost of cheese pizzas 5 3s9d 5 $27

Cost for extra toppings 5 1.00x (dollars)
Cost for drinks 5 1.50y (dollars)
Inequality: 27 1 1.00x 1 1.50y ≤ 48
1.00x 1 1.50y ≤ 21
x 1 1.5y ≤ 21
y s6, 8d
?
25
6 1 1.5s8d ≤ 21
20 ?
6 1 12 ≤ 21
15
10
18 ≤ 21 yes
x
5 10 15 20 25
61. 9x 1 6y ≥ 150 (Note: x and y cannot be negative.) y
6y ≥ 29x 1 150 30
25
y ≥ 2 32x 1 25 20
15
Here are some examples of ordered pairs that are solutions.
Note that there are other correct answers. 10
5
s2, 22d s4, 21d
x
s10, 10d s20, 1d

5 10 15 20 25 30
s12, 7d s22, 0d
63. r 5 0.75s220 2 Ad 65. sx1, y1d is a solution of a linear inequality in x and y means
the inequality is true when x1 and y1 are substituted for x
r
and y respectively.
240
r = 220 − A
192
144
96
48 r = 0.75(220 − A)
A
20 40 60 80 100
67. The solution of x 2 y > 1 does not include the points on the line x 2 y 5 1. The solution of x 2 y ≥ 1 does include the
points on the line x 2 y 5 1.
69. On the real number line, the solution of x ≤ 3 is an unbounded interval.

On a rectangular coordinate system, the solution of x ≤ 3 is a half-plane.
Section 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions
1. y 5 4 2 2x (e) 3. y 5 x 2 2 3 (b) 5. y 5 sx 2 2d2 (d)
7. y 5 x 2 1 2 5 sx 2 0d2 1 2 9. y 5 x 2 2 4x 1 7 11. y 5 x 2 1 6x 1 5
vertex s0, 2d 5 sx 2 2 4x 1 4d 1 7 2 4 y 5 (x 2 1 6x 1 9d 1 5 2 9
5 sx 2 2d2 1 3 y 5 sx 1 3d2 2 4
vertex 5 s2, 3d vertex 5 s23, 24d
13. y 5 2x 2 1 6x 2 10 15. y 5 2x 2 1 2x 2 7 17. y 5 2x 2 1 6x 1 2

y 5 21sx 2 2 6xd 2 10 5 21sx 2 2 2x 1 1d 2 7 1 1
y 5 21s x2 2 6x 1 9d 2 10 1 9 5 21sx 2 1d 2 6
2
1
5 2 x 2 1 3x 1
9
4 2
122
9
2
1 2
3 2 5
y 5 21sx 2 3d2 2 1 vertex 5 s1, 26d 52 x1 2
2 2
vertex s3, 21d
1
3 5
vertex 5 2 , 2
2 2 2
19. f sxd 5 x2 2 8x 1 15 21. g sxd 5 2x2 2 2x 1 1 23. y 5 4x2 1 4x 1 4

a51 b 5 28 a 5 21 b 5 22 a54 b54
2b 2 s28d 2b 2 s22d 2b 24 21
x5 5 54 x5 5 5 21 x5 5 5
2a 2s1d 2a 2s21d 2a 2s4d 2
1 2 12b
2a 2 1 212 1 212 1 4
2
b
f 2 5 42 2 8s4d 1 15 g 5 2 s21d 2 2 2s21d 1 1 y54 2 14 2
2a
5 16 2 32 1 15 5 21 1 2 1 1
5 21 52
54 1142 2 2 1 4
512214
53
1
1
vertex 5 2 , 3
2 2
63. r 5 0.75s220 2 Ad 65. sx1, y1d is a solution of a linear inequality in x and y means
the inequality is true when x1 and y1 are substituted for x
r
and y respectively.
240
r = 220 − A
192
144
96
48 r = 0.75(220 − A)
A
20 40 60 80 100
67. The solution of x 2 y > 1 does not include the points on the line x 2 y 5 1. The solution of x 2 y ≥ 1 does include the
points on the line x 2 y 5 1.
69. On the real number line, the solution of x ≤ 3 is an unbounded interval.

On a rectangular coordinate system, the solution of x ≤ 3 is a half-plane.
Section 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions
1. y 5 4 2 2x (e) 3. y 5 x 2 2 3 (b) 5. y 5 sx 2 2d2 (d)
7. y 5 x 2 1 2 5 sx 2 0d2 1 2 9. y 5 x 2 2 4x 1 7 11. y 5 x 2 1 6x 1 5
vertex s0, 2d 5 sx 2 2 4x 1 4d 1 7 2 4 y 5 (x 2 1 6x 1 9d 1 5 2 9
5 sx 2 2d2 1 3 y 5 sx 1 3d2 2 4
13. y 5 2x 2 1 6x 2 10 15. y 5 2x 2 1 2x 2 7 17. y 5 2x 2 1 6x 1 2

y 5 21sx 2 2 6xd 2 10 5 21sx 2 2 2x 1 1d 2 7 1 1
y 5 21s x2 2 6x 1 9d 2 10 1 9 5 21sx 2 1d 2 6
2
1
5 2 x 2 1 3x 1
9
4 2
122
9
2
1 2
3 2 5
y 5 21sx 2 3d2 2 1 vertex 5 s1, 26d 52 x1 2
2 2
vertex s3, 21d
1
3 5
vertex 5 2 , 2
2 2 2
19. f sxd 5 x2 2 8x 1 15 21. g sxd 5 2x2 2 2x 1 1 23. y 5 4x2 1 4x 1 4

a51 b 5 28 a 5 21 b 5 22 a54 b54
2b 2 s28d 2b 2 s22d 2b 24 21
x5 5 54 x5 5 5 21 x5 5 5
2a 2s1d 2a 2s21d 2a 2s4d 2
1 2 12b
2a 2 1 212 1 212 1 4
2
b
f 2 5 42 2 8s4d 1 15 g 5 2 s21d 2 2 2s21d 1 1 y54 2 14 2
2a
5 16 2 32 1 15 5 21 1 2 1 1
5 21 52
54 1142 2 2 1 4
512214
53
1
1
vertex 5 2 , 3
2 2
7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions 371
25. 2 > 0 opens upward 27. 21 < 0 opens downward 29. 1 > 0 opens upward
vertex 5 s0, 2d vertex 5 s10, 4d vertex 5 s0, 26d
31. 21 < 0 opens downward 33. y 5 25 2 x 2 35. y 5 x 2 2 9x

vertex 5 s3, 0d 0 5 25 2 x 2 0 5 x 2 2 9x
x 2 5 25 0 5 xsx 2 9d
x 5 ±5 s0, 0d, s9, 0d
s5, 0d, s25, 0d y 5 x 2 2 9x
y 5 25 2 x 2 y 5 02 2 9s0d
y 5 25 2 02 y50
y 5 25 s0, 0d
s0, 25d
37. y 5 4x 2 2 12x 1 9 39. y 5 x 2 2 3x 1 3

0 5 4x 2 2 12x 1 9 0 5 x 2 2 3x 1 3
0 5 s2x 2 3d2 3 ± !9 2 12
x5
2
0 5 2x 2 3
3 ± !23
3 5
5x 2
2
no x-intercepts
132, 02 y 5 x 2 2 3x 1 3
y 5 4x 2 2 12x 1 9 y 5 02 2 3s0d 1 3
y 5 4s0d2 2 12s0d 1 9 y53
y59 s0, 3d
s0, 9d
41. g sxd 5 x2 2 4 y 43. f sxd 5 2x2 1 4 y
x-intercepts x-intercepts 5
( 2, 0) (2, 0) (0, 4)
05 x2 24 3 1 1 3
x
05 2x 2 14
1 3
0 5 sx 2 2dsx 1 2d x2 5 4 2
2
x52 x 5 22 3 x 5 ±2 1
(2, 0)
x
vertex (0, 4) vertex 3 ( 2, 0) 1 3
5
gsxd 5 sx 2 0d2 2 4 fsxd 5 2 sx 2 0d2 1 4
s0, 24d s0, 4d
45. f sxd 5 x2 2 3x y 47. f sxd 5 2x2 1 3x y
x-intercepts x-intercepts 3 3 9
2, 4
05 x2 2 3x 05 2x 2 1 3x 2
(0, 0) (3, 0)
0 5 xsx 2 3d 1 1 2 4
x
0 5 2xsx 2 3d 1
(0, 0) (3, 0)
1 x
05x x53 05x x53 1 1 2 4
2
vertex 3 9 vertex
3 2, 4
f sxd 5 s d2 y 5 21sx 2 2 3x 1 94 d 1 94
9 9
x2 2 3x 1 4 4
f sxd 5 sx 2 32 d 2 94 5 21sx 2 32 d 1 94
2 2
s32, 2 94 d s32, 94 d
49. f sxd 5 sx 2 4d2 y
x-intercepts 20
0 5 sx 2 4d 2 16
12
05x24 8
45x 4
(4, 0)
x
vertex 4 4 8 12 16 20
4
y 5 sx 2 4d2 1 0
s4, 0d
51. f sxd 5 x2 2 8x 1 15 53. f sxd 5 2 sx2 1 6x 1 5d

x-intercepts x-intercepts
05 x2 2 8x 1 15 0 5 x 2 1 6x 1 5
0 5 sx 2 5dsx 2 3d 0 5 sx 1 5dsx 1 1d
55x x53 25 5 x x 5 21
vertex vertex
y5s x2 2 8x 1 16d 1 15 2 16 y 5 2 sx 2 1 6x 1 9d 2 5 1 9
5 sx 2 4d2 2 1 y 5 2 sx 1 3d2 1 4
y y
5 5
( 3, 4)
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
(3, 0) (5, 0) ( 5, 0)
x x
1 2 3 4 5 6 6 4 3 2 1
1 ( 1, 0)
(4, 1)
2
Section 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions 373
55. g sxd 5 2x2 1 6x 2 7 vertex y
x-intercepts q sxd 5 2x 2 1 6x 2 7 3 (3 2, 0)
(3, 2)
2
0 5 2x 2 1 6x 2 7 q sxd 5 2 sx 2 2 6xd 2 7
1
26 ± !62 2 4s21ds27d q sxd 5 2 sx 2 2 6x 1 9 2 9d 2 7 x
x5
2s21d
1 1 2 3 4 5
q sxd 5 2 sx 2 6x 1 9d 1 9 2 7
2 1 (3 2, 0)
26 ± !36 2 28 2
x5 q sxd 5 2 sx 2 3d2 1 2
22 3
26 ± !8
x5
22
26 ± 2!2
x5
2
x 5 23 ± !2
57. f sxd 5 2sx2 1 6x 1 8d 59. f sxd 5 12sx2 2 2x 2 3d

vertex vertex
y 5 2s x2 1 6x 1 9d 1 16 2 18 y 5 12 sx 2 2 2x 1 1d 2 32 2 12
y 5 2sx 1 3d2 2 2 y 5 12 sx 2 1d2 2 2
x-intercepts x-intercepts
0 5 x 2 1 6x 1 8 0 5 x 2 2 2x 2 3
0 5 sx 1 4dsx 1 2d 0 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 1d
24 5 x x 5 22 35x x 5 21
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
( 2, 0) (3, 0)
x x
( 4, 0) 3 1 1 1 2 3 4
1 ( 1, 0)
2 2
( 3, 2) (1, 2)
3 3
1 y 1 y
61. y 5 s3x2 2 24x 1 38d 63. f sxd 5 5 2 x2
5 3 6
8 (0, 5)
12 30 ( 15, 0)
3 38 48 , 0 1 4
y 5 sx 2 2 8x 1 16d 1 2 6 3 f sxd 5 2 x 2 1 5
5 5 5 3 2
4 ( 15, 0)
x
3 1 6 2 2 6
y 5 sx 2 4d2 2 2 2
f sxd 5 2 sx 2 0d2 1 5 2
5 x
3
2 2 4 4
0 5 3x 2 2 24x 1 38 12 30 1
2
(4, 2) 3
, 0 0 5 2 x2 1 5 6
3
24 ± !576 2 456
x5
6 1 2
x 55
3
24 ± !120 12 ± !30
x5 5
6 3 x 2 5 15
< 5.83, 2.17 x 5 ± !15
x < 3.87, 23.87
65. h sxd 5 x2 1 2 67. h sxd 5 sx 1 2d2 69. h sxd 5 sx 2 1d2 1 3
y y y
5 5 6
4 4
3 4
1 1 2
x x 1
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1 −1 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
Vertical shift 2 units up. Horizontal shift 2 units left. Horizontal shift 1 unit right.
Vertical shift 3 units up.
71. h sxd 5 sx 1 3d2 1 1 73. y 5 6s2x2 2 8x 1 11d

1
y Keystrokes:
Y5 x 4 x 2 X,T, u 2 8 X,T, u 1 11
x x
5 1 6 x2 GRAPH
4
vertex 5 s2, 0.5d
3
2 10
x
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
−8 10
Horizontal shift 3 units left.
−2
Vertical shift 1 unit up.
75. y 5 20.7x2 2 2.7x 1 2.3

Keystrokes: 6
Y 5 x2 c .7 X,T, u x2 x2 c 2.7 X,T, u 1 2.3 GRAPH

vertex 5 s21.9, 4.9d −10 8
−6
Section 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions 375
77. vertex 5 s0, 4d point 5 s22, 0d 79. vertex 5 s22, 2d point 5 s0, 2d
y 5 asx 2 0d2 1 4 y 5 21sx 2 0d2 1 4 y 5 asx 2 s22dd 2 1 s22d y 5 1sx 1 2d2 2 2
0 5 as22 2 0d2 1 4 y 5 2x 2 1 4 y 5 asx 1 2d2 2 2 y 5 sx 1 2d2 2 2
0 5 4a 1 4 2 5 as0 1 2d2 2 2 y 5 x 2 1 4x 1 4 2 2
24 5 4a 2 5 4a 2 2 y 5 x 2 1 4x 1 2
21 5 a 4 5 4a
15a
81. vertex 5 s2, 6d point 5 s0, 4d 83. vertex 5 s2, 1d a51

y 5 asx 2 2d2 1 6 y5 2 12 sx 2 2d2 1 6 y 5 1sx 2 2d2 1 1 5 x 2 2 4x 1 5
4 5 as0 2 2d2 1 6 y 5 2 12 sx 2 2 4x 1 4d 1 6
4 5 as4d 1 6 y 5 2 12 x 2 1 2x 2 2 1 6
22 5 as4d 1
y 5 2 2 x 2 1 2x 1 4
2 24 5 a
85. vertex 5 s2, 24d point 5 s0, 0d 87. vertex 5 s3, 2d point 5 s1, 4d
0 5 as0 2 2d 2 4
2
4 5 as1 2 3d2 1 2
4 5 as4d 2 5 as4d
1
15a 2 5a
y 5 1sx 2 2d 2 4 5
2
x2 2 4x y 5 12 sx 2 3d2 1 2 5 12 x 2 2 3x 1 13
2
89. vertex 5 s21, 5d point 5 s0, 1d

1 5 as0 2 s21dd 1 5
2 y 5 24sx 1 1d2 1 5
1 5 as1d 1 5 y 5 24sx 2 1 2x 1 1d 1 5
24 5 a y 5 24x 2 2 8x 2 4 1 5
y 5 24x 2 2 8x 1 1
91. Horizontal shift 3 units right 93. Horizontal shift 2 units right
Vertical shift 3 units down
1 2
95. y 5 2 x 1 2x 1 4
12
1 1 2
(a) y 5 2 s0d2 1 2s0d 1 4 (c) 0 5 2 x 1 2x 1 4
12 12
y 5 4 feet 0 5 x 2 2 24x 2 48
1 2 24 ± !576 1 192
(b) y 5 2 x 1 2x 1 4 x5
12 2
1 2 < 25.86 feet
y52 sx 2 24x 1 144d 1 4 1 12
12
1
y52 sx 2 12d2 1 16
12
Maximum height 5 16 feet
4 24
97. y 5 2 9 x 2 1 9 x 1 10 99. (a) 125
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6xd 1 10
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6x 1 9 2 9d 1 10
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6x 1 9d 1 4 1 10
0 6
y5 2 49 sx 2 3d2 1 14 0
The maximum height of the diver is 14 ft. (b) vertex 5 s3.65, 110, 810d1993, 110,800 reserves
101. (a) P 5 s100 1 xdf90 2 xs0.15dg 2 s100 1 xd60

3
(b) P 5 2 20 x 2 1 15x 1 3000
P 5 s100 1 xdf90 2 xs0.15d 2 60g
3
P 5 2 20 sx 2 2 100x 1 2500d 1 3000 1 375
P 5 s100 1 xds30 2 0.15xd
3
P 5 2 20 sx 2 50d2 1 3375
P 5 3000 2 15x 1 30x 5 0.15x 2 vertex 5 s50, 3375d
P 5 3000 1 15x 2 0.15x 2 order size for maximum profit
3
P 5 3000 1 15x 2 20 x 2 P 5 100 1 50 5 150 radios
(c) Recommend pricing scheme if price reductions are restricted to orders between 100 and 150 orders.
2
103. A 5 s100x 2 x2d 105. 100 5 as500 2 0d2 1 0
p
100 5 as250,000d
Keystrokes:
100
Y5 x 4 p x 100 X,T, u 2 X,T, u 5a
x x
2 x2 GRAPH
250,000
x < 50 when A is maximum
1
5a
2000 2500
1
y5 sx 2 0d2 1 0
2500
1 2
y5 x
0 100 2500
0
107. The graph of the quadratic function f sxd 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c is a parabola.
109. To find any x-intercepts, set y 5 0 and solve the resulting equation for x.
To find the y-intercept, set x 5 0 and solve the resulting equation for y.
111. The discriminant of a quadratic function tells how many x-intercepts the parabola has. If positive, there are 2 x-intercepts; if
zero, 1 x-intercept; and if negative, no x-intercepts.
113. Find the y-coordinate of the vertex. This is the maximum (or minimum) value of a quadratic function.
kx
1. A 5 kr 2 2. z 5 3. Distance: d 5 rt
y2
Distance varies jointly proportional
to rate and time.
4 24
97. y 5 2 9 x 2 1 9 x 1 10 99. (a) 125
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6xd 1 10
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6x 1 9 2 9d 1 10
y5 2 49 sx 2 2 6x 1 9d 1 4 1 10
0 6
y5 2 49 sx 2 3d2 1 14 0
The maximum height of the diver is 14 ft. (b) vertex 5 s3.65, 110, 810d1993, 110,800 reserves
101. (a) P 5 s100 1 xdf90 2 xs0.15dg 2 s100 1 xd60

3
(b) P 5 2 20 x 2 1 15x 1 3000
P 5 s100 1 xdf90 2 xs0.15d 2 60g
3
P 5 2 20 sx 2 2 100x 1 2500d 1 3000 1 375
P 5 s100 1 xds30 2 0.15xd
3
P 5 2 20 sx 2 50d2 1 3375
P 5 3000 2 15x 1 30x 5 0.15x 2 vertex 5 s50, 3375d
P 5 3000 1 15x 2 0.15x 2 order size for maximum profit
3
P 5 3000 1 15x 2 20 x 2 P 5 100 1 50 5 150 radios
(c) Recommend pricing scheme if price reductions are restricted to orders between 100 and 150 orders.
2
103. A 5 s100x 2 x2d 105. 100 5 as500 2 0d2 1 0
p
100 5 as250,000d
Keystrokes:
100
Y5 x 4 p x 100 X,T, u 2 X,T, u 5a
x x
2 x2 GRAPH
250,000
x < 50 when A is maximum
1
5a
2000 2500
1
y5 sx 2 0d2 1 0
2500
1 2
y5 x
0 100 2500
0
107. The graph of the quadratic function f sxd 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c is a parabola.
109. To find any x-intercepts, set y 5 0 and solve the resulting equation for x.
To find the y-intercept, set x 5 0 and solve the resulting equation for y.
111. The discriminant of a quadratic function tells how many x-intercepts the parabola has. If positive, there are 2 x-intercepts; if
zero, 1 x-intercept; and if negative, no x-intercepts.
113. Find the y-coordinate of the vertex. This is the maximum (or minimum) value of a quadratic function.
kx
1. A 5 kr 2 2. z 5 3. Distance: d 5 rt
y2
Distance varies jointly proportional
to rate and time.
4. Volume: V 5 s 3
The volume of a cube varies directly as the cube of the length of the sides.
kx2 2x2
5. z 5 if z 5 6, x 5 6, y 5 4 z5
y 3y
ks6d2
then 6 5
4
24 5 ks6d2
24
5k
36
2
5k
3
6. 2x 2 3y ≤ 4
? ?
(a) 2s5d 2 3s2d ≤ 4 (b) 2s22d 2 3s4d ≤ 4
10 2 6 ≤ 4 24 2 12 ≤ 4
4 ≤ 4 216 ≤ 4
? ?
(c) 2s2d 2 3s24d ≤ 4 (d) 2s3d 2 3s0d ≤ 4
4 1 12 ≤ 4 620 ≤ 4
16 ≤ 4 6 ≤ 4
325 2 1 321 2 1
7. m 5 52 52 8. m 5 5 5
521 4 2 4 2 s22d 6 3
1 1
y 2 3 5 2 sx 2 5d y 2 3 5 sx 2 4d
2 3
1 5 1 4
y2352 x1 y235 x2
2 2 3 3
2y 2 6 5 2x 1 5 3y 2 9 5 x 2 4
x 1 2y 5 11 line x 2 3y 5 25 line
Shaded region: x 1 2y ≤ 11 Shaded region: x 2 3y > 25
9. x > 22 10. 2x 1 3y ≤ 9 11. 2x 2 y ≤ 4

y y y
3 5 1
2 4 x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
1 3 −1
x 2 −2
−4 −3 −1 1 2
−1 1 −3
−2 x −4
−1 1 2 3 4
−3 −1
12. 3 5 as5 2 3d2 2 1 y 5 1sx 2 3d2 2 1 13. 3 5 as3 2 5d2 1 4 y 5 2 14sx 2 5d2 1 4
3 5 as4d 2 1 3 5 as4d 1 4
4 5 as4d 21 5 as4d
15a 2 14 5 a
14. vertex 5 s23, 2d x-intercepts y
1 1 1 4
y 5 2 sx2 1 6x d2 0 5 2 sx2 1 6x 1 1d (−3, 2)
4 4 4 2
(−3 − 2 2, 0) (−3 + 2 2, 0)
1 1 9 0 5 x 1 6x 1 1
2 x
y 5 2 sx2 1 6x 1 9d 2 1 −8 −4 −2 2
4 4 4 −2
26 ± !62 2 4s1ds1d
x5
1 2s1d −4
y 5 2 sx 1 3d2 1 2
4 −6
26 ± !36 2 4
x5
2
26 ± !32 26 ± 4!2 23 ± 2!2
x5 5 5
2 2 2
x < 20.17 and 25.83
15. vertex 5 s1, 29d x-intercepts y

( 1 − 3 22 , 0 ) ( 1 + 3 2 2 , 0)
y 5 2sx2 2 2x d27 05 2x2 2 4x 2 7 x
−4 −2 2 4 6
y 5 2sx2 2 2x 1 1d 2 7 2 2 2 s24d ± !s24d 2 4s2ds27d

2
x5
2s2d
y 5 2sx 2 1d2 2 9
4 ± !16 1 56
x5 −8
4
−10 (1, −9)
4 ± !72
x5
4
4 ± 6!2
x5
4
2 ± 3!2 3!2
x5 51 ±
2 2
x < 21.12 and 3.12
16. g 5 kt 17. 900x 1 1400y ≤ 20,000

1
.02 5 ks12d .05 5 t 9x 1 14y ≤ 200
600
.02
5k s.05ds600d 5 t
12
30 5 t minutes
2
5k
1200
1
5k
600
Section 7.4 Conic Sections 379
18. y 5 20.005x2 1 x 1 5
y 5 20.005sx2 2 200x d15
y 5 20.005sx 2 200x 1 10,000d 1 5 1 50
2
y 5 20.005sx 2 100d2 1 55
maximum height 5 55 feet
Section 7.4 Conic Sections
x2 y2
1. x2 1 y2 5 9 (c) 3. 1 51 (e) 5. x2 2 y2 5 4 (a)
4 9
7. center: s0, 0d, radius: 5 9. center: s0, 0d, radius:

2
3
x2 1 y2 5 r2 x2 1 y2 5 r2
x2 1 y2 5 s23 d
2
x2 1 y2 5 52
x2 1 y2 5 25 x2 1 y2 5 49 or 9x2 1 9y2 5 4
11. center: s0, 0d, point: s0, 8d 13. center: s0, 0d, point: s5, 2d
r 5 !s0 2 0d2 1 s8 2 0d2 r 5 !s5 2 0d2 1 s2 2 0d2
r 5 !64 r 5 !25 1 4
r58 r 5 !29
x2 1 y2 5 r2 x2 1 y2 5 r2
x2 1 y2 5 s!29d
2
x2 1 y2 5 82
x2 1 y2 5 64 x2 1 y2 5 29
15. center: s4, 3d, radius: 10 17. center: s5, 23d, radius: 9
sx 2 hd 1 sy 2 kd 5
2 2
r2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
sx 2 4d2 1 sy 2 3d2 5 102 sx 2 5d2 1 fy 2 s23dg2 5 92
sx 2 4d2 1 sy 2 3d2 5 100 sx 2 5d2 1 sy 1 3d2 5 81
19. center: s22, 1d, point: s0, 1d

r 5 !f0 2 s22dg2 1 s1 2 1d2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
r 5 !4 1 0 fx 2 s22dg2 1 sy 2 1d2 5 22
r52 sx 1 2d2 1 sy 2 1d2 5 4

r 5 !s4 2 3d2 1 s6 2 2d2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
sx 2 3d2 1 sy 2 2d2 5 s!17d
2
r 5 !1 1 16
5 !17 sx 2 3d2 1 sy 2 2d2 5 17
18. y 5 20.005x2 1 x 1 5
y 5 20.005sx2 2 200x d15
y 5 20.005sx 2 200x 1 10,000d 1 5 1 50
2
y 5 20.005sx 2 100d2 1 55
maximum height 5 55 feet
Section 7.4 Conic Sections
x2 y2
1. x2 1 y2 5 9 (c) 3. 1 51 (e) 5. x2 2 y2 5 4 (a)
4 9
7. center: s0, 0d, radius: 5 9. center: s0, 0d, radius:

2
3
x2 1 y2 5 r2 x2 1 y2 5 r2
x2 1 y2 5 s23 d
2
x2 1 y2 5 52
x2 1 y2 5 25 x2 1 y2 5 49 or 9x2 1 9y2 5 4
11. center: s0, 0d, point: s0, 8d 13. center: s0, 0d, point: s5, 2d
r 5 !s0 2 0d2 1 s8 2 0d2 r 5 !s5 2 0d2 1 s2 2 0d2
r 5 !64 r 5 !25 1 4
r58 r 5 !29
x2 1 y2 5 r2 x2 1 y2 5 r2
x2 1 y2 5 s!29d
2
x2 1 y2 5 82
x2 1 y2 5 64 x2 1 y2 5 29
15. center: s4, 3d, radius: 10 17. center: s5, 23d, radius: 9
sx 2 hd 1 sy 2 kd 5
2 2
r2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
sx 2 4d2 1 sy 2 3d2 5 102 sx 2 5d2 1 fy 2 s23dg2 5 92
sx 2 4d2 1 sy 2 3d2 5 100 sx 2 5d2 1 sy 1 3d2 5 81

r 5 !f0 2 s22dg2 1 s1 2 1d2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
r 5 !4 1 0 fx 2 s22dg2 1 sy 2 1d2 5 22
r52 sx 1 2d2 1 sy 2 1d2 5 4

r 5 !s4 2 3d2 1 s6 2 2d2 sx 2 hd2 1 sy 2 kd2 5 r2
sx 2 3d2 1 sy 2 2d2 5 s!17d
2
r 5 !1 1 16
5 !17 sx 2 3d2 1 sy 2 2d2 5 17
23. x2 1 y2 5 16 y
radius 5 4 center 5 s0, 0d 5
3
2
1
x
−5 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 5
−2
−3
−5
25. x2 1 y2 5 36 27. 4x2 1 4y2 5 1 center 5 s0, 0d

center 5 s0, 0d x2 1 y2 5 14 radius 5 12
radius 5 6 r 5 12
y
y
8
1
3
4
4
2 1
4
x
−8 −4 −2 2 4 8 x
1 3 1 1 3 1
4 4 4 4
−4
3
−8 4
1
31. sx 1 52 d 1 sy 1 3d2 5 9
2
29. sx 2 2d2 1 sy 2 3d2 5 4
center 5 s2, 3d center 5 s2 52, 23d
radius 5 2 radius 5 3
y y
7
2
6
5 x
4 −8 −6 −2 2
3 −2
2
−4
1
x −6
–3 –2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−2 −8
33. x2 1 y2 2 4x 2 2y 1 1 5 0 35. x2 1 y2 1 2x 1 6y 1 6 5 0
x2 2 4x 1 y2 2 2y 5 21 x2 1 2x 1 y2 1 6y 5 26
sx2 2 4x 1 4d 1 sy2 2 2y 1 1d 5 21 1 4 1 1 sx2 1 2x 1 1d 1 sy2 1 6y 1 9d 5 26 1 1 1 9
sx 2 2d2 1 sy 2 1d2 5 4 sx 1 1d2 1 sy 1 3d2 5 4
center 5 s2, 1d center 5 s21, 23d
radius 5 2 radius 5 2
y y
4 1
x
3
−6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2
2
−2
1 −3
x −4
–1 2 4 5
−1
−6
−2
−7
37. x2 1 y2 5 30 10
y2 5 30 2 x2
−15
y 5 ± !30 2 x2 15
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 ! x 30 2 X,T, u x2 d ENTER −10
y2 x2 c ! x 30 2 X,T, u x2 d GRAPH
39. sx 2 2d2 1 y2 5 10 4
y2 5 10 2 sx 2 2d2
−4
y 5 ± !10 2 sx 2 2d2
8
Keystrokes:
−4
y1 Y 5 ! x 10 2 x X,T, u 2 2 d x2 d ENTER
y2 x2 c ! x 10 2 x X,T, u 2 2 d x2 d GRAPH
41. center: s0, 0d 43. center: s0, 0d

vertices: s24, 0d, s4, 0d vertices: s22, 0d, s2, 0d
co-vertices: s0, 23d, s0, 3d co-vertices: s0, 21d, s0, 1d
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 251
a2 b2 a 2
b
major axis is x-axis so a 5 4 major axis is x-axis so a 5 2
minor axis is y-axis so b 5 3 minor axis is y-axis so b 5 1
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 251
42 32 2 2
1
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 51
16 9 4 1

vertices: s0, 24d, s0, 4d vertices: s0, 22d, s0, 2d
co-vertices: s23, 0d, s3, 0d co-vertices: s21, 0d, s1, 0d
x2 y2 x2 y2
2 1 251 2 1 251
b a b a
major axis is y-axis so a 5 4 major axis is y-axis so a 5 2
minor axis is x-axis so b 5 3 minor axis is x-axis so b 5 1
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 51
32 42 12 22
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 51
9 16 1 4

major axis (vertical) 10 units major axis (horizontal) 20 units
minor axis 6 units minor axis 12 units
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 251
b2 a2 a 2 b
b53 a55 a 5 10 b56
x2 y2 x2 y2
2 1 251 2 1 251
3 5 10 6
x2 y2 x2 y2
1 51 1 51
9 25 100 36
53. Vertices: s24, 0d, s4, 0d 55. Vertices: s0, 4d, s0, 24d
Co-Vertices: s0, 2d, s0, 22d Co-Vertices: s2, 0d, s22, 0d
y y
5 5
4
3 3
2
1 1
x x
−5 −2 −1 1 2 3 5 −5 −4 −3 −1 1 3 4 5
−2
−3
−4
−5 −5
57. Vertices: 12 35, 02, 153, 02 59. 4x2 1 y2 2 4 5 0

x2 y2
1 51
Co-Vertices: 1 21
4
0, , 0, 2
3
4
3 2 1 4
Vertices: s0, 2d, s0, 22d
y
Co-Vertices: s1, 0d, s21, 0d
2
y
1
2
x
2 1 1 2
1
1
x
2 2 1 1 2
61. 10x2 1 16y2 2 160 5 0 y
10x2 16y 2
160
1 5 4
160 160 160
2
x2 y2
1 51 x
16 10 −2 2
−2
Vertices: s± 4, 0d
Co-Vertices: s0, ± !10d −4
63. x2 1 2y2 5 4
2y2 5 4 2 x2
4 2 x2
y2 5
2
!4 22 x
2
y5±
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 ! x x 4 2 X,T, u x2 d 4 2 d ENTER 2
y2 x2 c ! x x 4 2 X,T, u x2 d 4 2 d GRAPH
Vertices: s± 2, 0d −3 3
−2
65. 3x2 1 y2 2 12 5 0
y2 5 12 2 3x2
y 5 ± !12 2 3x2
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 ! x 12 2 3 X,T, u x2 d ENTER 4
y2 x2 c ! x 12 2 3 X,T, u x2 d GRAPH
Vertices: s0, ± 2!3d −6 6
−4
67. Vertices: s3, 0d, s23, 0d y
3 3 6
Asymptotes: y 5 x y52 x
3 3 4
y5x y 5 2x 2
x
Equation: x2 2 y2 5 9 6 4 2
2
2 4 6
x2 y2 4
2 51
9 9 6
69. Vertices: s0, ± 1d y
Asymptotes: y 5 ± x 2
Equation: y2 2 x2 5 1
x
−2 −1 1 2
−2
5 6
Asymptotes: y 5 x
3 4
5
y52 x x
3 6 4 2 4 6
x2 y2
Equation: 2 51 4
9 25
6
73. Vertices: s0, ± 2d y
2
Asymptotes: y 5 x 4
3
2
y52 x x
3 −4 4
y2 x2
Equation: 2 51
4 9 −4
75. Vertices: s± 1, 0d y
3 3
2
Asymptotes: y 5 ± x 2
1
x
3 −3 −2 2 3
y5± x
2 −2
−3
x2 y2
Equation: 2 51
1 9
4
2 1 6
Asymptotes: y 5 x 5 x
4 2 4
2
2 1
y52 x52 x x
4 2 6 6
2
Equation: 4y2 2 x2 1 16 5 0 4
4y2 x2
216 6
2 5
216 216 216
2y2 x2
1 51
4 16
x2 y2
2 51
16 4
x2 y2 y2 x2 x2 y2 y2 x2
79. 2 51 81. 2 51 83. 2 51 85. 2 51
16 64 16 64 81 36 1 1
4
x2 y2 5
87. 2 51
16 4
x2 2 4y2 5 16 −8 8
x2 2 16 5 4y2
x2 2 16 −5
5 y2
4
!x 2 16
2
± 5y
4
Keystrokes:
y1: Y 5 ! x x X,T, u x2 2 16 d 4 4 d ENTER
y2: x2 c ! x x X,T, u x2 2 16 d 4 4 d GRAPH
89. 5x2 2 2y2 1 10 5 0 5
5x2 1 10 5 2y2
−8
5x2 1 10
8
5 y2
2
!5x 1 10
2 −5
± 5y
2
Keystrokes:
y1: Y 5 ! x x 5 X,T, u x2 1 10 d 4 2 d ENTER
y2: x2 c ! x x 5 X,T, u x2 1 10 d 4 2 d GRAPH
91. Parabola 93. Ellipse 95. Hyperbola
97. Circle 99. Line 101. x2 1 y2 5 45002

x2 1 y2 5 20,250,000
103. (a) x2 1 y2 5 625 (equation of circle) (b) 1500
sx, yd of the rectangle is also the point on the circle,

so y-coordinate equals:
x2 1 y2 5 625
−5 30
y2 5 625 2 x2 − 50
y 5 !625 2 x2 x < 17.68

width 5 2s!625 2 x2d
area 5 2x ? 2s!625 2 x2d
area 5 4x!625 2 x2
x2 y2
105. Equation of ellipse 5 2
1 251 107. A 5 pab a 1 b 5 20
50 40
301.59 5 pab b 5 20 2 a
or
301.59
5 ab
p
x2 y2
1 51
2500 1600 96 < ab
452 y2 96 5 as20 2 ad
1 51
2500 1600
0 5 2a2 1 20a 2 96
y2
5 0.19 0 5 a2 2 20a 1 96
1600
0 5 sa 2 12dsa 2 8d
y2 5 304
a 5 12 a58
y 5 17.435596 < 17 feet
b58 b 5 12
x2 y2
1 51
144 64
109. The four types of conics are circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas.
111. An ellipse is the set of all points sx, yd such that the sum of the distances between sx, yd and two distinct fixed points
is a constant.
x2 y2 x2 y2
2
1 2 5 1 or 2 1 2 5 1
a b b a
113. An ellipse is a circle if the coefficients of the second degree terms are equal.
115. The central rectangle of a hyperbola can be used to sketch its asymptotes because the asymptotes are the extended diagonals
of the central rectangle.
x2 y2
117. y 5 32!x2 2 4 is the top half of the hyperbola 2 5 1.
4 9
Section 7.5 Graphs of Rational Functions
1. (a) (b) y (c) Domain:

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999
4 x21Þ0
y 24 28 240 2400 24000 3
2 xÞ1
1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 x s2 `, 1d < s1, `d
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 40 400 4000
x 2 5 10 100 1000 −4
y 4 1 0.44444 0.0404 0.004

x2 y2
105. Equation of ellipse 5 2
1 251 107. A 5 pab a 1 b 5 20
50 40
301.59 5 pab b 5 20 2 a
or
301.59
5 ab
p
x2 y2
1 51
2500 1600 96 < ab
452 y2 96 5 as20 2 ad
1 51
2500 1600
0 5 2a2 1 20a 2 96
y2
5 0.19 0 5 a2 2 20a 1 96
1600
0 5 sa 2 12dsa 2 8d
y2 5 304
a 5 12 a58
y 5 17.435596 < 17 feet
b58 b 5 12
x2 y2
1 51
144 64
109. The four types of conics are circles, parabolas, ellipses, and hyperbolas.
111. An ellipse is the set of all points sx, yd such that the sum of the distances between sx, yd and two distinct fixed points
is a constant.
x2 y2 x2 y2
2
1 2 5 1 or 2 1 2 5 1
a b b a
113. An ellipse is a circle if the coefficients of the second degree terms are equal.
115. The central rectangle of a hyperbola can be used to sketch its asymptotes because the asymptotes are the extended diagonals
of the central rectangle.
x2 y2
117. y 5 32!x2 2 4 is the top half of the hyperbola 2 5 1.
4 9
Section 7.5 Graphs of Rational Functions

x 0 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999
4 x21Þ0
y 24 28 240 2400 24000 3
2 xÞ1
1
x 2 1.5 1.1 1.01 1.001 x s2 `, 1d < s1, `d
−3 −2 −1 2 3 4 5
y 4 8 40 400 4000
x 2 5 10 100 1000 −4
y 4 1 0.44444 0.0404 0.004

Section 7.5 Graphs of Rational Functions 387

x 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999
6 x23Þ0
y 1 0 28 298 2998 5
4 xÞ3
3
x 4 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 s2 `, 3d < s3, `d
1
y 3 4 12 102 1002
x
−1 1 2 4 5 6 7
x 4 5 10 100 1000 −2
y 3 2.5 2.143 2.010 2.001
5. (a) (b) y
x 2 2.5 2.9 2.99 2.999
6
y 21.2 22.727 214.75 2149.7 21500
4
2
x 4 3.5 3.1 3.01 3.001 x
−2 4 6
y 1.714 3.231 15.246 150.25 1500.2 −2
−4
x 4 5 10 100 1000 −6
y 1.714 0.938 0.330 0.030 0.003 (c) Domain: x2 2 9 Þ 0

sx 2 3dsx 1 3d Þ 0
xÞ3 x Þ 23
s2 `, 23d < s23, 3d < s3, `d
5 x
7. f sxd 5 9. f sxd 5
x2 x18
Domain: x 2 Þ 0 Domain: x 1 8 Þ 0
xÞ0 x Þ 28
s2 `, 0d < s0, `d s2 `, 28d < s28, `d

Vertical asymptote: x 5 0 Vertical asymptote: x 5 28
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the Horizontal asymptote: y 5 1 since the degree of the
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and
the leading coefficients are 1.
2t 2 5 3 2 5x
11. g std 5 13. y 5
3t 2 9 1 2 3x
Domain: 3t 2 9 Þ 0 Domain: 1 2 3x Þ 0
tÞ3 1 Þ 3x
s2 `, 3d < s3, `d 1
3 Þx
Vertical asymptote: t 5 3 s2 `, d < s13, `d
1
3
2
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 since the degree of the
3
1
Vertical asymptote: x 5 3
numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and 5
the leading coefficient of the numerator is 2 and the lead-
numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and
ing coefficient of the denominator is 3.
the leading coefficient of the numerator is 25 and the
leading coefficient of the denominator is 23.
3 2x2
15. g std 5 17. y 5
tst 2 1d x2 1 1
t st 2 1d Þ 0 Domain: x 2 1 1 Þ 0
tÞ0 t21Þ0 s2 `, `d
tÞ1 no real solution
Vertical asymptote: none
s2 `, 0d < s0, 1d < s1, `d
Vertical asymptotes: t 5 0, t 5 1 numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the the leading coefficient of the numerator is 2 and the lead-
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. ing coefficient of the denominator is 1.
2
x2 2 4 21. g szd 5 1 2
19. y 5 z
x2 2 1
z 1 2 z22
Domain: x2 2 1 Þ 0 gszd 5
z
?12 z
5
z
sx 2 1dsx 1 1d Þ 0 Domain: z Þ 0
xÞ1 x Þ 21 s2 `, 0d < s0, `d
Vertical asymptote: z 5 0
s2 `, 21d < s21, 1d < s1, `d
Vertical asymptotes: x 5 1, x 5 21 numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 1 since the degree of the the leading coefficients are 1.
numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and
the leading coefficient of the numerator is 1 and the lead-
ing coefficient of the denominator is 1.
4 x 2x 4 2x2 1 4 2
23. gsxd 5 2x 1
x
5
x
? 1
1 5
x x
25. f sxd 5
x11
matches with graph (d).
Domain: x Þ 0 Vertical asymptote: x 1 1 5 0

x 5 21
s2 `, 0d < s0, `d
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0
Horizontal asymptote: none since the degree of the
numerator is greater than the degree of the denominator.
x22
27. f sxd 5 matches with graph (b). 29. (d) 31. (a)
x21
Vertical asymptote: x 2 1 5 0
x51
5 5
33. g sxd 5 35. g sxd 5
x x24
5 5 5
y-intercept: gs0d 5 5 undefined, none y-intercept: gs0d 5 52
0 024 4
x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero. x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero.
Vertical asymptote: x 5 0 Vertical asymptote: x 2 4 5 0
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the x54
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the
y
8 y
6
8
4
6
2
4
x
2 4 6 8 2
−2
x
2 6 8 10 12
−2
−4
−6
−8
1 y
37. f sxd 5
x22 4
3
1 1
y-intercept: f s0d 5 52 2
022 2 1
x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero. x
–2 3 4 5 6
−1
Vertical asymptote: x 2 2 5 0 −2
x52 −3
−4
1 3x
39. g sxd 5 41. y 5
22x x2 1 4x
1 1 3s0d
y-intercept: gs0d 5 5 y-intercept: y 5 5 undefined, none
220 2 02 1 4s0d
x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero 3x 3x
x-intercept: 0 5 5
Vertical asymptote: 2 2 x 5 0 x2 1 4x xsx 1 4d
x52 05
3
; none
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the x14
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. Vertical asymptote: x 2 1 4x 5 0
y xsx 1 4d 5 0
4 x 5 24
3
2
1
x
y
–2 1 6
−1
4
−2
−3
2
−4
x
−6 −2 2 4
−2
−4
3u2
43. h sud 5
y
u2 2 3u 10
3s0d2 8
y-intercept: hs0d 5 5 undefined, none
02 2 3s0d 6
4
3u2 3u2
x-intercept: 0 5 2 5 2
u 2 3u usu 2 3d u
−4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
3u −2
05
u23 −4
0 5 3u
0 5 u, none, since hs0d is undefined.
Vertical asymptote: u2 2 3u 5 0
usu 2 3d 5 0
u53
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 3 since the degrees are equal
and the leading coefficient of the numerator is 3 and the
2x 1 4 2x2
45. y 5 47. y 5
x x211
2s0d 1 4 2s0d2
y-intercept: y 5 5 undefined, none. y-intercept: y 5 50
0 02 1 1
x-intercept: 2x 1 4 5 0 x-intercept: x 5 0
x 5 22 Vertical asymptote: none, x 2 1 1 5 0 has no real solutions.
Vertical asymptote: x 5 0 Horizontal asymptote: y 5 2 since the degree of the
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 2 since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator
numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and the leading coefficient of the numerator is 2 and
and the leading coefficient of the numerator is 2 and the leading coefficient of the denominator is 1.
the leading coefficient of the denominator is 1. y
y 5
8 4
6 3
x x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4
–2
–3
4 y
49. y 5
x2 1 1 5
4
y-intercept: y 5 2 54
0 11 2
x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero. 1

x
Vertical asymptote: none, x 1 1 Þ 0 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−2
no real solution
−3
2 y
51. g std 5 3 2
t
2
y-intercept: gs0d 5 3 2 5 undefined, none 5
0 4
2
x-intercept: 0 5 3 2 2
t 1
0 5 3t 2 2 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
t
−1
2 5 3t
2
5t
3
Vertical asymptote: t 5 0
x
53. y 5 2 y
x2 2 4
4
20
y-intercept: y 5 50
3
02 2 4 2
1
x
x-intercept: 0 5 2 −4 −3
x
x2 2 4 −1
1
−2
0 5 2x −3
−4
05x
Vertical asymptote: x 5 2, x 5 22
x2 2 4 5 0
sx 2 2dsx 1 2d 5 0
x52 x 5 22
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of the denominator.
3x2
55. f sxd 5
x2 2 x 2 2
3s0d2 0
y-intercept: y 5 5 50
02 2 0 2 2 22 y
12
x-intercept: 3x 2 50 10
x2 5 0 8
6
x50
4
Vertical asymptotes: x2 2 x 2 2 5 0 2
x
sx 2 2dsx 1 1d 5 0 −6 −4 4 6 8 10
x2250 x2250
x52 x52
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 3 since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator and the leading
coefficient of the numerator is 3 and the leading coefficient of the denominator is 1.
x2 2 4
57. f sxd 5
x2 2 3x 2 10
02 2 4 4 2
y-intercept: f s0d 5 5 5
2 3s0d 2 10 10 5
y
02
x2 2 4 6
x-intercept: 0 5
x2 2 3x 2 10 4
2
0 5 x2 2 4
x
0 5 sx 2 2dsx 1 2d −2 2 4 6 8 10
−2
x 5 2 undefined at x 5 22 −4
Vertical asymptotes: x 2 2 3x 2 10 5 0 −6
sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 5 0
x 5 5 x 5 22 → hole in graph
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 1 since the degrees are equal and the leading coefficients are 1.
f sxd 5
sx 2 2dsx 1 2d
sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 6
gives a hole in graph at x 5 22
3
59. f sxd 5
x12
Domain: x 1 2 Þ 0 6
x Þ 22
s2 `, 22d < s22, `d −8 4
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 −6
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 3 4 x X,T, u 1 2
x
GRAPH
x23
61. h sxd 5
x21
Domain: x 2 1 Þ 0 6
xÞ1
s2 `, 1d < s1, `d
−7 8
−4
Keystrokes:
Y 5 x X,T, u 2 3 4 x X,T, u 2 1 GRAPH
x
6
63. f std 5
t2 1 1
Domain: t 2 1 1 Þ 0 7
s2 `, `d
−6 6
Keystrokes:
−1
Y5 6 4 x X,T,u 1 1
x
x2 GRAPH
2sx2 1 1d
65. y 5
x2
Domain: x2 Þ 0 10
xÞ0
s2 `, 0d < s0, `d
Vertical asymptote: x 5 0 −9 9
−2
Keystrokes:
Y 5 x 2 x X,T,u x2 1 1 4 X,T,u
x x
x2 GRAPH
3 1
67. y 5 1
x x22
3 1 4x 2 6
y5 1 5
x x 2 2 x 2 2 2x
Domain: x Þ 0 x22Þ0 5
xÞ2
s2 `, 0d < s0, 2d < s2, `d −7 8
Vertical asymptotes: x2 2 2x 5 0, xsx 2 2d 5 0, x 5 0, x 5 2

−5
Keystrokes: Y 5 3 4 X,T,u 1 1 4 x X,T,u 2
x
2 GRAPH or
Y5 s4 X,T,u 2 6d 4 s X,T,u x 2 2 2 X,T, u d GRAPH
69. Reduce gsxd to lowest terms. 1
4 2 2x 2s2 2 xd −3
gsxd 5 5 5 22
3
x22 x22
Keystrokes: Y 5 2 2 X,T, u 4 x X,T, u 2
x
x
x
4 2 GRAPH
There is no vertical asymptote because the fraction is not reduced to lowest terms.
−3
Cost
71. (a) Average cost 5 (c) Keystrokes:
Number of units
Y5 2500 1 .5 X,T,u 4 X,T,u
x
x GRAPH
2500 1 0.50x
C5 , 0 < x Horizontal asymptote
x
C 5 $0.50 since the degree of the numerator is equal to
2500 1 0.50s1000d
(b) C 5 5 $3 the degree of the denominator and the leading coefficient
1000 of the numerator is 0.50 and the leading coefficient of the
2500 1 0.50s10,000d denominator is 1. As the number of units produced
C5 5 $0.75 increases, the average cost is approximately $0.50.
10,000
2500
0 50
0
73. (a) C 5 0 is the horizontal asymptote, since the degree of the numerator is less than the 0.5
degree of the denominator. The meaning in the context of the problem is that the
chemical is eliminated from the body.
(b) Keystrokes: Y 5 2 X,T, u 4 x 4 X,T,u 1 25
x
x2 GRAPH
Maximum occurs when t < 2.5.
0 5
0
75. (a) answers will vary. (c) Domain: x > 0 or s0, `d

(d) Minimum perimeter: 20 units 3 20 units
y Keystrokes:
Y5 2 x X,T, u 1 400 4 X,T, u
x
GRAPH
1500
(b) A5x?y P 5 2l 1 2w
400 5 x ? y P 5 2sl 1 wd
1 2
0 15
400 400
5y P52 x1 0
x x
2sx 1 1d x26
77. y 5 79. y 5
x23 sx 2 4dsx 1 2d
48.4 2 4.79x
81. (c) y 5
1 2 0.13x
Domain: 1 2 0.13x Þ 0 24.79
Horizontal asymptote: y 5
20.13
20.13x Þ 21
y < 36.85
21
xÞ
20.13 since the degrees are equal.
x Þ 7.69
48.4 2 4.79x
x-intercept: 05 Vertical asymptote: x < 7.69
1 2 0.13x
0 5 48.4 2 4.79x (the excluded value of the domain)
4.79x 5 48.4
48.4
x5 5 10.10
4.79
(d) Keystrokes:
Y5 x 48.4 2 4.79 X,T, u d 4 x 1 2 .13 X,T, u d GRAPH
Plot s1, 50.1d, s2, 51.9d, s3, 54.8d, s4, 59.3d, s5, 73.6d, s6, 78.7d
in
STAT 1 then enter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, in L1 and enter 50.1, 51.9, 54.8, 59.3, 73.6, 78.7, in L2.
STAT PLOT 1 ON GRAPH
85
0.5 6.5
45
The model appears to be accurate for the restricted domain.
—CONTINUED—
81. —CONTINUED—
(e) The models are not accurate for the years before 1991 and after 1996. Use the quadratic model to estimate the value of
the shipment in 1998, because the rational function evaluated at x 5 8 is negative.
83. An asymptote of a graph is a line to which the graph 85. No, not when the domain is all reals. For example,
|| ||
becomes arbitrarily close as x or y increases without
1
bound. f sxd 5 has no vertical asymptote.
x2 1 1
k
1. P varies directly as the cube of t. P 5 kt 3 3. z varies inversely as the square of s. z 5
s2
5. y 5 k!
3 x 7. T 5 krs2
12 5 k!
3 8 5000 5 ks0.09ds1000d2
12 5000
65 5k 5k
!
3 8 90,000
y 5 6!
3 x 1
5k
18
1 2
T5 rs
18
9. y > 4 11. x 2 2 ≥ 0
y x ≥ 2
6 y
2
2
1
x
−4 −2 2 4
x
1 1 3 4
−2
1
2
81. —CONTINUED—
(e) The models are not accurate for the years before 1991 and after 1996. Use the quadratic model to estimate the value of
the shipment in 1998, because the rational function evaluated at x 5 8 is negative.
83. An asymptote of a graph is a line to which the graph 85. No, not when the domain is all reals. For example,
|| ||
becomes arbitrarily close as x or y increases without
1
bound. f sxd 5 has no vertical asymptote.
x2 1 1
k
1. P varies directly as the cube of t. P 5 kt 3 3. z varies inversely as the square of s. z 5
s2
5. y 5 k!
3 x 7. T 5 krs2
12 5 k!
3 8 5000 5 ks0.09ds1000d2
12 5000
65 5k 5k
!
3 8 90,000
y 5 6!
3 x 1
5k
18
1 2
T5 rs
18
9. y > 4 11. x 2 2 ≥ 0
y x ≥ 2
6 y
2
2
1
x
−4 −2 2 4
x
1 1 3 4
−2
1
2
13. 2x 1 y < 1 or y < 22x 1 1 15. 2 sx 2 1d ≤ 4y 2 2

y 2x 1 1 ≤ 4y 2 2
3
2x 1 3 ≤ 4y
x13
2 ≤ y
4
1
x y
2 1 1 2
1 4
x
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1
−2
3
17. y ≤ 12 2 2x 20
Keystrokes:
Y 5 12 2 x 3 4 2 d X,T, u
−4 10
−4
19. x 1 y ≥ 0 4
y ≥ 2x
−4 4
Keystrokes:
Y5 x2 c X,T, u
−4
DRAW 7 x Y-VARS 1 1 , 10 d ENTER
21. f sxd 5 x2 2 8x 1 3 23. h sud 5 2u2 2 u 1 3

5 sx2 2 8x 1 16d 1 3 2 16 5 2su2 2 12ud 1 3
5 sx 2 4d2 2 13 5 2su2 2 12u 1 16 d 1 3 2 18
1
5 2su 2 14 d 1 23
2
vertex 5 s4, 213d 8
vertex 5 s4, d
1 23
8
25. y 5 x2 1 8x y
x-intercepts vertex 8
4
0 5 x2 1 8x y 5 x2 1 8x 1 16 2 16 (−8, 0) (0, 0 )
x
−10 −6 −4 −2 2
0 5 xsx 1 8d y 5 sx 1 4d2 2 16
x50 x 5 28 s24, 216d
( − 4 , − 16 ) −16
27. y 5 x2 2 6x 1 5
x-intercepts vertex
0 5 x 2 6x 1 5
2
y 5 sx2 2 6x 1 9d 1 5 2 9
0 5 sx 2 5dsx 2 1d y 5 sx 2 3d2 2 4
x55 x51 s3, 24d
(1, 0) (5, 0)
x
−2 2 4 6
−2
−4
(3, − 4)
29. h sxd 5 x2 1 3 31. h sxd 5 sx 1 2d2 2 3 33. vertex: s3, 5d
y y a 5 22
6 2 y 5 asx 2 hd2 1 k
1
5
y 5 22sx 2 3d2 1 5
4 x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
2 −2
1 −3
x −4
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
Vertical shift 3 units up Horizontal shift 2 units left

Vertical shift 3 units down
35. vertex: s2, 25d: y-intercept: s0, 3d

y 5 asx 2 hd2 1 k y 5 2sx 2 2d2 2 5 or y 5 2x2 2 8x 1 3
y 5 asx 2 2d2 2 5
3 5 as0 2 2d2 2 5
3 5 as4d 2 5
8 5 as4d
25a
37. Parabola: vertex: s5, 0d; passes through the point s1, 1d
y 5 asx 2 hd2 1 k
1 5 as1 2 5d2 1 0
1 5 as16d
1
16 5a
1
y 5 16 sx 2 5d2 1 0 or y 5 16
1 2
x 2 58x 1 25
16
y2
39. (c) matches 4x2 1 4y2 5 81 41. (a) matches 2 x2 5 1
4
43. (b) matches y 5 2x2 1 6x 2 5 45. x2 2 2y 5 0 y
x2 5 2y 5
4
x2
5y 3
2
2
1
parabola
x
3 2 1 1 2 3
1
47. x2 1 y2 5 64 49. y 5 sx 2 6d2 1 1

circle parabola
y y
12 8
6
4
x 4
−12 −4 4 12
−4
2
x
−12
2 4 6 8
x2 y2
51. 1 51 53. 4x2 1 4y2 2 9 5 0
25 4
4x2 4y2
1 51
ellipse 9 9
x2 y2
1 51
y 9 9
4 4
6
4
circle
x
6 2 2 6 y
4 2
6
1
x
2 1 1 2
55. Parabola: vertex: s5, 0d; passes through the point s1, 1d
y 5 asx 2 hd2 1 k
1 5 as1 2 5d2 1 0
1 5 as16d
1
16 5a
y 5 16sx 2 5d2 1 0 or y 5 16x2 2 8x 1 16
1 1 5 25
57. Ellipse: vertices: s0, 25d, s0, 5d; co-vertices: s22, 0d, s2, 0d
x2 y2
1 51
4 25
59. Circle: center: s0, 0d; radius: 20

x2 1 y2 5 400
1 1
61. Hyperbola: vertices: s23, 0d, s3, 0d; asymptotes: y 5 2 x, y 5 x
2 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2
2 51 2 51 2 51
a2 b2 32 3 2
2 12 9 9
4
3
a53 b5
2
5 6x
63. f sxd 5 65. f sxd 5
x26 x25
(b) y (a) y
6 20
4 16
2 12
x 8
4 8 10
−2 4
−4 x
−8 −4 4 8 12 16
−6 −4
25 3x 1 6
67. f sxd 5 69. P sxd 5
x2 x22
25 3s0d 1 6
y-intercept: f s0d 5 5 undefined; none y-intercept: P s0d 5 5 23
02 022
25 3x 1 6
x-intercept: 0 5 x-intercept: 05
x2 x22
0 5 25 none 0 5 3x 1 6
y 22 5 x
x y
−2 −1 1 2
−1
10
−2
8
−3 6
−4 4
−5 2
x
−6 −4 −2 4 6 8
−4
vertical asymptote: x2 5 0
x50 vertical asymptote: x 5 2
horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the horizontal asymptote: y 5 3 since the degrees are equal
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. and the leading coefficient of the numerator is 3 and the
21x 73. f sxd 5

x
71. g sxd 5 x2 1 1
12x
210 y-intercept: f s0d 5
0
50
y-intercept: g s0d 5 52 02 1 1
120
21x 05
x
x-intercept: 05 x-intercept:
x2 1 1
12x
0521x 05x
22 5 x y
y 0.75
2 0.50
0.25
x x
−2 −1 2 3 4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
−3 −0.75
−4
vertical asymptote: none x2 1 1 Þ 0
vertical asymptote: x 5 1 horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the

horizontal asymptote: y 5 21 since the degrees are equal
and the leading coefficient of the number is 1 and the
4 x
75. h sxd 5 77. y 5
sx 2 1d2 x2 2 1
4 0
y-intercept: h s0d 5 54 y-intercept: y 5 50
s0 2 1d2 02 2 1
4 x
x-intercept: 05 x-intercept: 05
sx 2 1d2 x2 2 1
0 5 4 none 05x
y y
6 3
5 2
3 x
2 3
−1
1 −2
x −3
−2 −1 2 3 4
vertical asymptote: x 5 1 vertical asymptote: x2 2 1 5 0
horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the x51 x 5 21

numerator is less than the degree of the denominator. horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the
2x2 x24
79. y 5 81. y 5
x2 24 x2 2 3x 2 4
2s0d2 x24 x24 1

y-intercept: y 5 50 y5 5 5
02 2 4 x2 2 3x 2 4 sx 2 4dsx 1 1d x 1 1
2x2 024 24
x-intercept: 0 5 y-intercept: y 5 5 51
x2 24 02 2 3s0d 2 4 24
0 5 2x2 1
x-intercept: 0 5
x11
05x
0 5 1 none
y
y
3
2 6
1 4
x 2
−9 −6 −3 3 6 9
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4
vertical asymptote: x2 2 4 5 0
vertical asymptote: x 5 21
x52 x 5 22
horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the
number is less than the degree of the denominator.
83. Vertical asymptote: x 5 4

85. d 5 kF
4 5 ks100d
Zero of the function: x 5 0
4
5k
3x 100
y5
x24
1
5k
25
1
65 F
25
150 pounds 5 F
k
87. x 5 89. 8x 1 10y ≥ 200 y
!p
8x 1 10y ≥ 200 30
k
1000 5 25
!25 10y ≥ 28x 1 200 20
5000 5 k y ≥ 2.8x 1 20 15
10
5000 Ordered pair solutions:
x5 5
!28
s0, 20d, s25, 0d, s10, 12d, x
5 10 15 20 25 30
x 5 944.91118
s12, 11d, s8, 15d
x < 945 units
Y 5 x2 c X,T, u x2 4 10 1 3 X,T, u 1 6 GRAPH
1 2
(b) y 5 2 s0d 1 3s0d 1 6
10
y501016 0
0
32
y 5 6 feet
b 1
(c) x 5 2 y5 s15d2 1 3s15d 1 6
2a 10
3 1
52 52 s225d 1 45 1 6
1
2 2
1
10 2 10
5 222.5 1 45 1 6
23
5 5 28.5 feet
1
2
5
5 15
21 2
(d) 0 5 x 1 3x 1 6
10
x5
23 ± !3 2
1 24 2
1
102s6d
212 2
1
10
23 ± !9 1 2.4
x5
1
2
5
23 ± !11.4
x5
1
2
5
x 5 25s23 ± !11.4d 5 15 ± 5!11.4 5 31.9
The ball is 31.9 feet from the child when it hits the ground.
93. x2 1 y2 5 r2
x2 1 y2 5 50002
20s4 1 3 ? 5d 380
95. (a) Ns5d 5 5 5 304 thousand (b) The population is limited by the horizontal asymptote
1 1 0.05s5d 1.25
N 5 1200 thousand fish.
20s4 1 3 ? 10d 680
Ns10d 5 5 < 453.3 thousand
1 1 0.05s10d 1.5
20s4 1 3 ? 25d 1580
Ns25d 5 5 < 702.2 thousand
1 1 0.05s25d 2.25
kx2
1. S 5 2. v 5 k!u 3. y < 4
y
3
2 5 k!36 y
1
4 5k 6
1
v5 4 !u
x
−4 −2 2 4
−2
4. 3x 2 2y > 6 520 2 10
y
5. m 5
7
? 2 5 27
22y > 23x 1 6 02
4 2
23 6
y < x1 2 210
22 22 y255 sx 2 0d
x 7
−2 2 4 6
3
y < x23 −2 210
2 y255 x
7
210
y5 x15
7
7y 5 210x 1 35
10x 1 7y ≤ 35
6. y 5 22sx 2 2d2 1 8 y
vertex 5 s2, 8d (2, 8)

8
y 5 22s0 2 2d2 1 8 6
y 5 22s4d 1 8 4
y 5 0 s0, 0d; x & y-intercept 2

(0, 0) (4, 0)
0 5 22sx 2 2d2 1 8 x
−2 2 6
28 5 22sx 2 2d 2
4 5 sx 2 2d
±2 5 x 2 2
2 ± 25x
0, 4 5 x s0, 0d, s4, 0d; x-intercepts
x2 y2
7. x2 1 y2 5 9 8. 1 51
9 16
Circle
Ellipse
y
4 y
2 3
2
x 1
4 2 2 4
x
2 4 2 1 1 2 4
2
4 3
x2 y2
9. 2 51 10. y 5 sx 2 3d2
9 16
Parabola
Hyperbola
y
y 4
6 3
4
2
2
x 1
6 4 2 2 4 6
x
1 2 3 4 5 6
4
11. Circle with center at s0, 0d and radius 5 12. Parabola with vertex s22, 1d and passing through s6, 9d
x2 1 y2 5 r2 sy 2 kd2 5 asx 2 hd sy 2 1d2 5 8sx 1 2d
x2 1 y2 5 52 s9 2 1d2 5 af6 2 s22dg
x2 1 y2 5 25 64 5 as8d
85a
x2 y2 x2 y2
13. 1 51 14. 2 51
9 100 9 9
4
x2 4y2
2 51
9 9
or
x2 2 4y2 5 9
3
15. f sxd 5
x23 y
x-intercept: none, numerator is never zero 6
3
y-intercept: f s0d 5
2
5 21
023 x
2 4 6 8
−2
Vertical asymptote: x 2 3 5 0
−4
x53 −6

3x 3x
16. f sxd 5 5
x2 2 2x 2 15 sx 2 5dsx 1 3d y
x-intercept: x 5 0 6
4
y-intercept: y 5 0
2
Vertical asymptotes: x 1 3 5 0 x2550 x
−2 4 6 8
−2
x 5 23 x55
−4
Horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the −6
K 180
17. P5 P5 .75V 5 180
V V
K 180 180
15 .75 5 V5
180 V .75
180 5 K V 5 240 cubic meters
18. 20x 1 30y ≤ 24,000 y
2x 1 3y ≤ 2400 1250
1000
750
500
250
x
250 500 750 1000 1250
1 2
19. R 5 2 sn 2 240nd, 80 ≤ n ≤ 160
20
1 2
R52 sn 2 240n 1 14,400d 1 720
20
1
R52 sn 2 120d2 1 720
20
CHAPTER 7 Linear Models and Graphs of Nonlinear Models
SECTION 7.1 Variation
1. y For some x there corresponds 2. y For each x there corresponds

more than one value of y. exactly one value of y.
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
−1 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1 −1
−2 −2
x21
3. f sxd 5 x 2 2 4x 1 9 4. hsxd 5
x2sx2 1 1d
Domain: s2 `, `d
Domain: x 2sx 2 1 1d Þ 0
x2 Þ 0 x2 1 1 Þ 0
xÞ0
s2 `, 0d < s0, `d
5. f sxd 5 2x3 2 3x 2 2 18x 1 27 6. s2x 2 3dsx 1 3dsx 2 3d 5 s2x 2 3dsx 2 2 9d

5 s2x 2 3dsx 1 3dsx 2 3d 5 2x3 2 18x 2 3x 2 1 27
50 5 2x3 2 3x 2 2 18x 1 27
−4 5
−20
Yes, graphs are the same.
2x 2 3
2x3 2 3x2 2 18x 1 27 2x3 2 3x2 2 18x 1 27
7. 8. 5 x 2 9 ) 2x 2 3x 2 18x 1 27
2 3 2
2x 2 3 x2 2 9
x2 2 9 2x3 2 18x
2x 2 3 ) 2x3 2 3x2 2 18x 1 27 23x 2 1 27
2x3 2 3x2 23x2 1 27
218x 1 27 0
218x 1 27
0
x 2 2 9 5 sx 2 3dsx 1 3d
3
9. f sxd 5 x 2 2 3 10. f sxd 5
x15
f s2 1 hd 2 f s2d s2 1 hd2 2 3 2 s22 2 3d
5 3
2
3
h h f s2 1 hd 2 f s2d s2 1 hd 1 5 2 1 5
5
4 1 4h 1 h2 2 3 2 4 1 3 h h
5
h 3 3
2
4h 1 71h 7 7s7 1 hd
5
h2 5
h
? 7s7 1 hd
h
21 2 3s7 1 hd
hs4 1 hd 5
5 7hs7 1 hd
h
21 2 21 2 3h
541h 5
7hs7 1 hd
23h
5
7hs7 1 hd
23
5
7s7 1 hd
SECTION 7.2 Graphs of Linear Inequalities
4 6x index 5 4, radicand 5 6x
1. !
1
2. an in radical form is !
n a.
3. 7 2 3x > 4 2 x 4. 2sx 1 6d 2 20 < 2 5.

x x
1 < 1
6 4
7 2 3x 1 x > 4 2 x 1 x 2x 1 12 2 20 < 2
7 2 2x > 4 2x 2 8 < 2 12 16x 1 4x 2 < s1d12
7 2 2x 2 7 > 4 2 7 2x 2 8 1 8 < 2 1 8 2x 1 3x < 12
22x > 23 2x < 10 5x < 12
22x 23 2x 10 5x 12
< <
22 22 2 2 5
<
5
3 x < 5 12
x < x <
2 5
52x
6.
2
≥ 8 7. |x 2 3| < 2
22 < x 2 3 < 2
52x
2 1 2 2
≥ s8d2
22 1 3 < x 2 3 1 3 < 2 1 3
5 2 x ≥ 16 1 < x < 5
5 2 5 2 x ≥ 16 2 5
2x ≥ 11
2x 11
≤
21 21
x ≤ 211
|
8. x 2 5 > 3|
x 2 5 < 23 or x25 > 3
x 2 5 1 5 < 23 1 5 x2515 > 315
x < 2 or x > 8
9. g sxd 5 x5 2 2 10. g sxd 5 sx 2 2d5

Y 5 X,T, u 5 2 2 GRAPH Y5 x X,T, u 2 2 d 5 GRAPH
>
>
2 2
−4 5
−1 5
−4 −2
Vertical shift 2 units downward Horizontal shift 2 units to the right
11. g sxd 5 2x5 12. g sxd 5 s2xd5

Y 5 x2 c X,T, u 5 GRAPH Y5 x x2 c X,T, u d 5 GRAPH
>
>
2 2
−3 3 −3 3
−2 −2
Reflection in the x-axis Reflection in the y-axis
SECTION 7.3 Graphs of Quadratic Functions
1. sx 1 bd2 5 x 2 1 2bx 1 b2 2. x 2 1 5x 1 25
4
(Recall sx 1 bd2 5 sx 1 bdsx 1 bd then multiply by To complete the square, take one-half of b and square it.
FOIL.)
s12 bd2
3. s4x 1 3yd 2 3s5x 1 yd 5 4x 1 3y 2 15x 2 3y 4. s215u 1 4vd 1 5s3u 2 9vd 5 215u 1 4v 1 15u 2 45v
5 211x 5 241v
5. 2x 2 1 s2x 2 3d2 1 12x 5 2x 2 1 4x 2 2 12x 1 9 1 12x 6. y 2 2 s y 1 2d2 1 4y 5 y 2 2 s y 2 1 4y 1 4d 1 4y

5 6x 2 1 9 5 y 2 2 y 2 2 4y 2 4 1 4y
5 24
7. !24x2y3 5 !4 ? 6 ? x2 ? y2 ? y 8. ! ? 3 15 5 !
3 9 ! 3 9
? 15
||
5 2 x y!6y 5 !
3 33
?5
53 !
3 5
!12ba 5 !4 ? a3 ? b
6 6
2b3
9. s12a24b6d1y2 5 4 4 5 !3 10. s161y3d3y4 5 161y3 ? 3y4 5 161y4 5 !
4 16 5 2
a2
11. h 5 216t 2 1 s0 12. h 5 216t 2 1 s0

s0 5 80 h50 s0 5 150 h50
0 5 216t 2 1 80 0 5 216t 2 1 150
16t 2 5 80 16t 2 5 150
t2 5 5 150
t2 5
16
t 5 ± !5
Reject 2 !5 t5± !150
16
t 5 !5 < 2.24 seconds
Reject 2 !
150
16
t5
!25 ? 6 5 5!6 < 3.06 seconds
4 4
SECTION 7.4 Conic Sections
1. s3t 1 1d 2 s3t 1 1d 5 0 illustrates the Additive Inverse Property.
2. 3xsx 2 2d 5 3x2 2 6x illustrates the Distributive Property.
3. 2s3yd 5 s2 ? 3dy illustrates the Associative Property of Multiplication.
4. 23 1 x 5 x 2 3 illustrates the Commutative Property of Addition.
x2 x2
5. sx2 ? x3d4 5 sx213d4 5 sx5d4 5 x20 6. 422 ? x2 5 42 5 16
15y23 5 ? 3y2322 3 25 2 22
13x2y 2 13x2y 2
2
3 4y2
7. 5 5 y 5 5 8. 5 5
10y2 5?2 2 2y 2
9x4
3x2y3 3x22 s21dy322 1x3y1 x3y

9. 5 5 5 10. sx2 1 1d0 5 1
18x21y2 6?3 6 6
Total cost Total cost

11. Verbal model: Original 2 Original 58
number number of
of persons persons now
Labels: Original number of persons 5 x

Number of persons now 5 x 1 3
288 288
Equation: 2 58
x x13
288sx 1 3d 2 288x 5 8xsx 1 3d
288x 1 864 2 288x 5 8x2 1 24x
0 5 8x2 1 24x 2 864
0 5 x2 1 3x 2 108
0 5 sx 1 12dsx 2 9d
x 5 212 x 5 9 people
discard x 1 3 5 12 people
Total cost Total cost

12. Verbal model: Original 2 Original 5 1500
number number of
of persons persons now
Labels: Original number of persons 5 x

Number of persons now 5 x 1 3
135,000 135,000
Equation: 2 5 1500
x x13
135,000sx 1 3d 2 135,000x 5 1500xsx 1 3d
135,000x 1 405,000 2 135,000x 5 1500x2 1 4500x
0 5 1500x2 1 4500x 2 405,000
0 5 x2 1 3x 2 270
0 5 sx 2 15dsx 1 18d
x 5 15 x 5 218
x 1 3 5 18 discard
SECTION 7.5 Graphs of Rational Functions
1. Leading coefficient in 7x 2 1 3x 2 4 is 7. It is the 2. Degree is 5.

coefficient of the ax 2-term. sx 4 1 3dsx 2 4d 5 x 5 2 4x4 1 3x 2 12
3. Many answers 4. Many answers
y y
3 4
x 1
−2 −1 1 2 3
−1 x
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
−3 −2
For some x there corresponds more than one value of y. For each x there corresponds exactly one value of y.
5. 22x 5s5x 3d 5 210x 8 6. 3xs5 2 2xd 5 15x 2 6x 2
7. s2x 2 15d2 5 s2x 2 15ds2x 2 15d 8. s3x 1 2ds7x 2 10d 5 21x 2 1 14x 2 30x 2 20
5 4x 2 2 60x 1 225 5 21x 2 2 16x 2 20
9. fsx 1 1d 2 yg fsx 1 1d 1 yg 5 sx 1 1d2 2 y 2 10. sx 1 3dsx 2 2 3x 1 9d 5 x3 2 3x 2 1 9x 1 3x 2 2 9x 1 27

5 x 2 1 2x 1 1 2 y 2 5 x3 1 27
5 x 2 2 y 2 1 2x 1 1
Verbal 1 Verbal Surface Area of Area of

11. Area 5 ? Base ? Height 12. 5 14?
Model: 2 Model: area bottom one side
Labels: Area 5 A 5 80 Labels: Surface area 5 825
Base 5 x Area of bottom 5 x ? x
Height 5 x 2 12 Area of one side 5 10 ? x
Equation: A5
1
? x ? sx 2 12d Equation: 825 5 x ? x 1 4s10 ? xd
2
825 5 x 2 1 40x
1
80 5 x2 2 6x 0 5 x2 1 40x 2 825
2
0 5 x 2 2 12x 2 160 0 5 sx 1 55dsx 2 15d
0 5 sx 2 20dsx 1 8d x 1 55 5 0 x 2 15 5 0
x 5 20 meters x 5 28 x 5 255 x 5 15 inches
x 2 12 5 8 meters 15 inches 3 15 inches
Base 5 20 meters
Height 5 8 meters
C H A P T E R 8
Systems of Equations
Section 8.1 Systems of Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
Section 8.2 Linear Systems in Two Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Section 8.3 Linear Systems in Three Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
Section 8.4 Matrices and Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Section 8.5 Determinants and Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

C H A P T E R 8
Systems of Equations
Section 8.1 Systems of Equations
1. (a) s1, 4d (b) s3, 21d 3. (a) s23, 2d (b) s22, 6d

? ? ? ?
1 1 2s4d 5 9 3 1 2s21d 5 9 22s23d 1 7s2d 5 46 22s22d 1 7s6d 5 46
? ? ?
959 32259 6 1 14 5 46 4 1 42 5 46
? 1Þ9
22s1d 1 3s4d 5 10 20 Þ 46 46 5 46
? ?
22 1 12 5 10 Not a solution Not a solution 3s22d 1 6 5 0
?
10 5 10 26 1 6 5 0
Solution 050
Solution
5. (a) s8, 4d (b) s12, 22d 7. (a) s5, 212d (b) s27, 10d
? ? ?
4s12 d 2 5s22d 5 12
?
4s8d 2 5s4d 5 12 52 1 s212d 5 169
2
s27d2 1 s10d2 5 169
12 5 12 12 5 12 169 5 169 149 Þ 169
? ?
3s2 d 1 2s22d 5 22.5
?
3s8d 1 2s4d 5 22.5 1
17s5d 2 7s212d 5 169 Not a solution
32 Þ 22.5 22.5 5 22.5 169 5 169
Not a solution Solution Solution
9. Solve each equation for y. 11. Solve each equation for y.

x 1 2y 5 6 x 1 2y 5 3 2x 2 3y 5 212 28x 1 12y 5 212
2y 5 2x 1 6 2y 5 2x 1 3 23y 5 22x 2 12 12y 5 8x 2 12
y5
1
22 x 13 y5 2 12 x 1 3
2 y5
2
3x 14 y 5 23 x 2 1
Slopes are equal; therefore the system is inconsistent. Slopes are equal; therefore the system is inconsistent.
2x 1 4y 5 7 3x 2 12y 5 221 5x 2 3y 5 1 6x 2 4y 5 23
4y 5 x 1 7 212y 5 23x 2 21 23y 5 25x 1 1 24y 5 26x 2 3
y5 1
4x 1 7
4 y5
1
4x 1 7
4 y5
5
3x 2 1
3 y 5 32 x 1 34
Lines are the same; therefore the system is consistent and Slopes are not equal; therefore the system is consistent.
dependent.
407
408 Chapter 8 Systems of Equations
1
3x 2 12 y 5 1 22x 1 3y 5 6 22x 1 3y 5 6 x 2 y 5 21
2 12 y 5 2 13 x 11 3y 5 2x 1 6 3y 5 2x 1 6 2y 5 2x 2 1
2 2
y5 3x 22 y5 3x 12 y5 2
3x 12 y5x11
y1 Y 5 x 2 4 3 d X,T, u 2 2 ENTER y1 Y 5 x 2 4 3 d X,T, u 1 2 ENTER
y2 x 2 4 3 d X,T, u 1 2 GRAPH y2 X,T, u 1 1 GRAPH
6 10
−9 9
−4 14
−6 −2
Inconsistent One solution
21. No solution 23. One solution

Solve first equation for y. Solve first equation for y.
x1y54 x 1 y 5 21 3y 5 3 2 2x
y 5 2x 1 4 y 5 2x 2 1 3 2 2x
y5
3
Slopes are the same.
Substitute into second equation.
5x 2 3 13 23 2x2 5 4
5x 2 3 1 2x 5 4
7x 2 3 5 4
7x 5 7
x51
3 2 2s1d
y5
3
1
y5
3
11, 132
25. Infinite number of solutions 27. No solution
Solve each equation for y. Solve second equation for y.
x 2 2y 5 24 20.5x 1 y 5 2 x2 2 y 5 0
22y 5 2x 2 4 y 5 0.5x 1 2 x2 5 y
1 Substitute into first equation.

y 5 2x 1 2
x 2 2x2 5 4
Slopes are the same; lines are the same.
0 5 2x2 2 x 1 4
no real solution
Section 8.1 Systems of Equations 409
29. y 31. Solve each equation for y.

y=x+1
x2y52 x1y52
2 (1, 2)
y = −x + 3 2y 5 2x 1 2 y 5 2x 1 2
1
x y5 x22
−2 1 2 3 4
−1
y
−2
3
−3 y = −x + 2
2
The two lines intersect in a point and the 1

(2, 0)
coordinates are s1, 2d. x
−2 −1 1 2 3 4
−1
−2
y=x−2
−3
The two lines intersect in a point and the

coordinates are s2, 0d.
33. Solve first equation for y. 35. Solve each equation for y.
3x 2 4y 5 5 4x 1 5y 5 20 4
5x 1y54
24y 5 23x 1 5 5y 5 24x 1 20 y 5 2 45 x 1 4
y 5 34 x 2 54 y 5 2 45 x 1 4
y y
3 5 4x + 5y = 20
2 4
3x − 4y = 5
1 (3, 1) 3
x 2
−2 −1 2 4
−1 1 4x + y = 4
5
−2 x=3 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−3 −1
The two lines intersect in a point and the The lines representing the two equations are the same.
coordinates are s3, 1d. System is dependent and has infinitely many solutions.
2x 2 5y 5 20 4x 2 5y 5 40 x1y52 3x 1 3y 5 6
25y 5 22x 1 20 25y 5 24x 1 40 y 5 2x 1 2 3y 5 23x 1 6
2
y5 5x 24 y5 4
5x 28 y 5 2x 1 2
y y
2x − 5y = 20
2 5
x
−2 2 4 10 12 14 4
−2
(10, 0) 3
x+y=2
2
−6
3x + 3y = 6
4x − 5y = 40 1
x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−12 −1
The two lines intersect in a point and the The lines representing the two equations are the same.
coordinates are s10, 0d. System is dependent and has infinitely many solutions.
41. Solve each equation for y. 43. Keystrokes:

4x 1 5y 5 7 2x 2 3y 5 9 y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 ENTER
5y 5 24x 1 7 23y 5 22x 1 9 y2 4 X,T, u 2 X,T, u x2 GRAPH
2 45 x 7 2
y5 1 5 y5 3x 23 6
(2, 4)
y
y = − 45x + 75 −5 7
1 (0, 0)
x
−1 1 3 5 −3
−1
−2 Points of intersection are s0, 0d and s2, 4d.

y = 23 x − 3
−4
The two lines intersect in a point and the coordinates are

s3, 21d.
45. Keystrokes: 47. Solve for x in first equation.

y1 Y 5 X,T, u 3 ENTER x 5 2y
>
y2 X,T, u 3 2 3 X,T, u x2 1 3 X,T, u GRAPH Substitute into second equation.

>
8 3s2yd 1 2y 5 8
6y 1 2y 5 8
(1, 1)
−6 10 8y 5 8
(0, 0)
y51
−8 x 5 2s1d
Points of intersection are s0, 0d and s1, 1d. 52

(2, 1)
49. x 5 4 51. Solve for y.

Substitute into second equation. y532x
4 2 2y 5 22 Substitute into second equation.
22y 5 26 2x 2 s3 2 xd 5 0
y53 2x 2 3 1 x 5 0
s4, 3d 3x 5 3
x51
y5321
y52
s1, 2d
53. Solve for x. 55. Solve for x.

x522y x 5 27 1 7y
Substitute into second equation. Substitute into first equation.
2 2 y 2 4y 5 12 27 1 7y 1 6y 5 19
25y 5 10 13y 5 26
y 5 22 y52
x 5 2 2 s22d x 5 27 1 7s2d 5 7
x54 s7, 2d
s4, 22d
57. Solve for y. 59. Solve for y.

5y 5 28x 1 100 16y 5 13x 1 10
y5 2 85 x 1 20 y 5 13 10
16 x 1 16
Substitute into second equation. Substitute into second equation.

9x 2 10s 2 85 x 1 20d 5 50 5x 1 16 s13
16 x 1 16 d 5 226
10
9x 1 16x 2 200 5 50 5x 1 13x 1 10 5 226

25x 5 250 18x 5 236
x 5 10 x 5 22
y5 2 85 s10d 1 20 y5 16 s22d
13
1 10
16
y54 y5 2 13
8 1 5
8
s10, 4d y 5 21
s22, 21d
61. Solve for x. 63. Solve for y.

4x 5 215 1 14y y 5 2x 1 20
215 1 14y Substitute into first equation.
x5
4 1 1
x 1 s2x 1 20d 5 8
Substitute into second equation. 5 2
1 1
18 1215 41 14y2 2 12y 5 9 5
x 2 x 1 10 5 8
2
1 1
18s215 1 14yd 2 48y 5 36 x 2 x 5 22
5 2
2270 1 252y 2 48y 5 36
2x 2 5x 5 220
204y 5 306
23x 5 220
3
y5 20
2 x5
12
3 3
215 1 14
2 20
x5 y52 1 20
4 3
215 1 21 3 20 60
5 5 y52 1
4 2 3 3
132, 322
40
y5
3
1203, 4032
65. Substitute into second equation. 67. y 5 3x 2

y 5 22x 1 12 Substitute into first equation.
2x 2 5 22x 1 12 3x 1 2s3x 2d 5 30
2x 2 1 2x 2 12 5 0 3x 1 6x 2 5 30
x2 1 x 2 6 5 0 6x 2 1 3x 2 30 5 0
sx 1 3dsx 2 2d 5 0 2x 2 1 x 2 10 5 0
x 5 23 x52 s2x 1 5dsx 2 2d 5 0
y 5 2s23d 2
y 5 2s2d
2 x 5 2 52 x52
y 5 3s d
2
5 2s9d 5 2s4d 2 52 y 5 3s2d2
5 18 58 y 5 3s25
4d y 5 3s4d
s23, 18d and s2, 8d 5 75
4 y 5 12
s 2 52, 75
4 d and s2, 12d
69. Solve for x. 71. Solve for y.

x 5 23 1 y y 5 2x 1 2
Substitute into first equation. Substitute into first equation.
4s23 1 yd 1 y 5 9
2 x 2 1 s2x 1 2d2 5 100
9 2 6y 1 y 2 1 y 2 9 5 0 x 2 1 x 2 2 4x 1 4 5 100
y 2 2 5y 5 0 2x 2 2 4x 2 96 5 0
ys y 2 5d 5 0 x 2 2 2x 2 48 5 0
y50 y55 sx 2 8dsx 1 6d 5 0
x 5 23 1 0 x 5 23 1 5 x58 x 5 26
x 5 23 x52 y 5 28 1 2 y 5 2 s26d 1 2
s23, 0d and s2, 5d y 5 26 y58
s8, 26d and s26, 8d
73. Solve for y. 75. Solve for y.

y 5 23x 1 2 2y 5 25 2 2x
Substitute into first equation. y 5 5 1 2x
x 2 2 s23x 1 2d 5 2 Substitute into first equation.
x 2 1 3x 2 2 5 2 x2 1 s5 1 2xd2 5 25
x 2 1 3x 2 4 5 0 x 2 1 25 1 20x 1 4x 2 2 25 5 0
sx 1 4dsx 2 1d 5 0 5x 2 1 20x 5 0
5xsx 1 4d 5 0
x 5 24 x51
x50 x 5 24
y 5 23s24d 1 2 y 5 23s1d 1 2
y 5 5 1 2s0d y 5 5 1 2s24d
y 5 14 y 5 21
y55 y 5 23
s24, 14d and s1, 21d
s0, 5d s24, 23d
77. x 5 2200 1 100y Keystrokes:

3s2200 1 100yd 2 275y 5 198 y1 Y 5 .01 X,T, u 1 2 ENTER
2600 1 300y 2 275y 5 198 y2 x 3 4 275 d X,T, u 2 .72 GRAPH
25y 5 798 3
by substitution
798
y5
25
y 5 31.92 −3 3
x 5 2200 1 100s31.92d 5 2200 1 3192 5 2992 −1
s2.992, 31.92d or s2992, 798

25 d
Solve each equation for y.
x 2 100y 5 2200 3x 2 275y 5 198
1
y5 x12 2275y 5 23x 1 198
100
23 198
y 5 0.01x 1 2 y5 x1
2275 2275
3
y5 x 2 0.72
275
79. Answers will vary. Write equations so that s4, 5d satisfies 81. Answers will vary. Write equations so that s21, 22d
each equation. satisfies each equation.
2x 2 3y 5 27 x 2 y 5 21 7x 1 y 5 29 x 1 y 5 23
or or
x1y5 9 2x 1 3y 5 23 2x 1 3y 5 25 x2y5 1
Total Cost per Number Initial

83. Verbal Model:
cost
5
unit
? of units
1
cost
Total Price per Number

Revenue
5
unit
? of units
Cost per unit 5 1.20
Number of units 5 x
Initial cost 5 8000
Total revenue 5 R
Price per unit 5 2.00
System: C 5 1.20x 1 8000
R 5 2.00x
Break-even point occurs when R 5 C so
1.20x 1 8000 5 2.00x
8000 5 0.80x
10,000 5 x
10,000 items

85. Verbal Model:
cost
5
unit
? of units
1
cost

Revenue
5
unit
? of units

Cost per unit 5 1.65
Number of units 5 x
Initial cost 5 10,000
Total revenue 5 R
Price per unit 5 3.25
System: C 5 1.65x 1 10,000
R 5 3.25x
Break-even point occurs when R 5 C so
1.65x 1 10,000 5 3.25x
10,000 5 1.60x
6250 5 x
6250 units
Amount Amount
87. Verbal Model: 1 5 20,000
at 8% at 9.5%
Amount Amount
8% ? at 8%
1 9.5% ? at 9.5%
5 1675
Labels: Amount at 8% 5 x
Amount at 9.5% 5 y
System: x 1 y 5 20,000
0.08x 1 0.095y 5 1675
Solve for x.
x 5 20,000 2 y
0.08s20,000 2 yd 1 0.095y 5 1675
1600 2 0.08y 1 0.095y 5 1675
0.015y 5 75
y 5 $5000 at 9.5%
x 5 20,000 2 5000 5 $15,000 at 8%
Amount in Amount in
89. Verbal Model: 1 5 25,000
8% fund 8.5% fund
Amount in Amount in
8% ? 8% fund
1 8.5% ? 8.5% fund
5 2060
Labels: Amount in 8% fund 5 x

Amount in 9.5% fund 5 y
System: x 1 y 5 25,000
0.08x 1 0.085y 5 2060
Solve for x.
x 5 25,000 2 y
0.08s25,000 2 yd 1 0.085y 5 2060
2000 2 0.08y 1 0.085y 5 2060
0.005y 5 60
y 5 $12,000 at 8.5%
x 5 25,000 2 12,000 5 $13,000 at 8%
Larger Smaller Larger Smaller

91. Verbal Model:
number
1 2 ? number
5 61 93. Verbal Model:
number
1
number
5 160
Larger Smaller Larger Smaller

number
2
number
5 7
number
5 3 ? number
Labels: Larger number 5 x Labels: Larger number 5 x
Smaller number 5 y Smaller number 5 y
System: x 1 2y 5 61 System: x 1 y 5 160
x2757 x 5 3y
Solve for x. Substitute into first equation.
x5y17 3y 1 y 5 160
Substitute into second equation. 4y 5 160
y 5 40
y 1 7 1 2y 5 61
x 5 3s40d
3y 1 7 5 61
3y 5 54 x 5 120
y 5 18 s120, 40d
x 5 18 1 7
x 5 25
s25, 18d
Section 8.2 Linear Systems in Two Variables
1. 2x 1 y 5 4 y
3. 2x 1 2y 5 1 y
x2y52 x−y=2 x2 y52
3 4
3x 56 2 y53 3
x 2y 1
(5, 3)
x 52 1 2
x2352
x
22y50 −1 1 3 4 5 x55
1
−1 x
2y 5 0 (2, 0) 2x + y = 4
1 1 2 3 4 5
−2 s5, 3d 1
y50 −3 x y 2
2
s2, 0d
5. 3x 1 y 5 3 y
7. x2 y51 ⇒ 3x 2 3y 5 3
2x − y = 7
2x 2 y 5 7 3
2 23x 1 3y 5 8 ⇒ 23x 1 3y 5 8
5x 5 10 1
x 5 2 x 0 Þ 11
−2 2 4 5 6
−1
No solution
3s2d 1 y 5 3 −2
−3 (2, −3)
y
61y53 −4
3x + y = 3
−5 3x 3y 8
y 5 23 x y 1
2
s2, 23d 1
x
2 1 1 2
1
9. x 2 3y 5 5 ⇒ 2x 2 6y 5 10
22x 1 6y 5 210 ⇒ 22x 1 6y 5 210
05 0
All solutions to x 2 3y 5 5
1
x 3y 5
x
1 1 2 5
1
2x 6y 10
3
4
Section 8.2 Linear Systems in Two Variables 417
11. 2x 2 8y 5 211 ⇒ 6x 2 24y 5 233 y
5x 1 3y 5 7 ⇒ 40x 1 24y 5 56
2x 8y 11
46x 5 23
2
23
x 5 1 3
2, 2
46 1
1 x
x 5 1 1 2 3
2 1
2 1122 2 8y 5 211 5x 3y 7
28y 5 212
212
y5
28
3
y5
2
112, 322
13. 3x 2 2y 5 5 15. 4x 1 y 5 23 17. 3x 2 5y 5 1

x 1 2y 5 5 24x 1 3y 5 23 2x 1 5y 5 9
4x 5 12 4y 5 20 5x 5 10
x 5 3 y5 5 x 5 2
3 1 2y 5 7 4x 1 5 5 23 3s2d 2 5y 5 1
2y 5 4 4x 5 28 25y 5 25
y5 2 x 5 22 y5 1
s3, 2d s22, 5d s2, 1d
19. 5x 1 2y 5 7 ⇒ 5x 1 2y 5 7 21. x 2 3y 5 2 ⇒ 23x 1 9y 5 26

3x 2 y 5 13 ⇒ 6x 2 2y 5 26 3x 2 7y 5 4 ⇒ 3x 2 7y 5 4
2y 5 22
11x 5 33
y 5 21
x 5 3
x 2 3s21d 5 2
3s3d 2 y 5 13
x 5 21
2y 5 4
y 5 24 s21, 21d
s3, 24d
23. 2x 1 y 5 9 25. 2u 1 3v 5 8 ⇒ 26u 2 9v 5 24

3x 2 y 5 16 3u 1 4v 5 13 ⇒ 6u 1 8v 5 26
5x 5 25 2v 5 2
x 5 5 v 5 22
2s5d 1 y 5 9 2u 1 3s22d 5 8
10 1 y 5 9 2u 5 14
u 5 7
y 5 21
s7, 22d
s5, 21d
27. 12x 2 5y 5 2 ⇒ 24x 2 10y 5 4 29. 2

3r 2 s 5 0 ⇒ 2r 2 3s 5 0 ⇒ 8r 2 12s 5 0
224x 1 10y 5 6 ⇒ 224x 1 10y 5 6 10r 1 4s 5 19 ⇒ 10r 1 4s 5 19 ⇒ 30r 1 12s 5 57
38r 5 57
0 Þ 10 57
r 5 38
Inconsistent 3
r 5 2
s d2
2 3
3 2 s5 0
2s 5 21
s5 1
s32, 1d
31. 0.05x 2 0.03y 5 0.21 ⇒ 5x 2 3y 5 21

x1 y5 9 ⇒ 3x 1 3y 5 27
8x 5 48
x 5 6
x1y59
61y59
y53
s6, 3d
33. 0.7u 2 v 5 20.4 ⇒ 7u 2 10v 5 24 ⇒ 21u 2 30v 5 212

0.3u 2 0.8v 5 0.2 ⇒ 3u 2 8v 5 2 ⇒ 221u 1 56v 5 214
26v 5 226
v 5 21
7u 2 10s1d 5 24
7u 5 214
u 5 22
s22, 21d
4 ⇒
3
35. 5x 1 7y 5 25 ⇒ 5x 1 7y 5 25 37. 2x 2 y5 3x 2 2y 5 8
5 21 ⇒ 23x 1 2y 5 23
2
x 1 1.4y 5 5 ⇒ 25x 2 7y 5 225 2x 1 3y
05 0 0Þ 5
All solutions of the form x 1 1.4y 5 5 Inconsistent
39. 2x 5 25 ⇒ 24x 5 250 41. 3x 1 2y 5 5

4x 2 10y 5 0.52 ⇒ 4x 2 10y 5 0.52 y 5 2x 1 13
210y 5 249.48
3x 1 2s2x 1 13d 5 5
y5 4.948
3x 1 4x 1 26 5 5
4x 2 10s4.948d 5 0.52
4x 2 49.48 5 0.52 7x 5 221
4x 5 50 x 5 23
x 5 12.5
y 5 2s23d 1 13
s12.5, 4.948d
5 26 1 13
57
s23, 7d
43. y 5 5x 2 3 ⇒ y 5 5x 2 3 45. 2x 2 y 5 20
y 5 22x 1 11 ⇒ 2y 5 2x 2 11 2x 1 y 5 25
0 5 7x 2 14 x 5 15
14 5 7x
2 15 1 y 5 25
25 x
y 5 10
y 5 5s2d 2 3
y 5 10 2 3 s15, 10d
y5 7
s2, 7d
3 ⇒ 25y 5 24x 1 3 ⇒ y 5 45 x 2 35
3
47. 2x 1 2y 5 12 49. 4x 2 5y 5
1
4x 1y54 28x 1 10y 5 26 ⇒ 10y 5 8x 2 6 ⇒ y 5 45 x 2 35
y 5 4 2 14x Many solutions ⇒ consistent
1 2s4 2 14xd 5 12
3
2x
3
2x 1 8 2 12x 5 12
x54
y 5 4 2 14s4d
5421 53
s4, 3d
51. 22x 1 5y 5 3 ⇒ 5y 5 2x 1 3 ⇒ y 5 2
5x 1 35 53. 210x 1 5y 5 25 ⇒ 15y 5 10x 1 25 ⇒ y 5 23 x 1 53
5x 1 2y 5 8 ⇒ 2y 5 25x 1 8 ⇒ y 5 2 52 x 1 4 2x 2 3y 5 224 ⇒ 23y 5 22x 2 24 ⇒ y 5 23 x 1 8
One solution ⇒ consistent No solution ⇒ inconsistent
1
5x 2 10y 5 40 ⇒ y 5 x 2 4 57. Answers will vary. Write equations so that s3, 2 2 d
3
55.
2
satisfies each equation.
2 30
22x 1 ky 5 30 ⇒ y 5 x 1
k 16 x 1 2y 5 0
2 1 x 2 4y 5 9
so 5 ⇒ k5 4
k 2
5x 2 10y 5 40 ⇒ 10x 2 20y 5 80
312 2 1 232 5? 0 324 2 1 232 5? 9
22x 1 4y 5 30 ⇒ 210x 1 20y 5 150 050 959
0 Þ 230
Inconsistent; no solution

59. Verbal Model:
cost
5
unit
? of units
1
cost

revenue
5
unit
? of units
Cost per unit 5 7400
Number of weeks 5 x
Initial cost 5 85,000
Total revenue 5 R
Price per unit 5 8100
System: C 5 7400x 1 85,000
R 5 8100x
Break-even point occurs when R 5 C
7400x 1 85,000 5 8100x
85,000 5 700x
121.4285 < x
122 weeks
Amount in Amount in Total

61. Verbal Model: 1 5
8% bond 9.5% bond investment
Interest in Interest in Total

1 5
8% bond 9.5% bond interest
Labels: Amount in 8% bond 5 x

Amount in 9.5% bond 5 y
System: x1 y 5 20,000 ⇒ 20.08x 2 0.08y 5 21600
0.08x 1 0.095y 5 1675 ⇒ 0.08x 1 0.095y 5 1675
0.015y 5 75
y 5 5000
x 1 5000 5 20,000 $15,000 at 8%
x 5 15,000 $5,000 at 9.5%
Labels: Time at 55 mph 5 x

D1 5 distance at 40 mph for 2 hours 1 at 55 mph for x hours
D2 5 distance at 50 mph for 2 1 x hours
D1 5 40s2d 1 55sxd
D2 5 50s2 1 xd
System: Since D1 5 D2
40s2d 1 55sxd 5 50s2 1 xd
80 1 55x 5 100 1 50x
5x 5 20
x 5 4 hours
Plane speed Speed Speed into

65. Verbal Model: 2 5
(still air) of air head wind
Plane speed Speed Speed into

1 5
(still air) of air head wind
Labels: Plane speed 5 x
Speed of air 5 y
System: 3.6 ⇒ x 2 y 5 500
x 2 y 5 1800
x 1 y 5 1800
3 ⇒ x 1 y 5 600
2x 5 1100
x 5 550 mph
550 2 y 5 500
2y 5 250
y 5 50 mph
Number of Number of
67. Verbal Model: 1 5 500
adult tickets children tickets
Value of Value of
1 5 3312.50
adult tickets children tickets
Labels: Number of adult tickets 5 x

Number of children tickets 5 y
System: x 1 y 5 500
7.50x 1 4.00y 5 3312.50
y 5 500 2 x
7.50x 1 4.00s500 2 xd 5 3312.50
7.50x 1 2000 2 4.00x 5 3312.50
3.5x 5 1312.50
x 5 375 adult tickets
y 5 500 2 375 5 125 children tickets
69. Verbal Model: 12

1 Cost of regular
gasoline 2 1
18
Cost of premium
gasoline 2 5 $23.08
Cost of premium Cost of regular

5 $0.11 1
gasoline gasoline
Labels: Cost of regular gasoline 5 x

Cost of premium gasoline 5 y
System: 12x 1 8y 5 23.08
y 5 0.11 1 x
12x 1 8s0.11 1 xd 5 23.08
12x 1 0.88 1 8x 5 23.08
20x 5 22.20
x 5 $1.11 regular
y 5 0.11 1 1.11 5 $1.22 premium
Number of liters Number of liters

Solution 1 Solution 2
Value of Value of
1 5 20(0.50)
Labels: Number liters Solution 1 5 x

Number liters Solution 2 5 y
System: x1 y 5 20
0.40x 1 0.65y 5 20s0.50d
x 5 20 2 y
40s20 2 yd 1 65y 5 20s50d
800 2 40y 1 65y 5 100
25y 5 200
y 5 8 liters at 65% alcohol solution
x 5 20 2 8 5 12 liters at 40% alcohol solution
Amount of Amount of
$5.65 variety $8.95 variety
Cost for Cost for

1 5 Total cost
$5.65 variety $8.95 variety
Labels: Amount of $5.65 variety 5 x

Amount of $8.95 variety 5 y
System: x 1 y 5 10
5.65x 1 8.95y 5 6.95s10d
y 5 10 2 x
5.65x 1 8.95s10 2 xd 5 69.5
5.65x 1 89.5 2 8.95x 5 69.5
23.3x 5 220
x < 6.1 lbs of $5.65 variety
y 5 10 2 x 5 10 2 6.1 5 3.9 lbs of $8.95 variety
75. (a) 3b 1 3m 5 7 (b) y
3b 1 5m 5 4
22m 5 3 3
m5 2 32 2
3b 1 3s2 32 d 5 7 1
6b 2 9 5 14 x
−1 1 2 3
6b 5 23
b 5 23
6
y 5 2 32x 1 23 5
6 5 21.5x 1 36
2 2 5
77. (a) y 5 25 x 2 10 Solve by substitution. (b) 0 5 25 x 2 10 0 5 61 x 2 10
5 2 5
y 5 2 61 x 2 10 10 5 25 x 10 5 61 x
2
25 x
5
2 10 5 2 61 x 2 10 2
y 5 25 s0d 2 10 125 5 x 122 5 x
2 5
25 x 5 2 61 x y 5 210 122 feet and 125 feet
x50 s0, 210d
The memorial is 10 feet deep.
79. When solving a system by elimination, you can recognize that it has infinitely many solutions when adding a nonzero
multiple of one equation to another equation to eliminate a variable, you get 0 5 0 for the second equation.
81. (a) Obtain coefficients for x or y that differ only in sign by multiplying all terms of one or both equations by suitable
chosen constants.
(b) Add the equations to eliminate one variable, and solve the resulting equation.
(c) Back-substitute the value obtained in Step (b) into either of the original equations and solve for the other variable.
(d) Check your solution in both of the original equations.
83. Substitution may be better than elimination when it is easy to solve for one of the variables in one of the equations
of the system.
chosen constants.
of the system.
Section 8.3 Linear Systems in Three Variables
1. (a) s0, 3, 22d (b) s12, 5, 213d

? ?
0 1 3s3d 1 2s22d 5 1 12 1 3s5d 1 2s213d 5 1
924Þ1 12 1 15 2 26 5 1
not a solution 151

solution
(c) s1, 22, 3d (d) s22, 5, 23d

?
? 22 1 3s5d 1 2s23d 5 1
1 1 3s22d 1 2s3d 5 1
22 1 15 2 6 5 1
1261651
7Þ1
151
not a solution
solution
3. 3y 2 s25d 5 2 5. 3 1 z 5 2
3y 5 23 z 5 21
y 5 21 x 2 2s3d 1 4s21d 5 4
x 2 2s21d 1 4s25d 5 4 x262454
x 1 2 2 20 5 4 x 2 10 5 4
x 2 18 5 4 x 5 14
x 5 22 s14, 3, 21d
s22, 21, 25d
7. The two systems are not equivalent because when the first equation was multiplied by 22 and added to the
second equation the constant term should have been 211.
9. x 2 2y 5 8 11. x 2 2y 1 3z 5 5
2x 1 3y 5 6 2x 1 y 1 5z 5 4
y 5 14 2y 1 8z 5 9
This operation eliminated the x-term from the second This operation eliminated the x-term in Equation 2.
equation.
chosen constants.
of the system.
Section 8.3 Linear Systems in Three Variables
1. (a) s0, 3, 22d (b) s12, 5, 213d

? ?
0 1 3s3d 1 2s22d 5 1 12 1 3s5d 1 2s213d 5 1
924Þ1 12 1 15 2 26 5 1
not a solution 151

solution
(c) s1, 22, 3d (d) s22, 5, 23d

?
? 22 1 3s5d 1 2s23d 5 1
1 1 3s22d 1 2s3d 5 1
22 1 15 2 6 5 1
1261651
7Þ1
151
not a solution
solution
3. 3y 2 s25d 5 2 5. 3 1 z 5 2
3y 5 23 z 5 21
y 5 21 x 2 2s3d 1 4s21d 5 4
x 2 2s21d 1 4s25d 5 4 x262454
x 1 2 2 20 5 4 x 2 10 5 4
x 2 18 5 4 x 5 14
x 5 22 s14, 3, 21d
s22, 21, 25d
7. The two systems are not equivalent because when the first equation was multiplied by 22 and added to the
second equation the constant term should have been 211.
9. x 2 2y 5 8 11. x 2 2y 1 3z 5 5
2x 1 3y 5 6 2x 1 y 1 5z 5 4
y 5 14 2y 1 8z 5 9
This operation eliminated the x-term from the second This operation eliminated the x-term in Equation 2.
equation.
Section 8.3 Linear Systems in Three Variables 425
13. x 1z5 4
y 5 2
4x 1 z 5 7
x 1z5 4
y 5 2
23z 5 29
x 1z5 4
y 5 2
z5 3
x 5 1
y 5 1
z5 3
s1, 2, 3d
15. x1y1 z5 6 17. x 1 y 1 z 5 23

2x 2 y 1 z5 3 23y 2 7z 5 23
3x 2z 5 0 25y 5 15
x1y1 z5 6 x 1 y 1 z 5 23
7 23
23y 2 z 5 29 y 1 3z 5 2 3
23y 2 4z 5 218 y 5 23
x1y1 z5 6 x 1 y 1 z 5 23
1
y1 3z 5 3 y 1 73 z 5 2 23
3
7 14
23y 2 4z 5 218 23 z 5 3
x1y1 z5 6 x 1 y 1 z 5 23
1
y1 3z 5 3 y 1 73 z 5 2 23
3
23x 5 29 z 5 22
x1y1 z5 6 y 1 73s22d 5 223

3
1 223
y1 3z 5 3 y 2 14
3 5 3
9
z5 3 y 5 23
y 1 13s3d 5 3 y 5 23
y 5 2 x 1 s23d 1 s22d 5 23
x121 35 6 x 2 5 5 23
x 5 1 x52
s1, 2, 3d s2, 23, 22d

19. x 1 2y 1 6z 5 5 21. 2x 1 2z 5 2
2x 1 y 2 2z 5 3 5x 1 3y 5 4
x 2 4y 2 2z 5 1 3y 2 4z 5 4
x 1 2y 1 6z 5 5 x 1 z5 1
3y 1 4z 5 8 5x 1 3y 5 4
x 2 4y 2 2z 5 1 3y 2 4z 5 4
x 1 2y 1 6z 5 5 x 1 z5 1
3y 1 4z 5 8 3y 2 5z 5 21
26y 2 8z 5 24 3y 2 4z 5 4
x 1 2y 1 6z 5 5 x 1 z5 1
5
3y 1 4z 5 8 y2 3z 5 2 13
0 5 12 3y 2 4z 5 4
No solution x 1 z5 1
Inconsistent y 2 53 z 5 2 13
z5 5
y 2 53s5d 5 2 13
y 5 8
x 1 55 1
x 5 24
s24, 8, 5d
23. x 1 y 1 8z 5 3 25. 2x 1 y 1 3z 5 1
2x 1 y 1 11z 5 4 2x 1 6y 1 8z 5 3
x 1 3z 5 0 6x 1 8y 1 18z 5 5
x 1 y 1 8z 5 3 2x 1 y 1 3z 5 1
2y 2 5z 5 22 5y 1 5z 5 2
2y 2 5z 5 23 5y 1 9z 5 2
x 1 y 1 8z 5 3 2x 1 y 1 3z 5 1
y 1 5z 5 2 5y 1 5z 5 2
y 1 5z 5
3 4z 5 0
5
No solution x 1 12 y 1 32 z 5 12
2
Inconsistent y1z55
z50
y 1 0 5 25
y 5 25
x 1 12s25 d 1 32s0d 5 12
x 1 15 5 12
5 2 3
x 5 10 2 10 5 10
s103 , 25, 0d
27. y 1 z55 29. 2x 1 6y 2 4z 5 8

2x 1 4z 5 4 3x 1 10y 2 7z 5 12
2x 2 3y 5 214 22x 2 6y 1 5z 5 23
y 1 z55 x 1 3y 2 2z 5 4
2x 1 4z 5 4 3x 1 10y 2 7z 5 12
23y 2 4z 5 218 22x 2 6y 1 5z 5 23
y 1 z55 x 1 3y 2 2z 5 4
2x 1 4z 5 4 y2z50
2z 5 23 z55
y 1 z55
y2550
2x 1 4z 5 4
y55
z53
x 1 3s5d 2 2s5d 5 4
y 1 3 55
x 1 15 2 10 5 4
y 52
x1554
2x 1 4s3d 54
x 5 21
2x 1 12 54
s21, 5, 5d
2x 5 28
x 5 24
s24, 2, 3d
31. 2x 1 z 53 33. 3x 1 y 1 z 5 2
5y 2 3z 5 2
4x 1 2z 5 1
6x 1 20y 2 9z 5 11
5x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
1
x 1 2z 5 12 1 1 2
x1 3y 1 3z 5 3
5y 2 3z 5 2
4x 1 2z 5 1
6x 1 20y 2 9z 5 11
5x 2 y 1 3z 5 0
1
x 1 2z 5 12
x 1 13 y 1 13 z 5 2
3
5y 2 3z 5 2
2 43 y 1 23 z 5 2 53
20y 2 12z 5 8
2 83 y 1 43 z 5 2 10
3
1
x 1 2z 5 12
x 1 13 y 1 13 z 5 2
3 2 3
y 2 5z 5 5
y 2 12 z 5 5
4 y 5 12 z 1 54
20y 2 12z 5 8
28y 1 4z 5 210 x 1 13s12 z 1 54 d 1 13 z 5 23
1 12 z 5 1
x 2
5 1 2
x 1 13 y 1 13 z 5 x 1 16 z 1 12 1 3 z 5 3
2
y 2 35 z 5 25 3
y 2 12 z 5 5
x 1 12 z 5 14
050 4
5 14 2 12z
y 5 35 z 1 25
05 0 let a 5 z s14 2 12a, 12a 1 54, ad
x 1 12 z 5 12
x 5 12 2 12 z
let a 5 z s12 2 12a, 35a 1 25, ad
35. 0.2x 1 1.3y 1 0.6y 5 0.1 37. x 1 4y 2 2z 5 2

0.1x 1 0.3z 5 0.7 23x 1 y 1 z 5 22
2x 1 10y 1 8z 5 8 5x 1 7y 2 5z 5 6
2x 1 13y 1 6z 5 1 x 1 4y 2 2z 5 2
1x 1 3z 5 7 13y 2 5z 5 4
2x 1 10y 1 8z 5 8 213y 1 5z 5 24
1x 1 3z 5 7 x 1 4y 2 2z 5 2
5 4
13y 5 213 y2 13 z 5 13
10y 1 2z 5 26 213y 1 5z 5 24
1x 1 3z 5 7 x 1 4y 2 2z 5 2
5 4
y 5 21 y2 13 z 5 13
10y 1 2z 5 26 05 0
5 4
x 1 3z 5 7 y5 13 z 1 13
x 1 4s d 2 2z 5 2
5 4
y 5 21 13 x 1 13
x 1 20 16 26 26
2z 5 4 13 x 1 13 2 13 z 5 13
6
x 2 13 z 5 10
13 Let z 5 a
x1 3z 5 7 x 1 3s2d 5 7
x5 6
13 z 1 10
13 s136 a 1 1013, 135 a 1 134 , ad
y 5 21 x51
z5 2 s1, 21, 2d
39. 24x 1 y 1 0.2z 5 6 41. x 1 y 1 z 5 3 x 1 2y 2 z 5 24

6x 2 3y 1 0.5z 5 24 2x 1 y 1 2z 5 9 or y 1 2z 5 1
28x 1 2y 1 0.6z 5 14 x 2 2z 5 0 3x 1 y 1 3z 5 15
24x 1 y 1 0.2z 5 6 Many correct answers. Write equations so that s4, 23, 2d
satisfies each equation.
26x 1 1.1z 5 14
0.2z 5 2
z 5 10
26x 1 1.1s10d 5 14
26x 5 3
x 5 2 12
24s2 12 d 1 y 1 0.2s10d 5 6
2 1y1 2 56
y 52
s 2 12, 2, 10d
43. 128 5 12 as1d2 1 v0s1d 1 s0 45. 32 5 12 as1d2 1 v0s1d 1 s0
80 5 12 as2d2 1 v0s2d 1 s0 32 5 12 as2d2 1 v0s2d 1 s0
2 as3d 1 v0s3d 1
1
0 5 12 as3d2 1 v0s3d 1 s0 05 2
s0
1
128 5 2a 1 v0 1 s0 64 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
80 5 2a 1 2v0 1 s0 32 5 2a 1 2v0 1 s0
9
05 2a 1 3v0 1 s0 05 9a 1 6v0 1 s0
256 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
64 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
80 5 2a 1 2v0 1 s0
9 296 5 2 2v0 2 3s0
05 2a 1 3v0 1 s0
2576 5 2 12v0 2 16s0
256 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
2432 5 2 2v0 2 3s0 64 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
3
21152 5 2 6v0 2 8s0 48 5 v0 1 2 s0
2576 5 2 12v0 2 16s0

256 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
3
216 5 v0 1 2 s0 64 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0
1152 5 2 6v0 2 8s0 48 5 v0 1 3
2 s0
256 5 a 1 2v0 1 2s0 05 1 2s0
216 5 v0 1 3
2 s0
05 s0
144 5 1 s0 48 5 v0 1 0
216 5 v0 1 32 s144d 64 5 a 1 2s48d 1 0
05 v0 232 5 a
256 5 a1 01 288 s 5 216t 2 1 48t
232 5 a
s 5 216t 2 1 144
47. 24 5 as0d2 1 bs0d 1 c c 5 24

1 5 as1d 1 bs1d 1 c
2
6 5 22b 2 3s24d
10 5 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c 6 5 22b 1 12
24 5 c 26 5 22b
15a1b1c 35b
10 5 4a 1 2b 1 c 1 5 a 1 3 1 s24d
15a21
24 5 c
25a
15a1b1c
y 5 2x 2 1 3x 2 4
6 5 22b 2 3c
49. 0 5 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 05 a1 b1c 51. 23 5 as21d2 1 bs21d 1 c

21 5 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 21 5 4a 1 2b 1 c 15 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c
0 5 as3d 1 bs3d 1 c ⇒
2
0 5 9a 1 3b 1 c 05 as2d 1
2 bs2d 1 c
a1 b1 c5 0 23 5 a2 b1 c
22b 2 3c 5 21 15 a1 b1 c
26b 2 8c 5 0 05 41 2b 1 c
a1 b1 c5 0
23 5 a2 b1 c
3 1
b1 2c 5 2
45 12b
3b 1 4c 5 0
12 5 16b 2 3c
a1 2 12 c 5 2 12
3 1 25 b
b1 2c 5 2
12 5 6s2d 2 3c
2 12 c 5 2 32
05 23c
a 2 12 c 5 2 12
05 c
3 1
b1 2c 5 2
23 5 a2 21 0
c5 3
21 5 a
a 5 1 y 5 21x 1 2x 1 0
2
b 5 24
c5 3
y5 x2 2 4x 1 3
53. 3 5 as3d2 1 bs3d 1 c

6 5 as4d2 1 bs4d 1 c
10 5 as5d2 1 bs5d 1 c
3 5 9a 1 3b 1 c 3 5 9a 1 3b 1 c 3 5 9a 1 3b 1 c
⇒ ⇒
2
2 43b 7 2
6 5 16a 1 4b 1 c 3 5 2 9c 3 5 2 43b 2 79c
5
5 2 10 16 3
10 5 25a 1 5b 1 c 3 3b 2 9c 0 5 18 c
3 5 9a 1 3s2 12 d 1 0
5 2 43b 2 79s0d
2
3 3
0 5 18 c 2
3 5 9a 2 32
3 5 2 43b 9
05c 2 5 9a
2 12 5 b 1
2 5a
2 xsx 2 1d
1 2 1 1
y5 2x 2 2x 5
2 s6d 2 s6d 2 s36d 2 12 s6d 5 18 2 3 5 15 yes

1 1 1
y5 2 2 5
55. 02 1 02 1 Ds0d 1 Es0d 1 F 5 0 57. 32 1 s21d2 1 Ds3d 1 Es21d 1 F 5 0

22 1 s22d2 1 Ds2d 1 Es22d 1 F 5 0 s22d2 1 42 1 Ds22d 1 Es4d 1 F 5 0
42 1 02 1 Ds4d 1 Es0d 1 F 5 0 62 1 82 1 Ds6d 1 Es8d 1 F 5 0
F50 3D 2 E 1 F 5 210
2D 2 2E 1 F 5 28 22D 1 4E 1 F 5 220
4D 1 F 5 216 6D 1 8E 1 F 5 2100
4D 1 0 5 216 F 1 3D 2 E 5 210
4D 5 216 F 2 2D 1 4E 5 220
D 5 24 F 1 6D 1 8E 5 2100
2s24d 2 2E 1 0 5 28 F 1 3D 2 E 5 210
22E 5 0 25D 1 5E 5 210
E50 3D 1 9E 5 290
x2 1 y 2 4x 5 0
2
F 1 3D 2 E 5 210
D 1 3E 5 230
25D 1 5E 5 210
F 1 3D 2 E 5 210
D 1 3E 5 230
120E 5 2160
F 1 3D 2 E 5 210
D 1 3 5 230
E 5 28
D 1 3s28d 5 230
D 5 26
F 1 3s26d 2 s28d 5 210
F50
59. s23d2 1 52 1 Ds23d 1 Es5d 1 F 5 0 x2 1 y 2 6x 2 8y 5 0

2
42 1 62 1 Ds4d 1 Es6d 1 F 5 0
52 1 52 1 Ds5d 1 Es5d 1 F 5 0
23D 1 5E 1 F 5 234
4D 1 6E 1 F 5 252
5D 1 5E 1 F 5 250
1
D1 E1 5F 5 210
4D 1 6E 1 F 5 252
23D 1 5E 1 F 5 234
1
D1 E1 5F 5 210
1
2E 1 5F 5 212
8
8E 1 5F 5 264
—CONTINUED—
59. —CONTINUED—
1
D1 E1 5F 5 210
1
E1 10 F 5 26
8
8E 1 5F 5 264
1
D 1 10 F 5 24
1
E1 10 F 5 26
4
5F 5 216
1
D 1 10 F 5 24
1
E1 10 F 5 26
F 5 220
D 5 22
E 5 24
F 5 220
x 2 1 y 2 2 2x 2 4y 2 20 5 0
61. .20x 1 .50z 5 12

.40x 1 .50z 5 16
.40x 1 1y 5 26
x 1 2.5z 5 60 x 1 2.5z 5 60 x 1 2.5z 5 60 x 5 20
.4x 1 .5z 5 16 ⇒ 2.5z 5 28 ⇒ y2 z5 2 ⇒ y 5 18
.4x 1 1y 5 26 1y 2 1z 5 2 z 5 16 z 5 16
Spray X: 20 gal
Spray Y: 18 gal
Spray Z: 16 gal
63. .40x 1 .30y 1 .50z 5 30

.20x 1 .25y 1 .25z 5 17
.10x 1 .15y 1 .25z 5 10
x 1 .75y 1 1.25z 5 75 x 1 .75y 1 1.25z 5 75 x 1 .75y 1 1.25z 5 75
.20x 1 .25y 1 .25z 5 17 ⇒ .1y 5 2 ⇒ y 5 20 ⇒
.10x 1 .15y 1 .25z 5 10 0.75y 1 .125z 5 2.5 .075y 1 .125z 5 2.5
x 1 1.25z 5 60 x 1 1.25z 5 60 x 5 50
y 5 20 ⇒ y 5 20 ⇒ y 5 20
1 .125z 5 1 z5 8 z5 8
String: 50
Wind: 20
Percussion: 8
65. (d) x 1 y 1 z 5 200

8x 1 15y 1 100z 5 4995
x 2 4z 5 0
x1 y1 z 5 200
7y 1 92z 5 3395
2y 2 5z 5 2200
x1 y1 z 5 200
y1 5z 5 200
57z 5 1995
z5 35
y 1 5s35d 5 200
y5 25
x 1 25 1 35 5 200
x5 140
(e) Students: 140; Nonstudents: 25; Major contributors: 35
(f) x 1 y1 z5 200
8x 1 15y 1 100z 5 4995
z5 18
x1 y 5 182
8x 1 15y 5 3195
y 5 182 2 x
8x 1 15s182 2 xd 5 3195
8x 1 2730 2 15x 5 3195
27x 5 465
x 5 2 465
7 (not possible)
67. Substitute y 5 3 into the first equation to obtain 69. Answers will vary.
x 1 2s3d 5 2 or x 5 2 2 6 5 24.
? 2. y
1. s1, 22d 5s1d 2 12s22d 5 2
3
5 1 24 Þ 2 −6x + 9y = 9 2
This is not the solution. x

−4 −1 1 3 4
? −1
s10, 4d 5s10d 2 12s4d 5 2
−3
50 2 48 5 2 2x − 3y = 6
−4
252 −5
? No solution
2s10d 1 1.5s4d 5 26
20 1 6 5 26
26 5 26
This is a solution.
65. (d) x 1 y 1 z 5 200

8x 1 15y 1 100z 5 4995
x 2 4z 5 0
x1 y1 z 5 200
7y 1 92z 5 3395
2y 2 5z 5 2200
x1 y1 z 5 200
y1 5z 5 200
57z 5 1995
z5 35
y 1 5s35d 5 200
y5 25
x 1 25 1 35 5 200
x5 140
(e) Students: 140; Nonstudents: 25; Major contributors: 35
(f) x 1 y1 z5 200
8x 1 15y 1 100z 5 4995
z5 18
x1 y 5 182
8x 1 15y 5 3195
y 5 182 2 x
8x 1 15s182 2 xd 5 3195
8x 1 2730 2 15x 5 3195
27x 5 465
x 5 2 465
7 (not possible)
67. Substitute y 5 3 into the first equation to obtain 69. Answers will vary.
x 1 2s3d 5 2 or x 5 2 2 6 5 24.
? 2. y
1. s1, 22d 5s1d 2 12s22d 5 2
3
5 1 24 Þ 2 −6x + 9y = 9 2
This is not the solution. x

−4 −1 1 3 4
? −1
s10, 4d 5s10d 2 12s4d 5 2
−3
50 2 48 5 2 2x − 3y = 6
−4
252 −5
? No solution
2s10d 1 1.5s4d 5 26
20 1 6 5 26
26 5 26
This is a solution.
3. y 4. y y = 1 + 2x − x 2
3x − 2y = 4
6 3 (2, 1)
5 2
(4, 4) 1 y=x−1
4
3 x
x − 2y = − 4 −3 −2 2 3 4 5
1 (−1, −2)
x −3
−2 −1 2 3 4 5 6
−4
−2 −5
One solution Two solutions
5. y 6. y y = 1 (5x − 13)
3
4
2x − y = 6 3
3
2
2 (4, 2)
1
x
x −2
−1 1 2 5 6 7 −1 (2, −1) 5 6
−1
−2
−2 x=4 −3
−3
−4
−4 y = 13 (1 − 2x)
s4, 2d
s2, 21d
7. y 8. x2 + y2 = 169
y
7x − 17y = −169
3x + 2y = 24
8 16
6 (5, 12)
4
(8, 0) (−12, 5)
x x
−2 2 4 6 −16 −8 −4 4 8 16
−4 2x + 7y = 16 −8
−6
−8 −16
s8, 0d s5, 12d, s212, 5d
9. 2x 2 3y 5 4 10. y 5 5 2 x2
y52 y 5 2sx 1 1d
2x 2 3s2d 5 4 5 2 x 2 5 2sx 1 1d
2x 2 6 5 4 5 2 x 2 5 2x 1 2
2x 5 10 0 5 x 2 1 2x 2 3
x55 0 5 sx 1 3dsx 2 1d
s5, 2d x 5 23 x51
y 5 24 y54
s23, 24d, s1, 4d
11. 5x 2 y 5 32 ⇒ 2y 5 25x 1 32 12. 0.2x 1 0.7y 5 8
6x 2 9y 5 18 y 5 5x 2 32 2x 1 2y 5 15 ⇒ 2x 5 22y 1 15
6x 2 9s5x 2 32d 5 18 0.2s2y 2 15d 1 0.7y 5 8 x 5 2y 2 15
6x 2 45x 1 288 5 18 0.4y 2 3 1 0.7y 5 8
239x 5 2270 1.1y 5 11
2270 90 y 5 10
x5 5
239 13 x 5 2s10d 2 15
y55 190
13 2
2 32 5 20 2 15
55
450 416
5 2 s5, 10d
13 13
34
5
13
190
13 13 2
,
34
13. x 1 10y 5 18 14. 3x 1 11y 5 38

5x 1 2y 5 42 7x 2 5y 5 234
11 38
x 1 10y 5 18 x1 3 y 5 3
248y 5 248 7x 2 5y 5 234

11 38
x 1 10y 5 18 x1 3 y 5 3
y5 1 2 92 368
3 y 5 2 3
11 38
x 5 8 x1 3 y 5 3
y5 1 y5 4
s8, 1d x 5 22
y5 4
s22, 4d
15. a1 b1 c5 1 16. x 1 4z 5 17
4a 1 2b 1 c 5 2 23x 1 2y 2 z 5 220
9a 1 3b 1 c 5 4 x 2 5y 1 3z 5 19
a1 b1 c5 1 x 1 4z 5 17
22b 2 3c 5 22 2y 1 11z 5 31
26b 2 8c 5 25 25y 2 z5 2
a1 b1 c5 1 x 1 4z 5 17
3 11 31
b1 2c 5 1 y1 2 z 5 2
53 159
26b 2 8c 5 25 2 z 5 2
a 2 12 c 5 0 x 1 4z 5 17
3 11 31
b1 2c 5 1 y1 2 z 5 2
c5 1 z5 3
1
a 5 2 x 5 5
b 5 2 12 y 5 21
c5 1 z5 3
s 1
2, 2 12, 1d s5, 21, 3d
17. x 1 y 5 22 18. x 1 y 2 z 5 11
2x 2 y 5 32 x 1 2y 2 z 5 14
22x 1 y 1 z 5 26
Amount Amount Amount

Solution 1 Solution 2 Mixture
Amount Amount
0.20 1 0.50 5 0.30 ? 20
Labels: Amount Solution 1 5 x By substitution y 5 20 2 x

Amount Solution 2 5 y 20x 1 50s20 2 xd 5 600
System of equations: x 1 y 5 20 20x 1 1000 2 50x 5 600
0.20x 1 0.50y 5 0.30s20d 230x 5 2400
x 1 y 5 20 x 5 1313 gallons at 20% solution
2
20x 1 50y 5 600 20 2 x 5 63 galllons at 50% solution
Section 8.4 Matrices and Linear Systems 437
20. 25 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ a 1 b 1 c 5 2

24 5 as21d2 1 bs21d 1 c ⇒ a 2 b 1 c 5 24
85 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 8
a1b1 c5 2
22b 5 26
22b 2 3c 5 0
a1b1 c5 2
b 5 3
22b 2 3c 5 0
a 1 c 5 21
b 5 3
23c 5 6
a 1 c 5 21
b 5 3
c 5 22
a 5 1
b 5 3
c 5 22
y 5 x 2 1 3x 2 2
Section 8.4 Matrices and Linear Systems
1. 4 3 2 3. 2 3 3 5. 4 3 1
:
3 4
1 10 23 2
25 : 22 23 :
7. 3 4
21 8 : 10 4 9. 5 23 4 : 0 11. 350 1
2 4 :
7
12 4
2 4 0 : 6
13. 4x 1 3y 5 8 15. x 1 2z 5 210 17. 5x 1 8y 1 2z 5 21

x 2 2y 5 3 3y 2 z 5 5 22x 1 15y 1 5z 1 w 5 9
4x 1 2y 5 3 x 1 6y 2 7z 5 23
3 4
1 1 4 21
9 218
3 4 3 4
1 4 3 6 23. 3 8 10 3
19. 21.
2 10 5 2 8 15 22 1 12 6
2
3 4
1
22 23R1 1 R2 1 21
22R1 1 R2 310 4
2
3
21 4 9 R1
312 8 15
3
4 0
1
5
4
22 6
2R1 1 R3 0 3 20 4
3 4
1 1 4 21
1
2 25 6
5 R2 0 1 5
0 3 20 4
20. 25 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ a 1 b 1 c 5 2

24 5 as21d2 1 bs21d 1 c ⇒ a 2 b 1 c 5 24
85 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 4a 1 2b 1 c 5 8
a1b1 c5 2
22b 5 26
22b 2 3c 5 0
a1b1 c5 2
b 5 3
22b 2 3c 5 0
a 1 c 5 21
b 5 3
23c 5 6
a 1 c 5 21
b 5 3
c 5 22
a 5 1
b 5 3
c 5 22
y 5 x 2 1 3x 2 2
Section 8.4 Matrices and Linear Systems
1. 4 3 2 3. 2 3 3 5. 4 3 1
:
3 4
1 10 23 2
25 : 22 23 :
7. 3 4
21 8 : 10 4 9. 5 23 4 : 0 11. 350 1
2 4 :
7
12 4
2 4 0 : 6
13. 4x 1 3y 5 8 15. x 1 2z 5 210 17. 5x 1 8y 1 2z 5 21

x 2 2y 5 3 3y 2 z 5 5 22x 1 15y 1 5z 1 w 5 9
4x 1 2y 5 3 x 1 6y 2 7z 5 23
3 4
1 1 4 21
9 218
3 4 3 4
1 4 3 6 23. 3 8 10 3
19. 21.
2 10 5 2 8 15 22 1 12 6
2
3 4
1
22 23R1 1 R2 1 21
22R1 1 R2 310 4
2
3
21 4 9 R1
312 8 15
3
4 0
1
5
4
22 6
2R1 1 R3 0 3 20 4
3 4
1 1 4 21
1
2 25 6
5 R2 0 1 5
0 3 20 4
3 4
1 1 0 5
25. 3 1
2
2
21
3
24 4 27. 3 4
22
6
2
1
5 4 29. 22
3
21
6
2 210
7 14
3 4
1 3 1
310 4
2 3 4 R1 1
3 4
2 4 1 1 0 5
22R1 1 R2 25 210 22 2 5 2R1 1 R2 0 1 2 0
3 4
3 1 23R1 1 R3 0 3 7 21
3 4
1 2 3 1 2 4
2 15 R2 0 1 2 2R1 1 R2
11
3 4
0 5 2 1 1 0 5
3 4
1 3 1 0 1 2 0
2 4
1 11 23R2 1 R3 0 0 1 21
5 R2 0 1 10
2 32R3
1
1 R2 0 3 0
1
2 75
11
10
4
35. x 2 2y 5 4
3 4 3 4
31. 1 21 21 1 33. 1 1 21 3 x 2 2s23d 5 4
4 24 1 8 2 1 2 5
y 5 23 x1654
26 8 18 0 3 2 1 8
x 5 22
3 4 3 4
1 21 21 1 1 1 21 3
24R1 1 R2 0 0 5 4 22R1 1 R2 0 21 4 21 s22, 23d
6R1 1 R3 0 2 12 6 23R1 1 R3 0 1 4 21
3 4 3 4
1 21 21 1 1 1 21 3
R3 0 2 12 6 0 21 4 21
R2 0 0 5 4 R2 1 R3 0 0 8 22
3 4 3 4
1 21 21 1 1 1 21 3
1
2 R2 0 1 6 3 2R2 0 1 24 1
1 4
5 R3 0 0 1 5 0 0 8 22
37. x 1 5y 5 3 39. x 2 y 1 2z 5 4 y 2 s22d 5 2
y 5 22 y2 z5 2 y1252
x 1 5s22d 5 3 z 5 22 y50
x 2 10 5 3 x 2 0 1 2s22d 5 4
x 5 13 x2454
s13, 22d x58

s8, 0, 22d
: 24 : 21 : 1.5
33 4 35 4 3 : 34
1 2 7 6 2 2
41. 43. 45.
1 : 8 2 : 7 2 24
: 2R1 1 22 : 21.5
30 4 3 : 34
1 2 7
3 2 23 :
4
1 1
6 R1 1
23R1 1 R2 25 : 213
5 2 :
3
7
2 24
1
2 15 R2 0 3 2
1
:
:
7
13
5
4 25R1 1 R2 3 1
0
2 23
16
3
:
:
1
3
16
3
4
1
22R1 1 R2 0 3 22
0
: 21.5
: 64
:
3 4
9
22R2 1 R1 1 0 Inconsistent; no solution
3 :
4
5
2 23 1
1
0 1 : 13
5 3
:
3
16 R2 0 1 1
s 9 13
5, 5 d 2
1 R1 1 :
3 4
3 R2 0 1
0 1 : 1
s1, 1d
: 6 :
3 4 3 4
1 22 21 1 1 25 3
47. 0 1 4 : 5 49. 1 0 22 : 1
4 2 3 : 8 2 21 21 : 0
: 6
3 4
1 22 21
:
3 4
0 1 4 : 5 1 1 25 3
24R1 1 R3 0 10 7 : 216 2R1 1 R2 0 21 3 : 22
22R1 1 R3 0 23 9 : 26
: 6
3 4
1 22 21
:
3 4
0 1 4 : 5 1 1 25 3
210R2 1 R3 0 0 233 : 266 2R2 0 1 23 : 2
0 23 9 : 26
: 6
3 4
1 22 21
:
3 4
0 1 4 : 5 1 1 25 3
1
233 R3 0 0 1 : 2 0 1 23 : 2
3R2 1 R3 0 0 0 : 0
z52 y 1 4s2d 5 5 x 2 2s23d 2 s2d 5 6
y 2 3z 5 2 x 1 s2 1 3zd 2 5z 5 3
y 5 23 x162256
y 5 2 1 3z x 5 1 1 2z
x52
let a 5 z (a is any real number)
s2, 23, 2d
s1 1 2a, 2 1 3a, ad
: :
3 4 3 4
2 4 0 10 1 23 2 8
51. 2 2 3 : 3 53. 0 2 21 : 24
23 1 2 : 23 1 0 1 : 3
:
3 4
2 4 0 10
:
3 4
2R1 1 R2 0 22 3 : 27 1 23 2 8
23 1 2 : 23
1
2 R2 0 1 2 12 : 22
2R1 1 R3 0 3 21 : 25
1
:
3 4
2 R1 1 2 0 5
3 4
0 22 3 : 27 3R2 1 R1 1 0 1
2 : 2
23 1 2 : 23 0 1 2 12 : 22
:
23R2 1 R3 0 0 1
: 1
3 4
1 2 0 5 2
3 4
0 22 3 : 27 1 0 1
2 : 2
3R1 1 R3 0 7 2 : 12 0 1 2 12 : 22
: :
3 4
1 2 0 5 2R3 0 0 1 2
2 12 R2 0 1 2 32 : 7
2 12R3 1 R1 1 :
3 4
2 0 0 1
0 7 2 : 12 1
1 R2 0 1 0 : 21
2 R3
3 4
1 2 0 : 5 0 0 1 : 2
0 1 2 32 : 7
2
s1, 21, 2d
27R2 1 R3 0 0
25
2 : 25
22
:
3 4
1 2 0 5
0 1 2 32 : 7
2
2
25 R3 0 0 1 : 21
z 5 21 y 2 32 s21d 5 72 x 1 2s2d 5 5
y 5 42 x1455
y52 x51
s1, 2, 21d
: :
3 4
22 22 215
3 4
0 2 0 4 1
55. 1 2 2 : 18 57. 1 1 3 : 0
3 3 22 : 2 1 3 5 : 0
: :
3 4 3 4
R2 1 2 2 18 R2 1 1 3 0
R1 22 22 215 : 0 R1 2 0 4 : 1
3 3 22 : 2 1 3 5 : 0
: :
3 4 3 4
1 2 2 18 1 1 3 0
2R1 1 R2 0 2 211 : 36 22R1 1 R2 0 22 22 : 1
23R1 1 R3 0 23 16 : 252 2R1 1 R3 0 2 2 : 0
: :
3 4 3 4
1 2 2 18 1 1 3 0
0 2 211 : 36 2 12 R2 0 1 1 : 2 12
3
2 R2 1 R3 0 0 2 12 : 2 0 2 2 : 0
: :
3 4 3 4
1 1 2 2 18 1 1 3 0
2 R2
22R3
0 1 2 11
2 : 18 0 1 1 : 2 12
0 0 1 : 24 22R2 1 R3 0 0 0 : 1
2 s24d x 1 2s24d 1 2s24d 5 18

11
z 5 24 y2 5 18 Inconsistent; no solution
y 1 22 5 18 x 2 8 2 8 5 18
y 5 24 x 2 16 5 18
x 5 34
s34, 24, 24d
: :
3 4 3 4
1 3 0 2 2 1 22 4
59. 2 6 0 : 4 61. 3 22 4 : 6
2 5 4 : 3 24 1 6 : 12
: :
3 4 3 4
1 3 0 2 2 1 22 4
22R1 1 R2 0 0 0 : 0 2 32 R1 1 R2 0 2 72 7 : 0
22R1 1 R3 0 21 4 : 21 2R1 1 R3 0 3 2 : 20
3 4
: :
3 4
1
1 3 0 2 1
2 R1 1 2 21 2
2R3 0 1 24 : 1 2 27 R2 0 1 22 : 0
R2 0 0 0 : 0 0 3 2 : 20
let z 5 a
:
3 4
1
1 2 21 2
then y 5 1 1 4a 0 1 22 : 0
x 5 2 2 3s1 1 4ad 23R2 1 R3 0 0 8 : 20
5 2 2 3 2 12a :
3 4
1
1 2 21 2
5 21 2 12a 0 1 22 : 0
s212a 2 1, 1 1 4a, ad
1
8 R3 0 0 1 : 5
2
z 5 52 y 2 2s52 d 5 0 x 1 12s5d 2 s52 d 5 2

5 5
y2550 x122252
y55 x52
s2, 5, 52 d
63. Verbal Money 1 1 Money 2 1 Money 3 5 1,500,000

model:
0.08 ? Money 1 1 0.09 ? Money 2 1 0.12 ? Money 3 5 113,000
Money 1 5 4 ? Money
Labels: x 5 Money 1 System of x 1 y 1 z 5 1,500,000

y 5 Money 2 equations: 0.08x 1 0.09y 1 0.12y 5 133,000
z 5 Money 3 x 5 4z
:
3 4
1 1 1 1,500,000
8 9 12 : 13,300,000
1 0 24 : 0
:
3 4
1 1 1 1,500,000
28R1 1 R2 0 1 4 : 1,300,000
2R1 1 R3 0 21 25 : 21,500,000
:
3 4
1 1 1 1,500,000
0 1 4 : 1,300,000
R2 1 R3 0 0 21 : 2200,000
:
3 4
1 1 1 1,500,000
0 1 4 : 1,300,000
2R3 0 0 1 : 200,000
z 5 200,000 y 1 4s200,000d 5 1,300,000 x 1 500,000 1 200,000 5 1,500,000
y 5 500,000 x 5 800,000
$800,000 at 8%, $500,000 at 90%, $200,000 at 12%
65. Verbal model: 0.10 ? CDs 1 0.08 Bonds 1 0.12 BC stocks 1 0.13 G stocks 5 50,000
BC stocks 1 G stocks 5 125,000
CDs 1 Bonds 5 375,00
Labels: x 5 certificates of deposit

y 5 municipal bonds
z 5 blue-chip stocks
w 5 growth stocks
System of 0.10x 1 0.08y 1 0.12z 1 0.13w 5 50,000
equations: z1 w 5 125,000
x 1 y 5 375,000
:
3 4
10 8 12 13 5,000,000
0 0 1 1 : 125,000
1 1 0 0 : 375,000
:
3 4
R1 1 1 0 0 375,000
R2 0 0 1 1 : 125,000
10 8 12 13 : 5,000,000
:
3 4
1 1 0 0 375,000
210R1 1 R3 0 0 1 1 : 125,000
0 22 12 13 : 1,250,000
:
3 4
1 1 0 0 375,000
0 0 1 1 : 125,000
2 12 R3 0 1 26 2 13
2 : 2625,000
—CONTINUED—
65. —CONTINUED—
:
3 4
13
1 0 6 2 1,000,000
2R3 1 R1 0 0 1 1 : 125,000
0 1 26 2 13
2 : 2625,000
:
3 4
1 0 0 .5 250,000
26R2 1 R1 0 0 1 1 : 125,000
6R2 1 R3 0 1 0 2.5 : 125,000
so let w 5 s
then x 1 .5w 5 250,000 Certificates of deposit: 250,000 2 .5s
x 5 2.5s 1 250,000 Municipal bonds: 125,000 1 .5s
Blue-chip stocks: 125,000 2 s
z 1 w 5 125,000 Growth stocks: s
z 5 2s 1 125,000
y 2 .5w 5 125,000
y 5 .5s 1 125,000
If s 5 $100,000
CD 5 $200,000
M Bonds 5 $175,000
BC Stocks 5 $25,000
G Stocks 5 $100,000
67. Verbal model: Pounds 1 Pounds 1 Pounds 5

50 pounds
Nut 1 Nut 2 Nut 3
3.50 (Nut 1) 1 4.50 (Nut 2) 1 6.00 (Nut 3) 5 50(4.95)
Pounds Pounds
1 5 25 pounds
Nut 1 Nut 2
Labels: Pounds Nut 1 5 x

Pounds Nut 2 5 y
Pounds Nut 3 5 z
System of x 1 y 1 z 5 50
equations: 3.50x 1 4.50y 1 6.00z 5 50s4.95d
x 1 y 5 25
:
3 4
1 1 1 50
350 450 600 : 24,750
1 1 0 : 25
:
3 4
1 1 1 50
2350R1 1 R2 0 100 250 : 7250
2R1 1 R3 0 0 21 : 225
:
3 4
1 1 1 50
1
100 R2 0 1 2.5 : 72.5
2R3 0 0 1 : 25
z 5 25 y 1 2.5s25d 5 72.5 x 1 10 1 25 5 50
y 5 10 x 5 15
15 pounds at $3.50, 10 pounds at $4.50, 25 pounds at $6.00

69. Verbal model: Number 1 1 Number 2 1 Number 3 5 33
Number 2 5 3 1 Number 1
Number 3 5 4 ? Number 1
Labels: Number 1 5 x
Number 2 5 y
Number 3 5 z
System of
equations: x 1 y 1 z 5 33
y531x
z 5 4x
:
3 4
1 1 1 33
21 1 0 : 3
24 0 1 : 0
:
3 4
1 1 1 33
R1 1 R2 0 2 1 : 36
4R1 1 R3 0 4 5 : 132
:
3 4
1 1 1 33
1
2 R2 0 1 1
2 : 18
0 4 5 : 132
:
3 4
1 1 1 33
0 1 1
2 : 18
24R2 1 R3 0 0 3 : 60
:
3 4
1 1 1 33
0 1 1
2 : 18
1
3 R3 0 0 1 : 20
2 s20d
1
z 5 20 y1 5 18 x 1 8 1 20 5 33
y58 x55
s5, 8, 20d
71. 7 5 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 7 5 a 1 b 1 c

12 5 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 12 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
19 5 as3d2 1 bs3d 1 c ⇒ 19 5 9a 1 3b 1 c
:
3 4
1 1 1 7
4 2 1 : 12
9 3 1 : 19
:
3 4
1 1 1 7
24R1 1 R2 0 22 23 : 216
29R1 1 R3 0 26 28 : 244
:
3 4
1 1 1 7
2 12 R2 0 1 3
2 : 8
2 12 R3 0 3 4 : 22
:
3
2R2 1 R1 1 2 12 21
4
0
:
3
0 1 2 8
23R2 1 R3 0 0 2 12 : 22
—CONTINUED—
71. —CONTINUED —
3 4
1 0 2 12 : 21
0 1
3
2 : 8
22R3 0 0 1 : 4
3 4
1
2 R3 1 R1 1 0 0 : 1
2 32 R3 1 R2 0 1 0 : 2
0 0 1 : 4
a 5 1, b 5 2, c 5 4
y 5 x 2 1 2x 1 4
73. 8 5 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 85 a1 b1c

2 5 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 2 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
225 5 as3d2 1 bs3d 1 c ⇒ 225 5 9a 1 3b 1 c
:
3 4
1 1 1 8
4 2 1 : 2
9 3 1 : 225
:
3 4
1 1 1 8
24R1 1 R2 0 22 23 : 230
29R1 1 R3 0 26 281 : 297
:
3 4
1 1 1 8
:
1
2 2 R2 0 1 1.5 15
2 12 R3 0 3 4 : 48.5
:
3 4
2R2 1 R1 1 0 20.5 27
0 1 1.5 : 15
23R2 1 R3 0 0 20.5 : 3.5
:
3 4
1 0 20.5 27
0 1 1.5 : 15
22R3 0 0 1 : 27
z 5 27 y 1 1.5s27d 5 15 x 1 20.5s27d 5 27
y 5 25.5 x 5 210.5
y 5 210.5x 1 25.5x 2 7
2
75. 12 1 12 1 Ds1d 1 Es1d 1 F 5 0 ⇒ D 1 E 1 F 5 22

32 1 32 1 Ds3d 1 Es3d 1 F 5 0 ⇒ 3D 1 3E 1 F 5 218
42 1 22 1 Ds4d 1 Es2d 1 F 5 0 ⇒ 4D 1 2E 1 F 5 220
:
3 4
1 1 1 22
3 3 1 : 218
4 2 1 : 220
:
3 4
1 1 1 22
23R1 1 R2 0 0 22 : 212
24R1 1 R3 0 22 23 : 212
—CONTINUED —
75. —CONTINUED —
:
3 4
1 1 1 22
R2 0 22 23 : 212
R3 0 0 22 : 212
:
3 4
1 1 1 22
:
1
2 2 R2 0 1 3
2 6
2 12 R3 0 0 1 : 6
2 s6d D 1 s23d 1 6 5 22
3
F56 E1 56
E1956 D 1 3 5 22
E 5 23 D 5 25
x 2 1 y 2 2 5x 2 3y 1 6 5 0
77. (a) 6 5 as0d2 1 bs0d 1 c ⇒ 65 c

18.5 5 as25d 1 bs25d 1 c ⇒ 18.5 5 625a 1 25b 1 c
2
26 5 as50d2 1 bs50d 1 c ⇒ 26 5 2500a 1 50b 1 c
:
3 4
0 0 1 6
625 25 1 : 18.5
2500 50 1 : 26
:
3 4
R1 625 25 1 18.5
R2 2500 50 1 : 26
R3 0 0 1 : 6
:
3 4
1
625 R1 1 0.04 0.0016 0.0296
2500 50 1 : 26
0 0 1 : 6
:
3 4
1 0.04 0.0016 0.0296
22500R1 1 R2 0 250 23 : 248
0 0 1 : 6
:
3 4
1 0.04 0.0016 0.0296
1
2 50 R2 0 1 0.06 : 0.96
0 0 1 : 6
:
3 4
2.04R2 1 R1 1 0 20.0008 20.0088
0 1 0.06 : 0.96
0 0 1 : 6
:
3 4
.0008R3 1 R1 1 0 0 20.004
2.06R3 1 R2 0 1 0 : 0.6
0 0 1 : 6
so a 5 20.004
b 5 0.6
c56
y 5 20.004x 2 1 0.6x 1 6
(b) Keystrokes: (c) Maximum height 5 28.5 feet
Y 5 x2 c .004 X,T, u x2 1 .6 X,T, u 1 6 GRAPH Point at which the ball struck the ground 5 159.4 feet
30
0 180
0
:
3 4
4 22 1 0
79. 24 1 0 : 29
1 0 0 : 2
3 4
R1 1 0 0 2
24 1 0 29
R3 4 22 1 0
:
3 4
1 0 0 2
4R1 1 R2 0 1 0 : 21
24R1 1 R2 0 22 1 : 28
:
3 4
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 : 21
2R2 1 R3 0 0 1 : 210
2x 2 2 9x 2 1 10
5 2 2
sx 2 2d3 x 2 2 sx 2 2d2 sx 2 2d3
81. (a) Interchange two rows. 83. The one matrix can be obtained 85. There will be a row in the matrix
from the other by using the ele- with all zero entries except in the
(b) Multiply a row by a nonzero
mentary row operations. last column.
constant.
(c) Add a multiple of a row to
another row.
Section 8.5 Determinants and Linear Systems
1. detsAd 5
| |
2
3
1
4
5 2s4d 2 3s1d 5 8 2 3 5 5 3. detsAd 5
| | 5
25
2
3
5 5s3d 2 s26ds2d 5 15 1 12 5 27
5. detsAd 5
| |5
210
24
8
5 5s8d 2 s210ds24d
5 40 2 40 5 0
7. detsAd 5
| | 2
0
6
3
5 2s3d 2 0s6d 5 6 2 0 5 6
9. detsAd 5
|27
1
2
3
6|5 s27ds3d 2 s12 ds6d
5 221 2 3 5 224
11. detsAd 5
|
0.3
0.5 |
0.5
0.3
5 s0.3ds0.3d 2 s0.5ds0.5d
5 .09 2 .25 5 20.16
2
13. detsAd 5 6
4 | | 3
0
1
21
0
1
5 2 s6d
| |
3
1
21
1
1 0 1 0 (second row)
5 s26ds4d
5 224
:
3 4
4 22 1 0
79. 24 1 0 : 29
1 0 0 : 2
3 4
R1 1 0 0 2
24 1 0 29
R3 4 22 1 0
:
3 4
1 0 0 2
4R1 1 R2 0 1 0 : 21
24R1 1 R2 0 22 1 : 28
:
3 4
1 0 0 2
0 1 0 : 21
2R2 1 R3 0 0 1 : 210
2x 2 2 9x 2 1 10
5 2 2
sx 2 2d3 x 2 2 sx 2 2d2 sx 2 2d3
81. (a) Interchange two rows. 83. The one matrix can be obtained 85. There will be a row in the matrix
from the other by using the ele- with all zero entries except in the
(b) Multiply a row by a nonzero
mentary row operations. last column.
constant.
(c) Add a multiple of a row to
another row.
Section 8.5 Determinants and Linear Systems
1. detsAd 5
| |
2
3
1
4
5 2s4d 2 3s1d 5 8 2 3 5 5 3. detsAd 5
| | 5
25
2
3
5 5s3d 2 s26ds2d 5 15 1 12 5 27
5. detsAd 5
| |5
210
24
8
5 5s8d 2 s210ds24d
5 40 2 40 5 0
7. detsAd 5
| | 2
0
6
3
5 2s3d 2 0s6d 5 6 2 0 5 6
9. detsAd 5
|27
1
2
3
6|5 s27ds3d 2 s12 ds6d
5 221 2 3 5 224
11. detsAd 5
|
0.3
0.5 |
0.5
0.3
5 s0.3ds0.3d 2 s0.5ds0.5d
5 .09 2 .25 5 20.16
2
13. detsAd 5 6
4 | | 3
0
1
21
0
1
5 2 s6d
| |
3
1
21
1
1 0 1 0 (second row)
5 s26ds4d
5 224
Section 8.5 Determinants and Linear Systems 447
15. detsAd 5
| 1
3
22
1
1
0
2
0
3 |
5 s2d
|3
22
5 s2ds2d 2 0 1 s3ds22d
1
0| |
2 s0d
1
22
1
0| | |
1 s3d
1
3
1
1
(third column)
5 4 2 6 5 22
2
17. detsAd 5 0
0 | | 4
3
0
6
1
25
19. detsAd 5
| 22
1
0
2
21
1
3
0
4|
5 s2d
| |
3
0
1
25
5 s2ds215d 5 230
2 0 1 0 (first column) 5 2 s1d
| | |
2
1
3
4
1 s21d
22
0
3
4|2 0 (second row)
5 s21ds5d 1 s21ds28d
5 25 1 8 5 3
21. detsAd 5
|1
3
22
4
6
1
22
26
4 |
5 s1d
6
1 | | |26
4
2 s4d
3
22
5 s1ds30d 2 s4ds0d 1 s22ds15d
26
4| |
1 s22d
3
22
6
1|(first row)
5 30 2 0 2 30 5 0
23. detsAd 5
| 23
4
2
2
5
3
1
6
1 |
5 s1d
4
2 | | | 5
23
2 s6d
23
2
2
23| |
1 s1d
23
4
2
5|(third column)
5 222 2 30 2 23 5 275
25. detsAd 5
| 1
3
21
4
2
4
22
0
3 | 27. detsAd 5
|2
4
27
25
7
25
0
0
3|
5 2 s3d
4
4 | | |
22
5 s23ds20d 1 s2ds1d
3
1 s2d
1
21
22
3 |
2 0 (second row) 502013
2
4
5 s3ds34d
| | 25
7
(third column)
5 260 1 2 5 102
5 258
0.1
29. detsAd 5 20.3
5 | 0.2
0.2
4
0.3
0.2
4 |
5 s5d
0.2
0.2 | 0.3
0.2
2 s4d
| |
0.1
20.3
5 s5ds20.02d 2 s4ds0.11d 1 s4ds0.08d
| |
0.3
0.2
1 s4d
0.1
20.3
0.2
0.2 |
(third row)
5 20.1 2 0.44 1 0.32

5 20.22
31. detsAd 5
| x
3
22
y
1
0
1
1
1|
5 s22d
| |
y
1
1
1
2 0 1 s1d
5 s22ds y 2 1d 1 s1dsx 2 3yd

x
3 | | y
1
(third row)
5 22y 1 2 1 x 2 3y
5 x 2 5y 1 2
33. Keystrokes:
MATRX EDIT 1 3 ENTER 3 ENTER 5 ENTER x2 c 3 ENTER 2 ENTER 7 ENTER 5 ENTER x2 c 7 ENTER
0 ENTER 6 ENTER x2 c 1 ENTER QUIT
MATRX MATH 1 MATRX 1 ENTER
Solution is 248.
35. Keystrokes:
MATRX EDIT 1 3 ENTER 3 ENTER 3 ENTER x2 c 1 ENTER
2 ENTER 1 ENTER x2 c 1 ENTER 2 ENTER x2 c 2 ENTER 3 ENTER 10 ENTER QUIT
Solution is 232.
37. Keystrokes:
MATRX EDIT 1 3 ENTER 3 ENTER .2 ENTER .8 ENTER x2 c ENTER .3
.1 ENTER .8 ENTER .6 ENTER x2 c 10 ENTER x2 c 5 ENTER
1 ENTER QUIT
Solution is 26.37
: : 22
39. 3211 2
1 :
5
1 4 41. 335 4
3 : 4 4
D5
| 1
21
2
1 |
5 1 2 s22d 5 3 D5
| |
3
5
4
3
5 9 2 20 5 211
x5
Dx
D
5
5
1
3
2
1
5
522 3
3
| |
5 51
3
D
x5 x5
D
| | 22
4
211
4
3
5
26 2 16 222
211
5
211
52
y5
Dy
D
5
1
21
3
| | 5
1
5
1 2 s25d 6
3
5 52
3
y5
Dy
D
5 | |
3 22
5
211
4
5
12 2 s210d
211
5
22
211
5 22
s1, 2d s2, 22d
: 20.4 :
320 4 3 4
8 11 0.8 1.6
43. 45.
12 224 : 21 2 24 : 5
D5
| |
20 8
12 224
5 2480 2 96 5 2576 D5
|20.4
2
0.8
24 |
5 1.6 2 1.6 5 0
x5
Dx
D
5 | |
11
21 224
2576
8
5
2264 2 168 2432 3
2576
5 5
2576 4
Cannot be solved by Cramer’s Rule because D 5 0.
Solve by elimination.
| |
24x 1 8y 5 16 ⇒ 24x 1 8y 5 16
20 11
Dy 12 21 420 2 132 288 1 2x 2 4y 5 5 ⇒ 4x 2 8y 5 10
y5 5 5 5 52
D 2576 2576 2576 2 0 Þ 26
1 3 1
,2
4 2 2 Inconsistent; no solution
:
47. 336 6
14 :
5
11 4
D5
| |
3
6
6
14
5 42 2 36 5 6
x5
Dx
D
5 | |
5
11 14
6
6
5
70 2 66 4 2
6
5 5
6 3
y5
Dy
D
5
3
| |
6 11
6
5
5
33 2 30 3 1
6
5 5
6 2
123, 122
:
3 4
4 21 1 25
49. 2 2 3 : 10
5 22 6 : 1
4
D5 2
5 | | 21
2
22
1
3 5 s1d
6
2
5 | | | | | |
2
22
2 s3d
4
5
21
22
1 s6d
5 s1ds214d 1 s23ds23d 1 s6ds10d

4
2
21
2
5 214 1 9 1 60 5 55
—CONTINUED—
| |
49. —CONTINUED—
25 21 1
x5
10
1
2
22
55
3
6
5
s1d
| | |
10
1
2
22
2 s3d
25 21
1 22
55
| |
1 s6d
25
10 |
21
2
s1ds222d 1 s23ds11d 1 s6ds0d

5
55
222 2 33 255
5 5 5 21
| |
55 55
4 25 1
y5
2
5
10
1
55
3
6
5
s1d
| | | | | |
2
5
10
1
2 s3d
4 25
5
55
1
1 s6d
4
2
25
10

5
55
248 2 87 1 300 165
5 5 53
| |
55 55
4 21 25
z5
2
5
2 10
22
55
1
5
s5d
21
2 | 25
10| | | | |
2 s22d
55
4
2
25
10
1 s1d
4
2
21
2

5
55
0 1 100 1 10 110
5 5 52
55 55
s21, 3, 2d
:
3 4
3 4 4 11
51. 4 24 6 : 11
26 :
| |
6 0 3
| | | |
3 4 4
4 24 3 4
D5 4 24 3 5 s4d 2 s6d 10
6 26 6 26
6 26 0
5 s4ds0d 2 s6ds242d 1 0
5 252
x5 | |
11
11
3
4
24
26
252
4
6
0
5
s4d
| | | |
11
3
s4ds254d 2 s6ds278d
24
26
2 s6d
252
11
3
4
26
10
5
252
2216 2 468 252
5 5 51
252 252
—CONTINUED—
| |
51. —CONTINUED—
3 11 4
y5
4
6
11
3
252
6
0
5 | | | |
s4d
4
6
11
3
2 s6d
252
3
6
11
3
10
s4ds254d 2 s6ds257d
5
252
2216 1 342 126 1
5 5 5
| |
252 252 2
3 4 11
z5
4
6
24 11
26
252
3
5
s3d
24
26 | 11
3| |
2 s4d
26
4 11
252
3
1 s6d
| |
4
24
11
11 |
5
252
162 2 312 1 528 378 3
5 5 5
252 252 2
11, 12, 322

:
3 4
3 3 4 1
53. 3 5 9 : 2
:
| |
5 9 14 4
| | | | | |
3 3 4
5 9 3 4 3 4
D5 3 5 9 5 s3d 2 s3d 1 s5d
9 17 9 17 5 9
5 9 17
5 12 2 45 1 35
52
a5 | |
1
2
4
3
5
9
2
4
9
17
5
s1d
| | | | | |
5
9
9
17
2 s2d
3
9
2
4
17
1 s4d
3
5
4
9

5
2
4 2 30 1 28 2
5 5 51
| |
2 2
3 1 4
b5
3
5
2
4
2
9
17
5
s3d
| | | | | |
2
4
9
17
2 s2d
3
5
2
9
17
1 s4d
3
5
2
4

5
2
26 2 6 1 8 24
5 5 5 22
2 2
—CONTINUED—
| |
53. —CONTINUED—
3 3 1
c5
3
5
5
9
2
2
4
5
s1d
| | | | | |
3
5
5
9
2 s2d
3
5
2
3
9
1 s4d
3
3
3
5

5
2
2 2 24 1 24 2
5 5 51
2 2
s1, 22, 1d
:
3 4
5 23 2 2
55. 2 2 23 : 3
27 : 24
| |
1 8
| | | | | |
5 23 2
2 23 23 2 23 2
D5 2 2 23 5 s5d 2 s2d 1 s1d
27 8 27 8 2 23
1 7 8
5 225 1 20 1 5
50
Cannot be solved by Cramer’s Rule because D 5 0.
:
3239
Keystrokes:
4
10 22
57.
23 : 0 det D
D5
|
23
9
10
23 |
5 281 MATRX EDIT 1 2 ENTER 2 ENTER
| |
Enter each number in matrix followed by ENTER
22 10
Dx 0 23 266 22 QUIT
x5 5 5 5
D 281 281 27 MATRX MATH 1 MATRX 1 ENTER
y5
Dy
D
5 | |
23 22
9
281
0
5
2198 22
281
5
9
det Dx
MATRX EDIT 2 2 ENTER 2 ENTER

QUIT

det Dy
MATRX EDIT 3 2 ENTER 2 ENTER

QUIT

3
59. D 5 1
| | 22
3
3
6 5 48
61. s5 2 xds2 2 xd 2 4 5 0
10 2 7x 1 x 2 2 4 5 0
| |
1 2 9
x 2 2 7x 1 6 5 0
8 22 3
23 3 6 sx 2 6dsx 2 1d 5 0
D 25 2 9 153 51 x56 x51
x5 x5 5 5
| |
D 48 48 16
3 8 3 63. sx1, y1d 5 s0, 3d, sx2, y2d 5 s4, 0d, sx3, y3d 5 s8, 5d
| || |
1 23 6
Dy 1 25 9 221 27 x1 y1 1 0 3 1
y5 5 5 5 x2 y2 1 5 4 0 1 5 32
| |
D 48 48 16
x3 y3 1 8 5 1
3 22 8
1 3 23 1
Area 5 1 s32d 5 16
Dz 1 2 25 239 13 2
z5 5 5 52
D 48 48 16
65. sx1, y1d 5 s0, 0d, sx2, y2d 5 s3, 1d, sx3, y3d 5 s1, 5d
| || |
151
16 16 16 2
7
,2 ,2
13
| |
x1 y1 1 0 0 1
3 1
Keystrokes: x2 y2 1 5 3 1 1 5 s1d
1 5
x3 y3 1 1 5 1
det D MATRX EDIT 1 3 ENTER 3 ENTER
5 s1ds14d 5 14
Enter each number in matrix followed by ENTER .
1
QUIT Area 5 1 s14d 5 7
2
det Dx MATRX EDIT 2 3 ENTER 3 ENTER

QUIT
det Dy MATRX EDIT 3 3 ENTER 3 ENTER

QUIT
det Dz MATRX EDIT 4 3 ENTER 3 ENTER

QUIT
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1 5
1
22
3
1
1
21
6
1
1|
1 5 s1d
3
1 | | |
21
6
2 s1d
22
1
1
6| |
1 s1d

22
3
1
21 |
5 19 1 13 2 1
5 31
112 s31d 31
Area 5 5 2 or 1512
69. sx1, y1d 5 s0, 2 d sx2, y2d 5 s52, 0d sx3, y3d 5 s4, 3d
1
| || | | | | | | |
1
x1 y1 1 0 1
5
2
0 1 1 5 1 5
0
x2 y2 1 5 2 0 1 50 2 2 11 2
3 1 24 1 4 3
x3 y3 1 4 3 1
5 0 2 12s52 2 4d 1 1s15
2 2 0d
5 2 12s2 32 d 1 1s15
2d
5 34 1 15
2
5 34 1 30
4
5 33
4
Area 5 2s 4 d 5
1 33 33
8

Shaded Region Triangle 1 Triangle 2
Equation: A 5 11.5 1 4.5
5 16
Let sx1, y1d 5 s21, 2d sx2, y2d 5 s4, 0d sx3, y3d 5 s3, 5d
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1 5
1
21
4
3
2
0
5
1
|
1 5 24
1
2
5 | | 1
1
1021
21
3 |
5 24s23d 2 1s211d 5 12 1 11 5 23
|
2
5
2 s23d
1
Area 5 5 11.5
Let sx1, y1d 5 s3, 5d sx2, y2d 5 s4, 0d sx3, y3d 5 s5, 4d
| || |
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1
3
1 5 4
5
5
0
4
1
1 5 24
1
5
4 | | 1
1
1021
3
5
5 24s1d 2 1s213d 5 24 1 13 5 9
| | 5
4
2 s9d
1
Area 5 5 4.5
Area of
73. Verbal Model: 5 Area of 2 Area of
Shaded Region Rectangle Triangle
Equation: A 5 s9ds4d 2 9.5
5 36 2 9.5
5 26.5
Let sx1, y1d 5 s23, 21d, sx2, y2d 5 s2, 22d, sx3, y3d 5 s1, 2d
| ||
x1
x2
x3
Area 5
y1
y2
y3
2 s19d
1
1
1 5
1
23
2
1
5 9.5
21
22
2
1
1 |
1 5 19
75. A
From diagram the coordinates of A, B, C are determined to be As0, 20d, Bs10, 25d and Cs28, 0d.
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1
0
1 5 10
28
Area 5 2 12 s2500d 5 250 mi2
20
25
0
1
|
1 5 2500
1
77. Let sx1, y1d 5 s21, 11d, sx2, y2d 5 s0, 8d, sx3, y3d 5 s2, 2d
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1 5
1
21
0
2
11
8
2
1
1|
1 5 s21d
8
2 | |
5 s21ds6d 1 s2ds3d
1
1
1 0 1 s2d
| |
11
8
1
1
5 26 1 6
50
The three points are collinear.
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1 5
1
21
1
4
25
21
5
1
1|
1 5 s1d
1
4 | | 21
5
2 s1d
21
4 | |
25
5
1 s1d
21
1 | 25
21|
5 9 2 15 1 6
50
The three points are collinear.
81. Let sx1, y1d 5 s22, 13 d, sx2, y2d 5 s2, 1d, sx3, y3d 5 s3, 15 d
| || | | | | | | |
1
x1 y1 1 22 1 1 1
3
2 1 22 22
1 5 s1d 2 s1d 1 s1d
3
x2 y2 1 5 2 1 1 1
3
1 3 5 3 5
2 1
x3 y3 1 3 5 1
5 s1ds2 13
5 d 2 s1ds2 5 d 1 s1ds2 3 d
7 8
5 2 13 7 8
5 1 5 2 3
5 2 18 40
15 2 15
5 2 58
15
The three points are not collinear.

83. sx1, y1d 5 s0, 0d, sx2, y2d 5 s5, 3d 85. sx1, y1d 5 s10, 7d, sx2, y2d 5 s22, 27d
| |
x
0
5
y
0
3
1
1 50
1 |x
10
22
y
7
27
1
1 50
1 |
s1d
| |
x
5
y
3
50 s1d
|
10
22
7
27| |
2 s1d
x
22
y
27 | | |
1 s1d
s1ds256d 2 s27x 1 2yd 1 s1ds7x 2 10yd 5 0

x
10
y
7
50
s1ds3x 2 5yd 5 0
3x 2 5y 5 0 256 1 7x 2 2y 1 7x 2 10y 5 0
14x 2 12y 2 56 5 0
7x 2 6y 2 28 5 0
87. sx1, y1d 5 s22, 32 d, sx2, y2d 5 s3, 23d
| |
89. sx1, y1d 5 s2, 3.6d sx2, y2d 5 s8, 10d
| |
x y 1 x y 1
3
22 2 1 50 2 3.6 1 50
3 23 1 8 10 1
| | | | | | | | | | | |
3 3
1 22 1 22 3.6 1 2 1 2 3.6
x 2
2y 11 2
50 x 2y 11 50
23 1 3 1 3 23 10 1 8 1 8 10
9
2x 1 5y 1 32 5 0 xs3.6 2 10d 2 ys2 2 8d 1 1s20 2 28.8d 5 0
9x 1 10y 1 3 5 0 26.4x 1 6y 2 8.8 5 0
23.2x 1 3y 2 4.4 5 0
32x 2 30y 1 44 5 0
25.08
91. 15 as0d2 1 bs0d 1 c ⇒ 15 1c

23 5 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 23 5 a 1 b 1 c
21 5 as22d 1 bs22d 1 c ⇒ 21 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
2
−2.3 1.3
:
3 4
0 0 1 1 −7.08
1 1 1 : 23
22 :
| |
4 1 21
| |
0 0 1
1 1
D5 1 1 1 5 s1d 5 s1ds26d 5 26
4 22
22
| |
4 1
1 0 1
a5
23
21
1
22
26
1
1
5 | |
s1d
1
22
1
1
2 0 1 s1d
26
23
21 | |
1
22
s1ds3d 1 s1ds215d 212

5 5 52
26 26
b5 | | 0
1
4
1
23
21
26
1
1
1
5
2 s1d
| | | |
1
4
1
1
1 s1d
26
1
4
23
21
s21ds3d 1 s1ds33d 36
5 5 5 26
26 26
c5 | | 0
1
4
0 1
1 23
22 21
26
5
s1d
1 1
4 22
26
5
s1ds26d
26
51| |
y 5 2x 2 2 6x 1 1
93. 6 5 as22d2 1 bs22d 1 c ⇒ 6 5 4a 2 2b 1 c 7
22 5 a s2d 1 b s2d 1 c ⇒ 22 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
2
0 5 a s4d2 1 b s4d 1 c ⇒ 6 5 16a 1 4b 1 c

:
| |
−3
3 4
22 22
7
4 1 6 4 1
4 2 1 : 22 D5 4 2 1 5 248
−3
:
| |
16 4 1 0 16 4 1
6 22 1
22 2 1
Da 0 4 1 224 1
a5 5 5 5
248 248 2
| |
D
4 6 1
4 22 1
Db 16 0 1 96
b5 5 5 5 22
248 248
| |
D
4 22 6
4 2 22
Dc 16 4 0 0
c5 5 5 50
D 248 248
1
y 5 x 2 2 2x
2
95. 21 5 as1d2 1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 21 5 a1 b1c 1.1
−1.2 1.2
25 5 as21d2 1 bs21d 1 c ⇒ 25 5 a2 b1c
as12 d2 1 bs12 d 1 c ⇒
1 1 1
4 5 4 5 4a 1 12 b 1 c or 1 5 a 1 2b 1 4c
:
3 4
1 1 1 21
1 21 1 : 25 −6
| |
1 2 4 1
| | | | | |
1 1 1
21 1 1 1 1 1
D5 1 21 1 5 s1d 2 s1d 1 s1d
2 4 2 4 21 1
1 2 4
5 26 2 2 1 2
5 26
a5 |
21
25
1
1
21
2
26
1
1
4 | 5
s21d
| 21
2
1
4 | |
2 s1d
25
1
26
1
4| |
1 s1d
25
1
21
2 |
5
26
6 1 21 2 9 18
5 5 5 23
26 26
—CONTINUED—
| |
95. —CONTINUED—
1 21 1
b5
1
1
25
1
26
1
4
5 |
s1d
25
1
1
4| |
2 s1d
21
1
26
1
4| |
1 s1d
21
25 |
1
1

5
26
221 1 5 1 4 212
5 5 52
26 26
c5 | |
1
1
1
1 25
21 25
2
26
1
5
s1d
21
2 | 25
1| | | |
2 s1d
1 21
2
26
1
1 s1d
1
21
21
25 |
s1ds9d 2 s1ds3d 1 s1ds25d 9 2 3 2 6
5 5 50
26 26
y 5 23x 2 1 2x
97. (a) s5, 584.7d s6, 624.8d s7, 689.2d

as5d2 1 bs5d 1 c 5 584.7 ⇒ 25a 1 5b 1 c 5 584.7
as6d2 1 bs6d 1 c 5 624.8 ⇒ 36a 1 6b 1 c 5 624.8
as7d2 1 bs7d 1 c 5 689.2 ⇒ 49a 1 7b 1 c 5 689.2
25
detsAd 5 36
| 5
6
1
|
1 5 22
| | | |
49 7 1
584.7 5 1 25 584.7 1
624.8 6 1 36 624.8 1
689.2 7 1 224.3 49 689.2 1 187.1
a1 5 5 b1 5 5
22 22 22 22
5 12.15 5 293.55
c1 5 |
25
36
49
5
6
7
22
584.7
624.8
689.2
5 |
21497.4
22
5 748.7
y1 5 12.15t2 2 93.55t 1 748.7

(b) s5, 743.4d s6, 791.4d s7, 870.7d
as5d2 1 bs5d 1 c 5 743.4 ⇒ 25a2 1 5b 1 c 5 743.4
as6d2 1 bs6d 1 c 5 791.4 ⇒ 36a2 1 6b 1 c 5 791.4
as7d2 1 bs7d 1 c 5 870.7 ⇒ 49a2 1 7b 1 c 5 870.7
25
detsAd 5 36
49 | 5
6
7
1
|
1 5 22
1
a2 5 |
743.4
791.4
870.7
22
5
6
7
1
1
1| 5
231.3
22
5 15.65
—CONTINUED—
| | | |
97. —CONTINUED—
25 743.4 1 25 5 743.4
36 791.4 1 36 6 791.4
49 870.7 1 248.3 49 7 870.7 21945.8
b2 5 5 c2 5 5
22 22 22 22
5 2124.15 5 972.9
y2 5 15.65t 2 124.15t 1 972.9
2
(c) 12,500 (d) y1 2 y2 5 s12.15t2 2 93.55t 1 748.7d 2 s15.65t2 2 124.15t 1 972.9d
y2 5 23.5t2 1 30.6t 2 224.2

y1
4 10
0
(e) 4
0
10
The trade deficit is increasing.
−2800
12k :
31 2k k 4
99. (a) 1
k : 3
D5
| k
12k
12k
k |
5 k2 2 s1 2 kd2 5 k2 2 s1 2 2k 1 k2d 5 k2 2 1 1 2k 2 k2 5 2k 2 1
x5
Dx
D
5
1 12k
3 k
2k 2 1
5 | 2k 2 1
5
2k 2 1
|
k 2 3s1 2 kd k 2 3 1 3k 4k 2 3
5
2k 2 1
y5
Dy
D
5
k
12k 3
2k 2 1
1
5
| 2k 2 1
5
|
3k 2 1s1 2 kd 3k 2 1 1 k 4k 2 1
2k 2 1
5
2k 2 1
14k2k 22 31, 2k4k 22 112

(b) 2k 2 1 5 0
2k 5 1
1
k5
2
101. A determinant is a real number associated with a square 103. The minor of an entry of a square matrix is the determi-
matrix. nant of the matrix that remains after deleting the row and
column in which the entry occurs.
1. (a) s3, 4d (b) s3, 21d

? ? ?
3s3d 1 7s4d 5 2 3s3d 1 7s21d 5 2 5s3d 1 6s21d 5 9
37 Þ 2 252 959
| | | |
97. —CONTINUED—
25 743.4 1 25 5 743.4
36 791.4 1 36 6 791.4
49 870.7 1 248.3 49 7 870.7 21945.8
b2 5 5 c2 5 5
22 22 22 22
5 2124.15 5 972.9
y2 5 15.65t 2 124.15t 1 972.9
2
(c) 12,500 (d) y1 2 y2 5 s12.15t2 2 93.55t 1 748.7d 2 s15.65t2 2 124.15t 1 972.9d
y2 5 23.5t2 1 30.6t 2 224.2

y1
4 10
0
(e) 4
0
10
The trade deficit is increasing.
−2800
12k :
31 2k k 4
99. (a) 1
k : 3
D5
| k
12k
12k
k |
5 k2 2 s1 2 kd2 5 k2 2 s1 2 2k 1 k2d 5 k2 2 1 1 2k 2 k2 5 2k 2 1
x5
Dx
D
5
1 12k
3 k
2k 2 1
5 | 2k 2 1
5
2k 2 1
|
k 2 3s1 2 kd k 2 3 1 3k 4k 2 3
5
2k 2 1
y5
Dy
D
5
k
12k 3
2k 2 1
1
5
| 2k 2 1
5
|
3k 2 1s1 2 kd 3k 2 1 1 k 4k 2 1
2k 2 1
5
2k 2 1
14k2k 22 31, 2k4k 22 112

(b) 2k 2 1 5 0
2k 5 1
1
k5
2
101. A determinant is a real number associated with a square 103. The minor of an entry of a square matrix is the determi-
matrix. nant of the matrix that remains after deleting the row and
column in which the entry occurs.
1. (a) s3, 4d (b) s3, 21d

? ? ?
3s3d 1 7s4d 5 2 3s3d 1 7s21d 5 2 5s3d 1 6s21d 5 9
37 Þ 2 252 959
3. (a) s4, 25d (b) s7, 12d 5. Solve each equation for y.
? ?
42 1 s25d2 5 41 72 1 122 5 41 x1y52 x2y50
41 5 41 193 Þ 41 y 5 2x 1 2 2y 5 2x
Not a solution y5x

?
20s4d 1 10s25d 5 30 y
?
80 2 50 5 30 x y 0
3
30 5 30
2
Solution 1 (1, 1)
x
1 1 2 3
1
x y 2
Point of intersection is s1, 1d.

x2y53 2x 1 y 5 1 2x 2 y 5 0 2x 1 y 5 4
2y 5 2x 1 3 y5x11 2y 5 22x y5x14
y5x23 y 5 2x
y
y x y 4
2
10
1 x y 1
8 (4, 8)
x
3 2 1 1 2 3 6
1
4
2 2x y 0
2
3 x y 3 x
2 2 4 6 8
4
No solution Point of intersection is s4, 8d.
2x 1 y 5 4 24x 2 2y 5 28 3x 2 2y 5 22 25x 1 2y 5 2
y 5 22x 1 4 22y 5 4x 2 8 22y 5 23x 2 2 2y 5 5x 1 2
3
y 5 22x 1 4 y5 2x 11 y 5 52 x 1 1
y y
4
2x + y = 4
4 3
3 2
− 4x − 2y = − 8 −5x + 2y = 2 3x − 2y = −2
2 1
(0, 1)
1 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
x
−1 1 3 4 5
−1 −2
Infinite number of solutions. Point of intersection is s0, 1d.

15. Solve each equation for y.

5x 2 3y 5 3 2x 1 2y 5 14
23y 5 25x 1 3 2y 5 22x 1 14
5
y5 3x 21 y 5 21x 1 7
12
−10 14
−6
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 s 5 4 3 c X,T, u 2 1 ENTER
y2 x2 c X,T, u 1 7 GRAPH
Solution is s3, 4d
17. Solve each equation for y. 2
y5 x2 24 2x 2 3y 5 11 −3 5
23y 5 22x 1 11
y 5 23 x 2 11
3
−5
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 4 ENTER
y2 s 2 4 3 c X,T, u 2 11 4 3 GRAPH
Solutions are s1, 23d and s2 3, 2 9 d

1 35
19. x 5 22 2 4y 21. 2y 5 5x 1 4
2s22 2 4yd 1 3y 5 1 5x 1 4
y5
2
24 2 8y 1 3y 5 1
25y 5 5 10x 2 4 15x 21 42 5 7
y 5 21
10x 2 2s5x 1 4d 5 7
x 5 22 2 4s21d
10x 2 10x 2 8 5 7
x5 2
28 Þ 7
s2, 21d
No solution
23. 3x 5 7y 1 5 25. y 5 5x 2
7y 1 5 y 5 215x 2 10
x5
3
5x 2 5 215x 2 10
5 17y 31 52 2 9y 5 25 5x 2 1 15x 1 10 5 0
x 2 1 3x 1 2 5 0
5s7y 1 5d 2 27y 5 215
sx 1 2dsx 1 1d 5 0
35y 1 25 2 27y 5 215
x 5 22 x 5 21
8y 5 240
y 5 5s22d 2 y 5 5s21d2
y 5 25
5 20 55
7s25d 1 5
x5 s22, 20d, s21, 5d
3
x 5 210
s210, 25d
27. x 2 1 y 2 5 1 29. x1y50 ⇒ x1y50

x 1 y 5 21 2x 1 y 5 0 ⇒ 22x 2 y 5 0
y 5 21 2 x 2x 50
x 50
x 2 1 s21 2 xd2 5 1
01y50
x 2 1 1 1 2x 1 x 2 5 1
y50
2x 2 1 2x 5 0
s0, 0d
2xsx 1 1d 5 0
x5 0 x 5 21
y 5 21 y50
s0, 21d, s21, 0d
31. 2x 2 y 5 2 ⇒ 16x 2 8y 5 16
6x 1 8y 5 39 ⇒ 6x 1 8y 5 39
22x 5 55
x 5 55 5
22 5 2
2s52 d 2 y 5 2
52y52
2y 5 23
y53
s 5
2, 3d
33. 0.2x 1 0.3y 5 0.14 ⇒ 2x 1 3y 5 1.4 ⇒ 24x 2 6y 5 22.8

0.4x 1 0.5y 5 0.20 ⇒ 4x 1 5y 5 2 ⇒ 4x 1 5y 5 2
2y 5 20.8
y5 0.8
2x 1 3s0.8d 5 1.4
2x 1 2.4 5 1.4
2x 5 21
x 5 2 12 5 20.5
s20.5, 0.8d
35. x 2 y 2 2z 5 21 37. x2 y2 z5 1 39. x 2 4z 5 17

2x 1 3y 1 z 5 22 22x 1 y 1 3z 5 25 22x 1 4y 1 3z 5 214
5x 1 4y 1 2z 5 4 3x 1 4y 2 z5 6 5x 2 y 1 2z 5 23
x 2 y 2 2z 5 21 x2 y2 z5 1 x 2 4z 5 17
5y 1 5z 5 0 2y 1 z 5 23 18x 1 11z 5 226
9y 1 12z 5 9 7y 1 2z 5 3 5x 2 y 1 2z 5 23
x2 y2 z5 1
x 2 y 2 2z 5 21 x 2 4z 5 17
2y 1 z 5 23
y1 z5 0 83z 5 2332
9z 5 218
9y 1 12z 5 9 5x 2 y 1 2z 5 23
z 5 22
x 2 y 2 2z 5 21 z5 24
2y 1 s22d 5 23
y1 z5 0 x 24s24d 5 17
2y 5 21
3z 5 9 x5 1
y5 1
x 2 y 2 2z 5 21 5s1d 2 y 1 2s24d 5 23
x 2 1 2 s22d 5 1
y1 z5 0 2y 5 0
x50
y50
z5 3 s0, 1, 22d
s1, 0, 24d
y1 35 0
y 5 23
x 2 s2 3d 2 2s3d 5 21
x1 3 2 6 5 21
x 5 2
s2, 23, 3d
: 2.1 : .07
321 4 3.2.4 : 2.014
5 4 2
41. 43.
1 : 222 2.5
R1 21 : 222 21 : .7
3 4 3 : 2.14
1 10R1 2
R2 5 4 : 2 10R2 4 25
2R1 1 21 : 22 1
2 12 : .35
3 : 24
2 R1
34 : 2.14
1
5 4 25
21 : 22 2 12 : .35
30 :21084 30 : 21.54
1 1
25R1 1 R2 9 24R1 1 R2 23
21 : 22 2 12 : .35
30 : 2124 30 : 54
1 1
1
9 R2 1 2 13 R2 1
y 5 212 x 2 s212d 5 22 s10, 212d y 5 .5 x 2 12 s.5d 5 .35 s0.6, 0.5d
x 5 10 x 5 .6
: : 3
3 4 3 4
1 2 6 4 2 3 3
45. 23 2 21 : 24 47. 6 6 12 : 13
4 0 2 : 16 12 9 21 : 2
: : 32
3 4 3 4
1 3 3
1 2 6 4 2 R1 1 2 2
3R1 1 R2 0 8 17 : 8 6 6 12 : 13
24R1 1 R3 0 28 222 : 0 12 9 21 : 2
: : 32
3 4 3 4
3 3
1 2 6 4 1 2 2
1
8 R2 0 1 17
8 : 1 26R1 1 R2 0 23 3 : 4
0 28 222 : 0 212R1 1 R3 0 29 219 : 216
3 4
: : 24
3 4
3 3 3
1 2 6 4 1 2 2
0 1 17
8 : 1 2 13 R2 0 1 21 : 23
8R2 1 R3 0 0 25 : 8 0 29 219 : 216
:
3 4 3
: 32
4
1 2 6 4 1 3 3
:
17 2 2
0 1 1
8 0 1 21 : 2 43
2 15 R3 0 0 1 : 2 85
9R2 1 R3 0 0 228 : 228
z 5 2 85 8 s2 5 d 5 1
y 1 17 x 1 2s22
5 d 1 6s2 5 d 5 4
8 8
3 4
1 3
2
3
2 : 34
y 5 22 x 5 24
5 5 0 1 21 : 2 45
s245, 225, 2 85 d : 1
1
2 28 R3 0 0 0
x3 5 1
x2 2 1 5 2 43
x2 5 2 13
x1 1 32 s21
3 d 1 2 s1d 5 2
3 3
x1 2 12 1 32 5 32
x1 1 1 5 32
x1 5 12
s12, 213, 1d
49. detsAd 5
| |
7
10
10
15
5 s7ds15d 2 s10ds10d 5 105 2 100 5 5
8
51. detsAd 5 6
3 | | 6
3
0
3
0
2
8
53. detsAd 5 1
6 | | 3
22
0
2
4
5
5 s3d
6
3 | | | | | | 3
0
20
5 s3ds29d 2 0 1 s2ds212d
8
6
3
0
12
8
6
6 (third
3 row) 56
| 3
22
2
4|2015
8
1 | | 3
22
(third row)
5 s6ds16d 1 s5ds219d
5 227 2 24 51
5 251
: 22 :
55. 372 12
3 :
63
15 4 57. 3123 28 :
16
254
D5
| | 7
2
12
3
5 21 2 24 5 23 D5
| |
3
12
22
28
5 224 1 24 5 0
x5
Dx
D
5
15 | |
63 12
23
3
5
189 2 180
23
5
9
23
5 23
Cannot be solved by Cramer’s Rule because D 5 0. Solve
by elimination.
212x 1 8y 5 264
y5
Dy
D
5 | | 7
2
23
63
15
5
105 2 126 221
23
5
23
57
12x 2 8y 5 25
0 Þ 269
s23, 7d Inconsistent; no solution
:
3 4
21 1 2 1
59. 2 3 1 : 22
:
| |
5 4 2 4
| | | | | |
21 1 2
3 1 2 1 2 3
D5 2 3 1 5 s21d 2 s1d 1 s2d
4 2 5 2 5 4
5 4 2
5 22 1 1 2 14 5 215
x5 | 1
22
4
1
3
4
215
2
1
2 | 5 | | |
s1d
3
4
1
2
2 s1d
22
4
215
1
2 | |
1 s2d
22
4 |
3
4

5
215
2 1 8 2 40 230
5 5 52
215 215
y5 |21
2
5
22
1
4
215
2
1
2| 5
s21d
|
22
4
1
2| | | | |
2 s1d
215
2
5
1
2
1 s2d
2
5
22
4

5
215
8 1 1 1 36 45
5 5 5 23
215 215
—CONTINUED—
| |
59. —CONTINUED—
21 1 1
z5
2
5
2 22
4
215
4
5
s21d
3
4 | | | | | |
22
4
2 s1d
2 22
5
215
4
1 s1d
2
5
3
4

5
215
220 2 18 2 7 245
5 5 53 s2, 23, 3d
215 215
61. 3x 2 y 5 6
23x 1 2y 5 210
There are many other correct solutions. Write equations so that s3, 24d satisfies each equation.
2
63. Verbal Total 5 Cost per Number 1 Initial 65. Verbal Gallons Gallons 5
Model:
? 1 100
Cost unit of units cost Model: Solution 1 Solution 2
Total Price per Number of Value Value

5 ? 1 5 0.60(100)
Revenue unit units Solution 1 Solution 2
Labels: Total cost 5 C Labels: Gallons Solution 1 5 x

Cost per unit 5 3.75 Gallons Solution 2 5 y
Number of units 5 x System of equations:
Initial cost 5 25,000 x1 y5 100
Total revenue 5 R 0.75x 1 0.50y 5 0.60s100d
Price per unit 5 5.25 x 5 100 2 y
System of C 5 3.75x 1 25,000 75s100 2 yd 1 50y 5 60s100d
equations: R 5 5.25x
7500 2 75y 1 50y 5 6000
R5C
225y 5 21500
5.25x 5 3.75x 1 25,000
y 5 60 gallons at 50% solution
1.50x 5 25,000
x 5 100 2 60 5 40 gallons at 75%
x 5 16,666.6 < 16,667 items solution
67. Verbal model: 2 ? Length 1 2 ? Width 5 Perimeter
Length 5 1.50 ? Width
Labels: Length 5 x
Width 5 y
System of 2x 1 2y 5 480
equations: x 5 1.50y
2s1.50yd 1 2y 5 480
3y 1 2y 5 480
5y 5 480
y 5 96 meters in width
x 5 1.50s96d 5 144 meters in length
Number Number
69. Verbal Model: 1 Tapes 2 5 650
Tapes 1
Receipts Receipts
1 5 7717.50
Tapes 1 Tapes 2
Labels: Number Tapes 1 5 x

Number Tapes 2 5 y
System of x1 y 5 650
equations: 9.95x 1 14.95y 5 7717.50
y 5 650 2 x
9.95x 1 14.95s650 2 xd 5 7717.50
9.95x 1 9717.50 2 14.95x 5 7717.50
25x 5 22000
x 5 400 tapes at $9.95
y 5 650 2 400 5 250 tapes at $14.95
Speed Speed
71. Verbal Model: ? Time 1 ? Time 5 Distance
Plane 1 Plane 2
Speed Speed
5 1 40
Plane 2 Plane 1
Labels: Speed Plane 1 5 x

Speed Plane 2 5 y
50 5
Time 5 60 5 6 hr
Distance 5 450 miles
x ? 6 1 y ? 6 5 450
5 5
System of
equations: y 5 x 1 40
1 56 sx 1 40d 5 450
5
6x
6 s2x 1 40d 5 450

5
2x 1 40 5 540
2x 5 500
x 5 250 mph
y 5 250 1 40 5 290 mph
Number Number Number

73. Verbal model: 1 1 5 68
1 2 3
Number Number
541
2 1
Number Number
52?
3 1
Labels: Number 1 5 x Number 2 5 y Number 3 5 z

System of x 1 y 1 z 5 68
equations: y 541x
z 5 2x
x 1 y 1 z 5 68 x 1 y 1 z 5 68
1
2x 1 y 54 y 1 2 z 5 36
22x 1 z50 2z 5 64
x 1 y 1 z 5 68 z 5 32
2 s32d
1
2y 1 z 5 72 y1 5 36
2y 1 3z 5 136 y 5 20
x 1 y 1 z 5 68
1
y 1 2 z 5 36 x 1 20 1 32 5 68
2y 1 3z 5 136 x 5 16
s16, 20, 32d
75. 0 5 as25d2 1 bs25d 1 c ⇒ 0 5 25a 2 5b 1 c

26 5 as1d 2
1 bs1d 1 c ⇒ 26 5 a1 b1c
14 5 as2d2 1 bs2d 1 c ⇒ 14 5 4a 1 2b 1 c
:
3 4
25 25 1 0
1 1 1 : 26
:
| |
4 2 1 14
25 25 1
D5 1 1 1 5 242
| |
4 2 1
0 25 1
26 1 1
Da 14 2 1 2126
a5 5 5 53
242 242
| |
D
25 0 1
1 26 1
Db 4 14 1 2462
b5 5 5 5 11
242 242
| |
D
25 25 0
1 1 26
4 2 14 840
c5 5 5 220 y 5 3x 2 1 11x 2 20
242 242
| || |
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1
Area 5 1 s32d 5 16
1
1 5 5
5
0
0
8
1
1 5 20 1 0 2 s8d
1
1
5 | | 1
1
5 s28ds24d 5 32
| || |
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1 1
1 5 4
1 3
2
25
2
1
1 5 s1d
1
4
3| | | | | |
25
2
2 s1d
1
3
2
2
1 s1d

1
4
2
25
5 23 1 4 2 13
5 14
1
Area 5 1 s14d 5 7
2
| | | |
x y 1 x y 1
81. 24 0 1 50 83. 2 52 3 1 50
4 4 1 7
2 1 1
| | | | | | | | | |
5
2 s24d
y 1
1 0 2 s1d
x y
50 22 3 x y x y
s1d 2 s1d 7 1 s1d 5 50
4 1 4 4 7
2 1 2 1 22 3
s4dsy 2 4d 2 s1ds4x 2 4yd 5 0 s1ds213d 2 s1dsx 2 7
2y d 1 s1ds3x 1 d 5 0
5
2y
4y 2 16 2 4x 1 4y 5 0 213 2 x 1 72 y 1 3x 1 52 y 5 0
24x 1 8y 2 16 5 0 2x 1 6y 2 13 5 0
x 2 2y 1 4 5 0
1. (a) s3, 24d 2. 5x 2 y 5 6 4x 2 3s5x 2 6d 5 24

?
2s3d 2 2s24d 5 1 4x 2 3y 5 24 4x 2 15x 1 18 5 24
618Þ1 2y 5 25x 1 6 211x 5 222
Not a solution y5 5x 2 6 x52
(b) s1, 2 d
1
y 5 5s2d 2 6
2s1d 2 2s12 d 5 1 21 1 2s2 d 5 0
? 1 ?
y54
22151 21 1 1 5 0 s2, 4d
151 050
Solution
CHAPTER 8 Systems of Equations
SECTION 8.1 Systems of Equations
1. Answers vary. 2. Answers vary. 3

3. 2
y y m1 ? m2 5 21
4 3
2 23 ? 32 5 21
3 2
2 1
x
−1 1 2 4 5
x −1
−3 −2 −1 1 2
−1 −2
−2 −3
4. The line with m 5 23 is steeper 5. y 2 3s4y 2 2d 5 1 6. x 1 6s3 2 2xd 5 4

because this line’s slope is the
greater absolute value. y 2 12y 1 6 5 1 x 1 18 2 12x 5 4
211y 5 25 211x 5 214
5
y5 11 x 5 14
11
10 sx 2 4d 5 6
1
1 15 x 5 15 1
7. 2x 8. 9. 3x 1 4y 2 5 5 0
5x 1 2x 5 150 x 2 4 5 60 4y 5 23x 1 5
7x 5 150 x 5 64 3
y 5 24 x 1 4
5
x 5 150
7
10. 22x 2 3y 1 6 5 0 11. y 5 23x 1 2 12. 4x 2 2y 5 24

23y 5 2x 2 6 y 22y 5 24x 2 4
2 y 5 2x 1 2
y5 x12
23 2
y
1
x 4
−2 −1 2 3 4
−1 3
−2 2
−3
x
−4 −3 −2 1 2
−1
−2
13. 3x 1 2y 5 8 y 14. x 1 3 5 0 y
2y 5 23x 1 8 x 5 23 3
4
2 32 x
2
y5 14
3 1
2 x
−5 −4 −2 −1 1
1 −1
x −2
−1 1 2 4 5
−1 −3
SECTION 8.2 Linear Systems in Two Variables
1. 2sx 1 yd 5 2x 1 2y 2. x2457 3. 1 < 2x 1 5 < 9

Distributive Property x24145714 24 < 2x < 4
x 5 11 22 < x < 2
Addition Property of Equality
x24
4. 0 ≤
2
< 6 | |
5. 6x > 12 |
6. 1 2 2x < 5 |
6x > 12 or 6x < 212 25 < 1 2 2x < 5
0 ≤ x 2 4 < 12
x > 2 x < 22 26 < 22x < 4
4 ≤ x < 16
3 > x > 22
22 < x < 3
7. 4x 2 12 < 0 8. 4x 1 4 ≥ 9
4x < 12 4x ≥ 5
5
x < 3 x ≥ 4
Verbal Total Number Cost per Initial Verbal Payment

9.
Model: cost
5
of miles
? mile
1
cost
10.
Model: Plan 1
5 2500
C 5 0.45m 1 6200 Payment Gross

5 4% ? 1 1500
Equation: C < 15,000 Plan 2 sales
0.45m 1 6200 < 15,000 Payment Payment

>
Plan 2 Plan 1
0.45m < 8800
8800 Labels: Gross sales 5 x
m <
0.45 Equation: 0.04x 1 1500 > 2500
m19,555.56 0.04x > 1000
x > $25,000
SECTION 8.3 Linear Systems in Three Variables
t 5 7
1. No, 2x 1 8 5 7 has only one 2. 1 5
6 8 4
3. 4x 2sx3d2 5 4x 2 ? x 6 5 4x 8
solution.
Multiply both sides of the equation
2x 1 8 5 7 by the lowest common denominator,
2x 5 21 24.
1
x52
2
4 21
4. s2x 2yd3sxy3d4 5 8x 6y 3 ? x 4y12 5.
8x24
2x 7
4
5 4x242 s7d 5 4x211 5 11
x
6. 1t3 2 5
3
t4
5 8x10y15
|
7. 2x 2 4 5 6 | 8. 4 s5 2 2xd 5 9x 2 7x
1
4 s5 2 2xd 5 2x
1
2x 2 4 5 6 or 2x 2 4 5 26
2x 5 10 2x 5 22 5 2 2x 5 8x
x55 x 5 21 5 5 10x
5
10 5x
1
2 5x
9. Verbal Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time 10. Verbal Model: Volume 5 ssided3
d 5 15t Labels: Volume 5 V
d
Side 5 s
75
Equation: V 5 s3
60
45
30
15
t
1 2 3 4 5
11. Area 5 p ? sradiusd2 Circumference 5 2 ? p ? radius

A 5 pr 2
C 5 2p r
12Cp2
2
C
A5p 5r
2p
C2
A5p ? 4p 2
C2
A5
4p
SECTION 8.4 Matrices and Linear Systems
1. 2ab 2 2ab 5 0 2. 8t ? 1 5 8t 3. b 1 3a 5 3a 1 b
Additive Inverse Property Multiplicative Identity Property Commutative Property of Addition
4. 3s2xd 5 s3 ? 2dx 5. s23, 2d, s2 32, 22d y
Associative Property of Multiplication y2 2 y1 3

m5 (−3, 2)
x2 2 x1 2
1
22 2 2
5 x
2 32 2 s23d −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−1
24 (− 32 , −2( −2
5
2 32 13 −3
24
5 3
2
2 8
5 24 ? 52
3 3
6. s0, 26d, s8, 0d y 7. s52, 72 d, s52, 4d y
y2 2 y1 (8, 0) y2 2 y1 5
m5 x
m5 ( 52 , 4(
x2 2 x1 2 4 6 8
x2 2 x1 4
−2
0 2 s26d 4 2 72 3 ( 52 , 72 (
5 −4 5
820 5 5 2
2 2 2
1
−6 1
6 (0, − 6)
5 5
2
5 undefined −1
x
8 −8 0 1 2 3 4 5
−1
3
5
4
8. s2 58, 2 34 d, s1, 2 92 d y 9. s3, 1.2d, s23, 2.1d y
y2 2 y1 x y2 2 y1 4
m5 −2 −1 1 2 3 m5
x2 2 x1 x2 2 x1 3
(− 58, − 34( (−3, 2.1)
9
22 2 24 s d
3
−2 2.1 2 1.2
2
(3, 1.2)
5 5
s d 23 2 3
5 1
1 2 28 −3
x
2 18 3 15 −3 −2 −1
4 1 4 24 1 2 3
−4 0.9 −1
5 5 5 (
1, − 92 ( 5
8
8 1 8
13
8 −5 26 −2
15 8 5 20.15
52
4
? 13
30
52
13
10. s12, 8d, s6, 8d y
y2 2 y1
m5 12
x2 2 x1
828 8
5 (6, 8) (12, 8)
12 2 6
4
0
5 x
6 4 8 12
50
Current Number Number

Verbal
11. number 5 members 1 10% ? members
Model:
members before drive before drive
Labels: Number members before drive 5 x

Equation: 8415 5 x 1 0.10x
8415 5 1.10x
7650 5 x
Verbal Amount
12. 5 4% ? Price
Model: increase
Labels: Amount increase 5 x
Price 5 $23,500
Equation: x 5 0.04s23,500d
x 5 $940
SECTION 8.5 Determinants and Linear Systems
1. s px 1 mdsqx 1 nd 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c 2. s px 1 mdsqx 1 nd 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c
pqx 2 1 pnx 1 mqx 1 mn pqx 2 1 pnx 1 mqx 1 mn
s pqdx 2 1 s pn 1 mqdx 1 mn s pqdx 2 1 s pn 1 mqdx 1 mn
So a 5 pq. So b 5 pn 1 mq.
3. s px 1 mdsqx 1 nd 5 ax 2 1 bx 1 c 4. If a 5 1 then p 5 1 and q 5 1 or p 5 21 and q 5 21.

pqx 2 1 pnx 1 mqx 1 mn
s pqdx 2 1 s pn 1 mqdx 1 mn
So c 5 mn.
5. 3x 2 1 9x 2 12 5 0 6. x2 2 x 2 6 5 0 7. 4x 2 2 20x 1 25 5 0
3sx 2 1 3x 2 4d 5 0 sx 2 3dsx 1 2d 5 0 s2x 2 5ds2x 2 5d 5 0
3sx 1 4dsx 2 1d 5 0
5
x53 x 5 22 x52 x 5 52
x 5 24 x51
8. x 2 2 16 5 0 9. x3 1 64 5 0 10. 3x3 2 6x 2 1 4x 2 8 5 0
sx 2 4dsx 1 4d 5 0 sx 1 4dsx 2 2 4x 1 16d 5 0 3x 2sx 2 2d 1 4sx 2 2d 5 0
x54 x 5 24 x 5 24 x 2 2 4x 1 16 5 0 sx 2 2ds3x 2 1 4d 5 0
Not real x52 3x 2 1 4 5 0
Not real
Verbal Length Length Length

11. Verbal Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time 12.
Model:
Perimeter 5
side 1
1
side 2
1
side 3
Equation 320 5 r ? t
320
5t
Equation: P 5 sx 1 1d 1 112 x 1 52 1 s3x 1 1d
r
11
2
5 x 1 x 1 3x 1 s1 1 5 1 1d
2
9
5 x17
2
CHAPTER 9 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
SECTION 9.1 Exponential Functions
1. Graph the line x 1 y 5 5. Test one point in each of the 2. 3x 2 5y ≤ 15 and 3x 2 5y < 15
half-planes formed by this line. If the point satisfies the The difference between the two graphs is that the first
inequality, shade the entire half-plane to denote that every contains the boundary (because of the equal sign) and the
point in the region satisfies the inequality. second does not.
3. y > x 2 2 4. y ≤ 5 2 32 x
y Test point: s0, 0d y Test point: s0, 0d
2 0 > 022 0 ≤ 520
1 True 4 True
x
3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 2
−2 1
−3 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−4 −1
5. y < 23 x 2 1 6. x > 6 2 y
0 > 620
3 s3d
2
3 21 < 21 8
2 21 < 1 6
False
1 True 4
−1 2 3 4 5
x
Test point: s0, 0d 2
0 < 021 x
−2 −2 2 4 6 8
False −2
−3
C H A P T E R 9
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 9.1 Exponential Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Section 9.2 Inverse Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Section 9.3 Logarithmic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Section 9.4 Properties of Logarithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Section 9.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations . . . . . 497
Section 9.6 Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
Cumulative Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

C H A P T E R 9
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Section 9.1 Exponential Functions
ex12
1. 2x ? 2x21 5 2x1 sx21d 5 22x21 3. 5 ex122x 5 e2 5. s2exd3 5 8e3x
ex
7. !
3
28e 3x 5 22ex because 9. 4!3 < 11.036
22 ? 22 ? 22 ? ex ? ex ? ex 5 28e3x.
Keystrokes:
Scientific: 4 yx 3 ! 5
ENTER
>
Graphing: 4 ! 3
11. e1y3 < 1.396 13. 4s3e4d1y2 5 4 ? 31y2 ? e2 < 51.193

Scientific: x 1 4 3 d Inv ln x 5 Scientific: 4 3 3 yx 0.5 3 2 Inv ln x 5
Graphing: ex x 1 4 3 d ENTER Graphing: 4 3 3 0.5 3 ex 2 ENTER
>
4e3 e 1
15. 5 < 0.906 17. (a) f s22d 5 322 5
12e2 3 9
(b) f s0d 5 30 5 1
Keystrokes:
(c) f s1d 5 31 5 3
Scientific: 1 Inv ln x 4 3 5
Graphing: e 4 3 ENTER
19. (a) gs21d 5 1.0721 < 0.935

21. (a) f s0d 5 500s2 d 5 500
1 0
(b) gs3d 5 1.073 < 1.225

(b) f s1d 5 500s2 d 5 250
1 1
(c) gs!5 d 5 1.07!5 < 1.163

(c) f spd 5 500s2 d 5 56.657
1 p
23. (a) f s0d 5 1000s1.05ds2ds0d 5 1000 5000

25. (a) hs5d 5 < 486.11
(b) f s5d 5 1000s1.05d2s5d 5 1628.895 s1.06d8s5d
(c) f s10d 5 1000s1.05d2s10d 5 2653.298 (b) hs10d 5

5000
< 47.261
s1.06d8s10d
5000
(c) hs20d 5 < 0.447
s1.06d8s20d
27. (a) gs24d 5 10e20.5s24d 5 10e2 < 73.891 29. (a) gs0d 5
1000
< 333.333
2 1 e20.12s0d
(b) gs4d 5 10e 20.5s4d
5 10e 22
< 1.353
1000
(c) gs8d 5 10e20.5s8d 5 10e24 < 0.183 (b) gs10d 5 < 434.557
2 1 e20.12s10d
1000
(c) gs50d 5 < 499.381
2 1 e20.12s50d
475
476 Chapter 9 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
31. y 33. y
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2
Table of values: Table of values:
x 22 21 0 1 2 x 22 21 0 1 2
f sxd 0.1 0.3 1 3 9 h sxd 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.5 4.5
35. y 37. y
12
2 10
8
1
6
4
x
2 1 1 2 2
1 x
–8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8
−2
−4
x 22 21 0 1 2 x 21 0 1 5 6
gsxd 21.9 21.7 21 1 7 f sxd 2.4 3 1024 9.8 3 1024 0.004 1 4
39. y 41. y
8
6 3
4
2
2
x
−8 −6 −4 2 4 6 8
−2
t
−6 2 1 1 2
−8 1
x 22 21 0 1 2 t 22 21 0 1 2
f sxd 24.9 24.8 24 21 11 f std 0.1 0.5 1 0.5 0.1
Section 9.1 Exponential Functions 477
43. y 45. y
4
5
2
x 4
–8 –6 –4 4 6 8
−2
3
−4
−6 2
−8
1
−10
−12 x
2 1 1 2 3
x 22 21 0 1 2 x 22 21 0 1 2
f sxd 25 20.7 21 21.4 22 hsxd 0.5 0.7 1 1.4 2
47. y 49. y
4
2
x
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
200
100
t
–8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8
x 22 21 0 1 2 t 22 21 0 1 2
f sxd 29 23 21 20.3 20.1 gstd 800 400 200 100 50
51. f sxd 5 2x 53. f sxd 5 22x

(b) Basic graph (e) Basic graph reflected in the y-axis
57. f sxd 5 s12 d 2 2

x
55. f sxd 5 2x21
(f ) Basic graph shifted 1 unit right (h) Basic graph reflected in y-axis and shifted 2 units
down
59. y 5 5xy3 61. y 5 5sx22dy3

Y5 5 x X,T, u 4 3 d GRAPH Y5 5 x x X,T, u 2 2 d d
>
4 3
>
GRAPH
8 8
−9 9 −9 9
−4 −4
63. y 5 500s1.06dt 65. y 5 3e0.2x

Y 5 500 x 1.06 d X,T, u GRAPH Y 5 3 e x 0.2 X,T, u
>
GRAPH
1000 16
−90 30 −15 15
−200 −4
67. Pstd 5 100e20.1t 69. y 5 6e2x y3

2
Y 5 100 e x x2 c 0.1 X,T, u GRAPH Y5 6 e x x2 c x X,T, u x2 4 3 d GRAPH
200 8
−9 9
−20 40
−20 −4
71. Vertical shift 1 unit down 73. Horizontal shift 2 units left 75. Reflection in the x-axis
y y y
4 5 1
3 4 x
−3 −2 1 2 3
2 3 −1
1 2 −2
x 1 −3
−3 −2 1 2 3
−1 x −4
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1
−2 −1 −5
79. y 5 16s2 d
1 80y30
77. (a) f sxd 5 2x Algebraic (Linear) 5 2.520 grams
(b) f sxd 5 !2x Algebraic (Radical) Keystrokes:
(c) f sxd 5 2x Exponential 16 3 0.5 yx x 8 4 3 d 5 Scientific
x 4 d
(d) f sxd 5 2x 3
>
2
Algebraic (Quadratic) 16 0.5 8 3 ENTER Graphing
81.
n 1 4 12 365 Continuous
A $466.10 $487.54 $492.68 $495.22 $495.30
Compounded 1 time: Compounded 4 times: Compounded 12 times:

1s20d 4s20d 12s20d
A 5 100 1 1
1 1
0.08
2 A 5 100 1 1 1
0.08
4 2 A 5 100 1 1 1 0.08
12 2
5 $466.10 5 $487.54 5 $492.68
Compounded 365 times:
365s20d Compounded continuously:
A 5 100 1 1 1 0.08
365 2 A 5 Pert
5 $495.22 5 100e0.08s20d
5 495.30
83.
A $4734.73 $4870.38 $4902.71 $4918.66 $4919.21
1s10d 4s10d
Compounded 1 time: A 5 2000 1 1 1 0.09
1 2 Compounded 4 times: A 5 2000 1 1 1 0.09
4 2
5 $4734.73 5 $4870.38
12s10d 365s10d
Compounded 12 times: A 5 2000 1 1 1 0.09
365 2
5 $4902.71 5 $4918.66
Compounded continuously: A 5 2000e0.09s10d
5 $4919.21
85.
A $226,296.28 $259,889.34 $268,503.32 $272,841.23 $272,990.75
1s40d 4s40d
Compounded 1 time: A 5 5000 1 1 1 0.10
4 2
5 $226,296.28 5 $259,889.34
12s40d 365s40d
Compounded 12 times: A 5 5000 1 1 1 0.10
365 2
5 $268,503.32 5 $272,841.23
Compounded continuously: A 5 50000.10s40d
5 $272,990.75
87.
P $2541.75 $2498.00 $2487.98 $2483.09 $2482.93
1s10d 4s10d
Compounded 1 time: 5000 5 P 1 1 1 0.07
1 2 Compounded 4 times: 5000 5 1 1 1 0.07
4 2
5000 5000
5P 5P
s1.07d10 s1.0175d40
$2541.75 5 P $2498.00 5 P
12s10d
Compounded 12 times: 5000 5 P 1 1 1 0.07
12 2 Compounded 365 times:
365s10d
5000
5P
5000 5 P 1 11 0.07
365 2
s1.00583 d120
5000
$2487.98 5 P 5P
s1.0001918d3.650
Compounded Continuously: 5000 5 Pe0.07s10d $2483.09 5 P
5000
5P
e0.7
$2482.93 5 P
89.
P $18,429.30 $15,830.43 $15,272.04 $15,004.64 $14,995.58
1s40d 4s40d
Compounded 1 time: 1,000,000 5 P 1 11 0.105
1 2 Compounded 4 times: 1,000,000 5 P 1 1 1 0.105
4 2
1,000,000 1,000,000
5P 5P
s1.105d40 s1.02625d160
$18,429.30 5 P $15,830.43 5 P
12s40d
Compounded 12 times: 1
1,000,000 5 P 1 1
0.105
12 2
1,000,000
5P
s1.00875d480
$15,272.04 5 P
365s40d
Compounded 365 times: 1,000,000 5 P 1 11 0.105
365 2
1,000,000
5P
s1.002877d14,600
$15,004.64 5 P
Compounded continuously: 1,000,000 5 Pe0.105s40d
1,000,000
5P
e4.2
$14,995.58 5 P
95. (a) Vstd 5 16,000s34 d

t
91. (a) p 5 25 2 0.4e0.02s100d 93. (a) vs5d 5 64,000s2d5y15
5 25 2 0.4e2 5 64,000s2d1y3 (b) V
< $22.04 < $80,634.95 16,000
(b) p 5 25 2 0.4e0.02s125d (b) vs20d 5 64,000s2d20y15 12,000
5 25 2 0.4e2.5 5 64,000s2d4y3 8,000
< $20.13 < $161,269.89 4,000
t
2 4 6 8 10 12
Vs2d 5 16,000s4 d 5 9000

3 2
97. (a) The balances in the accounts after t years are modeled by A1 5 500e0.06t and A2 5 500e0.08t.
(b) Keystrokes: (c) A2 2 A1 5 500e0.08t 2 500e0.06t
y1 Y 5 500 ex 0.06 X,T, u ENTER 5 500se0.08t 2 e0.06t d
y2 500 e x 0.08 X,T, u GRAPH Keystrokes:
10,000
y1 Y 5 500 x e x 0.08 X,T, u 2 e x
0.06 X,T, u d GRAPH

A2
10,000
A1
0 50
0 A2
A1
(d) The difference between the functions increases at an A 2 − A1

increasing rate. 0 50
0
99. (a) Keystrokes: (b) h 5 1950 1 50e21.6s0d 2 20s0d 5 2000 feet

Y 5 1950 1 50 ex x2 c 1.6 X,T, u 2 h 5 1950 1 50e21.6s25d 2 20s25d 5 1450 feet
20 X,T, u GRAPH h 5 1950 1 50e21.6s50d 2 20s50d 5 950 feet
2400
h 5 1950 1 50e21.6s75d 2 20s75d 5 450 feet
(c) The parachutist will reach the ground at 97.5
seconds.
0 100
0
101. (a) Graph model: (c)

Plot data: h 0 5 10 15 20
Keystrokes: STAT EDIT 1
P 10,332 5583 2376 1240 517
Enter each x entry in L 1 followed by ENTER .
Enter each y entry in L 2 followed by ENTER . Approx. 10,958 5176 2445 1155 546
STAT PLOT ENTER ENTER ZOOM 9 or set window.
(d) At an altitude of 8 kilometers, P is 3300 kilograms per
11,000 square meter. Use table.
Keystrokes: TABLE 8 ENTER
(e) If P is 2000 kilograms per square meter, altitude is 11.3

kilometers. Graph y2 5 2000 and find the intersection
−5 25 point.
−1,000
(b) Keystrokes: Y 5 10,958 ex x2 c .15 X,T, u

The model fits the data.
103. (a) (b) Keystrokes:

x 1 10 100 1000 10,000
Y5 x 1 1 1 4 X,T, u d X,T, u
>
GRAPH
1 2
x
1
11 2 2.5937 2.7048 2.7169 2.7181 y Yes, the graph is
x
approaching a
horizontal asymptote.
1 2
x
1
(c) As x gets larger and larger, 1 1 approaches e.
x
2
x
− 20 − 10 10 20
−2
105. Polynomial functions have terms with variable bases and constant exponents. Exponential functions have terms with constant
bases and variable exponents.
107. f sxd 5 3 x is an increasing function and gsxd 5 s13 d is a decreasing function.

x
109. False. e is an irrational number.

271,801
is rational because its equivalent decimal form is a repeating decimal.
99,990
Section 9.2 Inverse Functions
1. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 s2x 2 4d 2 3 5 2x 2 7 3. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 s2x2 2 6d 1 5 5 2x2 2 1

(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 2sx 2 3d 2 4 5 2x 2 6 2 4 5 2x 2 10 (b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 2sx 1 5d2 2 6 5 2sx2 1 10x 1 25d 2 6
(c) s f 8 gds4d 5 2s4d 2 7 5 1 5 2x2 1 20x 1 50 2 6
(d) sg 8 f ds7d 5 2s7d 2 10 5 4 5 2x2 1 20x 1 44
(c) s f 8 gds2d 5 2s2d 2 1 5 2s4d 2 1 5 7
2
(d) sg 8 f ds23d 5 2s23d2 1 20s23d 1 44

5 2s9d 2 60 1 44
52
|
5. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 3x 2 3 | 7. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 !x 1 5 2 4 5 !x 1 1
(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 3|x 2 3| (b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 !x 2 4 1 5
(c) s f 8 gds1d 5 |3 2 3| 5 0 (c) s f 8 gds3d 5 !3 1 1 5 2
(d) sg 8 f ds2d 5 3|2 2 3| 5 3 (d) sg 8 f ds8d 5 !8 2 4 1 5 5 2 1 5 5 7
1 x2 x2
9. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5
2
? x2 5 2 2 3x2 11. (a) f s1d 5 21
23
x2 (b) gs21d 5 22
2 (c) sg 8 f ds1d 5 gf f s1dg
(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 5 2sx 2 3d2
1 2 5 gf21g
2
1
x23 5 22
s21d2 1 1
(c) s f 8 gds21d 5 5 5 5 21
2 2 3s21d2 2 2 3 21
(d) sg 8 f ds2d 5 2s2 2 3d2 5 2s21d2 5 2
13. (a) s f 8 gds23d 5 f fgs23dg 5 f f1g 5 21 15. (a) f s3d 5 10

(b) sg 8 f ds22d 5 gf f s22dg 5 gf3g 5 1 (b) gs10d 5 1
(c) sg 8 f ds3d 5 gf f s3dg 5 gf10g 5 1
17. (a) sg 8 f ds4d 5 gf f s4dg 5 gf17g 5 0 19. f sxd 5 x 1 1, gsxd 5 2x 2 5

(b) s f 8 gds2d 5 f fgs2dg 5 f f3g 5 10 (a) f 8 g 5 s2x 2 5d 1 1 5 2x 2 4
Domain: s2 `, `d
(b) g 8 f 5 2sx 1 1d 2 5 5 2x 1 2 2 5 5 2x 2 3
Domain: s2 `, `d
21. f sxd 5 !x, gsxd 5 x 2 2 23. f sxd 5 x2 2 1, gsxd 5 !x 1 3

(a) f 8 g 5 !x 2 2 Domain: f2, `d (a) f 8 g 5 s!x 1 3d2 2 1 5 x 1 3 2 1 5 x 1 2
Domain: f23, `d
(b) g 8 f 5 !x 2 2 Domain: f0, `d
(b) g 8 f 5 !sx2 2 1d 1 3 5 !x2 1 2
Domain: s2 `, `d
Section 9.2 Inverse Functions 483
x
25. f sxd 5 , gsxd 5 !x 2 1 27. f sxd 5 x2 2 2
x15
No, it does not have an inverse because it is possible to
!x 2 1
(a) f 8 g 5 Domain: f1, `d find a horizontal line that intersects the graph of f at more
!x 2 1 1 5
than one point.
(b) g 8 f 5 !x 1x 5 2 1 Domain: s2 `, 25d
29. f sxd 5 x2, x ≥ 0 31. gsxd 5 !25 2 x 2

Yes, it does have an inverse because no horizontal line No, it does not have an inverse because it is possible to
intersects the graph of f at more than one point. find a horizontal line that intersects the graph of g at more
than one point.

Y5 X,T, u 3 2 1 GRAPH Y5 MATH 4 x 5 2 X,T, u c
>
GRAPH
10 8
−4 4 −8 16
−10 −8
One-to-one One-to-one

Y5 X,T, u 4 2 6 GRAPH Y5 5 4 X,T, u GRAPH
>
10 6
−3 3 −9 9
−10 −6
Not one-to-one One-to-one
41. Keystrokes: 43. f sgsxdd 5 10 1101 x2 5 x

Y5 4 4 x X,T, u x2 1 1 c GRAPH
10x
gs f sxdd 5 5x
6 10
−6 6
−2
Not one-to-one
45. f sgsxdd 5 sx 2 15d 1 15 5 x 47. f sgsxdd 5 1 2 2f12s1 2 xdg

gs f sxdd 5 sx 1 15d 2 15 5 x 5 1 2 s1 2 xd 5 1 2 1 1 x 5 x
gs f sxdd 5 12f1 2 s1 2 2xdg
5 12f1 2 1 1 2xg 5 12f2xg 5 x
49. f sgsxdd 5 2 2 3f13 s2 2 xdg 5 2 2 s2 2 xd 5 x 51. f sgsxdd 5 !

3 x3 2 1 1 1 5 !
3 x3 5 x
gs f sxdd 5 3 f2
1
2 s2 2 3xdg 5 3 f3xg
1
5x gs f sxdd 5 s! d
3 x 1 1 3 2 1 5 x 1 1 2 1 5 x
1 x
53. f sgsxdd 5 5x 55. f 21sxd 5
1 5
x
1
f s f 21sxdd 5 f 15x 2 5 515x 2 5 x
gs f sxdd 5 5 x
1
5x
x f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21s5xd 5 5x
5
57. f 21sxd 5 2x 59. f 21sxd 5 x 2 10

f s f 21sxdd 5 f s2xd 5 12s2xd 5 x f s f 21sxdd 5 f sx 2 10d 5 x 2 10 1 10 5 x
f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21s2xd 5 2s2xd 5 x f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21sx 1 10d 5 x 1 10 2 10 5 x
1 1
61. f 21sxd 5 3 2 x 63. f 21sxd 5 !

7 x
f s f 21sxdd 5 f s! d s 7 xd 5 x 7
f s f 21sxdd 5 f s3 2 xd 5 3 2 s3 2 xd 5 3 2 3 1 x 5 x 7 x 5 !
f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21s3 2 xd 5 3 2 s3 2 xd 5 3 2 3 1 x 5 x f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21sx7d 5 !

7 x7 5 x
65. f 21sxd 5 x3 67. f sxd 5 8x 69. gsxd 5 x 1 25

fs sxdd 5 f s d 5
f 21 x3 !
3 x3 5x y 5 8x y 5 x 1 25
f 21s f sxdd 5 f 21s! d s 3 x d3 5 x
3 x 5 ! x 5 8y x 5 y 1 25
x x 2 25 5 y
5y
8
g21sxd 5 x 2 25
x
f 21sxd 5
8
71. gsxd 5 3 2 4x 73. gstd 5 14t 1 2 75. hsxd 5 !x

y 5 3 2 4x y 5 14t 1 2 y 5 !x
x 5 3 2 4y t5 1
4y 12 x 5 !y
x 2 3 5 24y t225 1
4y x2 5 y
x23 4st 2 2d 5 y x2 5 h21sxd, x ≥ 0
5y
24
4t 2 8 5 g std21
32x x23
or 5 g21sxd
4 24
5
77. f std 5 t3 2 1 79. gssd 5 81. f sxd 5 !x 1 3
s14
y5 t3 21 y 5 !x 1 3
5
y5
t 5 y3 2 1 s14 x 5 !y 1 3
t 1 1 5 y3 5 x2 5 y 1 3
s5
y14
3 t 1 1 5 y
! x2 2 3 5 y
5
3 t 1 1 5 f 21std
! y145 x2 2 3 5 f 21sxd, x ≥ 0
s
5
g21ssd 5 2 4, sÞ0
s
Section 9.2 Inverse Functions 485
83. f sxd 5 x 1 4, f 21sxd 5 x 2 4 85. f sxd 5 3x 2 1, f 21sxd 5 13sx 1 1d

s0, 4d s4, 0d s0, 21d s21, 0d
s24, 0d s0, 24d s 1
3, 0d s0, 13 d
y y
8 f 4
f
6 3
4 2
2 f −1 1 f −1
x x
−8 −2 4 6 8 −4 −1 1 2 3 4
−4
−8
87. f sxd 5 x2 2 1, f 21sxd 5 !x 1 1 89. (b) 91. (d)

s0, 21d s21, 0d
s1, 0d s0, 1d
4 f
3
f −1
2
x
−1 2 3 4
−1

y1 Y 5 x 1 4 3 c X,T, u ENTER y1 Y 5 ! x X,T, u 1 1 c ENTER
y2 3 X,T, u GRAPH y2 X,T, u x2 2 1 4 x X,T, u TEST 4 0 d GRAPH
6 12
−9 9
0 18
−6 0

y1 Y 5 x 1 4 8 c X,T, u MATH 3 ENTER y1 Y 5 3 X,T, u 1 4 ENTER
y2 2 MATH 4 X,T, u GRAPH y2 x X,T, u 2 4 c 4 3 GRAPH
8 4
−12 6
−12 12
−8 −8
101. f sxd 5 sx 2 2d2, x ≥ 2 103. ||

f sxd 5 x 1 1, x ≥ 0 105. y
y 5 sx 2 2d 2 y 5 |x| 1 1 6
x 5 |y| 1 1
5
x 5 s y 2 2d2
4
!x 5 y 2 2 x 2 1 5 |y| 3
!x 1 2 5 y x215y 2
1
!x 1 2 5 f 21sxd, x ≥ 0 x 2 1 5 f 21sxd, x ≥ 1 x
1 2 3 4 5 6
x 0 1 3 4
21
f 6 4 2 0
32x
107. y 109. (a) y 5 3 2 2x (b) y5
2
4 x 5 3 2 2y
32y
3 x5
2
2y 5 3 2 x 2
1
32x 2x 5 3 2 y
x y5
2
y 5 3 2 2x
4 3 2 1 2 3
1
32x
sxd 5
2
f 21 s d sxd 5 3 2 2x
f 21 21
3 2
x 24 22 2 3
f 21 22 21 1 3
111. (a) Total cost 5 Cost of $0.50 commodity 1 Cost of $0.75 commodity
y 5 0.50x 1 0.75s100 2 xd
(b) y 5 0.50x 1 0.75s100 2 xd (c) 50 ≤ x ≤ 75
y 5 0.50x 1 75 2 0.75x If you buy only the cheaper commodity, your cost
y 5 20.25x 1 75 will be $50. If you buy only the more expensive
commodity, your cost will be $75. Any combination
x 5 20.25y 1 75
will lie between $50 and $75.
x 2 75 5 20.25y
x 2 75
5y (d) y 5 4s75 2 60d
20.25
y 5 4s15d
24sx 2 75d 5 y
4s75 2 xd 5 y y 5 60
x: total cost Thus, 60 pounds of the $0.50 per pound
y: number of pounds at $0.50 per pound commodity is purchased.
113. (a) f sgsxdd 5 0.02x 2 200,000

(b) gs f sxdd 5 0.02sx 2 200,000d, x > 200,000
This part represents the bonus because it gives 2% of sales over $200,000.
Section 9.3 Logarithmic Functions 487
115. (a) R 5 p 2 2000 (b) S 5 p 2 0.05p

(c) sR 8 Sds pd 5 RfSs pdg 5 Rs0.95pd 5 0.95p 2 2000 S 5 0.95p
5% discount before the $2000 rebate is given. (d) sR 8 Sds26,000d 5 0.95s26,000d 2 2000 5 $22,700
sS 8 Rds pd 5 S fRs pdg sS 8 Rds26,000d 5 0.95s26,000 2 2000d 5 $22,800
5 Ss p 2 2000d 5 0.95s p 2 2000d R 8 S yields the smaller cost because the dealer discount is
based on a larger amount.
The 5% discount is given after the $2000 rebate is
applied.
117. True, the x-coordinate of a point on the graph of f 119. False: f sxd 5 !x 2 1 Domain f1, `d
becomes the y-coordinate of a point on the graph of f 21.
f 21sxd 5 x2 1 1 Domain f0, `d
121. If f sxd 5 2x and gsxd 5 x2, then s f 8 gdsxd 5 2x2 and 123. (a) In the equation for f sxd, replace f sxd by y.
sg 8 f dsxd 5 4x2.
(b) Interchange the roles of x and y.
(c) If the new equation represents y as a function of x,
solve the new equation for y.
(d) Replace y by f 21sxd.
125. Graphically, a function f has an inverse function if and only if no horizontal line intersects the graph of
f at more than one point. This is equivalent to saying that the function f is one-to-one.
Section 9.3 Logarithmic Functions
1 1
1. log5 25 5 2 3. log4 16 5 22 5. log3 243 5 25
1 1
52 5 25 422 5 16 325 5 243
7. log36 6 5 12 9. log8 4 5 23 11. log2 2.462 < 1.3

36 1y2
56 8 2y3
54 21.3 < 2.462
13. 72 5 49 15. 322 5 19 17. 82y3 5 4

log7 49 5 2 log3 19 5 22
2
log8 4 5 3
1
19. 2521y2 5 5 21. 40 5 1 23. 51.4 < 9.518
1 1
log25 5 5 2 2 log4 1 5 0 log5 9.518 < 1.4
25. log2 8 5 3 because 23 5 8. 27. log10 10 5 1 because 101 5 10. 29. log10 1000 5 3 because
103 5 1000.
1 1 1 1
31. log2 4 5 22 because 222 5 4. 33. log4 64 5 23 because 423 5 64 .
1 1
35. log10 5 24 because 1024 5 . 37. log2s23d is not possible because there is no power to
10,000 10,000
which 2 can be raised to obtain 23.
2. gsxd 5 220.5x
1432
2
16 3. y
1. (a) f s2d 5 5
9
Domain: s2 `, `d
14
12
12
0
(b) f s0d 5
4
51 Range: s0, `d 10
3 8
6
21
(c) f s21d 5 12 4
3
5
3
4
4
2
x
12
1.5 –8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8
4 −2
(d) f s1.5d 5 < 1.54
3
8!3
5
9
4. y 5. y 6. y
180
160
140
120
100
6 12 80
4 8
2 4
x t x
–8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 –100 –60 20 60 100
−2 −4 −20
1s20d 4s20d
7. Compounded 1 time per year: A 5 750 1 1 1 0.075
1 2 Compounded 4 times per year: A 5 750 1 1 1 0.075
4 2
< $3185.89 < $3314.90
12s20d 365s20d
Compounded 12 times per year: A 5 750 1 1 1 0.075
365 2
< $3345.61 < $3360.75
Compounded continuously: A 5 Pert
5 750e0.075s20d
< $3361.27
8. A 5 2.23es0.04ds5d 5 $2.72
9. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 f fgsxdg 5 2x3 2 3

(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 gf f sxdg 5 s2x 2 3d3
(c) s fgds22d 5 f fgs22dg 5 f f28g 5 2s28d 2 3 5 219
(d) sg 8 f ds4d 5 gf f s4dg 5 gf5g 5 53 5 125
3 15s3 2 xd4 5 3 2 1s3 2 xd 5 3 2 3 1 x 5 x

y
10. f fgsxdg 5 3 2 5
f
1 1 1
gf f (xdg 5 f3 2 s3 2 5xdg 5 f3 2 3 1 5xg 5 f5xg 5 x g
6
4
5 5 5
x
−8 −4 4
−4
−6
−8
− 10
− 12
Section 9.4 Properties of Logarithms 493
11. hsxd 5 10x 1 3 12.

1
gstd 5 t3 1 2
2
13. log4 1161 2 5 22
y 5 10x 1 3
1 1
x 5 10y 1 3 y 5 t3 1 2 422 5
2 16
x 2 3 5 10y
x23 1
5y t 5 y3 1 2
10 2
x23 1
5 h21sxd t 2 2 5 y3
10 2
2t 2 4 5 y3
!
3
2t 2 4 5 y
!
3
2t 2 4 5 g21std
14. 34 5 81 15. log5 125 5 3 because 53 5 125.

log3 81 5 4
16. f and g are inverse functions because the graphs of f and 17. Keystrokes:
g reflect about the line y 5 x.
Y 5 .5 LN X,T, u GRAPH
y
4
10
g
8
6 −2 10
4
2
f
x
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 −4
−4
log 450
18. Keystrokes: 19. f sxd 5 log5sx 2 2d 1 1 20. log6 450 5 < 3.4096
log 6
Y5 3 2 LN X,T, u GRAPH The graph of f sxd 5 log5 x has
7
been shifted 3 units right and 1 unit
up, so h 5 2, k 5 1.
−2 10
−1
Section 9.4 Properties of Logarithms
3. log2s18 d 5 log2s223d 5 log2 229

3 3
1. log5 52 5 2 ? log5 5 5 2 ? 1 5 2
5 29 ? log2 2 5 29 ? 1 5 29
5. log6 !6 5 log6 61y2 5 12 because 61y2 5 61y2. 7. ln 80 5 0 ? ln 8 5 0 or ln 80 5 ln 1 5 0
9. ln e4 5 4 ln e 5 4s1d 5 4 11. log4 2 1 log4 8 5 log4 2 ? 8 5 log4 16 5 2 because

42 5 16.
2. gsxd 5 220.5x
1432
2
16 3. y
1. (a) f s2d 5 5
9
Domain: s2 `, `d
14
12
12
0
(b) f s0d 5
4
51 Range: s0, `d 10
3 8
6
21
(c) f s21d 5 12 4
3
5
3
4
4
2
x
12
1.5 –8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8
4 −2
(d) f s1.5d 5 < 1.54
3
8!3
5
9
4. y 5. y 6. y
180
160
140
120
100
6 12 80
4 8
2 4
x t x
–8 –6 –4 2 4 6 8 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 –100 –60 20 60 100
−2 −4 −20
1s20d 4s20d
7. Compounded 1 time per year: A 5 750 1 1 1 0.075
4 2
< $3185.89 < $3314.90
12s20d 365s20d
Compounded 12 times per year: A 5 750 1 1 1 0.075
365 2
< $3345.61 < $3360.75
Compounded continuously: A 5 Pert
5 750e0.075s20d
< $3361.27
8. A 5 2.23es0.04ds5d 5 $2.72
9. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 f fgsxdg 5 2x3 2 3

(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 gf f sxdg 5 s2x 2 3d3
(c) s fgds22d 5 f fgs22dg 5 f f28g 5 2s28d 2 3 5 219
(d) sg 8 f ds4d 5 gf f s4dg 5 gf5g 5 53 5 125
3 15s3 2 xd4 5 3 2 1s3 2 xd 5 3 2 3 1 x 5 x

y
10. f fgsxdg 5 3 2 5
f
1 1 1
gf f (xdg 5 f3 2 s3 2 5xdg 5 f3 2 3 1 5xg 5 f5xg 5 x g
6
4
5 5 5
x
−8 −4 4
−4
−6
−8
− 10
− 12
11. hsxd 5 10x 1 3 12.

1
gstd 5 t3 1 2
2
13. log4 1161 2 5 22
y 5 10x 1 3
1 1
x 5 10y 1 3 y 5 t3 1 2 422 5
2 16
x 2 3 5 10y
x23 1
5y t 5 y3 1 2
10 2
x23 1
5 h21sxd t 2 2 5 y3
10 2
2t 2 4 5 y3
!
3
2t 2 4 5 y
!
3
2t 2 4 5 g21std
14. 34 5 81 15. log5 125 5 3 because 53 5 125.

log3 81 5 4
y
4
10
g
8
6 −2 10
4
2
f
x
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 −4
−4
log 450
log 6
7
up, so h 5 2, k 5 1.
−2 10
−1
3. log2s18 d 5 log2s223d 5 log2 229

3 3
1. log5 52 5 2 ? log5 5 5 2 ? 1 5 2
5 29 ? log2 2 5 29 ? 1 5 29

42 5 16.
11. hsxd 5 10x 1 3 12.

1
gstd 5 t3 1 2
2
13. log4 1161 2 5 22
y 5 10x 1 3
1 1
x 5 10y 1 3 y 5 t3 1 2 422 5
2 16
x 2 3 5 10y
x23 1
5y t 5 y3 1 2
10 2
x23 1
5 h21sxd t 2 2 5 y3
10 2
2t 2 4 5 y3
!
3
2t 2 4 5 y
!
3
2t 2 4 5 g21std
14. 34 5 81 15. log5 125 5 3 because 53 5 125.

log3 81 5 4
y
4
10
g
8
6 −2 10
4
2
f
x
–4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 −4
−4
log 450
log 6
7
up, so h 5 2, k 5 1.
−2 10
−1
3. log2s18 d 5 log2s223d 5 log2 229

3 3
1. log5 52 5 2 ? log5 5 5 2 ? 1 5 2
5 29 ? log2 2 5 29 ? 1 5 29

42 5 16.
13. log8 4 1 log8 16 5 log8 4 ? 16 5 log8 64 5 2 8

15. log4 8 2 log4 2 5 log4 2 5 log4 4 5 1 because 41 5 4.
because 82 5 64.
72 5
17. log6 72 2 log6 2 5 log6 2 5 log6 36 5 2 19. log2 5 2 log2 40 5 log2 40 5 log2 18 5 log2 223 5 23
2 5 36.
because 6 because 2 5 2 .
23 23
e3
21. ln e8 1 ln e4 5 ln e8 ? e4 5 ln e12 23. ln
e2
5 ln e 5 1
5 12 ln e 5 12 ? 1 5 12
25. log4 4 5 log4 2 1 log4 2 5 0.5000 1 0.5000 5 1 27. log4 6 5 log4 2 ? 3 5 log4 2 1 log4 3
5 0.5000 1 0.7925 < 1.2925
29. log4 32 5 log4 3 2 log4 2 5 0.7925 2 0.5000 < 0.2925 31. log4 !2 5 12 log4 2 5 12s0.5000d 5 0.25
33. log4s3 ? 24d 5 log4 3 1 4 log 4 2 35. log4 30 5 log4 1 5 0

5 0.7925 1 4s0.5000d < 2.7925
37. log10 9 5 log10 32 5 2 log10 3 < 2s0.477d < 0.954 39. log10 36 5 log10s3 ? 12d 5 log10 3 1 log10 12
< 0.477 1 1.079
< 1.556
41. log10 !36 5 log10 361y2 5 12 log10 36 43. log3 11x 5 log3 11 1 log3 x
2 s1.556d
1
<
< 0.778
45. log7 x2 5 2 log7 x 47. log5 x22 5 22 log5 x
49. log4 !3x 5 log4s3xd1y2 5 12 log4s3xd 51. ln 3y 5 ln 3 1 ln y
2 slog4 3 1 log4 xd
1
5
z 5
53. log2 5 log2 z 2 log2 17 55. ln 5 ln 5 2 lnsx 2 2d
17 x22
57. ln x2s y 2 2d 5 ln x2 1 lns y 2 2d 59. log4fx6sx 2 7d2g 5 log4 x6 1 log4sx 2 7d2

5 2 ln x 1 lns y 2 2d 5 6 log4 x 1 2 log4sx 2 7d
3 x 1 1 5 1 log sx 1 1d
61. log3 ! 63. ln !xsx 1 2d 5 12 fln x 1 lnsx 1 2dg
3 3
1xx 12 112 1xx 12 112 !x 1x 1 5 ln 1x 1x 12 1 2

2 2 2 1y3
1 x2
65. ln 5 2 ln 67. ln 3
5 ln
3 x11
5 2flnsx 1 1d 2 lnsx 2 1dg 1
5 fln x2 2 lnsx 1 1dg
3
1
5 f2 ln x 2 lnsx 1 1dg
3
a3sb 2 4d x!3 y
69. ln 5 ln a3 1 lnsb 2 4d 2 ln c2 71. ln 3 y 2 lnswzd4
5 ln x 1 ln !
c2 swzd4
5 3 ln a 1 lnsb 2 4d 2 2 ln c 5 ln x 1 ln y1y3 2 4 lnswzd
1
5 ln x 1 ln y 2 4sln w 1 ln zd
3
73. log6fa!bsc 2 dd3g 5 log6 a 1 log6 !b 1 log6sc 2 dd3

5 log6 a 1 log6 b1y2 1 3 log6sc 2 dd
5 log6 a 1 2 log6 b 1 3 log6sc 2 dd
1
! w12
3 4 5 lnsx 1 yd 1 ln !w 1 2 2 lns3td
5
75. ln sx 1 yd 5
3t
5 lnsx 1 yd 1 lnsw 1 2d1y5 2 sln 3 1 ln td
1
5 lnsx 1 yd 1 lnsw 1 2d 2 sln 3 1 ln td
5
x 4
77. log12 x 2 log12 3 5 log12 79. log2 3 1 log2 x 5 log2 3x 81. log10 4 2 log10 x 5 log10
3 x
1
83. 4 ln b 5 ln b4, b > 0 85. 22 log5 2x 5 log5s2xd22 87. lns2x 1 1d 5 ln !
3
2x 1 1
3
1
5 log5 , x > 0
4x2
1 x2y3
89. log3 2 1 log3 y 5 log3 2 1 log3 !y 91. 2 ln x 1 3 ln y 2 ln z 5 ln , x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
2 z
5 log3 2!y
93. 5 ln 2 2 ln x 1 3 ln y 5 ln 25 2 ln x 1 ln y3 95. 4sln x 1 ln yd 5 lnsxyd4 or ln x 4y 4, x > 0, y > 0

5 ln 32 2 ln x 1 ln y3
32y3
5 ln , x > 0, y > 0
x
1 2
2
x x
97. 2fln x 2 lnsx 1 1dg 5 2 ln 5 ln 99. log4sx 1 8d 2 3 log4 x 5 log4sx 1 8d 2 log4 x3
x11 x11
sx 1 8d
x2 5 log4 , x > 0
5 ln , x > 0 x3
sx 1 1d2
1
101. log5sx 1 2d 2 log5sx 2 3d 5 log5sx 1 2d1y2 2 logsx 2 3d
2
!x 1 2
5 log5
x23
1
103. 5 log6sc 1 dd 2 log6sm 2 nd 5 log6sc 1 dd5 2 log6sm 2 nd1y2
2
sc 1 dd5
5 log6
!m 2 n
1 1
105. s3 log2 x 2 4 log2 yd 5 slog2 x3 2 log2 y 4d
5 5
5
1
5 1x3
log2 4
y 2
!xy , y > 0
3
5 log2 5
4
1
107. log6sx 2 3d 2 2 log6 x 2 3 logsx 1 1d 5 log6sx 2 3d1y5 2 log6 x2 2 log6sx 1 1d3
5
!5
x23
5 log6 , x > 3
x2sx 1 1d3
1 4
109. ln 3e2 5 ln 3 1 ln e2 111. log5 !50 5 flog5s52 ? 2dg 113. log4 5 log4 4 2 log4 x2
2 x2
5 ln 3 1 2 ln e
1 5 1 2 log4 x2
5 ln 3 1 2 5 f2 log5 5 1 log5 2g
2 5 1 2 2 log4 x
1
5 f2 1 log5 2g
2
1
5 1 1 log5 2
2
115. 8 117. 12
−4 20
−4 20
−8 −4
y1 Y 5 x 10 4 x X,T, u x2 1 1 c c x2 ENTER y1 Y 5 LN x X,T, u x2 x X,T, u 1 2 c c ENTER
y2 LN y1 ENTER y2 2 LN X,T, u 1 LN x X,T, u 1 2 c GRAPH
y3 2 x LN 10 2 LN x X,T, u x 2
1 1 c c GRAPH
Graph y2 and y3.
119. Choose two values for x and y, such as x 5 3 and y 5 5, and show the two expressions are not equal.
ln 3 3 ln e e
Þ ln 5 ln 3 2 ln 5 or Þ ln
ln 5 5 ln e e
0.6826062 Þ 20.5108256 5 20.5108256 1 Þ ln 1
1Þ0
121. B 5 10 log10 110I 2 216 or B 5 10flog10 10210 1 16g
5 10flog10 I 2 log10 10216g 5 10f210 1 16g
5 10flog10 I 2 s216dg 5 60 decibels
5 10flog10 I 1 16g
1 2
C2
123. E 5 1.4slog10 C2 2 log10 C1d 5 1.4 log10 125. True, ln e22x 5 s2 2 xd ln e
C1
5 s2 2 xds1d 5 2 2 x
Section 9.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations 497
127. True, log8 4 1 log8 16 5 log8 4 ? 16 129. False, log3su ? vd 5 log3 u 1 log3 v
5 log8 64
52
131. True, f saxd 5 loga ax 5 loga a 1 loga x 133. False; 0 is not in the domain of f.
5 1 1 loga x
5 1 1 f sxd
135. False; f sx 2 3d 5 lnsx 2 3d Þ ln x 2 ln 3. 137. False; if v 5 u2, then f svd 5 ln u2 5 2 ln u 5 2 f sud.
Section 9.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
? ? ? ?
1. (a) 32s1d 25 5 27 (b) 32s4d 25 5 27 3. (a) e251ln 4515 5 45 (b) e251e
45 15
5 45
?
323 Þ 27 33 5 27 eln 45 5 45 45
e e Þ 45
not a solution solution 45 5 45 not a solution
solution
(b) log9s6 ? 92 d 5 32
? ?
5. (a) log9s6 ? 27d 5 32 7. 2x 5 25
3
3
log9 162 Þ 2 log9 27 5 2 so x 5 5
not a solution solution
9. 3x14 5312 11. 3x21 5 37 13. 43x 5 16

so x 1 4 5 12 so x 2 1 5 7 43x 5 42
x58 x58 so 3x 5 2
2
x53
15. 62x21 5 216 17.

1
5x 5 125 19. 1
2x12 5 16
62x21 5 63 5x 5 523 2x12 5 224
so 2x 2 1 5 3 so x 5 23 so x 1 2 5 24
2x 5 4 x 5 26
x52
21. 4x13 5 32x 23. ln 5x 5 ln 22 25. log6 3x 5 log6 18

s d
22 x13 5s d 25 x so 5x 5 22 so 3x 5 18
22
so 2sx 1 3d 5 5x x5 5 x56
2x 1 6 5 5x
6 5 3x
25x
27. lns2x 2 3d 5 ln 15 29. log2sx 1 3d 5 log2 7 31. log5s2x 2 3d 5 log5s4x 2 5d

so 2x 2 3 5 15 so x 1 3 5 7 so 2x 2 3 5 4x 2 5
2x 5 18 x54 2 5 2x
x59 15x
No solution since expressions on
either side are undefined for
x 5 1.
127. True, log8 4 1 log8 16 5 log8 4 ? 16 129. False, log3su ? vd 5 log3 u 1 log3 v
5 log8 64
52
131. True, f saxd 5 loga ax 5 loga a 1 loga x 133. False; 0 is not in the domain of f.
5 1 1 loga x
5 1 1 f sxd
135. False; f sx 2 3d 5 lnsx 2 3d Þ ln x 2 ln 3. 137. False; if v 5 u2, then f svd 5 ln u2 5 2 ln u 5 2 f sud.
Section 9.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
? ? ? ?
1. (a) 32s1d 25 5 27 (b) 32s4d 25 5 27 3. (a) e251ln 4515 5 45 (b) e251e
45 15
5 45
?
323 Þ 27 33 5 27 eln 45 5 45 45
e e Þ 45
not a solution solution 45 5 45 not a solution
solution
(b) log9s6 ? 92 d 5 32
? ?
5. (a) log9s6 ? 27d 5 32 7. 2x 5 25
3
3
log9 162 Þ 2 log9 27 5 2 so x 5 5
not a solution solution
9. 3x14 5312 11. 3x21 5 37 13. 43x 5 16

so x 1 4 5 12 so x 2 1 5 7 43x 5 42
x58 x58 so 3x 5 2
2
x53
15. 62x21 5 216 17.

1
5x 5 125 19. 1
2x12 5 16
62x21 5 63 5x 5 523 2x12 5 224
so 2x 2 1 5 3 so x 5 23 so x 1 2 5 24
2x 5 4 x 5 26
x52
21. 4x13 5 32x 23. ln 5x 5 ln 22 25. log6 3x 5 log6 18

s d
22 x13 5s d 25 x so 5x 5 22 so 3x 5 18
22
so 2sx 1 3d 5 5x x5 5 x56
2x 1 6 5 5x
6 5 3x
25x
27. lns2x 2 3d 5 ln 15 29. log2sx 1 3d 5 log2 7 31. log5s2x 2 3d 5 log5s4x 2 5d

so 2x 2 3 5 15 so x 1 3 5 7 so 2x 2 3 5 4x 2 5
2x 5 18 x54 2 5 2x
x59 15x
No solution since expressions on
either side are undefined for
x 5 1.
33. log3s2 2 xd 5 2 35. ln e2x21 5 s2x 2 1d ln e 37. 10log10 2x 5 2x, x > 0

2 2 x 5 32 5 s2x 2 1ds1d
2x 5 7 5 2x 2 1
x 5 27
39. 2x 5 45 41. 3x 5 3.6 43. 102y 5 52

log2 2x 5 log2 45 log3 3x 5 log3 3.6 log 102y 5 log 52
log 45 log 3.6 2y 5 log 52
x5 x5 < 1.17
log 2 log 3 log 52
y5
x < 5.49 2
y < 0.86
45. 73y 5 126 47. 3x14 5 6 49. 10x16 5 250

log7 73y 5 log7 126 log3 3x14 5 log3 6 log 10x16 5 log 250
3y 5 log7 126 x 1 4 5 log3 6 x 1 6 5 log 250
log7 126 log 6 x 5 log 250 2 6
y5 x5 24
3 log 3 x < 23.60
log 126 x < 22.37
y5
3 log 7
y < 0.83
51. 3ex 5 42 1 x 1 3x
53. e 55 55. e 5 20
ex 5 14 4 2
ln ex 5 ln 14 ex 5 20 e3x 5 40
x 5 ln 14 ln ex 5 ln 20 ln e3x 5 ln 40
x < 2.64 x 5 ln 20 3x 5 ln 40
x < 3.00 ln 40
x5 < 1.23
3
57. 250s1.04dx 5 1000 59. 300e xy2 5 9000 61. 10000.12x 5 25,000
s1.04d 5 4
x
exy2 5 30 log1000 10000.12x 5 log1000 25,000
log1.04 1.04x 5 log1.04 4 ln exy2 5 ln 30 0.12x 5 log1000 25,000
x 5 log1.04 4 x log1000 25,000
5 ln 30 x5
log 4 2 0.12
x5
log 1.04 x 5 2 ln 30 log 25,000
x5
x < 35.35 x < 6.80 0.12 log 1000
x < 12.22
1 x12
63. 4 5 300 65. 6 1 2x21 5 1 67. 7 1 e22x 5 28
5
2x21 5 25 e22x 5 21
4x12 5 1500
log2 2x21 5 log2s25d ln e22x 5 ln 21
log4 4x12 5 log4 1500
No solution 2 2 x 5 ln 21
log 1500
x125 log2s25d is not possible. 2x 5 ln 21 2 2
log 4
log 1500 x 5 2 2 ln 21
x5 22 x < 21.04
log 4
x < 3.28
69. 8 2 12e2x 5 7 71. 4 1 e2x 5 10 73. 32 1 e7x 5 46

212e2x 5 21 e2x 5 6 e7x 5 14
1 ln e2x 5 ln 6 ln e7x 5 ln 14
e2x 5
12
2x 5 ln 6 7x 5 ln 14
1
ln e2x 5 ln ln 6 ln 14
12 x5 x5
2 7
1
2x 5 ln x < 0.90 x < 0.38
12
1
x 5 2ln < 2.48
12
8000
75. 23 2 5e x11 5 3 77. 4s1 1 exy3d 5 84 79. 5 6000
s1.03dt
25ex11 5 220 1 1 exy3 5 21 8000
5 s1.03dt
ex11 5 4 exy3 5 20 6000
4
ln ex11 5 ln 4 ln exy3 5 ln 20 5 s1.03dt
3
x 1 1 5 ln 4 x
5 ln 20 4
log1.03 5 log1.03 1.03t
3
x 5 ln 4 2 1 3
x 5 3 ln 20 4
x < 0.39 log1.03 5 t
x < 8.99 3
9.73 < t
300
81. 5 200 83. log10 x 5 3 85. log2 x 5 4.5
2 2 e20.15t
300 10log10 x 5 103 2log2 x 5 24.5
5 2 2 e20.15t
200 x 5 1000.00 x 5 24.5
3 x 5 22.63
2 2 5 2e20.15t
2
1
2 5 2e20.15t
2
ln1122 5 ln e 20.15t
ln1 2 5 20.15t
1
2
lns12 d
5 t < 4.62
20.15
87. 4 log3 x 5 28 89. 16 ln x 5 30 91. log10 4x 5 2

log3 x 5 7 30 10log10 4x 5 102
ln x 5
16
3log3 x 5 37 4x 5 102
eln x 5 e15y8
x 5 37 102
x 5 e15y8 x5
4
x 5 2187.00
x < 6.52 100
x5 5 25.00
4
93. ln 2x 5 3 95. ln x2 5 6 97. 2 log4sx 1 5d 5 3

eln 2x 5 e3 2
eln x 5 e6 3
log4sx 1 5d 5
2x 5 e3 x 5e
2 6 2
e3 x 5 ± !e6 4log4sx15d 5 41.5
x5
2 x < ± 20.09 x 1 5 5 41.5
x < 10.04 x 5 41.5 2 5
x 5 3.00
x
99. 2 log8sx 1 3d 5 3 101. 1 2 2 ln x 5 24 103. 21 1 3 log10 58
2
3 22 ln x 5 25
log8sx 1 3d 5 x
2 5 3 log10 59
ln x 5 2
8log8sx13d 5 83/2 2
x
x 1 3 5 81.5 eln x 5 e2.5 log10 53
2
x 5 81.5 2 3 x 5 e2.5 10log10sxy2d 5 103
x < 19.63 x < 12.18 x
5 103
2
x 5 2s10d3
x 5 2000.00
105. log4 x 1 log4 5 5 2 107. log6sx 1 8d 1 log6 3 5 2 109. log5sx 1 3d 2 log5 x 5 1

log4 xs5d 5 2 log6sx 1 8ds3d 5 2
6log6 3sx18d 5 62
log5 1x 1x 32 5 1
4log4 5x 5 42
5log5 fsx13dyxg 5 51
5x 5 16 3x 1 24 5 36
x13
16 3x 5 12 55
x5 x
5
x 5 4.00 x 1 3 5 5x
x 5 3.20
3 5 4x
3
5x
4
0.75 5 x
111. log10 x 1 log10sx 2 3d 5 1 113. log2sx 2 1d 1 log2sx 1 3d 5 3

log10 xsx 2 3d 5 1 log2sx 2 1dsx 1 3d 5 3
10log10xsx23d 5 101 x2 1 2x 2 3 5 23
xsx 2 3d 5 10 x2 1 2x 2 11 5 0
x2 2 3x 2 10 5 0 22 ± !4 2 4s1ds211d 22 ± !4 1 44
x5 5
2s1d 2
sx 2 5dsx 1 2d 5 0
22 ± !48
x 5 5, x 5 22 swhich is extraneousd 5
2
x < 2.46 and 24.46 (which is extraneous)
1
115. log4 3x 1 log4sx 2 2d 5 117. log2 x 1 log2sx 1 2d 2 log2 3 5 4
2
1 xsx 1 2d
log4 3xsx 2 2d 5 log2 54
2 3
2log2sx 12xy3d
5 24
2
4log4 3xsx22d 5 41y2
3xsx 2 2d 5 2 x2 1 2x
5 16
3x2 2 6x 5 2 3
3x 2 6x 2 2 5 0
2 x2 1 2x 5 48
2 s26d ± !s26d2 2 4s3ds22d x2 1 2x 2 48 5 0
x5
2s3d
sx 1 8dsx 2 6d 5 0
6 ± !36 1 24 6 ± !60
5 5 x 5 28 (which is extraneous)
6 6
x < 2.29 and 20.29 (which is extraneous) x 5 6.00

Y 5 10 x X,T, u 4 2 c 2 5 GRAPH Y 5 6 LN x .4 X,T, u c 2 13 GRAPH
>
x-intercept x-intercept
1.3974 < 1.40 21.822846 < 21.82
s1.40, 0d s21.82, 0d
6 5
−5 40
−10 8
−6 −25

y1 Y 5 2 ENTER y1 Y 5 3 ENTER
y2 e x X,T, u GRAPH y2 2 LN x X,T, u 1 3 c GRAPH
Point of intersection: s0.69, 2d Point of intersection: s1.48, 3d
7 8
−6 12
−6 6
−1 −4
127. Formula: A 5 Pert 129. 5000 5 2500e0.09t

Labels: Principal 5 P 5 $10,000 5000
5 e0.09t
Amount 5 A 5 $11,972,17 2500
Time 5 t 5 2 years 2 5 e0.09t
Annual interest rate 5 r ln 2 5 lnse0.09t d
Equation: 11,972.17 5 10,000ers2d ln 2 5 0.09t
11,972.17 ln 2
5 e2r 5t
10,000 0.09
1.197217 5 e2r 7.70 years < t
ln 1.197217 5 lns e2r d
0.18 < 2r
0.09 < r < 9%
131. B 5 10 log10110I 2 216 133. 2.5 5 15.7 2 2.48 ln m

213.2 5 22.48 ln m
75 5 10 log 1
10 2
I
10 216 5.322580645 5 ln m
e5.322580645 5 m
7.5 5 log 1
10 2
I
10 216 205 < m
216
107.5 5 10log10sIy10 d
I
107.5 5
10216
s107.5ds10216d 5 I
1028.5 5 I
3.1623 3 1029 5 I watts per square centimeter
135. (a) 72 5 80 2 log10st 1 1d12 (b) Keystrokes:

28 5 2log10st 1 1d 12
y1 Y 5 80 2 12 LOG x X,T, u 1 1 c ENTER
8 5 log10st 1 1d12
y2 72 GRAPH
8 5 12 log10st 1 1d
90
5 log10st 1 1d
8
12
5 log10st 1 1d
2
3
t 1 1 5 102y3
t 5 102y3 2 1
t < 3.64 months −1
50
8
(c) Answers will vary.
T2S 1 T2S 1 T2S

137. (a) Kt 5 ln (b) t 5 ln (c) t 5 ln
T0 2 S K T0 2 S K T0 2 S
328 2 08 1 328 2 s2108d 1 328 2 08
Ks4d 5 ln t5 ln t5 ln
608 2 08 20.1572 608 2 s2108d 20.1572 508 2 08
328 1 428 1 328
Ks4d 5 ln t5 ln t5 ln
608 20.1572 708 20.1572 508
1 8 t < 3.25 hours t < 2.84 hours
K5 ln
4 15
K < 20.1572
1 2
nt
r
139. (c) Formula: A 5 P 1 1
n
12s3d
6200 5 5000 1 1 1 r
12 2
1 2
36
r
1.24 5 1 1
12
r
s1.24d1y36 5 1 1
12
r
1.005993204 5 1 1
12
r
0.005993204 5
12
0.0719184469 5 r
7.2% < r
—CONTINUED—
Section 9.6 Applications 503
1 2
nt
r
(d) Formula: A 5 Pert (e) Formula: A 5 P 1 1
n
7500 5 5000e0.06t 4s1d
1.5 5 e 0.06t 1
A 5 1000 1 1
0.08
4 2
ln 1.5 5 ln e0.06t A 5 1000s1.02d4
ln 1.5 5 0.06t A 5 $1082.43
ln 1.5 82.43
5t Effective yield 5 5 0.08243 < 8.24%
0.06 1000
3
6 years < t
4
(f) Formula: A 5 Pert
10,000 5 5000e0.06t 20,000 5 5000e0.06t
2 5 e0.06t 4 5 e0.06t
ln 4 5 ln e0.06t
ln 2 5 ln e0.06t
ln 4 5 0.06t
ln 2 5 0.06t
ln 4
5t
ln 2 0.06
5t
0.06 23.1 years < t
11.6 years < t
141. 2x21 5 30 requires logarithms because 2x21 5 32 can 143. To solve an exponential equation, first isolate the expo-
be rewritten as 2x21 5 25 and the exponents set equal. nential expression, then take the logarithms of both sides
of the equation, and solve for the variable.
To solve a logarithmic equation, first isolate the logarith-
mic expression, then exponentiate both sides of the equa-
tion, and solve for the variable.
Section 9.6 Applications
1 2 1 2
nt nt
r r
1. A5P 11 3. A5P 11
n n
12s10d 365s40d
1004.83 5 500 1 1 1 r
12 2 36,581.00 5 1000 1 1 1 r
365 2
1 2 1 2
120 14,600
r r
2.00966 5 1 1 36.581 5 1 1
12 365
r r
s2.00966d1y120 5 1 1 s36.581d1y14,600 5 1 1
12 365
r r
1.0058333 5 1 1 1.0002466 5 1 1
12 365
r r
0.0058333 5 0.0002466 5
12 365
0.07 < r 0.0899981 5 r
7% < r 9% < r
1 2
nt
r
(d) Formula: A 5 Pert (e) Formula: A 5 P 1 1
n
7500 5 5000e0.06t 4s1d
1.5 5 e 0.06t 1
A 5 1000 1 1
0.08
4 2
ln 1.5 5 ln e0.06t A 5 1000s1.02d4
ln 1.5 5 0.06t A 5 $1082.43
ln 1.5 82.43
5t Effective yield 5 5 0.08243 < 8.24%
0.06 1000
3
6 years < t
4
(f) Formula: A 5 Pert
10,000 5 5000e0.06t 20,000 5 5000e0.06t
2 5 e0.06t 4 5 e0.06t
ln 4 5 ln e0.06t
ln 2 5 ln e0.06t
ln 4 5 0.06t
ln 2 5 0.06t
ln 4
5t
ln 2 0.06
5t
0.06 23.1 years < t
11.6 years < t
141. 2x21 5 30 requires logarithms because 2x21 5 32 can 143. To solve an exponential equation, first isolate the expo-
be rewritten as 2x21 5 25 and the exponents set equal. nential expression, then take the logarithms of both sides
of the equation, and solve for the variable.
To solve a logarithmic equation, first isolate the logarith-
mic expression, then exponentiate both sides of the equa-
tion, and solve for the variable.
Section 9.6 Applications
1 2 1 2
nt nt
r r
1. A5P 11 3. A5P 11
n n
12s10d 365s40d
1004.83 5 500 1 1 1 r
12 2 36,581.00 5 1000 1 1 1 r
365 2
1 2 1 2
120 14,600
r r
2.00966 5 1 1 36.581 5 1 1
12 365
r r
s2.00966d1y120 5 1 1 s36.581d1y14,600 5 1 1
12 365
r r
1.0058333 5 1 1 1.0002466 5 1 1
12 365
r r
0.0058333 5 0.0002466 5
12 365
0.07 < r 0.0899981 5 r
7% < r 9% < r
1 2
nt
r
5. A 5 Pert 7. A5P 11
n
8267.38 5 750ers30d 365s25d
11.023173 5 ers30d
22,405.68 5 5000 1 1 1 r
365 2
ln 11.023173 5 ln e
1 2
9125
r
4.481136 5 1 1
365
ln 11.023173 5 30r
r
ln 11.023173 s4.481136d1y9125 5 1 1
5r 365
30
r
0.08 < r 1.000164384 5 1 1
365
8% < r
r
0.00164384 5
365
0.059 < r
6% < r
1 2 1 2
nt nt
r r
9. A5P 11 11. A5P 11
n n
1 2
365t
0.105
1 2
4t
0.08 4000 5 2000 1 1
12,000 5 6000 1 1 365
4
2 5 s1.0002877d365t
2 5 s1.02d4t
log1.0002877 2 5 log1.0002877 1.0002877365t
log1.02 2 5 log1.02 1.024t
log 2
log 2 5 365t
5 4t log 1.0002877
log 1.02
log 2
log 2 4 365 5 t
445t log 1.0002877
log 1.02
6.60 years < t
8.75 years < t
ns10d
1 2 1 2
nt
r 0.075
13. A 5 Pert 15. A5P 11 17. 1587.75 5 750 1 1
n n
3000 5 1500e0.075t 1std
1587.75 5 750e0.075s10d
25 e0.075t
600 5 300 1 1 1 0.05
1 2 1587.75 5 1587.75
ln 2 5 ln e0.075t 2 5 1.05t
Continuous compounding
ln 2 5 0.075t log1.05 2 5 log1.05 1.05t
ln 2 log1.05 2 5 t
5t
0.075
14.21 years < t
9.24 years < t
ns5d
1 2 1 2
nt
0.07 r
19. 141.48 5 100 1 1 21. A 5 Pert 23. A 5 P 1 1
n n
4s5d A 5 1000e0.08s1d 12s1d
1
141.48 5 100 1 1
0.07
4 2 A 5 $1083.29
A 5 1000 1 1 1 0.07
12 2
141.48 5 141.48 83.29 A 5 $1072.29
Effective yield 5
1000
Quarterly compounding 72.29
Effective yield 5
5 0.08329 < 8.33% 1000
5 0.07229 < 7.23%
1 2 1 2
nt nt
r r
25. A 5 P 1 1 27. A 5 P 1 1 29. No. Each time the amount is divid-
n n ed by the principal, the result is
4s1d 12s1d
1 2 1 2
0.06 0.08 always 2.
A 5 1000 1 1 A 5 1000 1 1
4 12
A 5 $1061.36 A 5 $1083.00
61.36 83.00
Effective yield 5 Effective yield 5
1000 1000
5 0.06136 5 0.083 5 8.300%
< 6.136%
1 2 1 2
nt nt
r r
31. A 5 Pert 33. A5P 11 35. A5P 11
n n
10,000 5 Pe0.09s20d 365s3d 12s30d
10,000
5P
750 5 P 1 1 1 0.06
365 2 1
25,000 5 P 1 1
0.07
12 2
e1.8
750 25,000
5P 5P
$1652.99 < P s1.0001644d1095 s1.005833d360
$626.46 < P $3080.15 < P
Psert 2 1d
1 2
nt
r
37. A5P 11 39. A 5
n ery12 2 1
365s1d
30se0.08s10d 2 1d
1000 5 P 1 1 1 0.05
365 2 A5
e0.08y12 2 1
1000 A < $5496.57
5P
s1.000136986d365
$951.23 < P
Psert 2 1d Psert 2 1d
41. A 5 43. A 5
ery12 2 1 ery12 2 1
50se0.10s40d 2 1d 30se0.08s20d 2 1d
A5 A5
e0.10y12 2 1 e0.08s20d 2 1
A < $320,250.81 A < $17,729.42
Total interest 5 $17,729.42 2 7200 < $10,529.42
45. y 5 Cekt 8 5 3eks2d 47. y 5 Cekt 200 5 400eks3d

3 5 Ceks0d 8 400 5 Ceks0d 1
5 e2k 5 e3k
3 400 5 C 2
35C
8 1
ln 5 ln e2k ln 5 ln e3k
3 2
8 1
ln 5 2k ln 5 3k
3 2
8 1
ln 3 ln 2
5 k < 0.4904 5 k < 20.2310
2 3
49. y 5 Cekt 14.3 5 12.2eks21d y 5 12.2e0.0076t 51. y 5 Cekt 23.4 5 14.7eks21d y 5 14.7e0.0221t
12.2 5 Ceks0d 14.3 y 5 12.2e0.0076s26d 14.7 5 Ceks0d 23.4 y 5 14.7e0.0221s26d
5 e21k 5 e21k
12.2 14.7
12.2 5 C y < 14.9 million 14.7 5 C y < 26.1 million
143 234
122 147
143 234
ln 5 21k ln 5 21k
122 147
1 143 1 234
ln 5k ln 5k
21 122 21 147
0.0076 < k 0.0221 < k
53. y 5 Cekt 10.6 5 10.5eks21d y 5 10.5e0.0005t 55. y 5 Cekt 18.8 5 15.5ks21d y 5 15.5e0.0092t
10.5 5 Ceks0d 10.6 y 5 10.5e0.0005s26d 15.5 5 Ceks0d 18.8 y 5 15.5e0.0092s26d
5 e21k 5 e21k
10.5 15.5
10.5 5 C y < 10.6 million 15.5 5 C y < 19.7 million
1 2
106 188
105 155
lns d lns188
155 d
106
105
5k 5k
21 21
0.0005 < k 0.0092 < k
57. (a) k is larger in Exercise 51, because the population of (b) k corresponds to r; k gives the annual percentage rate
Shanghai is increasing faster than the population of of growth.
Osaka.
59. y 5 Cekt 3 5 6eks1620d y 5 6e20.00043s1000d 61. y 5 Cekt 4 5 Ce20.00012s1000d
6 5 Ceks0d 0.5 5 e1620k y < 3.91 grams 0.5 C 5 Ceks5730d 4 5 Ce20.12
65C ln 0.5 5 ln e1620k 0.5 5 e5730k 4

5C
e20.12
ln 0.5 ln 0.5 5 ln e5730k
5k
1620 4.51 grams < C
ln 0.5 5 5730k
20.00043 < k ln 0.5
5k
5730
20.00012 < k
63. y 5 Cekt 2.1 5 4.2eks24,360d y 5 4.2e20.00003s1000d

4.2 5 Ceks0d 0.5 5 e24,360k y < 4.08 grams
4.2 5 C ln 0.5 5 ln e24,360k
ln 0.5
5k
24,360
20.00003 < k
65. y 5 Cekt 2.5 5 5eks1620d y 5 5e20.00043s1000d 67. y 5 Cekt 2.5 5 5eks5730d y 5 5e20.00012s1000d
ks0d
5 5 Ce 0.5 5 e1620k y < 3.25 grams 5 5 Ceks0d 0.5 5 e5730k y < 4.43 grams
55C ln 0.5 5 ln e1620k
55C ln 0.5 5 ln e5730k
ln 0.5 5 1620k
ln 0.5 5 5730k
ln 0.5
5k
1620 ln 0.5
5k
20.00043 < k 5730
20.00012 < k
69. 16,500 5 22,000e ks1d

16,500
5 ek
22,000
16,500
ln 5 ln e k
22,000
16,500
ln 5k
22,000
20.2876821 5 k
y 5 22,000e20.2876821s3d < $9281.25
71. R 5 log10 I
Alaska: San Fernando Valley: Ratio of two intensitiies:
8.4 5 log10 I 6.6 5 log10 I I for Alaska 108.4
5
I for San Fernando Valley 106.6
108.4 5 10log10 I 106.6 5 10log10 I
5 108.426.6 5 101.8 < 63
108.4 5 I 106.6 5 I
The earthquake in Alaska was 63 times as great.
73. R 5 log10 I
Mexico City: Nepal: Ratio of two intensities:
8.1 5 log10 I 6.5 5 log10 I I for Mexico City 108.1
5 6.5
I for Nepal 10
108.1 5 10log10 I 106.5 5 10log10 I
5 108.126.5 5 101.6 < 40
108.1 5 I 106.5 5 I
5 101.6 < 40
The earthquake in Mexico City was 40 times as great.
75. pH 5 2log10fH1g
pH 5 2log10s9.2 3 1028d < 7.04
77. pH 5 2log10fH1g
fruit: tablet: H1 of fruit 0.0031623
5
H1 of tablet 3.1623 3 10210
2.5 5 2log10fH1g 9.5 5 2log10fH1g
5 10,000,071
22.5 5 log10fH1g 29.5 5 log10fH1g
1029.5 5 10log10fH g
1
1022.5 5 10log10fH g
1
0.0031623 5 H 1 3.1623 3 10210 5 H1
The H1 of fruit is 107 times as great.

5000
79. (a) Keystrokes: (d) 2000 5
1 1 4e2ty6
Y 5 5000 4 x 1 1 4 ex x X,T, u 4
x x
x2 c 6 GRAPH
1 1 4e2ty6 5 2.5
3500
4e2ty6 5 1.5
e2ty6 5 0.375
ln e2ty6 5 ln 0.375
t
0
500
10
2 5 ln 0.375
6
5000 5000 t 5 sln 0.375ds26d
(b) ps0d 5 5 5 1000
1 1 4e20y6 5
t < 5.88 years
5000
(c) ps9d 5 < 2642
1 1 4e29y6
81. (a) S 5 10s1 2 e kxd (b) S 5 10s1 2 e20.0575s7dd

2.5 5 10s1 2 e ks5dd 5 10s1 2 e20.4025d
0.25 5 1 2 e 5k 5 10s0.3313536611d
20.75 5 2e 5k < 3.314
0.75 5 e 5k Thus, 3314 units must be sold.
ln 0.75 5 ln e 5k
ln 0.75 5 5k
ln 0.75
5k
5
20.0575 < k
S 5 10s1 2 e20.0575xd
83. If the equation y 5 Ce kt models exponential decay, k < 0 because decay is decreasing so k must be negative.
85. The effective yield of an investment collecting compound interest is the simple interest rate that would yield the same balance
at the end of 1 year. To compute the effective yield, divide the interest earned in 1 year by the amount invested.
87. If the reading on the Richter scale is increased by 1, the intensity of the earthquake is increased by a factor of 10.
1. (a) f s23d 5 223 5 18 3. (a) gs23d 5 e2s23dy3 5 e1 < 2.718

(b) f s1d 5 21 5 2 (b) gspd 5 e2py3 < 0.351
(c) f s2d 5 22 5 4 (c) gs6d 5 e26y3 5 e22 < 0.135
5. (c) Basic graph 7. (a) Basic graph reflected in the x-axis

5000
79. (a) Keystrokes: (d) 2000 5
1 1 4e2ty6
Y 5 5000 4 x 1 1 4 ex x X,T, u 4
x x
x2 c 6 GRAPH
1 1 4e2ty6 5 2.5
3500
4e2ty6 5 1.5
e2ty6 5 0.375
ln e2ty6 5 ln 0.375
t
0
500
10
2 5 ln 0.375
6
5000 5000 t 5 sln 0.375ds26d
(b) ps0d 5 5 5 1000
1 1 4e20y6 5
t < 5.88 years
5000
(c) ps9d 5 < 2642
1 1 4e29y6
81. (a) S 5 10s1 2 e kxd (b) S 5 10s1 2 e20.0575s7dd

2.5 5 10s1 2 e ks5dd 5 10s1 2 e20.4025d
0.25 5 1 2 e 5k 5 10s0.3313536611d
20.75 5 2e 5k < 3.314
0.75 5 e 5k Thus, 3314 units must be sold.
ln 0.75 5 ln e 5k
ln 0.75 5 5k
ln 0.75
5k
5
20.0575 < k
S 5 10s1 2 e20.0575xd
83. If the equation y 5 Ce kt models exponential decay, k < 0 because decay is decreasing so k must be negative.
85. The effective yield of an investment collecting compound interest is the simple interest rate that would yield the same balance
at the end of 1 year. To compute the effective yield, divide the interest earned in 1 year by the amount invested.
87. If the reading on the Richter scale is increased by 1, the intensity of the earthquake is increased by a factor of 10.
1. (a) f s23d 5 223 5 18 3. (a) gs23d 5 e2s23dy3 5 e1 < 2.718

(b) f s1d 5 21 5 2 (b) gspd 5 e2py3 < 0.351
(c) f s2d 5 22 5 4 (c) gs6d 5 e26y3 5 e22 < 0.135
5. (c) Basic graph 7. (a) Basic graph reflected in the x-axis

9. y 11. y 13. y
6 5 6
5 4 5
4 3 4
3 2 3
2 1
1 x 1
−4 −3 −2 1 2 3
x x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 −4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 −2 −1
Table of values: Table of values: Table of values:
x 21 0 1 x 21 0 1 x 21 0 1
1
y 3 1 3 y 2 23 0 2 y 1 3 9
15. y Table of values: 17. y Table of values:
5 x 0 2 22 4
x 22 0 2
3
1 7
4
y 1 3 3 2 y 23 21 1
3
1
2 x
–2 –1 2 3 4
1
x
2 1 1 2 3

Y5 5 ex x x2 c X,T, u 4 4 d GRAPH Y5 ex x X,T, u 1 2 d GRAPH
16 14
−10 20
−12 12
−4 −2
23. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 x 2 1 2 25. (a) s f 8 gdsxd 5 !x2 2 1 1 1

so s f 8 gds2d 5 22 1 2 5 6 5 !x2
(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 sx 1 2d2 5 x ||
5 x2 1 4x 1 4 so s f 8 gds5d 5 5 5 5 ||
(b) sg 8 f dsxd 5 s!x 1 1 d 2 1
2
so sg 8 f ds21d 5 s21d2 1 4s21d 1 4
512414 5x1121
51 5x
so sg 8 f ds21d 5 21
27. (a) s f 8 gd 5 !2x 2 4

Domain: f2, `d
(b) g 8 f 5 2!x 2 4
Domain: f4, `d
29. No, f sxd does not have an inverse. f is not one-to-one. 31. Yes, hsxd does have an inverse. f is one-to-one.
33. f sxd 5 3x 1 4 35. y 5 !x 37. f std 5 t 3 1 4

y 5 3x 1 4 x 5 !y y 5 t3 1 4
x 5 3y 1 4 x2 5 y t 5 y3 1 4
x 2 4 5 3y x 2 5 f 21sxd t 2 4 5 y3
x24 sx ≥ 0d 3 t 2 4 5 y
!
5y
3 3 t 2 4 5 f 21std
!
x24 1
5 f 21sxd 5 sx 2 4d
3 3
39. log4 64 5 3 41. e1 5 e 43. log10 1000 5 3 because

103 5 1000.
1 1
45. log3 9 5 22 because 322 5 9. 47. ln e7 5 7 ln e 5 7 49. ln 1 5 0
51. (a) f s1d 5 log 31 5 0 53. (a) f sed 5 ln 3 5 1

(b) f s27d 5 log3 27 5 3
(b) f 1132 5 ln 31 < 21.099
log 0.5
(c) f s0.5d 5 log3 0.5 5 < 20.631
log 3 (c) f s10d 5 ln 10 < 2.303
55. (a) gs22d 5 ln e3s22d 5 26

(b) gs0d 5 ln e3s0d 5 0
(c) gs7.5d 5 ln e3s7.5d 5 ln e22.5 5 22.5
57. y 59. y
3 x
1 2 3 4
2
1
1
2
x
−1 1 2 3 4
3
−1
−2 4

x 1 3 x 1 3
y 0 1 y 22 21
61. y
8
6
4
2
x
−2
2 6 8 10 12 14 Table of values:
x 5 6
−4
−6 y 0 1
63. y Table of values: 65. y Table of values:

6 x 4 5 8 x 1 e
4 6
y 0 0.7 y 5 4
2 4
x 2
2 4 6 8 10
−2 x
−2 2 4 6 8
−4 −2
log 9 log 200

67. log4 9 5 < 1.585 69. log12 200 5 < 2.132
log 4 log 12
71. log5 18 5 log5 32 1 log5 2 73. log5 12 5 log5 1 2 log5 2

5 2 log5 3 1 log 2 < 0 2 s0.43068d
< 2s0.6826d 1 0.43068 < 20.43068
< 1.79588
75. log5s12d2y3 5 23 f2 log5 2 1 log5 3g 77. log4 6x 4 5 log4 6 1 4 log4 x
3 f2s0.43068d 1 0.6826g
2
<
< 1.02931
1 x12
79. log5 !x 1 2 5 log5sx 1 2d 81. ln 5 lnsx 1 2d 2 lnsx 2 2d
2 x22
1 2
2y3
83. lnf!2xsx 1 3d5g 5 ln !2x 1 lnsx 1 3d5
2 1
85. 2 ln 3y 5 lns3yd22y3 5 ln
3 3y
5 lns2xd1y2 1 5 lnsx 1 3d
1
5 fln 2 1 ln xg 1 5 lnsx 1 3d
2
22
87. log8 16x 1 log8 2x 2 5 log8s16x ? 2x 2d 89. 22sln 2x 2 ln 3d 5 ln 12x3 2
5 log8s32x3d
12x3 2
2 9
5 ln 5 ln , x > 0
4x2
91. 4flog2 k 2 log2sk 2 tdg 5 4 log2 3 1k 2k t24 93. 3 ln x 1 4 ln y 1 ln z 5 ln x3 1 ln y 4 1 ln z

5 ln x 3y 4z, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
5 log2 1
k 4
k2t 2
, t < k
95. False 97. True 99. True

log2 4x 5 log2 4 1 log2 x log10 102x 5 2x log10 10 5 2x 16
log4 5 log4 16 2 log4 x
x
5 2 1 log2 x
5 2 2 log4 x
1
101. 2x 5 64 103. 4x23 5 16 105. log3 x 5 5
2 52
x 6
4x23 5 422 3log3 x 5 35
x56 x 2 3 5 22 x 5 243
x51
107. log2 2x 5 log2 100 109. log3s2x 1 1d 5 2 111. 3x 5 500

2x 5 100 3log3s2x11d 5 32 log3 3x 5 log3 500
x 5 50 2x 1 1 5 9 log 500
x5
log 3
2x 5 8
x < 5.66
x54
113. ln x 5 7.25 115. 2e0.5x 5 45 117. 12s1 2 4xd 5 18

eln x 5 e7.25 e0.5x 5 22.5 1 2 4x 5 18
12
x 5 e7.25 ln e0.5x 5 ln 22.5 24x 5 32 2 1

x < 1408.10 0.5x 5 ln 22.5 24x 5 12
1
x 5 2 ln 22.5 4x 5 2 2
x < 6.23 No solution; there is no power
that will raise 4 to 2 12.
1
119. log10 2x 5 1.5 121. log2 x 1 5 5 7 123. log2 x 1 log2 3 5 3
3
2x 5 101.5 log2 xs3d 5 3
1
log2 x 5 2
101.5 3 2log2 3x 5 23
x5 < 15.81
2
log2 x 5 6 3x 5 8
2log2 x 5 26 8
x5 < 2.67
3
x 5 26 5 64
1 2 1 2
r nt nt
r
125. A5P 11 127. A5P 11
n n
4s10d 365s15d
410.90 5 250 1 1 1 r
4 2 15399.30 5 5000 1 1 1 r
365 2
1 2 1 2
r 40 5475
r
1.6436 5 1 1 3.07986 5 1 1
4 365
r r
s1.6436d1y40 5 1 1 s3.07986d1y5475 5 1 1
4 365
r r
1.0124997 5 1 1 1.000205479 5 1 1
4 365
r r
0.0124997 5 0.000205479 5
4 365
0.0499 5 r 0.074999 5 r
5% < r 7.5% < r
1 2
nt
r
129. A 5 Pert 131. A 5 P 1 1
n
24,666.97 5 1500er s40d 365s1d
16.44464667 5 e 40r 1
A 5 1000 1 1
0.055
365 2
ln 16.4464667 5 ln e 40r A 5 $1056.54
ln 16.4464667 5 40r 56.54
Effective yield 5 5 0.0565 < 5.65%
ln 16.4464667 1000
5 r < 7%
40
1 2
r nt
133. A 5 P 1 1 135. A 5 Pe rt
n
4s1d
A 5 1000e0.075s1d
1
A 5 1000 1 1
0.075
4 2 A 5 $1077.88
A 5 $1077.14 77.88
1000
77.14
1000
137. y 5 Ce kt 1.75 5 3.5e ks1620d y 5 3.5e20.00043s1000d

3.5 5 Ce ks0d 0.5 5 e1620k y < 2.282 grams
3.5 5 C ln 0.5 5 ln e1620k
ln 0.5 5 1620k
ln 0.5
5k
1620
20.00043 < k
139. y 5 Ce kt 2.6 5 Ce20.00012s1000d

0.5C 5 Ce ks5730d 2.6 5 Ce20.12
0.5 5 e ks5730d 2.6
5C
e20.12
ln 0.5 5 ln e5730k
2.934 grams < C
ln 0.5 5 5730k
ln 0.5
5k
5730
20.00012 < k
141. y 5 Ce kt 2.5 5 5e ks24,360d y 5 5e20.000028s1000d

5 5 Ce ks0d 0.5 5 e24,360k y < 4.860 grams
55C ln 0.5 5 ln e24,360k
ln 0.5 5 24,360k
ln 0.5
5k
24,360
20.000028 < k
143. 30.00 5 24.95s1.05dt 145. A 5 Pe rt 147. B 5 10 log10 110I 2

216
30.00 1500 5 750e0.055t

24.95
5 1.05t
2 5 e0.055t
125 5 10 log10 110I 2
216
30.00 ln 2 5 ln e0.055t
log1.05
24.95
5 log1.05 1.05t
ln 2 5 0.055t
12.5 5 log10 110I 2
216
30.00
1012.5 5 10log10sIy10 d
216
log ln 2
24.95 5 t < 12.6 years
5t 0.055 I
log 1.05 1012.5 5
10216
3.8 years < t
1012.5s10216d 5 I
1023.5 5 I
5 3.16 3 1024 watts
per square centimeter
149. Keystrokes: 900
Y5 600 4 x 1 1 2 ex x x2 c .2 X,T, u d d GRAPH
The limiting size of the population in this habitat is 600.
0 36
0
151. (a) Keystrokes: (b) V 5 14.3 cubic feet per minute per person
Y 5 78.56 2 11.6314 LN X,T, u GRAPH Trace to x 5 250
30
0 500
0
1. (a) f s21d 5 54s23 d (b) f s0d 5 54s23 d (c) f s12 d 5 54s23 d (d) f s2d 5 54s23 d
21 0 1y2 2
5 54s2 d 5 54s7 d
3 4
5 54 < 44.09
5 81 5 24
2. y 3. (a) f 8 g 5 f sgsxdd 5 f sx2 1 1 d 5 3sx 2 1 1d 2 4

18
5 3x 2 1 3 2 4
15
12 5 3x 2 2 1
9
Domain: s2 `, `d
6
3 (b) g 8 f 5 gs f sxdd 5 gs3x 2 4d 5 s3x 2 4d2 1 1
x
–6
−3
3 6 9 12 15 5 9x 2 2 24x 1 16 1 1
5 9x 2 2 24x 1 17
Domain: s2 `, `d
143. 30.00 5 24.95s1.05dt 145. A 5 Pe rt 147. B 5 10 log10 110I 2

216
30.00 1500 5 750e0.055t

24.95
5 1.05t
2 5 e0.055t
125 5 10 log10 110I 2
216
30.00 ln 2 5 ln e0.055t
log1.05
24.95
5 log1.05 1.05t
ln 2 5 0.055t
12.5 5 log10 110I 2
216
30.00
1012.5 5 10log10sIy10 d
216
log ln 2
24.95 5 t < 12.6 years
5t 0.055 I
log 1.05 1012.5 5
10216
3.8 years < t
1012.5s10216d 5 I
1023.5 5 I
5 3.16 3 1024 watts
per square centimeter
149. Keystrokes: 900
Y5 600 4 x 1 1 2 ex x x2 c .2 X,T, u d d GRAPH
The limiting size of the population in this habitat is 600.
0 36
0
151. (a) Keystrokes: (b) V 5 14.3 cubic feet per minute per person
Y 5 78.56 2 11.6314 LN X,T, u GRAPH Trace to x 5 250
30
0 500
0
1. (a) f s21d 5 54s23 d (b) f s0d 5 54s23 d (c) f s12 d 5 54s23 d (d) f s2d 5 54s23 d
21 0 1y2 2
5 54s2 d 5 54s7 d
3 4
5 54 < 44.09
5 81 5 24
2. y 3. (a) f 8 g 5 f sgsxdd 5 f sx2 1 1 d 5 3sx 2 1 1d 2 4

18
5 3x 2 1 3 2 4
15
12 5 3x 2 2 1
9
Domain: s2 `, `d
6
3 (b) g 8 f 5 gs f sxdd 5 gs3x 2 4d 5 s3x 2 4d2 1 1
x
–6
−3
3 6 9 12 15 5 9x 2 2 24x 1 16 1 1
5 9x 2 2 24x 1 17
Domain: s2 `, `d
x26 1
4. f sxd 5 5x 1 6 x 5 5y 1 6 5y f 21sxd 5 sx 2 6d
5 5
y 5 5x 1 6 x 2 6 5 5y
5. f sgsxdd 5 f s22x 1 6d 6. f and g are inverse functions.

5 2 12s22x 1 6d 1 3 y
5x2313 12
10 g
5x 8
gs f sxdd 5 gs2 12 x 1 3d 6
4
5 22s2 12 x 1 3d 1 6 2
f
x
5x2616 2 4 6 8 10 12
5x
5x2 1 x
7. log 4 5 log 4 5 1 2 log 4 x 2 log 4 y 8. ln x 2 ln y 5 ln ,y > 0
!y 2 y4
9. log5s53 ? 6d 5 3 log5 5 1 log5 6 10. log 4 x 5 3 11. 103y 5 832

5 3 1 log5 6 4log4 x 5 43 log 103y 5 log 832
x 5 64 3y 5 log 832
log 832
y5
3
y < 0.973
12. 400e0.08t 5 1200 13. 3 lns2x 2 3d 5 10 14. 8s2 2 3xd 5 256

e0.08t 5 3 10 2 2 3x 5 27
lns2x 2 3d 5
3
ln e0.08t 5 ln 3 23x 5 29
elns2x23d 5 e10y3
0.08t 5 ln 3 3x 5 9
2x 2 3 5 e10y3
ln 3 3x 5 32
t5
0.08 e 10y3
13
x5 so x 5 2
2
t < 13.733
x < 15.516
15. log2 x 1 log2 4 5 5 16. ln x 2 ln 2 5 4 17. 30se x 1 9d 5 300

log2 xs4d 5 5 x e x 1 9 5 10
ln 54
2
2log2 4x 5 25 ex 5 1
elnsxy2d 5 e4
4x 5 32 e x 5 e0
x
x58 5 e4 so x 5 0
2
x 5 2e 4
x < 109.196
4s20d 4s25d
18. (a) A 5 2000 1 11 0.07
4 2 19. 100,000 5 P 1 11 0.09
4 2 20. 1006.88 5 500ers10d
2.01376 5 e10r
5 $8012.78 100,000
5P
s1.0225d100 ln 2.01376 5 ln e10r
(b) A 5 2000e0.07s20d
$10,806.08 5 P ln 2.01376 5 10r
5 $8110.40
ln 2.01376
5r
10
0.07 < r
7% < r
21. y 5 Ce kt 14,000 5 18,000e ks1d y 5 18,00020.2513144s3d

18,000 5 Ce ks0d 14,000 5 $8469.14
5 ek
18,000
18,000 5 C
14
ln 5 ln e k
18
14
ln 5k
18
20.2513144 5 k
2400 2400 2400

22. ps0d 5 5 600 23. ps4d 5 < 1141 24. 1200 5
1 1 3e20y4 1 1 3e24y4 1 1 3e2ty4
2400
1 1 3e2ty4 5
1200
3e2ty4 5 1
1
e2ty4 5
3
1
ln e2ty4 5 ln
3
t 1
2 5 ln
4 3
1
t 5 24 ln < 4.4 years
3
Cumulative Test For Chapters 7–9
1. V varies directly as the square root of x and inversely as y. 2. v 5 kt2

k!x 264 5 ks2d2
V5
y
216 5 k
k 300
3. d 5 ks2 4. N5 N5
t11 511
50 5 ks25d2
k
300 5 N 5 50 prey
50 011
5k
625
300 5 k
2
5k
25
2
d5 s40d2
25
d 5 128 feet
5 220 2
5. 5x 1 2y > 10 or y > 2 x 1 5 6. m 5 5 52
2 0 2 s21d 1
y 2 2 5 2sx 2 0d
y
y 2 2 5 2x
y 5 2x 1 2
4
y ≥ 2x 1 2
2
x
–6 –4 4 6 8 10
−2
−4
−6
7. y 5 asx 2 hd2 1 k y 5 23sx 2 3d2 2 2 8. x2 1 y2 5 8

4 5 as0 2 3d2 2 2 center 5 s0, 0d r 5 !8 < 2.8
4 5 as9d 2 2 y
6 5 9a 4
6 2
5a 1
9 x
–4 –2 1 2 4
−1
2
5a −2
3
−4
x2 y2 x2 y2
9. x2 1 2y 5 0 10. 1 51 11. 1 51
1 4 1 4
2y 5 2x2
y y
x2
y52
2 3 4
3
2
y 1
x x
3 –3 –2 2 3 –4 –3 –2 2 3 4
2
1 −3
−3 −4
x
–3 –2 2 3
−1
−2
−3
12. x2 1 y2 5 25 equation at circular arch y
y 5 !25 2 x2 (4, 25 − x 2 )
y 5 !25 2 16
5 !9 5 3 (5, 0)
x
Maximum height of truck: 8 1 3 5 11 feet 8′

8′ pillar 8′ pillar
10′
4
13. y 5
x22 y
4 8
y-intercept: y 5 5 22 6
022 4
2
4
x-intercept: 0 5 x
x22 –4
2
4 6 8 10 12
0 5 4 none
4
6
vertical asymptote: x 2 2 5 0 8
x52
horizontal asymptote: y 5 0 since the degree of the
numerator is less than the degree of the denominator
4x2
14. y 5
x2 1 1 y
4s0d2
5
y-intercept: y 5 50
011 3
2
4x2
x-intercept: 0 5
x2 1 1 x
−4 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3 4
05 4x2 −2
−3
05x
vertical asymptote: x 1 1 Þ 0 none
15. vertical asymptote: x 5 3 10x 1 13

16. Csxd 5
x
horizontal asymptote: y 5 2
horizontal asymptote is y 5 10 since the degrees are equal
2x
f sxd 5 and the leading coefficient of the numerator is 10 and the
x23
leading coefficient of the denominator is 1. As x increases,
the average cost approaches $10.
17. x2y51
2x 1 y 5 5
x2y51 2x 1 y 5 5 10
2y 5 2x 1 1 y 5 22x 1 5
y5x21 −10 10
s2, 1d
−10
Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 X,T, u 2 1 ENTER
y2 x2 c 2 X,T, u 1 5 GRAPH
18. 4x 1 2y 5 8
x 2 5y 5 13
x 5 5y 1 13 22y 5 244
4s5y 1 13d 1 2y 5 8 y 5 22
20y 1 52 1 2y 5 8 x 5 5s22d 1 13
53
s3, 22d
19. 4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 22 20. 2x 2 y 5 4
22x 1 y 1 z 5 1 3x 1 y 5 25
x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212
D5
| |
2
3
21
1
5 s2d 2 s23d 5 5
| |
x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212 x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212
4 21
4x 2 3y 1 2z 5 22 26 46 25 1 1
y1 z5 x5 52
5 5 5 5
22x 1 y 1 z 5 1
x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212
5y 1 26z 5 46
23
5
z5
23
5
x5 | |
2
3
5
4
25
52
22
5
x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212
23y 2 11z 5 223
y1
26
z5
46 12 51, 2 2252
5 5
x 2 2y 2 6z 5 212
z51
26 46
y1 z5
5 5 26 46
y1 5
5 5
23y 2 11z 5 223
20
y5 54
5
x 2 2s4d 2 6s1d 5 212
x 2 8 2 6 5 212
x52 s2, 4, 1d
21. x 1 5y 5 29 22. sx1, y1d 5 s21, 1d

2x 2 3z 5 4 sx2, y2d 5 s2, 2d
2 4y 1 z 5 226 sx3, y3d 5 s1, 22d
3
1
2
0
5
0
24
0
23
1
:
:
:
29
4
226
4 | ||x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1 5
1
21
2
1
1
2
22
1
1
1|
1 5
22R1 1 R2 0 210
0 24
3
0
23
1
:
:
:
29
254
226
4 5 21
|2
22 | | | | |
1
1
21
2
1
1
1
11
2
1
2
22
5 21s2 1 2d 2 1s2 2 1d 1 1s24 2 2d
:
3 4
1 5 0 29
5 24 2 1 2 6
1
2 10 R2 0 1 3
10 : 27
5
0 24 1 : 226 5 211
: Area 5 2 2s211d 5 2
1 11
3 4
1 5 0 29
4R2 1 R3 0 1 3
10 : 27
5
0 0
11
5 : 2 22
5
:
3 4
1 5 0 29
5
11 R3 0 1 3
10 : 27
5
0 0 1 : 22
z 5 22 3
y 1 10 s22d 5 27
5
y 2 35 5 27
5
y 5 30
5
y56
x 1 5s6d 5 29
x 1 30 5 29
x 5 21
s21, 6, 22d
23. 4x 2 8y 5 23 24. g sxd 5 log3sx 2 1d 1

25. log4 16 1
5 22 because 422 5 16
2x 1 Ky 5 16 y
if K 5 24 system is inconsistent 3
2
4x 2 8y 5 23 1
s22d2x 2 4y 5 16s22d x
–1 2 3 4 5
−1
4x 2 8y 5 23
−2
24x 1 8y 5 232 −3
0 Þ 235
26. y f and g are inverse functions, so the graphs are

reflections in the line y 5 x.
3
f
2
g
1
x
−1 1 2 3
−1
5x
27. 3slog2x 1 log2yd 2 log2z 5 log2sxyd3 2 log2z 28. ln 5 ln5 1 lnx 2 lnsx 1 1d2
sx 1 1d2
sxyd3
5 log2 5 ln5 1 lnx 2 2lnsx 1 1d
z
29. (a) logx 1192 5 22 (b) 4lnx 5 10

10
xlogxs9 d 5 x22 lnx 5
1
4
1
5 x22 5
9 lnx 5
2
1 1 5
5 elnx 5 e2
9 x2
5
x 5 e2
9 5 x2
x < 12.18
35x
(c) 500s1.08dt 5 2000 (d) 3s1 1 e2xd 5 20
2000 20
1.08t 5 1 1 e2x 5
500 3
1.08t 5 4 17
e2x 5
3
log1.081.08t 5 log1.084
17
log4 lne2x 5 ln
t5 3
log1.08
17
t < 18.01 2x 5 ln
3
17
ln
3
x5
2
x < 0.87
30. Cstd 5 Ps1.035dt 31. A 5 Pert 32. A 5 Pert

Cs5d 5 24.95s1.035d5 A 5 1000e0.08s1d 4000 5 1000e0.09t
Cs5d 5 $29.63 A 5 $1083.29 4 5 e0.09t
83.29 ln4 5 lne0.09t
effective yield 5
1000
ln4 5 0.09t
5 0.08329
ln4
5t
5 8.329% 0.09
15.40 years 5 t
8. x 2 2 16 5 0 9. x3 1 64 5 0 10. 3x3 2 6x 2 1 4x 2 8 5 0
sx 2 4dsx 1 4d 5 0 sx 1 4dsx 2 2 4x 1 16d 5 0 3x 2sx 2 2d 1 4sx 2 2d 5 0
x54 x 5 24 x 5 24 x 2 2 4x 1 16 5 0 sx 2 2ds3x 2 1 4d 5 0
Not real x52 3x 2 1 4 5 0
Not real
Verbal Length Length Length

11. Verbal Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time 12.
Model:
Perimeter 5
side 1
1
side 2
1
side 3
Equation 320 5 r ? t
320
5t
Equation: P 5 sx 1 1d 1 112 x 1 52 1 s3x 1 1d
r
11
2
5 x 1 x 1 3x 1 s1 1 5 1 1d
2
9
5 x17
2
CHAPTER 9 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
SECTION 9.1 Exponential Functions
1. Graph the line x 1 y 5 5. Test one point in each of the 2. 3x 2 5y ≤ 15 and 3x 2 5y < 15
half-planes formed by this line. If the point satisfies the The difference between the two graphs is that the first
inequality, shade the entire half-plane to denote that every contains the boundary (because of the equal sign) and the
point in the region satisfies the inequality. second does not.
3. y > x 2 2 4. y ≤ 5 2 32 x
2 0 > 022 0 ≤ 520
1 True 4 True
x
3
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 2
−2 1
−3 x
−1 1 2 3 4 5
−4 −1
5. y < 23 x 2 1 6. x > 6 2 y
0 > 620
3 s3d
2
3 21 < 21 8
2 21 < 1 6
False
1 True 4
−1 2 3 4 5
x
Test point: s0, 0d 2
0 < 021 x
−2 −2 2 4 6 8
False −2
−3
7. y ≤ 22 8. x > 7
1 24 ≤ 22 6 8 > 7
x True 4 True
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−1 2
x
−2 2 4 6 8 10
−3 −2
−4 −4
−5 −6
9. 2x 1 3y ≥ 6 10. 5x 2 2y < 5
3y ≥ 22x 1 6 22y < 5 2 5x
y ≥ 2 23 x 12 y > 52 x 2 52
4 2 ≥ 2 23 s3d 12 2 0 > 0 2 52
1 True
3 2 ≥ 0
x
2 −3 −2 −1 1 2 3
True −1
1
−2
x
−3
−1 1 2 3 4
−1
Verbal Rate for Rate for Rate

11. 1 5
Model: person 1 person 2 together
1
Labels: Rate for person 1 5
x
1
Rate for person 2 5
x13
1
Rate together 5
10
1 1 1
Equation: 1 5
x x 1 3 10
10xsx 1 3d 11x 1 x 11 32 5 1101 210xsx 1 3d

10sx 1 3d 1 10x 5 xsx 1 3d
10x 1 30 1 10x 5 x 2 1 3x
0 5 x 2 2 17x 2 30
2 s217d ± !s217d2 2 4s1ds230d
x5
2s1d
17 ± !289 1 120
x5
2
17 ± !409
x5
2
x < 18.6 and 21.61 (reject)
x 1 3 < 21.6
12. Formula: c2 5 a2 1 b2
Labels: c 5 hypotenuse
a 5 60 feet
b 5 30 feet
Equation: c2 5 602 1 302
c2 5 3600 1 900
c2 5 4500
c 5 !4500 5 !900 ? 5 5 30!5
c < 67.1 feet
SECTION 9.2 Inverse Functions
1. x 2 y 2 5 0 ||
2. x 2 2y 5 4
x5y 2
||
22y 5 2 x 1 4
± !x 5 y y5 1
2 |x| 2 2
y is not a function of x because for some values of x there y is a function of x because for each value of x there
correspond two values of y. For example, s4, 2d and corresponds exactly one value of y.
s4, 22d are solution points.
6
3. f sxd 5 !4 2 x 2, gsxd 5 4. hsxd 5 8 2 !x over H0, 4, 9, 16J
!4 2 x 2
Range: H4, 5, 6, 8J
The domain of f is f22, 2g. The domain of g is s22, 2d.
g is undefined at x 5 ± 2. hs0d 5 8 2 !0 5 8
hs4d 5 8 2 !4 5 6
hs9d 5 8 2 !9 5 5
hs16d 5 8 2 !16 5 4
5. 2 s5x 2 2 1d 1 s3x 2 2 5d 5 25x 2 1 1 1 3x 2 2 5 6. s22xds25xds3x 1 4d 5 10x 2s3x 1 4d

5 22x 2 2 4 5 30x3 1 40x 2
7. su 2 4vdsu 1 4vd 5 u2 2 16v2 (multiply by FOIL) 8. s3a 2 2bd2 5 s3a 2 2bds3a 2 2bd
5 9a2 2 6ab 2 6ab 1 4b2
5 9a2 2 12ab 1 4b2
6x3 2 3x2 6x3 3x2

9. st 2 2d3 5 st 2 2d2st 2 2d 10. 5 2
12x 12x 12x
5 st 2 2 4t 1 4dst 2 2d
x2 x
5 2
5 t 3 2 4t 2 1 4t 2 2t 2 1 8t 2 8 2 4
5 t 3 2 6t 2 1 12t 2 8
Verbal Total First Additional

11. v 5 !2gh 12. 5 1
Model: cost minute cost minute cost
80 5 !2s32dh
Labels: Total cost 5 5.15
80 5 !64h First minute cost 5 0.95
802 5 64h Additional minute cost 5 0.35x
802 Equation: 5.15 5 0.95 1 0.35x
5 h 5 100 feet
64
4.20 5 0.35x
12 5 x
13 minutes
SECTION 9.3 Logarithmic Functions
1. gsxd 5 sx 2 4d2 2. hsxd 5 2x 2

y Horizontal shift 4 units y Reflection in the x-axis
right
8 2
x
6 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6
4
−4
2
−6
x
−8
−2 2 4 6 8
−2 −10
3. jsxd 5 x 2 1 1 4. ksxd 5 sx 1 3d2 2 5

y Vertical shift 1 unit up y Horizontal shift 3 units
left
10 6
8 4 Vertical shift 5 units down

6 2
4 x
−8 −6 −4 −2 2 4
x −4
−6 −4 −2 2 4 6
−2 −6
5. 2x3 2 6x 5 2xsx 2 2 3d 6. 16 2 s y 1 2d2 5 f4 2 s y 1 2dg f4 1 s y 1 2dg

5 s4 2 y 2 2ds4 1 y 1 2d
5 s2 2 yds6 1 yd
7. t 2 1 10t 1 25 5 st 1 5dst 1 5d 8. 5 2 u 1 5u2 2 u3 5 1s5 2 ud 1 u2s5 2 ud

5 st 1 5d2 5 s5 2 uds1 1 u2d
9. y 5 3 2 12 x y 10. 3x 2 4y 5 6 y
Intercepts: 6 Intercepts: 2
2 s0d 5 3, (0, 3d
1 1
y532 4 3s0d 2 4y 5 6
x
2 −2 −1
0 5 3 2 12 x y 5 2 32 −1
2 3 4
x
1
2x 53 −2 2 4 6
3x 2 4s0d 5 6
−2
−3
x 5 6, s6, 0d −4 3x 5 6 −4
x52
11. y 5 x 2 2 6x 1 5 y
Intercepts: Vertex: 6
y 5 5, s0, 5d y 5 sx 2 6x 1 9d 1 5 2 9
2 4
2
0 5 x 2 2 6x 1 5 5 sx 2 3d2 2 4
x
0 5 sx 2 1dsx 2 5d s3, 24d −2 2 4 6 8
−2
x51 x55 −4
s1, 0d, s5, 0d
12. y 5 2 sx 2 2d2 1 1 y
Intercepts: Vertex: 1
y 5 2 s0 2 2d 1 1 5 23, s0, 23d

2
s2, 1d −1 2 4
x
−1
0 5 2 sx 2 2d2 1 1
−2
sx 2 2d2 5 1
−3
x 2 2 5 ±1
x52 ± 1
x 5 3, 1
s3, 0d, s1, 0d
SECTION 9.4 Properties of Logarithms
!
!uv
n
u
1. Multiplication Property: ! n v 5!
n u! n uv 2. Division Property: 5 n
!
n
v
3. !2x and ! 3 2x cannot be added because the indices are 4. 1y!2x is not in simplest form. The radical in the denomi-
different. nator must be rationalized.
1 1 !2x !2x
5 ? 5
!2x !2x !2x 2x
5. 25!3x 2 3!12x 5 25!3x 2 3 ? 2!3x 6. s!x 1 3ds!x 2 3d 5 x 2 9 (multiply by FOIL)

5 25!3x 2 6!3x
5 s25 2 6d!3x
5 19!3x
7. !us!20 2 !5 d 5 !20u 2 !5u 8. s2!t 1 3d 5 s2!t 1 3ds2!t 1 3d

2
5 2!5u 2 !5u 5 4t 1 6!t 1 6!t 1 9

5 s2 2 1d!5u 5 4t 1 12!t 1 9
5 !5u
50x 50x !2 12 12 !t 1 2 2 !t
9. 5 ? 10. 5 ?
!2 !2 !2 !t 1 2 1 !t !t 1 2 1 !t !t 1 2 2 !t
50x!2 12s!t 1 2 2 !t d
5 5
2 t122t
5 25x!2 12s!t 1 2 2 !t d
5
2
5 6s!t 1 2 2 !t d
Verbal Sale List

11. p 5 30 2 !0.5sx 2 1d 12.
Model: price
5
price
? 100% 2 Discount rate
26.76 5 30 2 !0.5sx 2 1d
Labels: Sale price 5 1955
23.24 5 2 !0.5sx 2 1d List price 5 x
3.24 5 !0.5sx 2 1d 100% 2 Discount rate 5 100% 2 15%
3.242 5 0.5sx 2 1d 5 85%
10.4976 5 0.5x 2 0.5 Equation: 1955 5 x ? 0.85
10.9976 5 0.5x $2300 5 x
21.9952 5 x
22 units < x
SECTION 9.5 Solving Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
1. 7x 2 2y 5 8 2. 8x 2 4y 5 5
x1 y54 22x 1 y 5 1
It is not possible for this system to have exactly two This system has no solution because the equations
solutions. A system of linear equations has no solutions, represent parallel lines and have no point of intersection.
one solution, or an infinite number of solutions.
2
3. 3x 1 23 5 4x 2 6 4. x 2 2 10x 1 17 5 0
3s23 x 1 23 d 5 s4x 2 6d3 x 2 2 10x 5 217
2x 1 2 5 12x 2 18 x 2 2 10x 1 25 5 217 1 25
20 5 10x sx 2 5d2 5 8
25x x 2 5 5 ± !8
x 5 5 ± 2!2
(can use quadratic formula also)
5 4 1 2
5. 2 53 6. 1 50
2x x x x25
2x 12x5 2 4x 2 5 s3d2x xsx 2 5d 11x 1 x 22 52 5 s0dxsx 2 5d

5 2 8 5 6x sx 2 5d 1 2x 5 0
23 5 6x 3x 5 5
3 5
2 5x x5
6 3
1
2 5x
2
|
7. x 2 4 5 3 | 8. !x 1 2 5 7 Check:
x2453 or x 2 4 5 23 s!x 1 2 d 2
5 72 !47 1 2 5 7
?
?
x57 x51 x 1 2 5 49 !49 5 7
x 5 47 757
9. Verbal Model: Distance 5 Rate ? Time 10. V 5 p r2h V
Function: d 5 73 ? t V 5 p s5d2h 1600
d V 5 25p h 1200
300 800
400
200
h
5 10 15 20
100
t
2 4 6
11. V 5 p r2h V 12. F 5 kx F
V5 pr 2 s10d 8000 100 5 ks4d 100
V 5 10pr 2
6000 25 5 k 75
4000 F 5 25x 50
2000 25
r x
4 8 12 16 1 2 3 4
SECTION 9.6 Applications
k kx
1. y 5 kx 2 2. y 5 3. z 5 kxy 4. z 5
x y
Direct variation as nth Joint variation
Inverse variation Joint variation
power
5. x 2 y 5 0 6. 2x 1 5y 5 15 7. y 5 x2
x 1 2y 5 9 3x 1 6y 5 20 23x 1 2y 5 2
x2 y5 0 3s2x 1 5y 5 15d3 23x 1 2x 2 5 2
2x 2 2y 5 29 22s3x 1 6y 5 20d 2 2 2 3x 2 2 5 0
2x 2
23y 5 29 6x 1 15y 5 45 s2x 1 1dsx 2 2d 5 0
y5 3 26x 2 12y 5 240 x 5 2 12 x52
x2350 3y 5 5 y5s 2 12
2
d y 5 22
5
x53 y5 3
y 5 14 y54
s3, 3d 2x 1 5s d 5 15
5
3
s 2 12, 14 d s2, 4d
2x 5 15 2 25
3
2x 5 45 25
3 2 3
2x 5 20
3
x 5 20
3 ? 12
10
x5 3
s 10 5
3,3 d
8. x 2 y3 5 0 9. x2 y 5 21 10. 2x 1 y 2 2z 5 1
x 2 2y2 50 x 1 2y 2 2z 5 3 x 2 z5 1
x 2 y3 5 0 3x 2 y 1 2z 5 3 3x 1 3y 1 z 5 12
2x 1 2y2 5 0 x2y 5 21 R1 ↔ R2
2y 2 2 y3 50 3y 2 2z 5 4 x 2 z5 1
y2 s2 2 yd 5 0 2y 1 2z 5 6 2x 1 y 2 2z 5 1
y 50 y52 x2y 5 21 3x 1 3y 1 z 5 12
x2050 x 2 23 5 0 3y 2 2z 5 4 22R1 1 R2 23R1 1 R3
x50 5y 5 10
x58 x 2 z5 1
s0, 0d s8, 2d y52 y 5 21
x 2 2 5 21 3y 1 4z 5 9
x51
3s21d 1 4z 5 9
1 1 2s2d 2 2z 5 3 4z 5 12
22z 5 22 z53
z51
x2351
s1, 2, 1d
x54
s4, 21, 3d
11. (a) Graph opens down because a < 0. 12. Keystrokes: Y 5 x2 c X,T, u x2 1 4 X,T, u GRAPH
(b) 0 5 2x 2 1 4x 5
0 5 2xsx 2 4d
2x 5 0 x2450
−1 5
x50 x54
s0, 0d s4, 0d −2
2b
(c) x 5
2a
24
x5 52
2s21d
y 5 222 1 4s2d 5 24 1 8 5 4
s2, 4d
CHAPTER 10 Sequences, Series, and Probability
SECTION 10.1 Sequences and Series
1. Multiplicative Property of Equality 2. Additive Property of Equality

27x 5 35 7x 1 63 5 35
1
27 ? 27x 5 35 ? 2 17 7x 1 63 2 63 5 35 2 63
x 5 25 7x 5 228
(Multiply both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of (Add the opposite of 63 on both sides of the equation.)
the coefficient of the variable.)
3 1
3. t 5 23 is a solution of the equation t 2 1 4t 1 3 5 0 if 4. 2 5 10
x x11
the equation is true when 23 is substituted for t.
The first step in solving this equation is to multiply both
sides of the equation by the lowest common denominator
xsx 1 1d.
1 18sx 2 3d5 1
5. sx 1 10d22 5 6. 5 18sx 2 3d522 7. sa2d24 5 a28 5
sx 1 10d2 sx 2 3d2 a8
5 18sx 2 3d3
5 5 !x 1 2
8. s8x3d1y3 5 81y3x3 ? 1y3 5 2x 9. !128x3 5 !64 ? 2 ? x2 ? x 10. 5 ?
!x 2 2 !x 2 2 !x 1 2
5 8x!2x
5s!x 1 2d
5
s!x d2 2 22
5s!x 1 2d
5
x24
C H A P T E R 1 0
Sequences, Series, and Probability
Section 10.1 Sequences and Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Section 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528
Section 10.3 Geometric Sequences and Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Mid-Chapter Quiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Section 10.4 The Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Section 10.5 Counting Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Section 10.6 Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547

C H A P T E R 1 0
Sequences, Series, and Probability
Section 10.1 Sequences and Series
1. a1 5 2s1d 5 2 3. a1 5 s21d1 ? 2s1d 5 22

a2 5 2s2d 5 4 a2 5 (21d 2
? 2s2d 5 4
a3 5 2s3d 5 6 a3 5 s21d 3
? 2s3d 5 26
a4 5 2s4d 5 8 a4 5 s21d4 ? 2s4d 5 8
a5 5 2s5d 5 10 a5 5 s21d5 ? 2s5) 5 210
2, 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . , 2n, . . . 22, 4, 26, 8, 210, . . . , s21dn2n, . . .
1122 1 212
1 1 2 1
5. a1 5 5 7. a1 5 2 5
2 4
1122 1 212
2 1 3 1
a2 5 5 a2 5 2 52
4 8
1122 1 212
3 1 4 1
a3 5 5 a3 5 2 5
8 16
1122 1 212
4 1 5 1
a4 5 5 a4 5 2 52
16 32
1122 1 212
5 1 6 1
a1 5 5 a5 5 2 5
32 64
1 n
12 1 2
n11
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , ,. . ., ,. . . , ,2 , ,2 ,. . ., 2 ,. . .
2 4 8 16 32 2 4 8 16 32 64 2
1 1
9. a1 5 s20.2d121 5 s20.2d0 5 1 11. a1 5 5
111 2
a2 5 s20.2d221 5 s20.2d1 5 20.2
1 1
a2 5 5
a3 5 s20.2d321 5 s20.2d2 5 0.04 211 3
a4 5 s20.2d421 5 s20.2d3 5 20.008 1 1
a3 5 5
311 4
a5 5 s20.2d521 5 s20.2d4 5 0.0016
1 1
a4 5 5
411 5
1 1
a5 5 5
511 6
1 1 1 1 1 1
, , , , ,. . ., ,. . .
2 3 4 5 6 n11
523
524 Chapter 10 Sequences, Series, and Probability
2s1d 2 s21d1
13. a1 5 5 15. a1 5 5 21
3s1d 1 2 5 12
2s2d 4 1 s21d2 1
a2 5 5 5 a2 5 5
3s2d 1 2 8 2 22 4
2s3d 6 s21d3 1
a3 5 5 a3 5 52
3s3d 1 2 11 32 9
2s4d 8 4 s21d4 1
a4 5 5 5 a4 5 5
3s4d 1 2 14 7 42 16
2s5d 10 s21d5 1
a5 5 5 a5 5 52
3s5d 1 2 17 52 25
2 1 6 10 2n 1 1 1 1 s21dn
, , , ,. . ., ,. . . 21, , 2 , , 2 , . . . , ,. . .
5 2 11 17 3n 1 2 4 9 16 25 n2
1 9 s1 1 1d! 2! 2 ? 1
17. a1 5 5 2 5 19. a1 5 5 5 52
21 2 1! 1! 1
1 19 s2 1 1d! 3! 3 ? 2!
a2 5 5 2 5 a2 5 5 5 53
22 4 2! 2! 2!
1 39 s3 1 1d! 4! 4 ? 3!
a3 5 5 2 5 a3 5 5 5 54
23 8 3! 3! 3!
1 79 s4 1 1d! 5! 5 ? 4!
a4 5 5 2 5 a4 5 5 5 55
24 16 4! 4! 4!
1 159 s5 1 1d! 6! 6 ? 5!
a5 5 5 2 5 a5 5 5 5 56
25 32 5! 5! 5!
9 19 39 79 159 1
, , , , , . . . , 5 2 n, . . .
2 4 8 16 32 2
2 1 s22d1
21. a1 5 50 23. a15 5 s21d15f5s15d 2 3g
1!
5 21f72g
2 1 s22d2 6
a2 5 5 53
2! 2?1 5 272
2 1 s22d 3
26
a3 5 5 5 21
3! 3?2?1
2 1 s22d4 18 3
a4 5 5 5
4! 4 ?3?2?1 4
2 1 s22d5 230 21
a5 5 5 5
5! 5 ?4?3?2?1 4
82 2 2 62 62 31 5! 5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1
25. a8 5 5 5 5 27. 5 55
s8 2 1d! 7! 7 ? 6 ? 5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 2520 4! 4?3?2?1
10! 10! 1 25! 25 ? 24 ? 23 ? 22 ? 21 ? 20!

29. 5 5 31. 5
12! 12 ? 11 ? 10! 132 20! 5! 20! 5!
25 ? 24 ? 23 ? 22 ? 21 5 5 6 23 11 7
5 ? ? ? ?
5 ?4?3?2?1
5 53130
Section 10.1 Sequences and Series 525
n! n?1 1 sn 1 1d! sn 1 1dnsn 2 1d! s2nd! s2nds2n 2 1d!

33. 5 5 35. 5 37. 5 5 2n
sn 1 1d! sn 1 1dn ? 1 n 1 1 sn 2 1d! sn 2 1d! s2n 2 1d! s2n 2 1d!
5 sn 1 1dn
39. (c) 41. (b)
43. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode): 45. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):
Y5 x x2 c .8 d x n 2 d 1
TRACE Y 5 .5 n TRACE
>
4 10
0 10
0 10
−4 0
47. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode): 49. n: 1 2 3 4 5

Y5 3 2 x 4 4 n d TRACE Terms: 3 6 9 12 15
5 Apparent pattern: Each term is three times n.

an 5 3n
0 10
−5
51. n: 1 2 3 4 5 53. n: 1 2 3 4 5
Terms: 1 4 7 10 13 Terms: 0 3 8 15 24
Apparent pattern: Each term is three times n minus two. Apparent pattern: Each term is the square of n minus one.
an 5 3n 2 2 an 5 n2 2 1
55. n: 1 2 3 4 5 57. n: 1 2 3 4 5
Terms: 2 24 6 28 10 2 3 4 5 6
Terms:
3 4 5 6 7
Apparent pattern: The terms have alternating signs with
those in the even position being negative. Each term is Apparent pattern: The numerator is 1 more than n and the
double n. denominator is 2 more than n.
an 5 s21dn112n n11
an 5
n12
59. n: 1 2 3 4 61. n: 1 2 3 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Terms: 2 2 Terms: 1
2 4 8 16 2 4 8
Apparent pattern: The numerator is 1 and each denomina- Apparent pattern: The numerator is 1 and the denomina-
tor is two to the nth power. The terms have alternating tor is two to the n 2 1 power.
signs with those in the even position being negative.
1
an 5
s21dn11 2n21
an 5
2n
63. n: 1 2 3 4 5 65. n: 1 2 3 4 5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Terms: 1 1 11 11 11 11 Terms: 1
1 2 3 4 5 2 6 24 120
1 Apparent pattern: The numerator is one and the denomi-
Apparent pattern: The sum of one and .
n nator is n factorial.
1 1
an 5 1 1 an 5
n n!
6
67. o 3k 5 3s1d 1 3s2d 1 3s3d 1 3s4d 1 3s5d 1 3s6d
k51
5 3 1 6 1 9 1 12 1 15 1 18
5 63
6
69. o s2i 1 5d 5 f2s0d 1 5g 1 f2s1d 1 5g 1 f2s2d 1 5g 1 f2s3d 1 5g 1 f2s4d 1 5g 1 f2s5d 1 5g 1 f2s6d 1 5g
i50
5 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13 1 15 1 17
5 77
7
71. o s6j 2 10d 5 s6 ? 3 2 10d 1 s6 ? 4 2 10d 1 s6 ? 5 2 10d 1 s6 ? 6 2 10d 1 s6 ? 7 2 10d
j53
5 s18 2 10d 1 s24 2 10d 1 s30 2 10d 1 s36 2 10d 1 s42 2 10d
5 8 1 14 1 20 1 26 1 32
5 100
5
s21d j11 s21d111 s21d211 s21d311 s21d411 s21d511
73. o
j51 j2
5
12
1
22
1
32
1
42
1
52
1 1 1 1
512 1 2 1
4 9 16 25
3600 900 400 225 144
5 2 1 2 1
3600 3600 3600 3600 3600
3019
5
3600
6 2m 2s2d 2s3d 2s4d 2s5d 2s6d

75. o
m52 2 sm 2 1d
5
2 s2 2 1d
1
2 s3 2 1d
1
2 s4 2 1d
1
2 s5 2 1d
1
2 s6 2 1d
4 6 8 10 12
5 1 1 1 1
2 4 6 8 10
3 4 5 6
521 1 1 1
2 3 4 5
437
5 < 7.283
60
6
77. o s28d 5 s28d 1 s28d 1 s28d 1 s28d 1 s28d 1 s28d 5 248
k51
Section 10.1 Sequences and Series 527
79.
o 1 i 2 i 1 1 2 5 3 1 2 1 1 14 1 3 2 2 2 1 14 1 3 3 2 3 1 14 1 3 4 2 4 1 14 1 3 5 2 5 1 14 1 3 6 2 6 1 14 1
8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
i51
3 17 2 7 11 14 1 3 18 2 8 11 14
1 1
511 2 1
2 2 11 1
1 2 1
3 3
1 1
1 2 1
4 4 2 1
1 1
1 2 1
5 5
1 1
1 2 1
6 6
1 1
1 2 1
7 7
1 1
1 2 1
8 8
2
1
9 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 8
512 5
9 9
o 12 3 2 1 312 1 12 312 1 12 312 1 12 312 1 12 312 1 12 312

5 1 n 0 1 2 3 4 5
81. 5 2
n50
511 2 1 312 1 91 1 12 271 2 1 811 1 12 243

1
2
243 2 81 1 27 2 9 1 3 2 1
5
243
182
5
243
83. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 3 X,T, u x2 , X,T, u , 1 , 6 , 1 , d ENTER
o 3n
n51
2
5 273
85. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 X,T, u MATH PRB 4 2 X,T, u , X,T, u , 2 , 6 , 1 d ENTER
6
o s j! 2 jd 5 852
j52
87. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 X,T, u 6 4 MATH PRB 4 , X,T, u , 0 , 4 , 1 d ENTER
4 6
o j! 5 16.25
j50
89. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 LN X,T, u , X,T, u , 0 , 6 , 1 d ENTER
o ln k 5 6.5793
k51
5 5 10 1 20 1
91. ok
k51
93. o 2k
k51
95. o 2k
k51
97. ok
k51
2
9 20 11 20
1 4 k 2k
99. o s23d
k50
k 101. ok 1 3
k51
103. ok 1 1
k51
105. ok 1 3
k51
6
317121115
107. o k!
k50
109. x 5
5
18
5 5 3.6
5
0.5 1 0.8 1 1.1 1 0.8 1 0.7 1 0.7 1 1.0

111. x 5
7
5.6
5 5 0.8
7
113. (a) A1 5 500s1 1 0.07d1 5 $535.00 (c) Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):
A2 5 500s1 1 0.07d2 5 $572.45 Y 5 500 x 1 1 0.07 d n TRACE
>
A3 5 500s1 1 0.07d3 5 $612.52 8000
A4 5 500s1 1 0.07d4 5 $655.40

A5 5 500s1 1 0.07d5 5 $701.28
A6 5 500s1 1 0.07d6 5 $750.37
0 40
A7 5 500s1 1 0.07d7 5 $802.89

0
A8 5 500s1 1 0.07d8 5 $859.09 (d) Yes. Investment earning compound interest increases
at an increasing rate.
(b) A40 5 500s1 1 0.07d40 5 $7487.23
180s5 2 2d 180s7 2 6d
115. a5 5 5 1088 117. d7 5 5 25.78
5 7
180s6 2 2d 180s8 2 6d
a6 5 5 1208 d8 5 5 458
6 8
a5 1 2a6 5 1088 1 2408 5 3488 < 3608 180s9 2 6d
d9 5 5 608
9
180s10 2 6d
d10 5 5 728
10
180s11 2 6d
d11 5 5 81.88
11
119. An infinite sequence has an unlimited number of 121. The nth term of a sequence is an 5 s21dn n. When n is
terms such as an 5 3n. odd, the terms are negative.
4 4
123. True. o 3k 5 3 o k.
k51 k51
4 4
o 3k 5 30 5 3 o k 5 3s10d
k51 k51
Section 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences
1. d 5 3 3. d 5 26
5 2 2 5 3, 8 2 5 5 3, 11 2 8 5 3 94 2 100 5 26, 88 2 94 5 26, 82 2 88 5 26
6
317121115
107. o k!
k50
109. x 5
5
18
5 5 3.6
5
0.5 1 0.8 1 1.1 1 0.8 1 0.7 1 0.7 1 1.0

111. x 5
7
5.6
5 5 0.8
7
113. (a) A1 5 500s1 1 0.07d1 5 $535.00 (c) Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):
A2 5 500s1 1 0.07d2 5 $572.45 Y 5 500 x 1 1 0.07 d n TRACE
>
A3 5 500s1 1 0.07d3 5 $612.52 8000
A4 5 500s1 1 0.07d4 5 $655.40

A5 5 500s1 1 0.07d5 5 $701.28
A6 5 500s1 1 0.07d6 5 $750.37
0 40
A7 5 500s1 1 0.07d7 5 $802.89

0
A8 5 500s1 1 0.07d8 5 $859.09 (d) Yes. Investment earning compound interest increases
at an increasing rate.
(b) A40 5 500s1 1 0.07d40 5 $7487.23
180s5 2 2d 180s7 2 6d
115. a5 5 5 1088 117. d7 5 5 25.78
5 7
180s6 2 2d 180s8 2 6d
a6 5 5 1208 d8 5 5 458
6 8
a5 1 2a6 5 1088 1 2408 5 3488 < 3608 180s9 2 6d
d9 5 5 608
9
180s10 2 6d
d10 5 5 728
10
180s11 2 6d
d11 5 5 81.88
11
119. An infinite sequence has an unlimited number of 121. The nth term of a sequence is an 5 s21dn n. When n is
terms such as an 5 3n. odd, the terms are negative.
4 4
123. True. o 3k 5 3 o k.
k51 k51
4 4
o 3k 5 30 5 3 o k 5 3s10d
k51 k51
Section 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences
1. d 5 3 3. d 5 26
5 2 2 5 3, 8 2 5 5 3, 11 2 8 5 3 94 2 100 5 26, 88 2 94 5 26, 82 2 88 5 26
Section 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences 529
5. d 5 212 7. d 5 23
5
2 1 5 23, 7
22 2 10 5 212, 214 2 22 5 212, 3 3 2 53 5 23, 3 2 73 5 23
226 2 214 5 212, 238 2 226 5 212
9. d 5 2 54 11. The sequence is arithmetic.

9
4 2 72 5 2 54, 1 2 94 5 2 54, 2 14 2 1 5 2 54 d52
4 2 2 5 2, 6 2 4 5 2, 8 2 6 5 2
13. arithmetic; d 5 22 15. The sequence is arithmetic.

8 2 10 5 22, 6 2 8 5 22, 4 2 6 5 22, 2 2 4 5 22 d 5 216
16 2 32 5 216, 0 2 16 5 216, 216 2 0 5 216
17. The sequence is arithmetic. 19. The sequence is arithmetic.

d 5 0.8 d 5 32
7
2 2 5 32, 5 2 72 5 32, 13
4 2 3.2 5 0.8, 4.8 2 4 5 0.8, 5.6 2 4.8 5 0.8 2 2 2 5 5 32
21. The sequence is not arithmetic. 23. The sequence is not arithmetic.
2 1 1
3 2 53 3 !2 2 1 5 !2 2 1 < .41
4
3 2 23 5 23 !3 2 !2 5 !3 2 !2 < .31
The difference is NOT the same. The difference is NOT the same.
25. The sequence is not arithmetic. 27. a1 5 3s1d 1 4 5 7

ln 8 2 ln 4 5 ln 8 2 ln 4 < .69 a2 5 3s2d 1 4 5 10
ln 12 2 ln 8 5 ln 12 2 ln 8 < .41 a3 5 3s3d 1 4 5 13
The difference is NOT the same. a4 5 3s4d 1 4 5 16
a5 5 3s5d 1 4 5 19
29. a1 5 22s1d 1 8 5 6 31. a1 5 52s1d 2 1 5 32 33. a1 5 35s1d 1 1 5 85

a2 5 22s2d 1 8 5 4 a2 5 52s2d 2 1 5 4 a2 5 35s2d 1 1 5 11
5
a3 5 22s3d 1 8 5 2 a3 5 52s3d 2 1 5 13 a3 5 35s3d 1 1 5 14

5
2
a4 5 22s4d 1 8 5 0 a4 5 52s4d 2 1 5 9 a4 5 35s4d 1 1 5 17

5
a5 5 5s5d 1 1 5 5 5 4
3 20
a5 5 22s5d 1 8 5 22 a5 5 2s5d 2 1 5 2
5 23
35. a1 5 2 14s1 2 1d 1 4 5 4 37. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 39. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

2 14s2 2 1d 1 4 5 15
a2 5 4 an 5 3 1 sn 2 1d12 an 5 1000 1 sn 2 1)s225d
2 14s3 2 1d 1 4 5 7
a3 5 2 an 5 3 1 1
2n 2 1
2 an 5 1000 2 25n 1 25
2 14s4 2 1d 1 4 5 13
a4 5 4 an 5
1
2n 1 5
2 an 5 225n 1 1025
a5 5 2 14s5 2 1d 1 4 5 3
41. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 43. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

20 5 a1 1 s3 2 1ds24d so an 5 28 1 sn 2 1ds24d an 5 3 1 sn 2 1d32
20 5 a1 2 8 an 5 28 2 4n 1 4 an 5 3 1 32n 2 32
28 5 a1 an 5 24n 1 32 3 3
an 5 2 n 1 2
45. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 47. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

15 5 5 1 s5 2 1dd so an 5 5 1 sn 2 1d52 16 5 a1 1 s3 2 1d4
5 5
15 5 5 1 4d an 5 5 1 2n 2 2 8 5 a1
5 5
10 5 4d an 5 2n 1 2 an 5 8 1 sn 2 1ds4d
5 10
2 5 4 5d an 5 4n 1 4
8 2 10 1 0.30 2 0.35
49. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 51. d5 52 53. d 5 5 20.05
4 2 1
30 5 50 1 s3 2 1dd
an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd
220 5 2d
an 5 0.35 1 sn 2 1ds20.05d
210 5 d
10 5 a1 1 s2 2 1d 2 1 212 an 5 0.35 2 0.05n 1 0.05
an 5 50 1 sn 2 1ds210d 1
10 5 a12 an 5 20.05n 1 0.40
2
an 5 210n 1 60
21
5 a1
2
an 5
21
2
1 sn 2 1d 2
1
2 1 2
21 1 1
an 5 2 n1
2 2 2
1
an 5 2 n 1 11
2
55. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 57. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

a1 5 25 and d 5 3 a1 5 9
a2 5 25 1 s2 2 1ds3d 5 28 a2 5 a111 5 a1 2 3 5 9 2 3 5 6
a2 5 25 1 s3 2 1ds3d 5 31 a3 5 a211 5 a2 2 3 5 6 2 3 5 3
a2 5 25 1 s4 2 1ds3d 5 34 a4 5 a311 5 a3 2 3 5 3 2 3 5 0
a2 5 25 1 s5 2 1ds3d 5 37 a5 5 a411 5 a4 2 3 5 0 2 3 5 23
59. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 61. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

a1 5 210 a1 5 100 and d 5 220
a2 5 a111 5 a1 1 6 5 210 1 6 5 24 a2 5 100 1 s2 2 1ds220d 5 80
a3 5 a211 5 a2 1 6 5 24 1 6 5 2 a3 5 100 1 s3 2 1ds220d 5 60
a4 5 a311 5 a3 1 6 5 2 1 6 5 8 a4 5 100 1 s4 2 1ds220d 5 40
a5 5 a411 5 a4 1 6 5 8 1 6 5 14 a5 5 100 1 s5 2 1ds220d 5 20
1 1 20 4 1 53 3 1 48
o k 5 201 2 o sk 1 3d 5 501 2 o s5k 2 2d 5 101 2
20 50 10
63. 65. 67.
k51 2 k51 2 k51 2
5 210 5 1425 5 255
Section 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences 531
5 1 82
o s7n 2 2d 5 121 2
1
1 250 2 11
3 1 6
12
1 2 o1 2 1 2
500 n 30 1
69. o
n51 2
5 500 2
2
71.
n51 3
n 2 4 5 30
2
73.
n51 2
5 62,625 5 35 5 522
2 1 146 200 1 25 250 1 538

o s6n 2 4d 5 251 2 o s225 2 25nd 5 81 2 o s12n 2 62d 5 501 2
25 8 50
75. 77. 79.
n51 2 n51 2 n51 2
5 1850 5 900 5 12,200
1 1 39.5 0.5 1 4.1

o s3.5n 2 2.5d 5 121 2 o s0.4n 1 0.1d 5 101 2
12 10
81. 83.
n51 2 n51 2
5 243 5 23
85. (b) 87. (e) 89. (c)
91. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode): 93. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):
Y5 x2 c 2 n 1 21 TRACE Y 5 .6 n 1 1.5 TRACE
25 10
0 10 0 10
0 0
95. Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):

Y 5 2.5 n 2 8 TRACE
20
0 10
−10
97. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 750 2 30 X,T, u , X,T, u , 1 , 25 , 1 d ENTER
25
o s750 2 30jd 5 9000

j51
99. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 300 2 8 X,T, u 4 3 , X,T, u , 1 , 60 , 1 d ENTER
60
o s300 2 3 id
8
5 13,120
i51
101. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 2.15 X,T, u 1 5.4 , X,T, u , 1 , 50 , 1 d ENTER
50
o s2.15n 1 5.4d 5 3011.25

n51
1 1 75 2 1 100
o 5 751 2 o 2n 5 501 2
75 50
103. 5 2850 105. 5 2550
n51 2 n51 2
107. 36,000, 38,000, 40,000, 42,000, 44,000, 46,000 109. Sequence 5 20, 21, 22, . . . n 5 20 d51
136,000 12 46,0002 5 $246,000 o s19 1 nd 5 201

20 1 39
2
20
Total salary 5 6 an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd
n51 2
an 5 20 1 sn 2 1d1 5 590 seats
an 5 19 1 n
Total cost
5 Cost per ticket
Total seats
15,000
5 25.43
590
Charge $25.43 to make at least $15,000
111. Sequence 5 93, 89, 85, 81, . . . 113. Sequence 5 1, 2, 3, 4, . . .

93 1 65 1 1 12
o s97 2 4nd 5 81 2 o n 5 121 2
8 12
an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd
n51 2 n51 2
5 632 bales an 5 1 1 sn 2 1ds1d 5 78 chimes
an 5 1 1 n 2 1
an 5 n
3 chimes each hour 3 12 hours 5 36 chimes
Total chimes 5 78 1 36 5 114 chimes
115. Sequence 5 16, 48, 80, . . . n58 d 5 32 117. (a) 1 1 3 5 4

an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd an 5 16 1 sn 2 1d32 1131559
an 5 16 1 s8 2 1d32 5 16 1 32n 2 32 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 5 16
an 5 16 1 224 an 5 32n 2 16 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 5 25
an 5 240 1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 5 36
(b) The sums of positive odd integers yield
16 1 240
1 2
8
o
n51
s32n 2 16d 5 8
2
perfect squares.
1 1 3 1 5 1 7 1 9 1 11 1 13 5 49
5 1024 feet
1 1 s2n 2 1d
o f1 1 sk 2 1d2g 5 n1 2
n
(c)
k51 2
5n 12n2 2 5 n2
119. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 121. A recursion formula gives the relationship between the
terms an11 and an.
d 5 15 2 12 5 3
12 5 a1 1 s2 2 1d3
9 5 a1
123. Sequence 5 100, 101, 102, . . . , 200 (Note: an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd

an 5 100 1 sn 2 1d1
1100 12 2002
200
o
n5100
n 5 101
an 5 n 1 99 if n begins at 1.
5 15,150 To start at 100, use n.)
117. (a) P 5 s0.999dn (c) Keystrokes (calculator in sequence and dot mode):
(b) P 5 s0.999d365 Y 5 .999 n
>
TRACE
5 .694069887 700 days

< 69.4% 1.0
0 750
0
21
3 0.75
0.75 2 1 4
10 10
119. a1 5 62 5 36 121. o 2s100ds0.75d
i51
n 5 2s100ds0.75d
a2 5 s3!2d2 5 18
5 150s3.774745941d
a 18 1
r5 25 5 < 566.21
a1 36 2
10
an 5 36 12
1 n21
Total distance 5 100 1 o 2s100ds0.75d
i51
n
2
5 100 1 566.21
s12 d6 2 1
o 36122 1 21 2
6 n21
1
Total area 5 5 36
n51
1
2
5 666.21 feet
5 70.875 square inches
66
123. (a) Sequence 5 2, 4, 8, 16, . . . (b) Total ancestors 5 o2
i51
n (c) It is likely that you have had no
common ancestors in the last 2000
an 5 2n
122 22112
66 years.
52
5 1.4757 3 1020
125. The general formula for the nth term of a geometric 127. An example of a geometric sequence whose terms
alternate in sign is an 5 s2 23 d .
n21
sequence is an 5 a1r n21.
129. An increasing annuity is an investment plan where equal deposits are made in an account at equal time intervals.
s23d1 ? 1
142
121
1 3
1. a1 5 32 5 32 2. a1 5 52
114 5
s23d2 ? 2
12
1 221
a2 5 32 58 a2 5 53
4 214
s23d3 ? 3 81
12
1 321
a3 5 32 52 a3 5 52
4 314 7
s23d4 ? 4 81
12 a4 5 5
1 421 1
a4 5 32 5 414 2
4 2
s23d5 ? 5
a5 5 5 2135
12
521
1 1
a5 5 32 5 514
4 8
10 1 40 414
o 10k 5 41 2 o 4 5 101 2
4 10
3. 5 100 4. 5 40
k51 2 i51 2
o 812 22 5 8s24d 5 232

5 8
60 60 60 60 60 60 1
5. oj115
j51 2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
6.
n51
5 30 1 20 1 15 1 12 1 10
5 87
20 2 25 s21dk21
7. o 3k
k51
8. o
k51 k3
9. d 5 12 10. d 5 26
an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd an 5 20 1 sn 2 1ds23d
6 1
11. r 5 2 5 3 12. r 5 2 13.
11 5 20 1 s4 2 1dd an 5 20 2 3n 1 3
29 5 3d an 5 23n 1 23
23 5 d
1
8 1 155
o s3n 1 5d 5 501 2 1 60
o 5 5 3001 2
50 300
14. an 5 a1r n21 n 5
15. 16.
n51 2 n51 2
1 2
n21
1
an 5 32 2 5 4075 5 9030
4
s23 d8 2 1
o12 1 2 11.06 21
1.06 2 1 2
8 i21 20 20
2
17.
i51
9
3
59 2
3 2 1
18. o 500s1.06d
j51
j21 5 500
5 91
256
6561 2 1
2 13 2 5 500 12.2071
.06 2
< 18,392.796
59 12.96098
2.333 2
< 25.947
`
o 132 5 311 2 2 o 5 142
i
` 2 1 i 4 1
19. 3 20.
2
i50 i50
3
5 3s3d 5 9 5
4
1 1
5 1 2 14 2
5 12
4 4
5 3
5
16
15
1122
n21
21. Geometric sequence with a1 5 625 and r 5 2.4. 22. an 5 10 ⇒ upper graph
an 5 a1 r n21
1 212
n21
bn 5 10 2 ⇒ lower graph
an 5 625s2.4dn21
a12 5 625s2.4d1221
< 20.026
23. Sequence 5 25.75, 23.5, 21.25, 19, . . . 24. bn 5 ln an is arithmetic.

arithmetic with a1 5 25.75, d 5 22.25
an 5 25.75 1 sn 2 1ds22.25d
an 5 25.75 1 s10 2 1ds22.25d
a10 5 5.58
Section 10.4 The Binomial Theorem 539
Section 10.4 The Binomial Theorem
6?5 10 ? 9 ? 8 ? 7 ? 6
1. 6C4 5 6C2 5 5 15 3. 10C5 5 5 252 5. 20C20 51
2?1 5?4?3?2?1
50 ? 49 25 ? 24 ? 23 ? 22 5 12,650
7. 18C18 51 9. 50C48 5 50C2 5 5 1225 11. 25C4 5
2?1 4?3 ?2?1

30 MATH PRB 3 6 ENTER 30C6 5 593,775 12 MATH PRB 3 7 ENTER 12C7 5 792

52 MATH PRB 3 5 ENTER 52C5 5 2,598,960 200 MATH PRB 3 195 ENTER 200C195 5 2,535,650,040
21. Keystrokes: 23. 6C2 5 15

25 MATH PRB 3 12 ENTER 25C12 5 5,200,300 Row 6: 1 6 15 20 15 6 1
entry 2
25. 7C3 5 35 27. 8C4 5 70

Row 7: 1 7 21 35 35 21 7 1 Row 8: 1 8 28 56 70 56 28 8 1
entry 3 entry 4
29. sa 1 2d3 5 s1da3 1 s3da2s2d 1 s3das22d 1 1s23d

5 a3 1 6a2 1 12a 1 8
31. sx 1 yd8 5 1x8 1 8x7y 1 28x6y2 1 56x5y3 1 70x4y4 1 56x3y5 1 28x2y6 1 8xy7 1 1y8
33. s2x 2 1d5 5 1s2xd5 1 5s2xd4s21d 1 10s2xd3s21d2 1 10s2xd2s21d3 1 5s2xds21d4 1 s21d5

5 32x5 2 80x4 1 80x3 2 40x2 1 10x 2 1
35. s2y 1 zd6 5 s1ds2yd6 1 6s2yd5z 1 15s2yd4z2 1 20s2yd3z3 1 15s2yd2z4 1 6s2ydz5 1 1z6
5 64y6 1 192y5z 1 240y4z2 1 160y3z3 1 60y2z4 1 12yz5 1 z6
37. sx2 1 2d4 5 1sx2d 1 4sx2d s2d 1 6sx2d s2d2 1 4sx2ds2d3 1 1s2d4
4 3 2
5 x8 1 8x6 1 24x4 1 32x2 1 16
39. sx 1 3d6 5 1x6 1 6x5s3d 1 15x4s3d2 1 20x3s3d3 1 15x2s3d4 1 6xs3d5 1 1s3d6

5 x6 1 18x5 1 135x4 1 540x3 1 1215x2 1 1458x 1 729
41. sx 2 4d6 5 s1dx6 2 s6dx5s4d 1 s15dx4s42d 2 s20dx3s43d 1 s15dx2s44d 2 s6dxs45d 1 s1d46

5 x6 2 24x5 1 240x4 2 1280x3 1 3840x2 2 6144x 1 4096
43. sx 1 yd4 5 1x4 1 4x3y 1 6x2y2 1 4xy3 1 1y4 45. su 2 2vd3 5 1u3 2 3u2s2vd 1 3us2vd2 2 1s2vd3
5 u3 2 6u2v 1 12uv 2 8v3
47. s3a 1 2bd4 5 1s3ad4 1 4s3ad3s2bd 1 6s3ad2s2bd2 1 4s3ads2bd3 1 1s2bd4

5 81a4 1 216a3b 1 216a2b2 1 96ab3 1 16b4
49. s2x2 2 yd5 5 1s2x2d5 1 5s2x2d4s2yd 1 10s2x2d3s2yd2 1 10s2x2d2s2yd3 1 5s2x2ds2yd4 1 1s2yd5

5 32x10 2 80x8y 1 80x6y2 2 40x4y3 1 10x2y4 2 y5
51. nCr x n2r yr 53. nCr x n2r yr

n 5 10, n 2 r 5 7, r 5 3, x 5 x, y51 n 5 15, n 2 r 5 4, r 5 11, x 5 x, y 5 s2yd
10C3 x
7 3
1 15C11 x
4
s2yd 5 2 15C11x y
11 4 11
10 ? 9 ? 8 15 ? 14 ? 13 ? 12 5 21365
10C3 5 5 120 2 15C11 5 2 15C4 5 2
3?2?1 4?3?2?1
55. nCr x n2r yr 57. nCr x n2ryr

n 5 12, n 2 r 5 3, r 5 9, x 5 2x, y5y n 5 4, n 2 r 5 2, r 5 2, x 5 x2, y 5 s23d
12C9 s2xd3y9 4C2 sx2)2s23d2

12 ? 11 ? 10 4?3
12C9 5 12C3 5 5 220 4C2 5 56
3?2?1 s2 ? 1d
s2d312C9 5 8s220d 5 1760 s23d24C2 5 9s6d 5 54
59. nCr x n2ryr

n 5 8, n 2 r 5 4, r 5 4, x 5 !x, y51
8C4 s!x d s1d 4
8?7 ? 6 ? 5 5 70
8C4 5
4?3 ?2?1
61. s1.02d8 5 s1 1 0.02d8

5 s1d8 1 8s1d7s0.02d 1 28s1d6s0.02d2 1 56s1d5s0.02d3 1 . . .
< 1 1 0.16 1 0.0112 1 0.000448
< 1.172
63. s2.99d12 5 s3 2 0.01d12

5 1s3d12 2 12s3d11s0.01d 1 66s3d10s0.01d2 2 220s3d9s0.01d3 1 495s3d8s0.01d4 2 792s3d7s0.01d5 1 . . .
< 531,441 2 21,257.64 1 389.7234 2 4.33026 1 0.03247695 2 0.0001732104
< 510,568.785
s12 1 12 d5 5 1s12 d 1 5s12 d s2 d 1 10s12 d3s12 d2 1 10s12 d2s12 d3 1 5s12 ds12 d4 1 1s12 d
5 4 1 5
65.
1 5 10 10 5 1
5 32 1 32 1 32 1 32 1 32 1 32
67. s14 1 34 d4 5 1s14 d4 1 4s14 d3s34 d 1 6s14 d2s34 d2 1 4s14 ds34 d3 1 1s34 d4
1 12 54 108 81
5 256 1 256 1 256 1 256 1 256
Section 10.5 Counting Principles 541
69. The difference between consecutive entries increases by 1. 71. There are n 1 1 terms in the expansion of sx 1 ydn.
2, 3, 4, 5
73. The signs in the expansion of sx 1 ydn are all positive. 75. nCr 5 nCn2r
The signs in the expansion of sx 2 ydn alternate.
Section 10.5 Counting Principles
1. H0, 2, 4, 6, 8J 5 ways
3. First number Second number 5. First number Second number

1 9 1 9
2 8 2 8
3 7 3 7
4 6 4 6
5 5 6 4
6 4 7 3
7 3 8 2
8 2 9 1
9 1 8 ways
9 ways
7. H1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19J 10 ways 9. H2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19J 8 ways
11. H3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18J 6 ways
1 7 1 7
2 6 2 6
3 5 3 5
4 4 5 3
5 3 6 2
6 2 7 1
7 1 6 ways
7 ways
17. 3 ? 2 5 6 ways 19. label 5 letter number

26 ? 10 5 260 labels
21. plate 5 digit digit digit digit letter letter

10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 26 ? 26 5 6,760,000 plates
Section 10.5 Counting Principles 541
69. The difference between consecutive entries increases by 1. 71. There are n 1 1 terms in the expansion of sx 1 ydn.
2, 3, 4, 5
73. The signs in the expansion of sx 1 ydn are all positive. 75. nCr 5 nCn2r
The signs in the expansion of sx 2 ydn alternate.
Section 10.5 Counting Principles
1. H0, 2, 4, 6, 8J 5 ways

1 9 1 9
2 8 2 8
3 7 3 7
4 6 4 6
5 5 6 4
6 4 7 3
7 3 8 2
8 2 9 1
9 1 8 ways
9 ways
7. H1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19J 10 ways 9. H2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19J 8 ways
11. H3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18J 6 ways
1 7 1 7
2 6 2 6
3 5 3 5
4 4 5 3
5 3 6 2
6 2 7 1
7 1 6 ways
7 ways
17. 3 ? 2 5 6 ways 19. label 5 letter number

26 ? 10 5 260 labels
21. plate 5 digit digit digit digit letter letter

10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 26 ? 26 5 6,760,000 plates
23. (a) 9 ? 10 ? 10 5 900 numbers (b) 10 ? 9 ? 8 5 720 numbers (c) 4 ? 10 ? 10 5 400 numbers
25. 3 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 5 18 ways 27. 3 ? 2 ? 1 ? 5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 5 720 ways
29. A, B, C, D; A, B, D, C; A, C, B, D; A, C, D, B; A, D, B, C; A, D, C, B;
B, A, C, D; B, A, D, C; B, C, A, D; B, C, D, A; B, D, A, C; B, D, C, A;
C, A, B, D; C, A, D, B; C, B, A, D; C, B, D, A; C, D, A, B; C, D, B, A;
D, A, B, C; D, A, C, B; D, B, A, C; D, B, C, A; D, C, A, B; D, C, B, A
31. AB BA 33. 6! 5 6 ? 5 ? 4 ? 3 ? 2 ? 1 5 720 ways

AC CA
AD DA
BC CB
BD DB
CD DC
35. 40 ? 40 ? 40 5 64,000 ways 37. 8! 5 40,320 ways 39. 10P4 5 10 ? 9 ? 8 ? 7 5 5040
6! 6 ? 5 5 15 subsets 20! 20 ? 19 ? 18
41. 6C2 5 5 43. 20C3 5 5 5 1140 ways
4! 2! 2 ?1 17! 3! 3?2?1
{A, B}, {A, C}, {A, D}, {A, E}, {A, F}, {B, C},
{B, D}, {B, E}, {B, F}, {C, D}, {C, E}, {C, F},
{D, E}, {D, F}, {E, F}
9! 9 ?8?7?6 12! 12 ? 11 ? 10 15!

45. 9C4 5 5 47. 12C9 5 5 49. 15C5 5
5! 4! 4 ?3?2?1 3! 9! 3?2?1 5! 10!
5 126 ways 5 220 ways 5 3003 ways
6! 6?5 4! 4?3
51. (a) 6C4 5 5 (b) 4C2 5 5 56
2! 4! 2 ? 1 2! 2! 2 ? 1
5 15 ways 2!
2C2 5 51
0! 2!
4C2 ? 2C2 5 6 ? 1
5 6 ways
8! 8?7 ? 6 ? 5 5 70
53. (a) 8C4 5 5 (b) 2C1 ? 2C1 ? 2C1 ? 2C1 5 2 ? 2 ? 2 ? 2 5 16
4! 4! 4 ? 3 ?2?1
55. 7C2 5
7!
5
7 ? 6 5 21 57. Diagonals of Hexagon 5 6C4 2 6C1 5 9
5! 2! 2 ?1
59. Diagonals of Decagon 5 10C8 2 10C1 5 35 61. The Fundamental Counting Principle: Let E1 and E2
be two events that can occur in m1 ways and m2 ways,
respectively. The number of ways the two events can
occur is m1 ? m2.
Section 10.6 Probability 543
63. Permutation: The ordering of five students for a picture.

Combination: The selection of three students from a group of five students for a class project.
Section 10.6 Probability
1. {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, 3. {AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE}
n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}
number of outcomes 5 10
5. {ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA} 7. {WWW, WWL, WLW, WLL, LWW, LWL, LLW, LLL}
nsEd 3
9. 1 2 0.35 5 0.65 11. PsEd 5 1 2 p 5 1 2 0.82 5 0.18 13. PsEd 5 5
nsSd 8
nsEd 7 nsEd 26 1 nsEd 12 3

15. PsEd 5 5 17. PsEd 5 5 5 19. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 8 nsSd 52 2 nsSd 52 13
nsEd 1 nsEd 5 nsFd 1 9

21. PsEd 5 5 23. PsEd 5 5 25. PsEd 5 1 2 512 5
nsSd 6 nsSd 6 nsSd 10 10
(F is event that person does have
type B.)
nsEd 24.3 nsEd 60.9

27. PsEd 5 5 5 0.243 29. PsEd 5 5 5 0.609
nsSd 100 nsSd 100
nsEd 1 nsEd 1 nsEd

31. (a) PsEd 5 5 (b) PsEd 5 5 (c) PsEd 5 51
nsSd 5 nsSd 3 nsSd
33. (a) Pscandidate A or candidate Bd 5 0.5 1 0.3 5 0.8 (b) PsCandidate 3d 5 1 2 0.5 2 0.3 5 0.2
nsEd 70 14 nsEd 57,510,000 1917

35. PsEd 5 5 5 37. (a) PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 325 65 nsSd 196,950,000 6565
nsEd 139,440,000 4648
(b) PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 196,950,000 6565
nsEd 452 2025

39. PsEd 5 5 25 5 0.5625
nsSd 60 3600
(E is the probability that they do not meet.)
1 2 PsEd 5 1 2 0.5625 5 0.4375
Section 10.6 Probability 543
63. Permutation: The ordering of five students for a picture.

Combination: The selection of three students from a group of five students for a class project.
Section 10.6 Probability
1. {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, 3. {AB, AC, AD, AE, BC, BD, BE, CD, CE, DE}
n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z}
5. {ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA} 7. {WWW, WWL, WLW, WLL, LWW, LWL, LLW, LLL}
nsEd 3
9. 1 2 0.35 5 0.65 11. PsEd 5 1 2 p 5 1 2 0.82 5 0.18 13. PsEd 5 5
nsSd 8
nsEd 7 nsEd 26 1 nsEd 12 3

15. PsEd 5 5 17. PsEd 5 5 5 19. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 8 nsSd 52 2 nsSd 52 13
nsEd 1 nsEd 5 nsFd 1 9

21. PsEd 5 5 23. PsEd 5 5 25. PsEd 5 1 2 512 5
nsSd 6 nsSd 6 nsSd 10 10
(F is event that person does have
type B.)
nsEd 24.3 nsEd 60.9

27. PsEd 5 5 5 0.243 29. PsEd 5 5 5 0.609
nsSd 100 nsSd 100
nsEd 1 nsEd 1 nsEd

31. (a) PsEd 5 5 (b) PsEd 5 5 (c) PsEd 5 51
nsSd 5 nsSd 3 nsSd
33. (a) Pscandidate A or candidate Bd 5 0.5 1 0.3 5 0.8 (b) PsCandidate 3d 5 1 2 0.5 2 0.3 5 0.2
nsEd 70 14 nsEd 57,510,000 1917

35. PsEd 5 5 5 37. (a) PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 325 65 nsSd 196,950,000 6565
nsEd 139,440,000 4648
(b) PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 196,950,000 6565
nsEd 452 2025

39. PsEd 5 5 25 5 0.5625
nsSd 60 3600
(E is the probability that they do not meet.)
1 2 PsEd 5 1 2 0.5625 5 0.4375
41. (a) Female Probability of a girl 5 24 5 12

X X
Probability of a boy 5 24 5 12
X XX XX (b) Because the probabilities are the same, it is equally likely that a
Male newborn will be a boy or a girl.
Y XY XY
nsEd 1 1 nsEd 1 1
43. PsEd 5 5 5 45. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 1 ?4?3?2?1 24 nsSd 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 100,000
nsEd 1 1 nsEd 1 1 1 1
47. PsEd 5 5 5 49. PsEd 5 5 5 5 5
nsSd C
10 8 45 nsSd C
10 2 10 10 ? 9 45
8! 2! 2?1
nsEd C 1 1 1
51. PsEd 5 5 4 4 5 5 5
nsSd C
10 4 10! 10 ? 9 ? 8 ? 7 210
6! 4! 4?3?2?1
13! 13 ? 12 ? 11 ? 10 ? 9
nsEd C 8! 5! 5?4?3?2?1 13 ? 11 ? 9 11 ? 3 33
53. PsEd 5 5 13 5
5 5 5 5 5
nsSd C
52 5 52! 52 ? 51 ? 50 ? 49 ? 48 52 ? 51 ? 5 ? 49 ?4 4 ? 17 ? 5 ? 49 ? 4 66,640
47! 5! 5?4?3?2?1
nsEd 1
55. (d) 8 ? 5 ? 3 5 120 (e) The drawing will be done without (f) (a) PsEd 5 5
nsSd 150
replacement since each person
receives only one gift. nsEd 1
(b) PsEd 5 5
nsSd 105
57. The probability that the event does not occur is 1 2 34 5 14. 59. Over an extended period, it will rain 40% of the time
under the given weather conditions.
1 1
1. a1 5 3s1d 1 5 5 8 3. a1 5 1 51
21 2
a2 5 3s2d 1 5 5 11
1 1 3
a3 5 3s3d 1 5 5 14 a2 5 1 5
22 2 4
a4 5 3s4d 1 5 5 17 1 1 1 4 5
a3 5 1 5 1 5
a5 5 3s5d 1 5 5 20 23 2 8 8 8
1 1 1 8 9
a4 5 1 5 1 5
24 2 16 16 16
1 1 1 16 17
a5 5 1 5 1 5
25 2 32 32 32
n
5. an 5 2n 2 1 7. an 5
sn 1 1d2
41. (a) Female Probability of a girl 5 24 5 12

X X
Probability of a boy 5 24 5 12
X XX XX (b) Because the probabilities are the same, it is equally likely that a
Male newborn will be a boy or a girl.
Y XY XY
nsEd 1 1 nsEd 1 1
43. PsEd 5 5 5 45. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 1 ?4?3?2?1 24 nsSd 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 100,000
nsEd 1 1 nsEd 1 1 1 1
47. PsEd 5 5 5 49. PsEd 5 5 5 5 5
nsSd C
10 8 45 nsSd C
10 2 10 10 ? 9 45
8! 2! 2?1
nsEd C 1 1 1
51. PsEd 5 5 4 4 5 5 5
nsSd C
10 4 10! 10 ? 9 ? 8 ? 7 210
6! 4! 4?3?2?1
13! 13 ? 12 ? 11 ? 10 ? 9
nsEd C 8! 5! 5?4?3?2?1 13 ? 11 ? 9 11 ? 3 33
53. PsEd 5 5 13 5
5 5 5 5 5
nsSd C
52 5 52! 52 ? 51 ? 50 ? 49 ? 48 52 ? 51 ? 5 ? 49 ?4 4 ? 17 ? 5 ? 49 ? 4 66,640
47! 5! 5?4?3?2?1
nsEd 1
55. (d) 8 ? 5 ? 3 5 120 (e) The drawing will be done without (f) (a) PsEd 5 5
nsSd 150
replacement since each person
receives only one gift. nsEd 1
(b) PsEd 5 5
nsSd 105
57. The probability that the event does not occur is 1 2 34 5 14. 59. Over an extended period, it will rain 40% of the time
under the given weather conditions.
1 1
1. a1 5 3s1d 1 5 5 8 3. a1 5 1 51
21 2
a2 5 3s2d 1 5 5 11
1 1 3
a3 5 3s3d 1 5 5 14 a2 5 1 5
22 2 4
a4 5 3s4d 1 5 5 17 1 1 1 4 5
a3 5 1 5 1 5
a5 5 3s5d 1 5 5 20 23 2 8 8 8
1 1 1 8 9
a4 5 1 5 1 5
24 2 16 16 16
1 1 1 16 17
a5 5 1 5 1 5
25 2 32 32 32
n
5. an 5 2n 2 1 7. an 5
sn 1 1d2
9. (a) 11. (b) 13. (d)
4
15. o 7 5 7 1 7 1 7 1 7 5 28
k51
30 1 10 1 5 1 3 48 4
o 1n 2 n 1 12 5 2 1 6 1 12 1 20 5
4 1 1 1 1 1 1
17. 5 5
n51 60 60 5
4 6 1
19. o s5n 2 3d
n51
21. o 3n
n51
23. d 5 22.5
27. a1 5 4s1d 1 2 5 4
3 1 5
25. a1 5 132 2 5s1d 5 127 29. a1 5 5
4 s2d
3 1
a2 5 132 2 5s2d 5 122 a2 5 1 52
2 a2 5 5 1 3 5 8
4 s3d
3 1 11
a3 5 132 2 5s3d 5 117 a3 5 1 5
2 4 a3 5 8 1 3 5 11
a4 5 132 2 5s4d 5 112 a4 5 34s4d 1 12 5 72 a4 5 11 1 3 5 14
4 s5d
3 1 17
a5 5 132 2 5s5d 5 107 a5 5 1 5
2 4 a5 5 14 1 3 5 17
31. a1 5 80 33. an 5 dn 1 c 35. an 5 dn 1 c

10 5 4s1d 1 c 1000 5 250s1d 1 c
5 160 5 155
a2 5 80 2 5 2 2 2 5 2 2
155 5 150
a3 5 2 2 5
2 2 5 75 65c 1050 5 c
150 5 145
a4 5 2 2 5
2 2 an 5 4n 1 6 an 5 250n 1 1050
145 5 140
a5 5 2 2 5
2 2 5 70
1
2 1 79 1 25
1 2 1 2
12 100
j
37. o
k51
s7k 2 5d 5 12
2
5 486 39. o
j51 4
5 100 4
2
5 1262.5
41. Keystrokes:
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 1.25 X,T, u 1 4 , X,T, u , 1 , 60 , 1 d ENTER
60
o s125i 1 4d 5 2527.5
i21
43. r 5 32 45. an 5 a1r n21

an 5 10s3dn21
a1 5 10s3d121 5 10
a2 5 10s3d221 5 30
a3 5 10s3d321 5 90
a4 5 10s3d421 5 270
a5 5 10s3d521 5 810
47. an 5 a1r n21 49. a1 5 3 51. an 5 a1r n21

an 5 100s d an 5 1s2 23 d
n21 n21
2 12 a2 5 2s3d 5 6
a1 5 100s2 2 d
1 121
5 100 a3 5 2s6d 5 12
a2 5 100s2 2 d
1 221
5 250 a4 5 2s12d 5 24
a3 5 100s2 2 d
1 321
5 25 a5 5 2s24d 5 48
a4 5 100s2 2 d
1 421
5 212.5
a5 5 100s2 2 d
1 521
5 6.25
122 22112 5 8190

12 12
53. an 5 a1r n21 55. an 5 a1r n21 57.
n51
o 2n 5 2
an 5 24s2dn21
1 2
1 n21
an 5 12 2
2
15 s2 4 d 2 1
3 8
21
o 1 2 1 2 11.25
1.25 2 1 2
8 3 k 8 8
59.
k51
5 2
4
52
4 2 34 2 1
< 21.928 61. o s1.25d
i51
i21
51 < 19.842
21 `
11.01
1.01 2 1 2 o 182
120 120 7 i21 1 1
63. o 500s1.01d
n51
n 5 505 < 116,169.54 65.
i51
5
1 2 78
51 58
8
`
o 41 3 2
2 k21 4 4
67. 5 5 1 5 12
k51 1 2 23 3
69. Keystrokes:
50 x 1.2 d x X,T, u 2 1 d , X,T, u , 1 , 50 , 1 d
>
LIST MATH 5 LIST OPS 5 ENTER
50
o 50s1.2d
k51
k21 < 2.275 3 106
8! 8 ? 7 ? 6 ? 5! 73. 12C0 51
71. 8C3 5 5 5 56
3! 5! 3 ? 2 ? 5!

40 MATH PRB 3 4 ENTER 40C4 5 91,390 25 MATH PRB 3 6 ENTER 25C6 5 177,100
79. sx 1 1d10 5 1x10 1 10x9s1d 1 45x8s1d2 1 120x7s1d3 1 210x6s1d4 1 252x5s1d5 1 210x4s1d6 1 120x3s1d7 1 45x2s1d8
1 10xs1d9 1 1s1d10
5 x10 1 10x9 1 45x8 1 120x7 1 210x6 1 252x5 1 210x4 1 120x3 1 45x2 1 10x 1 1
81. s3x 2 2yd4 5 1s3xd4 1 4s3xd3s22yd 1 6s3xd2s22yd2 1 4s3xds22yd3 1 s22yd4

5 81x4 2 216x3y 1 216x2y2 2 96xy3 1 16y4
83. su2 1 v3d9 5 1su2d9 1 9su2d8sv3d 1 36su2d7sv3d2 1 84su2d6sv3d3 1 126su2d5sv3d4 1 126su2d4sv3d5 1 84su2d3sv3d6 1 36su2d2sv3d7
1 9su2dsv3d 1 sv3d
8 9
5 u18 1 9u16v3 1 36u14v6 1 84u12v9 1 126u10v12 1 126u8v15 1 84u6v18 1 36u4v21 1 9u2v24 1 v27
85. nCr xn2ryr 87. nCr xn2ryr

n 5 10, n 2 r 5 5, r 5 5, x 5 3, y 5 s23d n 5 7, r 5 3, n 2 r 5 4, x 5 x, y 5 s2yd
10C5 5 252 ? s23d 5 261,236

5
7C3 s2d 5 35 ? 8 5 280
3
4 1 200 22 1 55
o 4n 5 501 2 o s3n 1 19d 5 121 2
50 12
89. 5 5100 91. 5 462
n51 2 n51 2
15 ? 14 ? 13 ? 12 ? 11
93. (a) an 5 85,000s1.012dn 95. 2 ?2?258 97. 15C5 5
5?4?3?2?1
(b) a50 5 85,000s1.012d
50
5 3003
< 154,328
nsEd 2 1 nsEd 1 1
99. PsEd 5 5 5 101. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 6 3 nsSd 4 ?3?2?1 24
nsEd 74C8
103. PsEd 5 5 < 0.346
nsSd 84C8

4
1. an 5 s2 3 d o s3j 1 1d 5 1 1 4 1 7 1 10 1 13 5 35
2 n21
2.
j50
a1 5 s2 23 d
121
51
a2 5 s2 23 d
221
5 2 23
a3 5 s2 23 d
321
5 49
a4 5 s2 23 d421 5 2 27
8
a 5 5 s2 3 d
2 521
5 16
81
21 1 217
o s3 2 4nd 5 51 2
5 12 2
3.
n51 2
5 245 4. o 3n 1 1
n51
3 1 150
o 5 501 2
50
5. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 6. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 7. 5 3825
n51 2
an 5 12 1 sn 2 1d4 an 5 5000 1 sn 2 1ds2100d
5 12 1 4n 2 4 5 4n 1 8 an 5 5000 2 100n 1 100

a1 5 4s1d 1 8 5 12 an 5 2100n 1 5100
a2 5 4s2d 1 8 5 16
a3 5 4s3d 1 8 5 20
a4 5 4s4d 1 8 5 24
a5 5 4s5d 1 8 5 28
28 2 1
o 2s2 d 5 41 2 2 1 2 5 1020
8
3
8. r 5 2 9. an 5 a1r n21 10. n
2 n51
12
n21
1
an 5 4
2
85. nCr xn2ryr 87. nCr xn2ryr

n 5 10, n 2 r 5 5, r 5 5, x 5 3, y 5 s23d n 5 7, r 5 3, n 2 r 5 4, x 5 x, y 5 s2yd
10C5 5 252 ? s23d 5 261,236

5
7C3 s2d 5 35 ? 8 5 280
3
4 1 200 22 1 55
o 4n 5 501 2 o s3n 1 19d 5 121 2
50 12
89. 5 5100 91. 5 462
n51 2 n51 2
15 ? 14 ? 13 ? 12 ? 11
93. (a) an 5 85,000s1.012dn 95. 2 ?2?258 97. 15C5 5
5?4?3?2?1
(b) a50 5 85,000s1.012d
50
5 3003
< 154,328
nsEd 2 1 nsEd 1 1
99. PsEd 5 5 5 101. PsEd 5 5 5
nsSd 6 3 nsSd 4 ?3?2?1 24
nsEd 74C8
103. PsEd 5 5 < 0.346
nsSd 84C8

4
1. an 5 s2 3 d o s3j 1 1d 5 1 1 4 1 7 1 10 1 13 5 35
2 n21
2.
j50
a1 5 s2 23 d
121
51
a2 5 s2 23 d
221
5 2 23
a3 5 s2 23 d
321
5 49
a4 5 s2 23 d421 5 2 27
8
a 5 5 s2 3 d
2 521
5 16
81
21 1 217
o s3 2 4nd 5 51 2
5 12 2
3.
n51 2
5 245 4. o 3n 1 1
n51
3 1 150
o 5 501 2
50
5. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 6. an 5 a1 1 sn 2 1dd 7. 5 3825
n51 2
an 5 12 1 sn 2 1d4 an 5 5000 1 sn 2 1ds2100d
5 12 1 4n 2 4 5 4n 1 8 an 5 5000 2 100n 1 100

a1 5 4s1d 1 8 5 12 an 5 2100n 1 5100
a2 5 4s2d 1 8 5 16
a3 5 4s3d 1 8 5 20
a4 5 4s4d 1 8 5 24
a5 5 4s5d 1 8 5 28
28 2 1
o 2s2 d 5 41 2 2 1 2 5 1020
8
3
8. r 5 2 9. an 5 a1r n21 10. n
2 n51
12
n21
1
an 5 4
2
110
2 2 1
` 1 1
o 122 5 1 2
`
o 12 1 2 5 1024 o 132
10 n 1 i i21
1 3 3069 2 4 4
11. 3 5 12. 2
5 2
51 13. 4 5 5 1 5 12
n51 2 2 1
2 2 1 i51
1
2
1
2 i51 1 2 23 3
1 2
nt
r
14. A 5 P 1 1
n
12s25d
a300 5 1 1 1 0.08
12 2 550s1.0066667d300
a1 5 50s1.0066667d1
1.0066667300 2 1
balance 5 f50s1.0066667d1g 3 1.0066667 2 1 4
5 $47,868.64
20 ? 19 ? 18
15. 20C3 5 5 1140
3?2?1
16. sx 2 2d5 5 1sx5d 2 5x4s2d 1 10x3s2d2 2 10x2s2d3 1 5xs2d4 2 1s2d5

5 x5 2 10x4 1 40x3 2 80x2 1 80x 2 32
17. The coefficient of x3y5 in expansion of sx 1 yd8 is 56, 18. plates 5 letter digit digit digit
since 8C3 5 56.
5 26 ? 10 ? 10 ? 10 5 26,000 plates
25! 25 ? 24 ? 23 ? 22 5 12,650
19. 25C4 5 5 20. 1 2 0.75 5 0.25
4! 21! 4?3 ?2?1
nsEd 6 3 nsEd 1 1 1 1
21. PsEd 5 5 5 22. PsEd 5 5 5 5 5
nsSd 52 26 nsSd 4C2 4! 4?3 6
2! 2! 2?1
11. (a) Graph opens down because a < 0. 12. Keystrokes: Y 5 x2 c X,T, u x2 1 4 X,T, u GRAPH
(b) 0 5 2x 2 1 4x 5
0 5 2xsx 2 4d
2x 5 0 x2450
−1 5
x50 x54
s0, 0d s4, 0d −2
2b
(c) x 5
2a
24
x5 52
2s21d
y 5 222 1 4s2d 5 24 1 8 5 4
s2, 4d
CHAPTER 10 Sequences, Series, and Probability
SECTION 10.1 Sequences and Series
1. Multiplicative Property of Equality 2. Additive Property of Equality

27x 5 35 7x 1 63 5 35
1
27 ? 27x 5 35 ? 2 17 7x 1 63 2 63 5 35 2 63
x 5 25 7x 5 228
(Multiply both sides of the equation by the reciprocal of (Add the opposite of 63 on both sides of the equation.)
the coefficient of the variable.)
3 1
3. t 5 23 is a solution of the equation t 2 1 4t 1 3 5 0 if 4. 2 5 10
x x11
the equation is true when 23 is substituted for t.
The first step in solving this equation is to multiply both
sides of the equation by the lowest common denominator
xsx 1 1d.
1 18sx 2 3d5 1
5. sx 1 10d22 5 6. 5 18sx 2 3d522 7. sa2d24 5 a28 5
sx 1 10d2 sx 2 3d2 a8
5 18sx 2 3d3
5 5 !x 1 2
8. s8x3d1y3 5 81y3x3 ? 1y3 5 2x 9. !128x3 5 !64 ? 2 ? x2 ? x 10. 5 ?
!x 2 2 !x 2 2 !x 1 2
5 8x!2x
5s!x 1 2d
5
s!x d2 2 22
5s!x 1 2d
5
x24
1
11. (a) Verbal Model: Area 5 Length ? Width 12. (a) Verbal Model: Area 5
2
? Base ? Height
Equation: f sxd 5 s2x 2 3d ? x 1

Equation: f sxd 5
2
? x ? sx 2 4d
(b) Keystrokes: Y 5 x 2 X,T, u 2 X,T, u
x
3 GRAPH
(b) Keystrokes: Y 5 .5 X,T, u X,T, u 2
x
x 4 GRAPH
250
250
0 12
0
0 25
0
(c) Let y2 5 200 and find the intersection of the two
graphs. x < 10.8 (c) Let y2 5 200 and find the intersection of the two
graphs. x < 22.1
SECTION 10.2 Arithmetic Sequences
1. An algebraic expression is a collection of letters (called variables) and real numbers (called constants) combined with the oper-
ations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
2. The terms of an algebraic expression are those parts separated by addition or subtraction.
3. A trinomial of degree 3 is any polynomial with 3 terms and whose highest exponent on a variable is 3, such as 2x3 2 3x 2 1 2.
4. A monomial of degree 4 is any polynomial with only one term and the highest exponent on the variable is 4, such as 7x 4.
5. f sxd 5 x 3 2 2x 6. gsxd 5 !
3 x
Domain: s2 `, `d Domain: s2 `, `d
3
7. hsxd 5 !16 2 x2 8. Asxd 5
36 2 x2
Domain: f24, 4g
Domain: s2 `, 26d < s26, 6d < s6, `d
16 2 x 2 ≥ 0
36 2 x 2 Þ 0
s4 2 xds4 1 xd ≥ 0
s6 2 xds6 1 xd Þ 0
Test intervals: Negative: s2 `, 24g
62xÞ0 61xÞ0
Positive: f24, 4g
Negative: f4, `d 6Þx x Þ 26
Positive: f24, 4g
9. gstd 5 lnst 2 2d 10. f ssd 5 630e20.2s

Domain: s2, `d Domain: s2 `, `d
t22 > 0
t > 2
1 2 1 2
r nt nt
r
11. Formula: A 5 P 1 1 12. Formula: A 5 P 1 1
n n
365s15d 12s5d
1
A 5 10,000 1 1
0.075
365 2 A 5 4000 1 1 1 0.06
12 2
A < $30,798.61 A 5 $5395.40
SECTION 10.3 Geometric Sequences and Series
1. The point is 6 units to the left of 2. y 3. The graph of f is the set of

the y-axis and 4 units above the 10
ordered pairs sx, f sxdd, where x is
x-axis. 8 in the domain of f.
(−10, 5) 6 (10, 5)
4
2
−10 −8 −6 −4 −2 2 4 6 8 10
−4
(−10, −5) −6 (10, −5)
−8
−10
4. f sxd 5 2!x 1 4
x-intercept: Let y 5 0 and solve for x. y-intercept: Let x 5 0 and solve for y.
0 5 2!x 1 4 y 5 2!0 1 4
0 5 !x 1 4 5 2!4
0 5 s!x 1 4 d 52?2
2
05x14 y54
24 5 x s0, 4d
s24, 0d
3
5. 3x 2 5 > 0 6. 2 y 1 11 < 20
3
3x > 5 2y < 9
x > 5
3 y < 9 ? 23
y < 6
x
7. 100 < 2x 1 30 < 150 8. 25 < 2 < 2
6
70 < 2x < 120
230 < 2x < 12
35 < x < 60
30 > x > 212
212 < x < 30
5
9. 2x 2 2 7x 1 5 > 0 10. 2x 2 > 3
x
s2x 2 5dsx 2 1d > 0
5
5 2x 2 23 > 0
Critical numbers: x 5 1, x
2
2x2 2 5 2 3x
Positive: s2 `, 1d x
> 0
Negative: 11, 522 s2x 2 5dsx 1 1d

> 0
x
Positive: 1 , `2
5
2 5
Critical numbers: x 5 21, 0,
2
Solution: s2 `, 1d < 152, `2 Test intervals:
Negative: s2 `, 21d < 0,1 522

Positive: s21, 0d < 1 , `2
5
2
Solution: s21, 0d < 1 , `2

5
2
11. Formula: a2 1 b2 5 c2 12. Formula: a2 1 b2 5 c2

Equation: a2 1 a2 5 192 Equation: 252 1 402 5 c2
2a2 5 361 625 1 1600 5 c2
a2 5 180.5 2225 5 c2
a 5 !180.5 47.2 < c
a < 13.4 inches
SECTION 10.4 The Binomial Theorem
1. It is not possible to find the determinant of this matrix 2. The three elementary row operations are:
because it is not square. (1) interchange two rows.
(2) multiply a row by a nonzero constant.
(3) add a multiple of one row to another row.
3. This matrix is in row-echelon form. 4. det A 5

| |
10
6
25
25
5 10s25d 2 6s25d
5 250 2 150
5 2200
5. det A 5
|3
22
7
6|5 3s6d 2 s22ds7d
5 18 1 14
3
6. det A 5 0
6 | | 22
5
1
1
3
1
5 32 5015
| | | |
3
6
5 5s23d 2 3s15d
1
1
23
3
6
22
1
(using second row)
5 215 2 45
5 260
4
7. det A 5 3
5 | | 3
2
22
5
22
0
55
| | | |
3
2
5
22
2 s22d
5 5s216d 1 2s223d
4
3
5
22
1 0 (using third row)
5 280 2 46
5 2126
| ||
x1
x2
x3
y1
y2
y3
1
1
25
1 5 10
3
8
0
24
1
1
1 |
5 210
|8
24
5 210s12d 2 1s24d
|
1
1
1021
25
3 | 8
24|(using second row)
5 2120 1 4
5 2116
2 2s2116d
1
Area 5 5 58
9. 2 5 as0d2 1 bs0d 1 c ⇒ 2 1c
8 5 as10d 1 bs10d 1 c ⇒ 8 5 100a 1 10b 1 c
2
0 5 as20d2 1 bs20d 1 c ⇒ 0 5 400a 1 20b 1 c

:
3 4
0 0 1 2
100 10 1 : 8
:
| |
400 20 1 0
| |
0 0 1
100 10
D 5 100 10 1 51 5 s1ds22000d 5 22000
400 20
| ||
400 20 1
2 0 1
a5
8
0
10
20
22000
1
1
5
2
10
20
1
1 |
2011
22000
8
0 | | 10
20
5
2s210d 1 160
22000
5
140
22000
5 20.07
b5 | | 0
100
400
2
8
0
22000
1
1
1
5
022
|
100
400
1
1| |
11
22000
100
400
8
0| 5
s22ds2300d 2 3200 22600
22000
5
22000
5 1.3
c5 | | 0
100
400
0
10
20
22000
2
8
0
5
01012
100
400
22000
| 10
20 | 5
2s22000d
22000
52
y 5 20.07x 2 1 1.3x 1 2
10. sx1, y1d 5 s2, 21d, sx2, y2d 5 s4, 7d
| | x
2
4
y
21
7
1
1 50
1
x
| 21
7
1
1
2y
| | | | |
2
4
1
1
11
2
4
xs28d 2 ys22d 1 1s18d 5 0
21
7
50 (using first row)
28x 1 2y 1 18 5 0 (divide by 22)

4x 2 y 2 9 5 0 or
y 5 4x 2 9
SECTION 10.5 Counting Principles
1. gsxd 5 2s5xd is exponential since it has a constant base ? e2x 5 e21 s2x d 5 e22x using the law of exponents
2 2 2
2. e2
and a variable exponent.
a m ? a n 5 a m1n
1 1
3. log 4 64 5 3 in exponential form is 43 5 64. 4. log3 81 5 24 in exponential form is 324 5 81.
5. ln 1 5 0 in exponential form is e0 5 1. 6. ln 5 < 1.6094 . . . in exponential form is e1.6094 . . . < 5.
7. 3x 5 50 8. e xy2 5 8
log3 3x 5 log3 50 ln e xy2 5 ln 8
log 50 x
x5 5 ln 8
log 3 2
x < 3.56 x 5 2 ln 8
x < 4.16
9. log2sx 2 5d 5 6 10. lnsx 1 3d 5 10

x 2 5 5 26 x 1 3 5 e10
x 5 69 x 5 e10 2 3
x < 22,023.47
11. (a) Keystrokes: Y 5 22,000 x X,T, u GRAPH (b) Let y2 5 15,000 and find the intersection. t 5 1.7
x
0.8
>
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
t
1 2 3 4 5 6
12. y 5 Ce kt y 5 10e kt y 5 10e20.00012097t

10 5 Ce ks0d 5 5 10e ks5730d y 5 10e20.00012097s3000d
10 5 C 1 y < 6.96 grams
5 e 5730k
2
1
ln 5 ln e 5730k
2
1
ln 5 5730k
2
ln 12
5k
5730
20.00012097 < k
SECTION 10.6 Probability
1. loga 1 5 0 2. log a a 5 1 3. log a a x 5 x
u
4. log asuvd 5 log a u 1 log a v 5. log a 5 log a u 2 log a v 6. log a un 5 n log a u
v
7. log2sx 2yd 5 log2 x 2 1 log2 y 5 2 log2 x 1 log2 y 8. log2 !x2 1 1 5 log2sx 2 1 1d1y2 5 12 log2sx 2 1 1d
1uu 12 222 1uu 12 222 5 2flnsu 1 2d 2 lnsu 2 2dg

2
7
9. ln 5 ln 7 2 lnsx 2 3d 10. ln 5 2 ln
x23
11. (a) Keystrokes: 12. A 5 Pe rt

y1 Y 5 10,000 4 x 1 1 4 ex x x2 c X,T, u 4 A 5 1000e0.055s1d
A 5 $1056.54
x x
3 GRAPH
10,000 56.54
Effective yield 5 5 0.0565 5 5.65%
1000
0 10
0
(b) Let y2 5 5000 and find the intersection of the two

graphs. x < 4 years.
(c) Trace along the graph. The maximum level of annual
sales is 10,000.
A P P E N D I C E S
Appendix A Introduction to Graphing Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Appendix B Further Concepts in Geometry

Appendices B.1 Exploring Congruence and Similarity . . . . . . . . 552
Appendices B.2 Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
Appendix C Further Concepts in Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Appendix D Introduction to Logic

Appendices D.1 Statements and Truth Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Appendices D.2 Implications, Quantifiers, and Venn Diagrams . . . 563
Appendices D.3 Logical Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
550 Appendix A Introduction to Graphing Utilities
Appendix A Introduction to Graphing Utilities

Y 5 x2 c 3 X,T, u GRAPH Y5 x 4 X,T, u 2 6 GRAPH
x
3 4
10 10
−10 10 −10 10
−10 −10
Y5 x 1 4 2 x
X,T, u x 2
GRAPH Y 5 X,T, u x2 2 4 X,T, u 1 2 GRAPH
10 10
−10 10 −10 10
−10
−10

Y 5 ABS x X,T, u 2 3 Y 5 ABS x X,T, u 2
x x
GRAPH x2 4 GRAPH
10 10
−10 10 −10 10
−10
−10

Y 5 27 X,T, u 1 100 GRAPH Y 5 0.001 X,T, u x2 1 0.5 X,T, u GRAPH
250 100
−500 200
0 5
75 −100
17. Keystrokes:
Y 5 15 1 ABS x X,T, u 2 12
x
GRAPH
Xmin 5 4
Xmax 5 20
Xscl 5 1
Ymin 5 14
Ymax 5 22
Yscl 5 1
Appendix A Introduction to Graphing Utilities 551

Y 5 x2 c 15 1 ABS x X,T, u 1 12
x
GRAPH y1 Y 5 2 X,T, u 1 x X,T, u 1 1
x
ENTER
y2 x 2 X,T, u 1 X,T, u x
1 1 GRAPH
Xmin 5 -20
Xmax 5 - 4 5
Xscl 5 1
Ymin 5 -16
Ymax 5 - 8 −5 5
Yscl 5 1
−5
Associative Property of Addition
23. Keystrokes: 6
y1 Y 5 2 x 1 4 2 x
ENTER
y2 1 GRAPH
−5 5
−4
Multiplicative Inverse Property

Y 5 9 2 X,T, u Y 5 6 2 ABS x X,T, u 1 2
x
x2 GRAPH GRAPH
Trace to x-intercepts: s23, 0d and s3, 0d Trace to x-intercepts: s28, 0d and s4, 0d
Trace to y-intercept: s0, 9d Trace to y-intercept: s0, 4d

Y 5 2 X,T, u 2 5 GRAPH Y 5 X,T, u x2 1 1.5 X,T, u 2 1 GRAPH
Trace to x-intercept: s2, 0d Trace to x-intercepts: s22, 0d and s2, 0d

5 1
Trace to y-intercept: s0, 25d Trace to y-intercept: s0, 21d

y1 Y 5 x2 c 4 ENTER y1 Y 5 ABS X,T, u 2 8 ENTER
y2 x2 c ABS X,T, u GRAPH y2 x2 c ABS X,T, u 1 8 GRAPH
10 10
−15 15 −15 15
−10 −10
Triangle Square
115
37. Keystrokes:
y1 Y 5 0.07 X,T, u x2 1 1.06 X,T, u 1 88.97 ENTER First class
y2 0.02 X,T, u x2 2 0.23 X,T, u 1 10.70 GRAPH

Periodicals
0 7
−5
552 Appendix B Further Concepts in Geometry
Appendix B Further Concepts in Geometry

Appendix B.1 Exploring Congruence and Similarity
1. Answers will vary. 3. 5. Two figures are similar if they

have the same shape. Figures (a)
and (b) are similar.
7. 9. The grid contains 7 congruent 11. No. All the triangles in the grid are
triangles with 2-unit sides. equilteral triangles, and all of these
triangles have the same shape.
Therefore all the triangles in the
grid are similar to each other.
13. False. For example, the two 15. True. Any two squares have the 17. The ray from P through Q is
squares shown below are similar, same shape, so any two squares matched with notation (d).
but they are not congruent. are similar.
19. The length of the segment between P and Q is matched 21. /ZXW and /WXZ are names for the same angle.
with notation (b).
/ZXY and /YXZ are names for the same angle.
/YXW and /WXY are names for the same angle.
/ZXY and /YXW are adjacent angles.
23. (b) m/WXY < 308 25. (d) Equiangular

A triangle with angle measures of 608, 608, and 608 is an
equiangular triangle because all the angles are the same
size.
27. (f) Right 29. (c) Obtuse

A triangle with angle measures of 308, 608, and 908 is a A triangle with angle measures of 208, 1458, and 158 is an
right triangle because it contains a right angle. obtuse triangle because it contains an obtuse angle.
31. The three points of congruent sides 33. If DABC > DTUV, then 35. If DLMN > DTUV, then LN > TV.
are m/C 5 m/V.
LM > NO, MP > NQ, and
LP > OQ.
Appendix B.1 Exploring Congruence and Similarity 553
37.
Scalene Isosceles Equilateral
Acute Yes Yes Yes
Obtuse Yes Yes No
Right Yes Yes No
(Not possible)
(Not possible)
39. AC 5 BC 41. AC 5 BC
2x 1 6 5 12 2x 5 4x 2 6
2x 5 6 22x 5 26
x53 x53
BC 5 12 AC 5 2x 5 2s3d 5 6
AC 5 2s3d 5 6 1 6 5 12 BC 5 4x 2 6 5 4s3d 2 6 5 12 2 6 5 6
AB 5 4x 5 4s3d 5 12. AB 5 x 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 6.
Therefore, all three sides of the triangle are of length 12. Therefore, all three sides of the triangles are of length 6.
Yes, the triangle is equilateral. Yes, the triangle is equilateral.
1y8 inch 1ys8 ? 12d foot 1y96 foot 1

43. 5 5 5 45. If V is located at either s3, 1d or s3, 5d, then
1 foot 1 foot 1 foot 96
DPQR > DTUV.
1
96
? 1200 5 12.5
The scale drawing would be 12.5 feet by 12.5 feet. No,
such a large drawing does not seem reasonable.
47. Form a tetrahedron, a three-dimensional figure with four

congruent triangular faces.
Appendix B.2 Angles
1. Answers will vary. 3. Answers will vary. 5. Answers will vary.
1
2 1
2 2
1
7. /AOC and /COD are adjacent, 9. /BOC and /COE are adjacent, 11. /BOC and /COF are adjacent,
congruent, supplementary angles. supplementary angles. complementary angles.
13. False. 15. False.

m/3 5 308 ⇒ m/1 5 1508 ⇒ m/4 5 308. For example,
m/3 5 308 ⇒ m/1 5 1508 ⇒ m/2 5 1508, and
thus /2 À /3.
17. True. 19. x 5 1108 because vertical angles are congruent.
21. s2x 2 58d 1 758 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
2x 2 58 1 758 5 1808
2x 1 708 5 1808
2x 5 1108
1108
x5
2
x 5 558
23. 3x 1 208 5 5x 2 508 because vertical angles are congruent.

3x 2 5x 1 208 5 2508
22x 1 208 5 2508
22x 5 2708
2708
x5
22
x 5 358
25. Answer (c)

m/PSQ 1 m/QST 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/PSQ 1 1108 5 1808
m/PSQ 5 708
m/PSQ 1 m/P 1 m/Q 5 1808 because the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 1808.
708 1 408 1 m/Q 5 1808
1108 1 m/Q 5 1808
m/Q 5 708
Appendix B.2 Angles 555
27. /3 and /5 are alternate interior angles because they lie 29. /3 and /6 are corresponding interior angles because they
between l and m and on opposite sides of t. lie between l and m and on the same side of t.
/4 and /6 are alternate interior angles because they lie /4 and /5 are corresponding interior angles because they
between l and m and on opposite sides of t. lie between l and m and on the same side of t.
31. m/1 1 708 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/1 5 1108
m/2 5 m/1 by the Alternate Exterior Angle Theorem
m/2 5 1108
33. m/2 1 1108 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/2 5 708
m/1 5 m/2 by the Alternate Interior Angles Theorem
m/1 5 708
Alternate approach for angle 1:
m/1 1 1108 5 1808 by Consecutive Interior Angles Theorem
m/1 5 708
35. a 5 4a 2 908 because corresponding angles are congruent.

23a 5 908
2908
a5
23
a 5 308
608 2 b 5 2b because corresponding angles are congruent.
608 5 3b
608
5b
3
208 5 b
37. /2, /5, and /7 are the interior angles of the triangle.
(These are the original three angles of the triangle.)
39. Step 1: m/1 1 1108 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/1 5 708
Step 2: m/3 1 1108 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/3 5 708
Step 3: m/2 5 1108 because vertical angles are congruent.
m/7 5 258
—CONTINUED—
39. —CONTINUED—
Step 6: m/5 1 m/7 1 m/2 5 1808 because the sum of the measures of the interior angles of a triangle is 1808.
m/5 1 258 1 1108 5 1808
m/5 1 1358 5 1808
m/5 5 458
Step 7: m/4 1 m/5 5 1808 because two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/4 1 458 5 1808
m/4 5 1358
41. m/B 5 358 because corresponding angles of congruent 43. m/D 1 m/E 1 m/F 5 1808
triangles are congruent.
1058 1 358 1 m/F 5 1808
1408 1 m/F 5 1808
m/F 5 408
45. True.
The sum of the measures of three angles of a triangle is 1808.
The sum of the measures of the two 608 angles is 1208.
Therefore, the measure of the third angle is 1808 2 1208 5 608.
Thus, the triangle has three 608 angles, so the triangle is equiangular.
47. Step 1: m/1 1 608 1 908 5 1808 because the sum of the measures of three angles of a triangle is 1808.
m/1 1 1508 5 1808
m/1 5 308
Step 3: m/3 1 608 1 708 5 1808 because the sum of the measurers of the three angles of a triangle is 1808.
m/3 1 1308 5 1808
m/3 5 508
Step 4: m/6 1 708 1 558 5 1808 because the three angles combine to form a straight angle.
m/6 1 1258 5 1808
m/6 5 558
m/8 5 1258
Step 7: m/4 1 558 1 908 5 1808 because the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 1808.
m/4 1 1458 5 1808
m/4 5 358
Step 8: m/5 1 908 5 1808 becaused two angles that form a linear pair are supplementary.
m/5 5 908
Step 9: m/9 1 908 1 558 5 1808 because the sum of the measures of the three angles of a triangle is 1808.
m/9 1 1458 5 1808
m/9 5 358
558 Appendix C Further Concepts in Statistics
Appendix C Further Concepts in Statistics

1. Organize scores by ordering the numbers. 3. Organize scores by ordering the numbers.
Let the leaves represent the units digits. Let the leaves represent the units digits.
Let the stems represent the tens digits. Let the stems represent the tens digits.
Stems Leaves Stems Leaves
7 055577888 5 259
8 1111234555578999 6 23667
9 028 7 012347889
10 00 8 0134579
9 0023335689
10 00
5. Frequency Distribution Histogram

Interval Tally y
f15, 22d |||| ||| 8

7
f22, 29d |||| | 6
5
f29, 36d |||| 3
4
f36, 43d |||| 2
|||| ||
1
f43, 50d x
15 22 29 36 43 50
7. 9. 1985: 165 million tons

16
Number of travelers
14 1995: 210 million tons

(in millions)
12
10
8
6
4
2
Ca
M
Eu o
Fa e
O ast
th
ex
rE
na
ro
er
ic
p
da
Place of origin
11. Total waste and recycled waste increased every year. 13. Total waste equals the sum of the other three quantities.
15. y 17. Stock Prices
2000 Sears, Roebuck
1900
Enrollment
Wal-Mart Stores
Company
1800
JC Penney
1700
1600 KMart Corp.
x The Gap, Inc.

1994 1996 1998 2000
Year
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Price of a share of stock (in dollars)
Appendix C Further Concepts in Statistics 559
19. 21. x and y have a positive correlation because as x increases

2300 y also increases.
(in millions of dollars) 2200
Camcorder sales
2100
2000
1900
1800
1991 1993 1995

Year
23. Yes, it appears that players with 25. Negative correlation, because 27. Positive correlation, because
more hits tend to have more runs as the age of the car increases as the age of a tree increases
batted in. the value of the car decreases. the height also increases.
29. P 31. The air pressure at 42,500 feet is approximately

16 2.45 pounds per square inch.
Pressure, P (in lb/ft2)
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
A
10 20 30 40 50
Altitude, A (in thousands of ft)
33. y 35. Use graphing utility to find 37. v

regression line STAT CALC4 1150
75
fLin Regsax 1 bdg.
Speed of sound
Yield (in bushels)
1100
(in ft/sec)
70
1050
65
(a) y 5 57.49 1 1.43x
1000
60 (b) 71.8 950

h
y 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
55
x Altitude (in 1000s of feet)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 75
Use graphing utility by
Yield (in bushels)
Units of fertilizer
70
Use graphing utility by entering data in 2 lists with
entering data in 2 lists with
65 STAT PLOT graph.
STAT PLOT graph. 60
55
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Units of fertilizer
39. Use graphing utility to find 41. y 5 22.179x 1 22.964 43. y 5 2.378x 1 23.546
regression line STAT CALC4 y y
fLin Regsax 1 bdg. 60
50
(a) v 5 1117.3 2 4.1h 20 40
30
15
(b) 1006.6 10 10
v x
5 8 4 4 8
1150 x
1 2 3 4 5 6 Use graphing utility by
Speed of sound
1100
(in ft/sec)
1050 Use graphing utility by entering data in 2 lists with

1000 entering data in 2 lists with STAT PLOT graph. Find regres-
950 STAT PLOT graph. Find regression line with STAT CALC4 .
h
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 sion line with STAT CALC4 .
Altitude (in 1000s of feet)
560 Appendix C Further Concepts in Statistics
45. (a) y 5 11.1 1 0.28t 12.78 (c) r < 0.987

(b) Use graphing utility by entering data in 2 lists
y with STAT PLOT graph. Find regression line
(5, 12.52) with STAT CALC4 .
Enrollment (in millions)
12.6
(4, 12.33)
12.2
11.8 (3, 11.95)

(2, 11.54)
11.4
(1, 11.37)
11.0
(0, 11.21)
t
1 2 3 4 5
Year (0 ↔ 1990)
5 1 12 1 7 1 14 1 8 1 9 1 7 5 1 12 1 7 1 24 1 8 1 9 1 7
47. Mean: 5 8.86 49. Mean: 5 10.29
7 7
Median: 14 12 9 8 7 7 5 5 8 Median: 24 12 9 8 7 7 5 5 8
↑ ↑
Middle score Middle score
Mode: 7 occurs twice 5 7 Mode: 7 occurs twice 5 7
51. (a) s67.92 1 59.84 1 52 1 52.50 1 57.99 1 65.35 1 81.76 1 74.98 1 87.82 1 83.18 1 65.35 1 57d 4 12 5 $67.14
(b) Median: 87.82
83.18
81.76
74.98
67.92
65.35
average of 2 middle bills 5 $65.35
65.35
59.84
57.99
57.00
52.50
52.00
53. (a) Mean:

0 ? 1 1 1 ? 24 1 2 ? 45 1 3 ? 54 1 4 ? 50 1 5 ? 19 1 6 ? 7 < 3.07
200
(b) Median: List all the data. Find the average of the two 100th scores 5 3
(c) Mode: 3 occurs 54 times
55. Answers vary. One possibility: H4, 4, 10J
57. (a) s99 1 64 1 80 1 77 1 59 1 72 1 87 1 79 1 92 1 88 1 90 1

42 1 20 1 89 1 42 1 100 1 98 1 84 1 78 1 91d 4 20 5 76.55
(b) Median: list the scores from highest to lowest
100, 99, 98, 92, 91, 90, 89, 88, 87, 84, 80, 79, 78, 77, 72, 64, 59, 42, 42, 20
Find the average of the two tenth scores: 84 and 80 5 82
(c) Mode: 42 occurs twice
The median gives the most representative description since
more of the test scores are in the 80’s.
Appendix D.1 Statements and Truth Tables 561
Appendix D Introduction to Logic

Appendix D.1 Statements and Truth Tables
1. Statement, because only one 3. Open statement, because 5. Open statement, because a value of
truth value can be assigned. a specific figure is needed x is needed to assign a truth value.
to assign a truth value.
7. Open statement, because values 9. Nonstatement, because no 11. Open statement, because
of x and y are needed to assign truth value can be assigned. a specific place is needed
a truth value. to assign a truth value.
? ? ?
13. (a) 22 2 5s2d 1 6 5 0 15. (a) s22d2 ≤ 4 ||
17. (a) 4 2 0 5 2
4 2 10 1 6 5 0 4 ≤ 4 True 4 Þ 2 False
?
0 5 0 True ?
(b) 02 ≤ 4 ||
(b) 4 2 1 5 2
?
(b) s22d2 2 5s22d 1 6 5 0 0 ≤ 4 True 3 Þ 2 False
4 1 10 1 6 5 0
20 Þ 0 False
24 ?
19. (a) 51 21. (a) ~p: The sun is not shining.
24
(b) ~q: It is not hot.
1 5 1 True
(c) p ` q: The sun is shining and it is hot.
0 ?
(b) 51
0 (d) p ∨ q: The sun is shining or it is hot.
Undefined Þ 1 False
23. (a) ~p: Lions are not mammals. 25. (a) ~p ` q: The sun is not shining and it is hot.
(b) ~q: Lions are not carnivorous. (b) ~p ∨ q: The sun is not shining or it is hot.
(c) p ` q: Lions are mammals and lions are carnivores. (c) p ` ~q: The sun is shining and it is not hot.
(d) p ∨ q: Lions are mammals or lions are carnivorous. (d) p ∨ ~q: The sun is shining or it is not hot.
27. (a) ~p ` q: Lions are not mammals and lions 29. p : It is four o’clock.
are carnivorous.
q: It is time to go home.
(b) ~p ∨ q: Lions are not mammals or lions
p ` ~q
are carnivorous.
(c) p ` ~q: Lions are mammals and lions
are not carnivorous.
(d) p ∨ ~q: Lions are mammals or lions
are not carnivorous.
31. p : It is four o’clock. 33. p : The dog has fleas. 35. p : The dog has fleas.
q: It is time to go home. q: The dog is scratching. q: The dog is scratching.
~p ∨ q ~p ∨ ~q ~p ` q
37. The bus is blue. 39. x is not equal to 4. 41. The earth is flat.
562 Appendix D Introduction to Logic
43. p q ~p ~p ` q 45. p q ~p ~q ~p ∨ ~q 47. p q ~q p ∨ ~q
T T F F T T F F F T T F T
T F F F T F F T T T F T T
F T T T F T T F T F T F F
F F T F F F T T T F F T T
49. p q ~p ~q ~p ` q p ∨ ~q 51. p q ~p ~q p ∨ ~q ~s p ∨ ~qd ~p ` q
T T F F F T T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T F F T T F F
F T T F T F F T T F F T T
F F T T F T F F T T T F F
not identical identical

not logically equivalent logically equivalent
53. p q ~p ~q p ` ~q ~p ∨ q ~s~p ∨ qd 55. Let p 5 The house is red.

q 5 It is made of wood.
T T F F F T F
(a) 5 p ` ~q
T F F T T F T
(b) p ∨ ~q
F T T F F T F
p q ~q p ` ~q p ∨ ~q
F F T T F T F
T T F F T
identical T F T T T
logically equivalent
F T F F F
F F T T T
not identical
not logically equivalent
57. Let p 5 The house is white. 59. p ~p ~p ` p

q 5 It is blue.
T F F
(a) ~sp ∨ qd
T F F
(b) ~p ` ~q
F T F
p q p∨q ~s p ∨ qd ~p ~q ~p ` ~q
F T F
T T T F F F F
not a tautology
T F T F F T F
F T T F T F F
F F F T T T T
identical
Appendix D.2 Implications, Quantifiers, and Venn Diagrams 563
61. p ~p ~s~pd ~s~pd ∨ ~p 63. p q ~p ~q p ` q ~s p ` qd ~p ∨ ~q
T F T T T T F F T F F
T F T T T F F T F T T
F T F T F T T F F T T
F T F T F F T T F T T
a tautology
identical
Appendix D.2 Implications, Quantifiers, and Venn Diagrams
1. (a) p → q : If the engine is running, 3. (a) p → q : If the integer is even,

then the engine is wasting gasoline. then it is divisible by 2.
(b) q → p : If the engine is wasting gasoline, (b) q → p : If it is divisible by 2,
then the engine is running. then the integer is even.
(c) ~q → ~p : If the engine is not wasting gasoline, (c) ~q → ~p : If if it is not divisible by 2,
then the engine is not running. then the integer is not even.
(d) p → ~q : If the engine is running, then the (d) p → ~q : If the integer is even,
engine is not wasting gasoline. then it is not divisible by 2.
5. Let p 5 The economy is expanding. 7. Let p 5 The economy is expanding.

q 5 Interest rates are low. q 5 Interest rates are low.
q→p p→q
9. Let p 5 The economy is expanding. 11. Hypothesis Conclusion Implication

q 5 Interest rates are low. T T T
p→q
13. Hypothesis Conclusion Implication 15. Hypothesis Conclusion Implication

F T T T F F

F T T T T T
21. Converse: 23. Converse:

If you can see the eclipse, then the sky is clear. If the deficit increases, then taxes were raised.
Inverse: Inverse:
If the sky is not clear, then you cannot see the eclipse. If taxes are not raised, then the deficit will not increase.
Contrapositive: Contrapositive:
If you cannot see the eclipse, then the sky is not clear. If the deficit does not increase, then taxes were not raised.
61. p ~p ~s~pd ~s~pd ∨ ~p 63. p q ~p ~q p ` q ~s p ` qd ~p ∨ ~q
T F T T T T F F T F F
T F T T T F F T F T T
F T F T F T T F F T T
F T F T F F T T F T T
a tautology
identical
Appendix D.2 Implications, Quantifiers, and Venn Diagrams
1. (a) p → q : If the engine is running, 3. (a) p → q : If the integer is even,

then the engine is wasting gasoline. then it is divisible by 2.
(b) q → p : If the engine is wasting gasoline, (b) q → p : If it is divisible by 2,
then the engine is running. then the integer is even.
(c) ~q → ~p : If the engine is not wasting gasoline, (c) ~q → ~p : If if it is not divisible by 2,
then the engine is not running. then the integer is not even.
(d) p → ~q : If the engine is running, then the (d) p → ~q : If the integer is even,
engine is not wasting gasoline. then it is not divisible by 2.
5. Let p 5 The economy is expanding. 7. Let p 5 The economy is expanding.

q 5 Interest rates are low. q 5 Interest rates are low.
q→p p→q
9. Let p 5 The economy is expanding. 11. Hypothesis Conclusion Implication

q 5 Interest rates are low. T T T
p→q

F T T T F F

F T T T T T
21. Converse: 23. Converse:

If you can see the eclipse, then the sky is clear. If the deficit increases, then taxes were raised.
Inverse: Inverse:
If the sky is not clear, then you cannot see the eclipse. If taxes are not raised, then the deficit will not increase.
Contrapositive: Contrapositive:
If you cannot see the eclipse, then the sky is not clear. If the deficit does not increase, then taxes were not raised.
25. Converse: Inverse: Contrapositive:

It is necessary to apply for the It is not necessary to have a birth It is not necessary to apply for the
visa to have a birth certificate. certificate to not apply for the visa. visa to not have a birth certificate.
27. Negation: 29. Negation: 31. Negation:

Paul is not a junior If the temperature increases, We will go to the ocean and the
and not a senior. then the metal rod will not expand. weather forecast is not good.
33. Negation: No students are in extracurricular activities. 35. Negation: Some contact sports are not dangerous.
37. Negation: Some children are allowed at the concert. 39. Negation: None of the $20 bills are counterfeit.
41. p q ~q p → ~q ~s p → ~qd 43. p q q→p ~sq → pd ~sq → pd ` q
T T F F T T T T F F
T F T T F T F T F F
F T F T F F T F T T
F F T T F F F T F F
45. p q s p ∨ qd ~p s p ∨ qd ` s~pd fs p ∨ qd ` s~pdg → q
T T T F F T
T F T F F T
F T T T T T
F F F T F T
47. p q ~p ~q p → ~q ~q → p p ↔ ~q s p ↔ ~qd → ~p
T T F F F T F T
T F F T T T T F
F T T F T T T T
F F T T T F F T
49. p q q→p ~p ~q ~p → ~q 51. p q p→q ~s p → qd ~q p ` ~q
T T T F F T T T T F F F
T F T F T T T F F T T T
F T F T F F F T T F F F
F F T T T T F F T F T F
identical identical
53. p q p→q ~q s p → qd ∨ ~q ~p p ∨ ~p 55. p q ~p ~p ` q p → s~p ` qd
T T T F T F T T T F F F
T F F T T F T T F F F F
F T T F T T T F T T T T
F F T T T T T F F T F T
identical identical
57. Let p 5 A number is divisible by 6. 59. (a) Some citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote
is not logically equivalent to above statement.
q 5 It is divisible by 2.
Statement is p → q
p q p→q ~p ~q ~q → ~p
T T T F F T
T F F F T F
F T T T F T
F F T T T T
identical
(c) If a number is not divisible by 2,

then it is not divisible by 6.
~q → ~p
p → q ; ~q → ~p
61. Let A 5 people who are happy 63. Let A 5 people who are happy 65. Let A 5 people who are happy
B 5 college students B 5 college students B 5 college students
A A B A B
67. Let A 5 people who are happy 69. Let A 5 people who are happy 71. (a) Statement does not follow.
B 5 college students B 5 college students (b) Statement follows.
A B A B
Green
Toads
things
73. (a) Statement does not follow.

(b) Statement does not follow.
Blue cars Old cars
Appendix D.3 Logical Arguments
1. p q ~p ~q p → ~q s p → ~qd ` q 3. p q ~p p∨q s p ∨ qd ` ~p
T T F F F F T T F T F
T F F T T F T F F T F
F T T F T T F T T T T
F F T T T F F F T F F
fs p → ~qd ` qg → ~p fs p ∨ qd ` ~pg → q
T T
T T
T T
T T
5. p q ~p ~q ~p → q s~p → qd ` p 7. p q p∨q s p ∨ qd ` q fs p ∨ qd ` qg → p
T T F F T T T T T T T
T F F T T T T F T F T
F T T F T F F T T T F
F F T T F F F F F F T
fs~p → qd ` pg → ~q
9. Let: p 5 taxes are increased p q p→q s p → qd ` p s p → qd ` p → q

q 5 businesses will leave the state T T T T T
Premise #1: p → q
T F F F T
Premise #2: p
F T T F T
Conclusion: q
F F T F T
Argument is valid.
73. (a) Statement does not follow.

(b) Statement does not follow.
Blue cars Old cars
Appendix D.3 Logical Arguments
1. p q ~p ~q p → ~q s p → ~qd ` q 3. p q ~p p∨q s p ∨ qd ` ~p
T T F F F F T T F T F
T F F T T F T F F T F
F T T F T T F T T T T
F F T T T F F F T F F
fs p → ~qd ` qg → ~p fs p ∨ qd ` ~pg → q
T T
T T
T T
T T
5. p q ~p ~q ~p → q s~p → qd ` p 7. p q p∨q s p ∨ qd ` q fs p ∨ qd ` qg → p
T T F F T T T T T T T
T F F T T T T F T F T
F T T F T F F T T T F
F F T T F F F F F F T
fs~p → qd ` pg → ~q
9. Let: p 5 taxes are increased p q p→q s p → qd ` p s p → qd ` p → q

Premise #1: p → q
T F F F T
Premise #2: p
F T T F T
Conclusion: q
F F T F T
Argument is valid.
Appendix D.3 Logical Arguments 567
11. Let: p 5 taxes are increased p q p→q s p → qd ` q s p → qd ` q → p

Premise #1: p → q
T F F F T
Premise #2: q
F T T T F
Conclusion: p
F F T F T
Argument is invalid.
13. Let: p 5 doors are locked Premise #1: p → q

q 5 car was not stolen Premise #2: ~q
Conclusion: ~p
p q p→q ~p ~q s p → qd ` ~q s p → qd ` ~q → ~p
T T T F F F T
T F F F T F T
F T T T F F T
F F T T T T T
Argument is valid.
15. 17.
Paperwork
Reliable cars
Reduction
Act
Fords Federal
Income
Tax forms
Lincolns Schedule A
Argument is valid. Argument is invalid.
19. Let: p 5 Eric is at the store. Premise #1: p ∨ q

q 5 He is at the handball court. Premise #2: ~p
Conclusion: q
p q ~p p∨q s p ∨ qd ` ~p s p ∨ qd ` ~p → q
T T F T F T
T F F T F T
F T T T T T
F F T F F T
Argument is valid.
21. Let: p 5 It is a diamond. Premise #1: ~sp ` qd

q 5 It sparkles in the sunlight. Premise #2: q
Conclusion: p
p q p ` q ~s p ` qd ~s p ` qd ` q ~s p ` qd ` q → p
T T T F F T
T F F T F T
F T F T T F
F F F T F T
23. Let: p 5 7 is a prime number 25. Let: p 5 Economy improves

q 5 7 does not divide evenly into 21 q 5 Interest rates lowered
Premise #1: p → q Premise #1: p → q
Premise #2: ~q Premise #2: ~q
So conclusion must be ~p or 7 is not a prime number So conclusion must be ~p or the economy does not
which is (b). improve which is (c).
27. Let: p 5 Smokestack emissions must be reduced 29. Let: p 5 Rodney studies
q 5 Acid rain will continue as q 5 He will make good grades
an environmental problem
r 5 He will get a good job
Premise #1: p ∨ q
Premise #1: p → q
Premise #2: ~p
Premise #2: q → r
So conclusion must be q or acid rain will continue as an
Conclusion: p → r Law of Transitivity
environmental problem which is (b).
~r : If Rodney doesn’t get a good job
~p : He didn’t study
So by the Law of Contraposition the answer is (c).
31. Let A 5 All numbers divisible by 5 33. Let A 5 People eligible to vote
B 5 All numbers divisible by 10 B 5 People under the age of 18

C 5 College students
A
B A
50
B
C
Argument is valid.
Appendix D.3 Logical Arguments 569
35. Let p represent the statement “Sue drives to work,” 37. Let p represent “This is a good product,” let q represent
let q represent “Sue will stop at the grocery store,” “We will buy it,” and let r represent “the product was
and let r represent “Sue will buy milk.” made by XYZ Corporation.”
First write: First write:
Premise #1: p → q Premise #1: p → ~q
Premise #2: q → r Premise #2: r ∨ ∼q
Premise #3: p Premise #3: ~r
Reorder the premises: Note that p → q ; q → ~p, and reorder the premises:
Premise #3: p Premise #2: r ∨ ∼q
Premise #1: p → q Premise #3: ~r
Premise #2: q → r (Conclusion from Premise #2, Premise #3: ~q)
Conclusion: r Premise #1: ~q → ~p
Then we can conclude r. That is, “Sue will buy milk.” Conclusion: ~p
Then we can conclude ~p. That is, “It is not a good
product.”

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C H A P T E R P

Prerequisites: Fundamentals of Algebra

Section P.1 The Real Number System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Section P.3 Properties of Real Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Section P.4 Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Section P.5 Constructing Algebraic Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

5. H25, 24, 23, 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, 3J 7. H1, 3, 5, 7, 9J

11. a 5 21, b 5 3 13. a 5 2 92, b 5 22

19. 27 < 22 because 27 is to the left of 22 on the number line.

21. 25 < 22 because 25 is to the left of 22 on the number line.

31. Distance 5 10 2 4 5 6 33. Distance 5 7 2 s212d 5 7 1 12 5 19

35. Distance 5 18 2 s232d 5 18 1 32 5 50 37. Distance 5 0 2 s28d 5 0 1 8 5 8

39. Distance 5 35 2 0 5 35 41. Distance 5 s26d 2 s29d 5 s26d 1 9 5 3

65. Opposite: 234 67. Opposite: 160 69. Opposite:

73. Opposite: 24.7 ||

85. Opposite of 0.7 is 20.7. 87. x < 0 89. x ≥ 0

103. Yes, the nonnegative real numbers include 0.

Section P.2 Operations with Real Numbers

1. 13 1 32 5 45 3. 213 1 32 5 1s32 2 13d 5 19 5. 13 1 s232d 5 2 s32 2 13d 5 219

7. 27 2 15 5 27 1 s215d 9. 213 1 s28d 5 2 s13 1 8d 5 221

3 7 317 3 1 321 3s2d 1s5d

5 1 5 5s3d 1s6d 5s4d 3 3 23 59

33. 3s24d 5 s24d 1 s24d 1 s24d 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 14 5 6s14 d

37. s215d 1 s215d 1 s215d 1 s215d 5 4s215d 39. 5s26d 5 230

43. 26s12d 5 272 45. s2 8 ds2 5 d 5 2

12132 4 12562 5 1213 4 2562 5 1213 ? 2652 5 52

63. 534 4 218 5 23 17 1 3 33 9

71. s20.8d6 5 s20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8ds20.8d 73. s27d 3 s27d 3 s27d 5 s27d3

75. s25ds25ds25ds25d 5 s25d4 77. 2 s7 3 7 3 7d 5 273 79. s22d4 5 s22ds22ds22ds22d

87. 2 s2 12 d 5 2 s2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 ds2 12 d

91. 5s20.4d3 5 5s20.4ds20.4ds20.4d 93. 16 2 6 2 10 5 s16 2 6d 2 10

95. 24 2 5 ? 22 5 24 2 5 ? 4 97. 28 4 4 1 3 ? 5 5 s28 4 4d 1 s3 ? 5d

99. 14 2 2s8 2 4d 5 14 2 2s4d 101. 45 1 3s16 4 4d 5 45 1 3s4d

103. 2 1 f8 2 s14 4 2dg 5 2 1 f8 2 7g 105. 52 2 2f9 2 s18 2 8dg 5 25 2 2f9 2 10g

x512 114 1 92 1 101 1 312

123. $2618.68 1 $1236.45 2 $25.62 2 $455.00 2 $125.00 2 $715.95 5 $2533.56

127. (a) $50s12ds18d 5 $10,800 129. l 5 5m, w 5 3m

(c) 27,018.72 2 10,800 5 $16,218.72

135. (a) 20 3 3 1 18 5 20 3 21 5 420 137. True. A rational number is an integer divided by an

Section P.3 Properties of Real Numbers

1. 3 1 s25d 5 25 1 3 3. 25 2 25 5 0 5. 6s210d 5 210s6d

7. 7 ? 1 5 7 9. 25 1 35 5 35 1 25 11. 3 1 s12 2 9d 5 s3 1 12d 2 9

13. s8 2 5ds10d 5 8 ? 10 2 5 ? 10 15. s10 1 8d 1 3 5 10 1 s8 1 3d 17. 5s2ad 5 s5 ? 2da

19. 1 ? s5td 5 5t 21. 3x 1 0 5 3x 23. 4 1 s3 2 xd 5 s4 1 3d 2 x

25. 3s6 1 bd 5 3 ? 6 1 3 ? b 27. 6sx 1 3d 5 6 ? x 1 6 ? 3 29. 3s6yd 5 s3 ? 6dy

31. 15s23d 5 s23d15 33. 5s6 1 zd 5 5 ? 6 1 5 ? z 35. 25 1 s2xd 5 s2xd 1 25

43. (a) Additive Inverse: 26z 45. (a) Additive Inverse: 2 sx 1 1d or 2x 2 1

47. sx 1 5d 2 3 5 x 1 s5 2 3d 49. 32 1 s4 1 yd 5 s32 1 4d 1 y 51. 3s4 ? 5d 5 s3 ? 4d5

53. 6s2yd 5 s6 ? 2d ? y 5 12y 55. 20s2 1 5d 5 20 ? 2 1 20 ? 5

57. 5s3x 2 4d 5 5 ? 3x 2 5 ? 4 or 5 ? 3x 1 5 ? 24 59. sx 1 6ds22d 5 x ? s22d 1 6 ? s22d

61. 26s2y 2 5d 5 26s2yd 1 s26ds25d 63. 3sx 1 5d 5 3x 1 15

65. 22sx 1 8d 5 22x 2 16 67. ac 5 bc, c Þ 0 Original equation

11c ? c2a 5 11c ? c2b Associative Property of Multiplication

1?a51?b Multiplicative Inverse Property

69. x1553 Original Equation

71. 2x 2 5 5 6 Original equation

73. 16s1.75d 5 16s2 2 14 d 5 16s2d 2 16s14 d 75. 7s62d 5 7s60 1 2d

77. 9s6.98d 5 9s7 2 0.02d 79. asb 1 cd 5 ab 1 ac, Distributive Property

89. 0 ? a 5 0 is the Multiplicative Property of zero.

91. let a 5 1 & b 5 2 let a 5 1, b 5 2, c 5 3

Mid-Chapter Quiz for Chapter P

11. s212ds24d 5 48 s24ds15d

12 232 5 12 23212 23212 232